@learncard/vc-plugin 1.5.13 → 1.6.1

package/src/refreshCredential.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,931 @@
+import {
+    CredentialRefreshChallengeValidator,
+    CredentialRefreshFailureCode,
+    CredentialRefreshResult,
+    JWE,
+    JWEValidator,
+    VC,
+    VCValidator,
+    VP,
+} from '@learncard/types';
+import {
+    credentialContentsEqual,
+    getCredentialEffectiveTime,
+    getCredentialIssuerId,
+    getSupportedRefreshService,
+} from '@learncard/helpers';
+
+import { fetchWithPinnedAddress, type PinnedAddress } from './refreshCredential.fetch';
+import { RefreshCredentialOptions, VCDependentLearnCard, VCImplicitLearnCard } from './types';
+
+/**
+ * Generic holder-side credential refresh primitive (LC-2117, LC-2135, LC-2136).
+ *
+ * `refreshCredential` fetches a candidate replacement from a credential's
+ * `1EdTechCredentialRefresh` (JSON only) or `LearnCardCredentialRefresh2026` service,
+ * verifies both the current and candidate
+ * proofs, enforces identity stability and non-regressing freshness, and returns a
+ * typed result. It performs no storage or index mutation.
+ *
+ * The generic primitive permits same-issuer-signed changes to credentialStatus and
+ * refreshService. It does not pin those fields; applications requiring immutable
+ * revocation/refresh handles must enforce that policy. Managed brain-service
+ * publication enforces both. Any new endpoint is revalidated on the next refresh.
+ *
+ * Because `refreshService.id` is credential-controlled input, every request is
+ * SSRF-hardened: HTTPS-only by default, private/loopback/link-local destinations are
+ * rejected (after DNS resolution in Node runtimes), redirects are followed manually
+ * and revalidated, timeouts abort the request, response bytes are counted while
+ * streaming, and only JSON VC/JWE representations implemented by the decoder are
+ * accepted. DID auth is retried exactly once for the recognized `LearnCardDIDAuth`
+ * challenge scheme and is never forwarded across origins.
+ */
+
+const DID_AUTH_SCHEME = 'learncarddidauth';
+
+const DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS = 10_000;
+const HEADER_CHALLENGE_TTL_MS = 300_000;
+const MAX_TRACKED_CHALLENGES = 1024;
+const DEFAULT_MAX_REDIRECTS = 3;
+const DEFAULT_MAX_RESPONSE_BYTES = 1_048_576; // 1 MiB
+
+/** JSON representations implemented by the response decoder */
+const ACCEPTED_MEDIA_TYPES = new Set([
+    'application/json',
+    'application/ld+json',
+    'application/vc+ld+json',
+    'application/vc-ld+json',
+    'application/jwe+json',
+]);
+
+const ACCEPT_HEADER = [...ACCEPTED_MEDIA_TYPES].join(', ');
+
+const REDIRECT_STATUSES = new Set([301, 302, 303, 307, 308]);
+
+const failed = (
+    code: CredentialRefreshFailureCode,
+    retryable: boolean
+): CredentialRefreshResult => ({
+    status: 'failed',
+    code,
+    retryable,
+});
+
+const unsafeEndpoint = () => failed('UNSAFE_ENDPOINT', false);
+const malformedResponse = () => failed('MALFORMED_RESPONSE', false);
+const invalidProof = () => failed('INVALID_PROOF', false);
+const unauthorized = () => failed('UNAUTHORIZED', false);
+// Deliberately fail closed on verifier warnings until each warning is reviewed.
+const proofVerified = (
+    check: { checks: string[]; warnings: string[]; errors: string[] } | null | undefined
+): boolean =>
+    !!check &&
+    check.errors.length === 0 &&
+    check.warnings.length === 0 &&
+    check.checks.includes('proof');
+
+type ResolvedRefreshOptions = {
+    etag?: string;
+    timeoutMs: number;
+    maxRedirects: number;
+    maxResponseBytes: number;
+    allowInsecureHttp: boolean;
+    allowPrivateAddresses: boolean;
+    resolveHost?: (hostname: string) => Promise<string[]>;
+};
+
+// --- SSRF guards --------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const parseIPv4Octets = (ip: string): [number, number, number, number] | undefined => {
+    const parts = ip.split('.');
+
+    if (
+        parts.length !== 4 ||
+        parts.some(part => !/^\d{1,3}$/.test(part) || Number(part) < 0 || Number(part) > 255)
+    ) {
+        return undefined;
+    }
+
+    return parts.map(Number) as [number, number, number, number];
+};
+
+/** Rejects loopback, private, link-local, multicast, reserved, and cloud-metadata IPv4 ranges */
+export const isPrivateOrReservedIPv4 = (ip: string): boolean => {
+    const octets = parseIPv4Octets(ip);
+
+    if (!octets) return true; // malformed literals are unsafe
+
+    const [a, b, c] = octets;
+
+    return (
+        a === 0 || // "this" network
+        a === 10 || // RFC 1918
+        a === 127 || // loopback
+        (a === 100 && b >= 64 && b <= 127) || // CGNAT
+        (a === 169 && b === 254) || // link-local + cloud metadata
+        (a === 172 && b >= 16 && b <= 31) || // RFC 1918
+        (a === 192 && b === 0) || // IETF protocol assignments + TEST-NET-1
+        (a === 192 && b === 168) || // RFC 1918
+        (a === 198 && (b === 18 || b === 19)) || // benchmarking
+        (a === 198 && b === 51 && c === 100) || // TEST-NET-2
+        (a === 203 && b === 0 && c === 113) || // TEST-NET-3
+        a >= 224 // multicast + reserved
+    );
+};
+
+const parseIPv6Hextets = (raw: string): number[] | undefined => {
+    const hasOpeningBracket = raw.startsWith('[');
+    const hasClosingBracket = raw.endsWith(']');
+
+    if (hasOpeningBracket !== hasClosingBracket) return undefined;
+
+    const ip = (hasOpeningBracket ? raw.slice(1, -1) : raw).toLowerCase();
+
+    if (!ip || ip.includes('%') || (ip.match(/::/g)?.length ?? 0) > 1) return undefined;
+
+    let normalized = ip;
+    const dottedTail = normalized.match(/(?:^|:)(\d{1,3}(?:\.\d{1,3}){3})$/)?.[1];
+
+    if (dottedTail) {
+        const octets = parseIPv4Octets(dottedTail);
+
+        if (!octets) return undefined;
+
+        normalized = normalized.slice(0, -dottedTail.length);
+        normalized += `${((octets[0] << 8) | octets[1]).toString(16)}:${(
+            (octets[2] << 8) |
+            octets[3]
+        ).toString(16)}`;
+    }
+
+    const hasCompression = normalized.includes('::');
+    const [leftRaw, rightRaw = ''] = normalized.split('::');
+    const left = leftRaw ? leftRaw.split(':') : [];
+    const right = rightRaw ? rightRaw.split(':') : [];
+    const tokens = [...left, ...right];
+
+    if (
+        tokens.some(token => !/^[0-9a-f]{1,4}$/.test(token)) ||
+        (hasCompression ? tokens.length >= 8 : tokens.length !== 8)
+    ) {
+        return undefined;
+    }
+
+    const omitted = hasCompression ? 8 - tokens.length : 0;
+
+    return [...left, ...Array<number>(omitted).fill(0), ...right].map(token =>
+        typeof token === 'number' ? token : Number.parseInt(token, 16)
+    );
+};
+
+/**
+ * Translation/transition ranges can route an apparently public IPv6 literal to an
+ * embedded IPv4 destination. Reject the standardized ranges rather than trusting
+ * an intermediary gateway not to expose private or link-local IPv4 services.
+ */
+const isIPv4TranslationOrTransitionPrefix = (hextets: number[]): boolean => {
+    const [first, second, third] = hextets;
+    const isNat64WellKnown =
+        first === 0x0064 && second === 0xff9b && hextets.slice(2, 6).every(part => part === 0); // 64:ff9b::/96
+    const isNat64Local = first === 0x0064 && second === 0xff9b && third === 0x0001; // 64:ff9b:1::/48
+    const is6to4 = first === 0x2002; // 2002::/16
+
+    return isNat64WellKnown || isNat64Local || is6to4;
+};
+
+/** Rejects loopback, private/transition, link-local, multicast, documentation, and mapped-private IPv6 */
+export const isPrivateOrReservedIPv6 = (raw: string): boolean => {
+    const hextets = parseIPv6Hextets(raw);
+
+    if (!hextets) return true;
+
+    if (isIPv4TranslationOrTransitionPrefix(hextets)) return true;
+
+    const [first = 0, second = 0] = hextets;
+    const isEmbeddedIPv4Prefix = hextets.slice(0, 5).every(part => part === 0);
+
+    if (isEmbeddedIPv4Prefix && (hextets[5] === 0 || hextets[5] === 0xffff)) {
+        const embedded = `${(hextets[6] ?? 0) >> 8}.${(hextets[6] ?? 0) & 0xff}.${
+            (hextets[7] ?? 0) >> 8
+        }.${(hextets[7] ?? 0) & 0xff}`;
+
+        if (isPrivateOrReservedIPv4(embedded)) return true;
+    }
+
+    if (hextets.every(part => part === 0)) return true;
+    if (hextets.slice(0, 7).every(part => part === 0) && hextets[7] === 1) return true;
+    if ((first & 0xfe00) === 0xfc00) return true; // fc00::/7 unique local
+    if ((first & 0xffc0) === 0xfe80) return true; // fe80::/10 link-local
+    if ((first & 0xff00) === 0xff00) return true; // ff00::/8 multicast
+    if (first === 0x2001 && second === 0x0db8) return true; // docs
+
+    return false;
+};
+
+const parsePinnedAddress = (raw: string): PinnedAddress | undefined => {
+    if (raw.includes(':')) {
+        const hextets = parseIPv6Hextets(raw);
+
+        if (!hextets) return undefined;
+
+        return { address: hextets.map(part => part.toString(16)).join(':'), family: 6 };
+    }
+
+    const octets = parseIPv4Octets(raw);
+
+    if (!octets) return undefined;
+
+    return { address: octets.join('.'), family: 4 };
+};
+
+const isNodeRuntime = typeof process !== 'undefined' && !!process.versions?.node;
+
+/**
+ * Resolves a hostname with Node's DNS resolver. The specifier is intentionally
+ * computed so browser bundlers leave the Node builtin external.
+ */
+const resolveHostnameWithNodeDns = async (hostname: string): Promise<string[]> => {
+    const specifier = 'node:dns/promises';
+    const dns = (await import(/* @vite-ignore */ specifier)) as typeof import('node:dns/promises');
+    const answers = await dns.lookup(hostname, { all: true, verbatim: true });
+
+    return answers.map(answer => answer.address);
+};
+
+type ValidatedRefreshUrl = { url: URL; pinnedAddress?: PinnedAddress };
+type UrlSafety = ValidatedRefreshUrl | { result: CredentialRefreshResult };
+
+/**
+ * Validates a refresh endpoint URL before any request is made.
+ *
+ * Requires HTTPS unless the explicit local-development opt-in allows HTTP, rejects
+ * userinfo, and rejects private/loopback/link-local host literals. In Node-capable
+ * runtimes the hostname is resolved and every private answer rejects the endpoint;
+ * in browsers only unsafe host literals are rejected and the platform plus CORS are
+ * relied upon for host resolution.
+ */
+const validateRefreshUrl = async (
+    rawUrl: string,
+    options: ResolvedRefreshOptions
+): Promise<UrlSafety> => {
+    let url: URL;
+
+    try {
+        url = new URL(rawUrl);
+    } catch {
+        return { result: unsafeEndpoint() };
+    }
+
+    if (url.username || url.password) return { result: unsafeEndpoint() };
+
+    const isHttps = url.protocol === 'https:';
+    const isHttp = url.protocol === 'http:';
+
+    if (!isHttps && !(isHttp && options.allowInsecureHttp)) return { result: unsafeEndpoint() };
+
+    const isIpv6Literal = url.hostname.startsWith('[');
+    const hostname = url.hostname.replace(/^\[|\]$/g, '');
+
+    if (!hostname) return { result: unsafeEndpoint() };
+
+    if (isIpv6Literal) {
+        if (!options.allowPrivateAddresses && isPrivateOrReservedIPv6(hostname)) {
+            return { result: unsafeEndpoint() };
+        }
+    } else if (/^\d{1,3}(?:\.\d{1,3}){3}$/.test(hostname)) {
+        if (!options.allowPrivateAddresses && isPrivateOrReservedIPv4(hostname)) {
+            return { result: unsafeEndpoint() };
+        }
+    } else if (options.resolveHost) {
+        let addresses: string[];
+
+        try {
+            addresses = await options.resolveHost(hostname);
+        } catch {
+            return { result: failed('UNAVAILABLE', true) };
+        }
+
+        if (addresses.length === 0) return { result: failed('UNAVAILABLE', true) };
+
+        const parsedAddresses = addresses.map(parsePinnedAddress);
+        const pinnedAddress = parsedAddresses[0];
+        const hasUnsafeAnswer = parsedAddresses.some(
+            address =>
+                !address ||
+                (address.family === 6
+                    ? isPrivateOrReservedIPv6(address.address)
+                    : isPrivateOrReservedIPv4(address.address))
+        );
+
+        if (!pinnedAddress || (hasUnsafeAnswer && !options.allowPrivateAddresses)) {
+            return { result: unsafeEndpoint() };
+        }
+
+        return { url, pinnedAddress };
+    }
+
+    return { url };
+};
+
+// --- Safe fetching --------------------------------------------------------------
+
+type GuardedResponse = {
+    response: Response;
+    endpoint: ValidatedRefreshUrl;
+    signal: AbortSignal;
+    finish: () => void;
+};
+type FetchOutcome = GuardedResponse | { result: CredentialRefreshResult };
+
+const discardGuardedResponse = async (guarded: GuardedResponse): Promise<void> => {
+    try {
+        await guarded.response.body?.cancel();
+    } catch {
+        // The response is already terminal; cancellation is best-effort cleanup.
+    } finally {
+        guarded.finish();
+    }
+};
+
+/**
+ * Performs a guarded GET: manual redirect handling with full revalidation of every
+ * redirect target, a redirect cap, a shared timeout across hops, and no forwarding of
+ * LearnCard authorization across origins.
+ */
+const fetchWithGuards = async (
+    initialEndpoint: ValidatedRefreshUrl,
+    options: ResolvedRefreshOptions,
+    authorization?: string
+): Promise<FetchOutcome> => {
+    if (typeof globalThis.fetch !== 'function') {
+        return { result: failed('UNAVAILABLE', false) };
+    }
+
+    let current = initialEndpoint;
+    const initialOrigin = initialEndpoint.url.origin;
+    let redirectsRemaining = options.maxRedirects;
+    let auth = authorization;
+    const deadline = Date.now() + options.timeoutMs;
+
+    for (;;) {
+        const remainingMs = deadline - Date.now();
+        if (remainingMs <= 0) return { result: failed('TIMEOUT', true) };
+        const controller = new AbortController();
+        const timer = setTimeout(() => controller.abort(), remainingMs);
+
+        let response: Response;
+
+        try {
+            const headers: Record<string, string> = { accept: ACCEPT_HEADER };
+
+            if (options.etag) headers['if-none-match'] = options.etag;
+            if (auth) headers.authorization = auth;
+
+            response = await fetchWithPinnedAddress(
+                current.url,
+                {
+                    method: 'GET',
+                    redirect: 'manual',
+                    signal: controller.signal,
+                    headers,
+                },
+                current.pinnedAddress
+            );
+        } catch (error) {
+            clearTimeout(timer);
+
+            const timedOut =
+                controller.signal.aborted || (error as Error | null)?.name === 'AbortError';
+
+            return { result: failed(timedOut ? 'TIMEOUT' : 'UNAVAILABLE', true) };
+        }
+
+        if (!REDIRECT_STATUSES.has(response.status)) {
+            return {
+                response,
+                endpoint: current,
+                signal: controller.signal,
+                finish: () => clearTimeout(timer),
+            };
+        }
+
+        clearTimeout(timer);
+        await response.body?.cancel().catch(() => undefined);
+
+        if (redirectsRemaining <= 0) return { result: failed('UNAVAILABLE', false) };
+
+        const location = response.headers.get('location');
+
+        if (!location) return { result: malformedResponse() };
+
+        let next: URL;
+
+        try {
+            next = new URL(location, current.url);
+        } catch {
+            return { result: unsafeEndpoint() };
+        }
+
+        const validated = await validateRefreshUrl(next.href, options);
+
+        if ('result' in validated) return validated;
+
+        if (validated.url.origin !== initialOrigin) auth = undefined;
+
+        redirectsRemaining -= 1;
+        current = validated;
+    }
+};
+
+/**
+ * Reads a response body while counting streamed bytes and keeps the request's abort
+ * signal observable until streaming completes.
+ */
+type BodyReadOutcome =
+    { body: string } | { result: CredentialRefreshResult; reason: 'timeout' | 'malformed' };
+
+const readBodyWithLimit = async (
+    response: Response,
+    maxBytes: number,
+    signal: AbortSignal
+): Promise<BodyReadOutcome> => {
+    const declared = Number(response.headers.get('content-length'));
+
+    if (Number.isFinite(declared) && declared > maxBytes) {
+        return { result: malformedResponse(), reason: 'malformed' };
+    }
+
+    if (!response.body) {
+        try {
+            const body = await response.text();
+
+            return new TextEncoder().encode(body).byteLength > maxBytes
+                ? { result: malformedResponse(), reason: 'malformed' }
+                : { body };
+        } catch {
+            return signal.aborted
+                ? { result: failed('TIMEOUT', true), reason: 'timeout' }
+                : { result: malformedResponse(), reason: 'malformed' };
+        }
+    }
+
+    const reader = response.body.getReader();
+    const chunks: Uint8Array[] = [];
+    let total = 0;
+
+    try {
+        for (;;) {
+            const { done, value } = await reader.read();
+
+            if (done) break;
+
+            total += value?.byteLength ?? 0;
+
+            if (total > maxBytes) {
+                await reader.cancel().catch(() => undefined);
+
+                return { result: malformedResponse(), reason: 'malformed' };
+            }
+
+            if (value) chunks.push(value);
+        }
+    } catch {
+        return signal.aborted
+            ? { result: failed('TIMEOUT', true), reason: 'timeout' }
+            : { result: malformedResponse(), reason: 'malformed' };
+    }
+
+    const merged = new Uint8Array(total);
+    let offset = 0;
+
+    for (const chunk of chunks) {
+        merged.set(chunk, offset);
+        offset += chunk.byteLength;
+    }
+
+    return { body: new TextDecoder().decode(merged) };
+};
+
+const isAcceptedMediaType = (contentType: string | null): boolean => {
+    if (!contentType) return false;
+
+    const mediaType = contentType.split(';', 1)[0]?.trim().toLowerCase() ?? '';
+
+    return ACCEPTED_MEDIA_TYPES.has(mediaType);
+};
+
+// --- Managed DID-auth challenge -------------------------------------------------
+
+type ParsedChallenge = { challenge: string; domain?: string; expiresAt: number };
+
+const parseAuthParams = (header: string): Record<string, string> => {
+    const params: Record<string, string> = {};
+    const pattern = /([a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_-]*)\s*=\s*"([^"]*)"/g;
+
+    let match: RegExpExecArray | null;
+
+    while ((match = pattern.exec(header))) {
+        const key = match[1]?.toLowerCase();
+
+        if (key && match[2]) params[key] = match[2];
+    }
+
+    return params;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Parses a `LearnCardDIDAuth` challenge from a 401 response. Challenge/domain
+ * parameters are read from the `WWW-Authenticate` header and/or the machine-readable
+ * JSON body; when both carry a challenge they must agree. Expired challenges are
+ * rejected. Returns `undefined` when the challenge is absent or malformed.
+ */
+const parseDidAuthChallenge = (
+    response: Response,
+    bodyText: string,
+    expectedDomain: string
+): ParsedChallenge | undefined => {
+    const header = response.headers.get('www-authenticate') ?? '';
+
+    const scheme = header.trim().split(/\s/, 1)[0]?.toLowerCase();
+
+    if (scheme !== DID_AUTH_SCHEME) return undefined;
+
+    const headerParams = parseAuthParams(header);
+
+    let challenge = headerParams.challenge;
+    let domain = headerParams.domain;
+    let expiresAt = Date.now() + HEADER_CHALLENGE_TTL_MS;
+
+    if (bodyText) {
+        let body: unknown;
+
+        try {
+            body = JSON.parse(bodyText);
+        } catch {
+            return undefined; // machine-readable challenge body must be JSON
+        }
+
+        const parsed = CredentialRefreshChallengeValidator.safeParse(body);
+
+        if (!parsed.success) return undefined;
+
+        if (challenge && parsed.data.challenge !== challenge) return undefined; // ambiguous
+        if (domain && parsed.data.domain && parsed.data.domain !== domain) return undefined;
+
+        challenge = parsed.data.challenge;
+        domain = parsed.data.domain ?? domain;
+
+        expiresAt = Date.parse(parsed.data.expiresAt);
+
+        if (Number.isNaN(expiresAt) || expiresAt <= Date.now()) return undefined;
+    }
+
+    if (!challenge || (domain && domain !== expectedDomain)) return undefined;
+
+    return { challenge, domain: expectedDomain, expiresAt };
+};
+
+// --- Response decoding ------------------------------------------------------------
+
+type DecodedCandidate = { credential: VC; etag?: string; managedVersion?: number };
+
+const asManagedVersion = (value: unknown): number | undefined =>
+    typeof value === 'number' && Number.isInteger(value) && value > 0 ? value : undefined;
+
+type InvokeBag = Record<string, ((...args: unknown[]) => Promise<unknown>) | undefined>;
+
+/**
+ * Decodes a refresh response body into a candidate credential. Accepts a bare signed
+ * VC, a `{format:'vc'}` envelope, or a `{format:'jwe'}` envelope / bare JWE. Managed
+ * JWE payloads are decrypted only when the optional `decryptDagJwe` capability is
+ * present on the wallet.
+ */
+const decodeCandidate = async (
+    learnCard: VCImplicitLearnCard,
+    json: unknown,
+    response: Response
+): Promise<DecodedCandidate | CredentialRefreshResult> => {
+    const headerEtag = response.headers.get('etag') ?? undefined;
+
+    // Tagged union: VCDM 2.0 credentials may legitimately carry a `status` field, so a
+    // bare `VC | CredentialRefreshResult` union cannot be discriminated by `'status' in`.
+    const decryptJwe = async (
+        jwe: JWE
+    ): Promise<{ credential: VC } | { failure: CredentialRefreshResult }> => {
+        const decrypt = (learnCard.invoke as unknown as InvokeBag).decryptDagJwe;
+
+        if (typeof decrypt !== 'function') return { failure: failed('UNSUPPORTED_SERVICE', false) };
+
+        let decrypted: unknown;
+
+        try {
+            decrypted = await decrypt(jwe);
+        } catch {
+            return { failure: malformedResponse() };
+        }
+
+        const parsed = VCValidator.safeParse(decrypted);
+
+        if (!parsed.success) return { failure: malformedResponse() };
+
+        return { credential: parsed.data as VC };
+    };
+
+    const envelopeEtag = (value: unknown) => (typeof value === 'string' ? value : headerEtag);
+
+    if (json !== null && typeof json === 'object' && 'format' in json) {
+        const envelope = json as Record<string, unknown>;
+
+        if (envelope.format === 'jwe') {
+            const jwe = JWEValidator.safeParse(envelope.jwe);
+
+            if (!jwe.success) return malformedResponse();
+
+            const decrypted = await decryptJwe(jwe.data);
+
+            if ('failure' in decrypted) return decrypted.failure;
+
+            return {
+                credential: decrypted.credential,
+                etag: envelopeEtag(envelope.etag),
+                managedVersion: asManagedVersion(envelope.version),
+            };
+        }
+
+        if (envelope.format === 'vc') {
+            const parsed = VCValidator.safeParse(envelope.credential);
+
+            if (!parsed.success) return malformedResponse();
+
+            return {
+                credential: parsed.data as VC,
+                etag: envelopeEtag(envelope.etag),
+                managedVersion: asManagedVersion(envelope.version),
+            };
+        }
+
+        return malformedResponse();
+    }
+
+    const bareVc = VCValidator.safeParse(json);
+
+    if (bareVc.success) return { credential: bareVc.data as VC, etag: headerEtag };
+
+    const bareJwe = JWEValidator.safeParse(json);
+
+    if (bareJwe.success) {
+        const decrypted = await decryptJwe(bareJwe.data);
+
+        if ('failure' in decrypted) return decrypted.failure;
+
+        return { credential: decrypted.credential, etag: headerEtag };
+    }
+
+    return malformedResponse();
+};
+
+// --- Stability and freshness --------------------------------------------------------
+
+const getHolderIds = (vc: VC): string[] => {
+    const subject = vc.credentialSubject as { id?: unknown } | Array<{ id?: unknown }>;
+    const subjects = Array.isArray(subject) ? subject : [subject];
+
+    return subjects.map(entry => (typeof entry?.id === 'string' ? entry.id : '')).sort();
+};
+
+const holdersEqual = (first: VC, second: VC): boolean => {
+    const firstIds = getHolderIds(first);
+    const secondIds = getHolderIds(second);
+
+    return (
+        firstIds.length === secondIds.length &&
+        firstIds.every((id, index) => id === secondIds[index])
+    );
+};
+
+/**
+ * Holder-side refresh primitive. See the module docblock for the safety contract.
+ *
+ * Never includes the current credential or its claims in request headers or logs.
+ */
+export const refreshCredential = (_initLearnCard: VCDependentLearnCard) => {
+    /**
+     * Challenges already consumed by this wallet instance. A managed endpoint issues
+     * single-use challenges; a repeated challenge value indicates a replay and is
+     * rejected without signing.
+     */
+    // Retain live entries until expiry; fail closed at capacity instead of evicting
+    // replay protection. Header-only challenges have a five-minute retention window.
+    const usedChallenges = new Map<string, number>();
+
+    return async (
+        _learnCard: VCImplicitLearnCard,
+        credential: VC,
+        options: RefreshCredentialOptions = {}
+    ): Promise<CredentialRefreshResult> => {
+        const resolved: ResolvedRefreshOptions = {
+            etag: options.etag,
+            timeoutMs: options.timeoutMs ?? DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS,
+            maxRedirects: options.maxRedirects ?? DEFAULT_MAX_REDIRECTS,
+            maxResponseBytes: options.maxResponseBytes ?? DEFAULT_MAX_RESPONSE_BYTES,
+            allowInsecureHttp: options.allowInsecureHttp ?? false,
+            allowPrivateAddresses: options.allowPrivateAddresses ?? false,
+            resolveHost:
+                options.resolveHost ?? (isNodeRuntime ? resolveHostnameWithNodeDns : undefined),
+        };
+
+        const service = getSupportedRefreshService(credential);
+
+        if (!service) return { status: 'unsupported' };
+
+        // Verify the currently held credential before contacting the endpoint.
+        try {
+            const check = await _learnCard.invoke.verifyCredential(credential);
+
+            if (!proofVerified(check)) return invalidProof();
+        } catch {
+            return invalidProof();
+        }
+
+        // Managed publication requires a stable ID. Standard credentials may omit it.
+        if (
+            service.type === 'LearnCardCredentialRefresh2026' &&
+            (typeof credential.id !== 'string' || credential.id.length === 0)
+        ) {
+            return failed('ID_MISMATCH', false);
+        }
+
+        const validated = await validateRefreshUrl(service.id, resolved);
+
+        if ('result' in validated) return validated.result;
+
+        const initial = await fetchWithGuards(validated, resolved);
+
+        if ('result' in initial) return initial.result;
+
+        let guardedResponse = initial;
+        let response = guardedResponse.response;
+
+        // Managed endpoints authenticate with a single DID-auth retry.
+        if (response.status === 401 && service.type === 'LearnCardCredentialRefresh2026') {
+            // Only the origin signed into the credential may request a holder proof.
+            if (guardedResponse.endpoint.url.origin !== validated.url.origin) {
+                await discardGuardedResponse(guardedResponse);
+                return unauthorized();
+            }
+            const challengeRead = await readBodyWithLimit(
+                response,
+                resolved.maxResponseBytes,
+                guardedResponse.signal
+            );
+
+            guardedResponse.finish();
+
+            if ('result' in challengeRead) {
+                return challengeRead.reason === 'timeout' ? challengeRead.result : unauthorized();
+            }
+
+            const expectedDomain = guardedResponse.endpoint.url.host;
+            const challenge = parseDidAuthChallenge(response, challengeRead.body, expectedDomain);
+
+            if (!challenge) return unauthorized();
+
+            const challengeKey = `${guardedResponse.endpoint.url.origin}|${challenge.challenge}`;
+
+            const now = Date.now();
+            for (const [key, expiresAt] of usedChallenges) {
+                if (expiresAt <= now) usedChallenges.delete(key);
+            }
+            if (usedChallenges.has(challengeKey)) return unauthorized();
+            if (usedChallenges.size >= MAX_TRACKED_CHALLENGES) return unauthorized();
+            usedChallenges.set(challengeKey, challenge.expiresAt);
+
+            let vp: VP | string;
+
+            try {
+                vp = await _learnCard.invoke.getDidAuthVp({
+                    proofFormat: 'jwt',
+                    challenge: challenge.challenge,
+                    domain: expectedDomain,
+                });
+            } catch {
+                return unauthorized();
+            }
+
+            const retry = await fetchWithGuards(
+                guardedResponse.endpoint,
+                resolved,
+                `Bearer ${typeof vp === 'string' ? vp : JSON.stringify(vp)}`
+            );
+
+            if ('result' in retry) return retry.result;
+
+            guardedResponse = retry;
+            response = guardedResponse.response;
+        }
+
+        if (response.status === 304) {
+            await discardGuardedResponse(guardedResponse);
+
+            return {
+                status: 'unchanged',
+                checkedAt: new Date().toISOString(),
+                etag: response.headers.get('etag') ?? resolved.etag,
+            };
+        }
+
+        if (response.status === 410) {
+            await discardGuardedResponse(guardedResponse);
+            return failed('REVOKED', false);
+        }
+
+        if (response.status === 401 || response.status === 403) {
+            await discardGuardedResponse(guardedResponse);
+            return unauthorized();
+        }
+
+        if (response.status < 200 || response.status > 299) {
+            await discardGuardedResponse(guardedResponse);
+            return failed('UNAVAILABLE', response.status >= 500);
+        }
+
+        if (!isAcceptedMediaType(response.headers.get('content-type'))) {
+            await discardGuardedResponse(guardedResponse);
+            return malformedResponse();
+        }
+
+        const bodyRead = await readBodyWithLimit(
+            response,
+            resolved.maxResponseBytes,
+            guardedResponse.signal
+        );
+
+        guardedResponse.finish();
+
+        if ('result' in bodyRead) return bodyRead.result;
+
+        let json: unknown;
+
+        try {
+            json = JSON.parse(bodyRead.body);
+        } catch {
+            return malformedResponse();
+        }
+
+        // The standard protocol returns a bare credential, never a LearnCard envelope.
+        if (service.type === '1EdTechCredentialRefresh' && !VCValidator.safeParse(json).success) {
+            return malformedResponse();
+        }
+        const decoded = await decodeCandidate(_learnCard, json, response);
+
+        if ('status' in decoded) return decoded;
+
+        const candidate = decoded.credential;
+
+        // Verify the replacement proof before any stability/freshness checks.
+        try {
+            const check = await _learnCard.invoke.verifyCredential(candidate);
+
+            if (!proofVerified(check)) return invalidProof();
+        } catch {
+            return invalidProof();
+        }
+
+        // Identity stability: same credential ID, normalized issuer, and holder. Holder
+        // changes are surfaced as ID_MISMATCH because the holder identity is part of the
+        // credential's identity for refresh purposes.
+        if (candidate.id !== credential.id) {
+            return failed('ID_MISMATCH', false);
+        }
+
+        if (getCredentialIssuerId(candidate) !== getCredentialIssuerId(credential)) {
+            return failed('ISSUER_MISMATCH', false);
+        }
+
+        if (!holdersEqual(credential, candidate)) return failed('ID_MISMATCH', false);
+
+        // Freshness: reject a strictly older effective timestamp.
+        const currentTime = getCredentialEffectiveTime(credential);
+        const candidateTime = getCredentialEffectiveTime(candidate);
+
+        if (
+            currentTime !== undefined &&
+            candidateTime !== undefined &&
+            candidateTime < currentTime
+        ) {
+            return failed('ROLLBACK', false);
+        }
+
+        // Proof-insensitive canonical comparison distinguishes updated from unchanged.
+        if (credentialContentsEqual(credential, candidate)) {
+            return { status: 'unchanged', checkedAt: new Date().toISOString(), etag: decoded.etag };
+        }
+
+        return {
+            status: 'updated',
+            credential: candidate,
+            ...(decoded.etag ? { etag: decoded.etag } : {}),
+            ...(decoded.managedVersion ? { managedVersion: decoded.managedVersion } : {}),
+        };
+    };
+};