@ldclabs/kip-lang 0.4.0 → 2.0.0

package/src/parser.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,3506 @@
+import { tokenize } from './lexer.js'
+import {
+  Token,
+  TokenType,
+  isTrivia,
+  isIdentifierLike,
+  isAggregate
+} from './token.js'
+import type { Range, Position } from './token.js'
+import type {
+  Program,
+  Statement,
+  MutationClause,
+  FindStatement,
+  AsOfClause,
+  ForTimeClause,
+  EpistemicClause,
+  OrderByClause,
+  OrderItem,
+  LimitClause,
+  CursorClause,
+  WhereClause,
+  WherePattern,
+  ConceptPattern,
+  PropositionPattern,
+  AssertionPattern,
+  EvidencePattern,
+  ActivityPattern,
+  StructuralPattern,
+  BeliefPattern,
+  BeliefSlotPattern,
+  FilterClause,
+  NotClause,
+  OptionalClause,
+  UnionClause,
+  PropositionTuple,
+  Term,
+  PredicateAtom,
+  RawPredicateExpression,
+  PredicatePathAtom,
+  PathQuantifier,
+  ObjectPattern,
+  MutateStatement,
+  CreateConceptStatement,
+  UpsertConceptStatement,
+  EnsurePropositionStatement,
+  AssertStatement,
+  CreateEvidenceStatement,
+  CreateAssertionStatement,
+  CreateActivityStatement,
+  TypeClause,
+  ClientKeyClause,
+  NameClause,
+  MatchClause,
+  SetFieldsClause,
+  SetAttributesClause,
+  SetFacetClause,
+  UnsetAttributesClause,
+  UnsetFacetClause,
+  UnsetField,
+  SetStructuralClause,
+  StructuralAssignment,
+  UnsetStructuralClause,
+  StructuralRemoval,
+  ExpectVersionClause,
+  ExpectStateClause,
+  UpdateStatement,
+  UpdateAction,
+  RetractAssertionStatement,
+  SupersedeAssertionStatement,
+  CorrectEvidenceStatement,
+  TransitionActivityStatement,
+  SetRetentionStatement,
+  ArchiveStatement,
+  TombstoneStatement,
+  PurgeStatement,
+  MergeConceptStatement,
+  DescribeStatement,
+  DescribeTargetKind,
+  ListStatement,
+  ListTargetKind,
+  SearchStatement,
+  SearchKind,
+  VerifyStatement,
+  VerifyTargetKind,
+  ValidateStatement,
+  ValidateTargetKind,
+  PreviewStatement,
+  HistoryStatement,
+  ChangesStatement,
+  SnapshotStatement,
+  ExportCapsuleStatement,
+  Expression,
+  FunctionCallExpr,
+  AggregateExpr,
+  FieldAccess,
+  FieldStep,
+  VariableRef,
+  ParameterRef,
+  StringLiteral,
+  NumberLiteral,
+  BooleanLiteral,
+  NullLiteral,
+  ScalarValue,
+  SchemaSymbol,
+  TargetRef,
+  ArrayLiteral,
+  ObjectLiteral,
+  ObjectEntry
+} from './ast.js'
+import type { Diagnostic } from './diagnostics.js'
+
+export interface ParseResult {
+  ast: Program
+  diagnostics: Diagnostic[]
+}
+
+/**
+ * Which grammar owns the WHERE block being parsed.
+ *
+ * KQL owns the two reviewed divergences: `proposition_tuple` accepts raw
+ * predicate path expressions, and `where_clause` additionally accepts
+ * BELIEF / BELIEF SLOT. KML and META EXPORT get neither — a virtual
+ * Projection can never be a mutation target or an export selector.
+ */
+type Dialect = 'kql' | 'raw'
+
+/** The four baseline scalar types; arrays and objects are not Core Literals. */
+type LiteralNode =
+  | StringLiteral
+  | NumberLiteral
+  | BooleanLiteral
+  | NullLiteral
+
+export function parse(source: string): ParseResult {
+  const allTokens = tokenize(source)
+  const parser = new Parser(allTokens, source)
+  return parser.parse()
+}
+
+class Parser {
+  private tokens: Token[]
+  private pos: number = 0
+  private diagnostics: Diagnostic[] = []
+  private source: string
+  private dialect: Dialect = 'kql'
+
+  constructor(tokens: Token[], source: string) {
+    // Filter out trivia for parsing, but keep comments for attachment later
+    this.tokens = tokens.filter(
+      (t) => !isTrivia(t.type) || t.type === TokenType.Comment
+    )
+    this.source = source
+  }
+
+  parse(): ParseResult {
+    const statements: Statement[] = []
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    this.skipComments()
+    while (!this.isAtEnd()) {
+      const before = this.pos
+      this.skipComments()
+      if (this.isAtEnd()) break
+      try {
+        const stmt = this.parseStatement()
+        if (stmt) statements.push(stmt)
+      } catch {
+        // Error recovery: skip to next statement-level keyword
+        this.recoverToNextStatement()
+      }
+      // A sub-parser that rejects its first token reports and returns
+      // without consuming it, so a loop keyed on that token would spin
+      // forever building diagnostics. Stop as soon as nothing moved.
+      if (this.pos === before) break
+    }
+    const end = this.currentPos()
+    return {
+      ast: { kind: 'Program', statements, range: { start, end } },
+      diagnostics: this.diagnostics
+    }
+  }
+
+  // ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  Statement dispatch
+  // ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  private parseStatement(): Statement | null {
+    const tok = this.current()
+    switch (tok.type) {
+      // KQL
+      case TokenType.Find:
+        return this.parseFindStatement()
+
+      // KML
+      case TokenType.Mutate:
+        return this.parseMutateStatement()
+      case TokenType.Create:
+      case TokenType.Upsert:
+      case TokenType.Ensure:
+      case TokenType.Assert:
+      case TokenType.Update:
+      case TokenType.Retract:
+      case TokenType.Supersede:
+      case TokenType.Correct:
+      case TokenType.Transition:
+      case TokenType.Set:
+      case TokenType.Archive:
+      case TokenType.Tombstone:
+      case TokenType.Purge:
+      case TokenType.Merge:
+        return this.parseMutationClause()
+
+      // META
+      case TokenType.Describe:
+        return this.parseDescribeStatement()
+      case TokenType.List:
+        return this.parseListStatement()
+      case TokenType.Search:
+        return this.parseSearchStatement()
+      case TokenType.Verify:
+        return this.parseVerifyStatement()
+      case TokenType.Validate:
+        return this.parseValidateStatement()
+      case TokenType.Preview:
+        return this.parsePreviewStatement()
+      case TokenType.History:
+        return this.parseHistoryStatement()
+      case TokenType.Changes:
+        return this.parseChangesStatement()
+      case TokenType.Snapshot:
+        return this.parseSnapshotStatement()
+      case TokenType.Export:
+        return this.parseExportCapsuleStatement()
+
+      default:
+        this.error(
+          `Unexpected token '${tok.value}': expected a KQL, KML or META statement`,
+          tok
+        )
+        return null
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Every mutation legal at statement level and inside `MUTATE { ... }`. */
+  private parseMutationClause(): MutationClause {
+    const tok = this.current()
+    switch (tok.type) {
+      case TokenType.Create:
+        return this.parseCreateStatement()
+      case TokenType.Upsert:
+        return this.parseUpsertConcept()
+      case TokenType.Ensure:
+        return this.parseEnsureProposition()
+      case TokenType.Assert:
+        return this.parseAssertStatement()
+      case TokenType.Update:
+        return this.parseUpdateStatement()
+      case TokenType.Retract:
+        return this.parseRetractAssertion()
+      case TokenType.Supersede:
+        return this.parseSupersedeAssertion()
+      case TokenType.Correct:
+        return this.parseCorrectEvidence()
+      case TokenType.Transition:
+        return this.parseTransitionActivity()
+      case TokenType.Set:
+        return this.parseSetRetention()
+      case TokenType.Archive:
+        return this.parseArchiveStatement()
+      case TokenType.Tombstone:
+        return this.parseTombstoneStatement()
+      case TokenType.Purge:
+        return this.parsePurgeStatement()
+      case TokenType.Merge:
+        return this.parseMergeConcept()
+      default:
+        this.error(`Unexpected token '${tok.value}': expected a KML mutation`, tok)
+        throw new ParseAbort()
+    }
+  }
+
+  // ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  KQL — FIND
+  // ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  private parseFindStatement(): FindStatement {
+    const leadingComments = this.collectLeadingComments()
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    this.dialect = 'kql'
+    this.expect(TokenType.Find)
+    this.expect(TokenType.LParen)
+
+    const projections: Expression[] = []
+    if (!this.check(TokenType.RParen)) {
+      do {
+        projections.push(this.parseProjectionExpression())
+      } while (this.match(TokenType.Comma))
+    }
+    if (projections.length === 0) {
+      this.error('FIND requires at least one projection', this.current())
+    }
+    this.expect(TokenType.RParen)
+
+    this.expectKeywordWithSpace(TokenType.Where)
+    const where = this.parseWhereClause()
+
+    let asOf: AsOfClause | undefined
+    let forTime: ForTimeClause | undefined
+    let epistemic: EpistemicClause | undefined
+    let orderBy: OrderByClause | undefined
+    let limit: LimitClause | undefined
+    let cursor: CursorClause | undefined
+    let lastClauseOrder = -1
+
+    // The grammar fixes this order. Accepting any order here would let a
+    // command run on this parser that a conformant engine rejects, so each
+    // clause is taken once and out-of-order repeats are reported.
+    for (;;) {
+      const tok = this.current()
+      if (this.check(TokenType.As)) {
+        lastClauseOrder = this.checkClauseOrder(0, lastClauseOrder, 'AS OF', tok)
+        this.rejectRepeat(asOf, 'AS OF', tok)
+        asOf = this.parseAsOfClause()
+      } else if (this.check(TokenType.For)) {
+        lastClauseOrder = this.checkClauseOrder(
+          1,
+          lastClauseOrder,
+          'FOR TIME',
+          tok
+        )
+        this.rejectRepeat(forTime, 'FOR TIME', tok)
+        forTime = this.parseForTimeClause()
+      } else if (this.check(TokenType.With)) {
+        lastClauseOrder = this.checkClauseOrder(
+          2,
+          lastClauseOrder,
+          'WITH EPISTEMIC',
+          tok
+        )
+        this.rejectRepeat(epistemic, 'WITH EPISTEMIC', tok)
+        epistemic = this.parseEpistemicClause()
+      } else if (this.check(TokenType.Order)) {
+        lastClauseOrder = this.checkClauseOrder(
+          3,
+          lastClauseOrder,
+          'ORDER BY',
+          tok
+        )
+        this.rejectRepeat(orderBy, 'ORDER BY', tok)
+        orderBy = this.parseOrderBy()
+      } else if (this.check(TokenType.Limit)) {
+        lastClauseOrder = this.checkClauseOrder(4, lastClauseOrder, 'LIMIT', tok)
+        this.rejectRepeat(limit, 'LIMIT', tok)
+        limit = this.parseLimitClause()
+      } else if (this.check(TokenType.Cursor)) {
+        lastClauseOrder = this.checkClauseOrder(5, lastClauseOrder, 'CURSOR', tok)
+        this.rejectRepeat(cursor, 'CURSOR', tok)
+        cursor = this.parseCursorClause()
+      } else {
+        break
+      }
+    }
+
+    return {
+      kind: 'FindStatement',
+      projections,
+      where,
+      asOf,
+      forTime,
+      epistemic,
+      orderBy,
+      limit,
+      cursor,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() },
+      leadingComments: leadingComments.length ? leadingComments : undefined
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** `projection_expression = aggregate_expression | expression` */
+  private parseProjectionExpression(): Expression {
+    return this.parseExpression()
+  }
+
+  private parseAsOfClause(): AsOfClause {
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    const first = this.expect(TokenType.As)
+    this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Of, first)
+
+    let basis: 'SEQ' | 'TX' | 'TIME'
+    if (this.match(TokenType.Seq)) {
+      basis = 'SEQ'
+    } else if (this.match(TokenType.Tx)) {
+      basis = 'TX'
+    } else if (this.match(TokenType.Time)) {
+      basis = 'TIME'
+    } else {
+      this.error(
+        `Expected SEQ, TX or TIME after AS OF but got '${this.current().value}'`,
+        this.current()
+      )
+      basis = 'SEQ'
+    }
+    const value = this.parseScalarValue()
+    return {
+      kind: 'AsOfClause',
+      basis,
+      value,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parseForTimeClause(): ForTimeClause {
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    const first = this.expect(TokenType.For)
+    this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Time, first)
+    const value = this.parseScalarValue()
+    return {
+      kind: 'ForTimeClause',
+      value,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parseEpistemicClause(): EpistemicClause {
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    const first = this.expect(TokenType.With)
+    this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Epistemic, first)
+    const options = this.parseObjectLiteral()
+    return {
+      kind: 'EpistemicClause',
+      options,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parseOrderBy(): OrderByClause {
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    const first = this.expect(TokenType.Order)
+    this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.By, first)
+
+    const items: OrderItem[] = []
+    do {
+      items.push(this.parseOrderItem())
+    } while (this.match(TokenType.Comma))
+
+    return {
+      kind: 'OrderByClause',
+      items,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parseOrderItem(): OrderItem {
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    const expression = this.parseProjectionExpression()
+    let direction: 'ASC' | 'DESC' | undefined
+    if (this.match(TokenType.Asc)) direction = 'ASC'
+    else if (this.match(TokenType.Desc)) direction = 'DESC'
+    return {
+      kind: 'OrderItem',
+      expression,
+      direction,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parseLimitClause(): LimitClause {
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    this.expect(TokenType.Limit)
+    const value = this.parseScalarValue()
+    return {
+      kind: 'LimitClause',
+      value,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parseCursorClause(): CursorClause {
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    this.expect(TokenType.Cursor)
+    const value = this.parseScalarValue()
+    return {
+      kind: 'CursorClause',
+      value,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  WHERE
+  // ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  private parseWhereClause(): WhereClause {
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    this.expect(TokenType.LBrace)
+    const patterns = this.parseWherePatterns()
+    this.expect(TokenType.RBrace)
+    return {
+      kind: 'WhereClause',
+      patterns,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parseWherePatterns(): WherePattern[] {
+    const patterns: WherePattern[] = []
+    while (!this.check(TokenType.RBrace) && !this.isAtEnd()) {
+      const before = this.pos
+      const pattern = this.parseWherePattern()
+      if (pattern) patterns.push(pattern)
+      if (this.pos === before) break
+      // WHERE items are whitespace-delimited; a comma between them is not
+      // grammar, so report it rather than silently accepting both spellings.
+      if (this.check(TokenType.Comma)) {
+        this.error(
+          'WHERE items are separated by whitespace, not commas',
+          this.current()
+        )
+        this.advance()
+      }
+    }
+    return patterns
+  }
+
+  private parseWherePattern(): WherePattern | null {
+    const tok = this.current()
+    switch (tok.type) {
+      case TokenType.Variable:
+        return this.parseVariableLeadingPattern()
+      case TokenType.LParen:
+      case TokenType.Proposition:
+        return this.parsePropositionPattern(undefined)
+      case TokenType.Structural:
+        return this.parseStructuralPattern(undefined)
+      case TokenType.Filter:
+        return this.parseFilterClause()
+      case TokenType.Not:
+        return this.parseNotClause()
+      case TokenType.Optional:
+        return this.parseOptionalClause()
+      case TokenType.Union:
+        return this.parseUnionClause()
+      default:
+        this.error(`Unexpected token '${tok.value}' in WHERE block`, tok)
+        this.advance()
+        return null
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Disambiguates the pattern families that all begin with a variable.
+   *
+   * `?x {`/`?x CONCEPT {` is a Concept, `?x (`/`?x PROPOSITION (` a raw
+   * Proposition, and the remaining families name their kind outright.
+   */
+  private parseVariableLeadingPattern(): WherePattern {
+    const variable = this.parseVariableRef()
+    const tok = this.current()
+
+    switch (tok.type) {
+      case TokenType.LBrace:
+      case TokenType.Concept:
+        return this.parseConceptPattern(variable)
+      case TokenType.LParen:
+      case TokenType.Proposition:
+        return this.parsePropositionPattern(variable)
+      case TokenType.Assertion:
+        return this.parseAssertionPattern(variable)
+      case TokenType.Evidence:
+        return this.parseEvidencePattern(variable)
+      case TokenType.Activity:
+        return this.parseActivityPattern(variable)
+      case TokenType.Structural:
+        return this.parseStructuralPattern(variable)
+      case TokenType.Belief:
+        return this.parseBeliefPattern(variable)
+      default:
+        this.error(
+          `Expected a pattern body after ${variable.name} but got '${tok.value}'`,
+          tok
+        )
+        throw new ParseAbort()
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parseConceptPattern(variable: VariableRef): ConceptPattern {
+    const explicit = this.match(TokenType.Concept)
+    const matcher = this.parseObjectPattern()
+    return {
+      kind: 'ConceptPattern',
+      variable,
+      explicit,
+      matcher,
+      range: { start: variable.range.start, end: this.endPos() }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parsePropositionPattern(
+    variable: VariableRef | undefined
+  ): PropositionPattern {
+    const start = variable ? variable.range.start : this.currentPos()
+    const explicit = this.match(TokenType.Proposition)
+    const tuple = this.parsePropositionTuple()
+    return {
+      kind: 'PropositionPattern',
+      variable,
+      explicit,
+      tuple,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parseAssertionPattern(variable: VariableRef): AssertionPattern {
+    this.expect(TokenType.Assertion)
+    const matcher = this.parseObjectPattern()
+    return {
+      kind: 'AssertionPattern',
+      variable,
+      matcher,
+      range: { start: variable.range.start, end: this.endPos() }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parseEvidencePattern(variable: VariableRef): EvidencePattern {
+    this.expect(TokenType.Evidence)
+    const matcher = this.parseObjectPattern()
+    return {
+      kind: 'EvidencePattern',
+      variable,
+      matcher,
+      range: { start: variable.range.start, end: this.endPos() }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parseActivityPattern(variable: VariableRef): ActivityPattern {
+    this.expect(TokenType.Activity)
+    const matcher = this.parseObjectPattern()
+    return {
+      kind: 'ActivityPattern',
+      variable,
+      matcher,
+      range: { start: variable.range.start, end: this.endPos() }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parseStructuralPattern(
+    variable: VariableRef | undefined
+  ): StructuralPattern {
+    const start = variable ? variable.range.start : this.currentPos()
+    this.expect(TokenType.Structural)
+    this.expect(TokenType.LParen)
+    const subject = this.parseTerm()
+    this.expect(TokenType.Comma)
+    const field = this.parseSchemaSymbol()
+    this.expect(TokenType.Comma)
+    const object = this.parseTerm()
+    this.expect(TokenType.RParen)
+    return {
+      kind: 'StructuralPattern',
+      variable,
+      subject,
+      field,
+      object,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parseBeliefPattern(
+    variable: VariableRef
+  ): BeliefPattern | BeliefSlotPattern {
+    const start = variable.range.start
+    const beliefTok = this.expect(TokenType.Belief)
+
+    // `BELIEF SLOT (...)` — the whole functional slot, not one tuple.
+    if (this.check(TokenType.Slot)) {
+      this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Slot, beliefTok)
+      this.expect(TokenType.LParen)
+      const subject = this.parseTerm()
+      this.expect(TokenType.Comma)
+      const predicate = this.parsePredicateAtom()
+      this.expect(TokenType.RParen)
+      this.rejectBeliefInRawDialect(start)
+      return {
+        kind: 'BeliefSlotPattern',
+        variable,
+        subject,
+        predicate,
+        range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+      }
+    }
+
+    this.expect(TokenType.LParen)
+
+    // `BELIEF (?p)` projects an already-bound Proposition; `BELIEF (s, p, o)`
+    // projects a tuple. Only a lone variable followed by `)` is the former.
+    if (this.check(TokenType.Variable) && this.peekPast(1)?.type === TokenType.RParen) {
+      const proposition = this.parseVariableRef()
+      this.expect(TokenType.RParen)
+      this.rejectBeliefInRawDialect(start)
+      return {
+        kind: 'BeliefPattern',
+        variable,
+        proposition,
+        range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // `BELIEF (id: ...)` — the operand is the Proposition expression slot, so
+    // the same id form that names a Proposition in a pattern names it here
+    // (Spec §43.2 / §46.1). Same recognition rule as parsePropositionTuple.
+    if (this.isPropositionIdStart()) {
+      this.advance() // id
+      this.advance() // :
+      const propositionId = this.parseScalarValue()
+      this.expect(TokenType.RParen)
+      this.rejectBeliefInRawDialect(start)
+      return {
+        kind: 'BeliefPattern',
+        variable,
+        propositionId,
+        range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // `BELIEF (:p)` is the one spelling a reader might reach for that means
+    // nothing: a lone parameter is not a bound variable and not an id
+    // reference. Say what the reference form is instead of "expected ','",
+    // and recover as if the id form had been written so nothing cascades.
+    if (this.check(TokenType.Parameter) && this.peekPast(1)?.type === TokenType.RParen) {
+      const param = this.current()
+      this.error(
+        `BELIEF (${param.value}) is not a form: name the Proposition by (id: ${param.value}), or bind it first and write BELIEF (?p)`,
+        param
+      )
+      const propositionId = this.parseParameterRef()
+      this.expect(TokenType.RParen)
+      this.rejectBeliefInRawDialect(start)
+      return {
+        kind: 'BeliefPattern',
+        variable,
+        propositionId,
+        range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+      }
+    }
+
+    const subject = this.parseTerm()
+    this.expect(TokenType.Comma)
+    const predicate = this.parsePredicateAtom()
+    this.expect(TokenType.Comma)
+    const object = this.parseTerm()
+    this.expect(TokenType.RParen)
+    this.rejectBeliefInRawDialect(start)
+    return {
+      kind: 'BeliefPattern',
+      variable,
+      subject,
+      predicate,
+      object,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * BELIEF is an Epistemic Projection: virtual, read-only, and derived from a
+   * policy. KML excludes it because a Projection can never be a mutation
+   * target; EXPORT excludes it because a capsule carries records, not
+   * interpretations.
+   */
+  private rejectBeliefInRawDialect(start: Position): void {
+    if (this.dialect === 'raw') {
+      this.diagnostics.push({
+        range: { start, end: this.endPos() },
+        severity: 'error',
+        message:
+          'BELIEF is a read-only Epistemic Projection and cannot appear in a mutation or export selection',
+        code: 'KIP_1001'
+      })
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parseFilterClause(): FilterClause {
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    this.expect(TokenType.Filter)
+    this.expect(TokenType.LParen)
+    const expression = this.parseExpression()
+    this.expect(TokenType.RParen)
+    return {
+      kind: 'FilterClause',
+      expression,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parseNotClause(): NotClause {
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    this.expect(TokenType.Not)
+    this.expect(TokenType.LBrace)
+    const patterns = this.parseWherePatterns()
+    this.expect(TokenType.RBrace)
+    return {
+      kind: 'NotClause',
+      patterns,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parseOptionalClause(): OptionalClause {
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    this.expect(TokenType.Optional)
+    this.expect(TokenType.LBrace)
+    const patterns = this.parseWherePatterns()
+    this.expect(TokenType.RBrace)
+    return {
+      kind: 'OptionalClause',
+      patterns,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parseUnionClause(): UnionClause {
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    this.expect(TokenType.Union)
+    this.expect(TokenType.LBrace)
+    const patterns = this.parseWherePatterns()
+    this.expect(TokenType.RBrace)
+    return {
+      kind: 'UnionClause',
+      patterns,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  Raw semantic tuples
+  // ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  private parsePropositionTuple(): PropositionTuple {
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    this.expect(TokenType.LParen)
+
+    // `(id: ...)` addresses the same slot by record identity. `id` is a field
+    // name, not a keyword, so it is matched on its exact lowercase text and
+    // only when a `:` follows — `(id, "p", ?o)` is still a triple whose
+    // subject happens to be a variable-free term.
+    if (this.isPropositionIdStart()) {
+      this.advance() // id
+      this.advance() // :
+      const id = this.parseScalarValue()
+      this.expect(TokenType.RParen)
+      return {
+        kind: 'PropositionTuple',
+        id,
+        range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+      }
+    }
+
+    const subject = this.parseTerm()
+    this.expect(TokenType.Comma)
+    const predicate = this.parseRawPredicateExpression()
+    this.expect(TokenType.Comma)
+    const object = this.parseTerm()
+    this.expect(TokenType.RParen)
+    return {
+      kind: 'PropositionTuple',
+      subject,
+      predicate,
+      object,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * True when the cursor sits on the `id :` of a `(id: ...)` reference.
+   *
+   * Field names are case-sensitive, so only the exact spelling `id` counts;
+   * `ID` is an ordinary identifier and would not parse as a term anyway.
+   */
+  private isPropositionIdStart(): boolean {
+    const tok = this.current()
+    if (tok.type !== TokenType.Identifier || tok.value !== 'id') return false
+    const next = this.peekPast(1)
+    // `(id: :p)` lexes the separator as its own colon; `(id:"P")` likewise,
+    // because a parameter needs an identifier start after the colon.
+    return next?.type === TokenType.Colon
+  }
+
+  private parseTerm(): Term {
+    const tok = this.current()
+    switch (tok.type) {
+      case TokenType.Variable:
+        return this.parseVariableRef()
+      case TokenType.Parameter:
+        return this.parseParameterRef()
+      case TokenType.LBrace:
+        return this.parseObjectPattern()
+      case TokenType.LParen:
+        return this.parsePropositionTuple()
+      case TokenType.String:
+      case TokenType.Number:
+      case TokenType.Boolean:
+      case TokenType.Null:
+        return this.parseLiteral()
+      default:
+        this.error(
+          `Expected a term (variable, parameter, literal, {...} or a tuple) but got '${tok.value}'`,
+          tok
+        )
+        throw new ParseAbort()
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** `predicate_atom = string_literal | parameter | variable` */
+  private parsePredicateAtom(): PredicateAtom {
+    const tok = this.current()
+    if (tok.type === TokenType.String) {
+      return this.parseStringLiteral()
+    }
+    if (tok.type === TokenType.Parameter) {
+      return this.parseParameterRef()
+    }
+    if (tok.type === TokenType.Variable) {
+      return this.parseVariableRef()
+    }
+    this.error(
+      `Expected a predicate (quoted symbol, :parameter or ?variable) but got '${tok.value}'`,
+      tok
+    )
+    throw new ParseAbort()
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * `raw_predicate_expression` — path atoms joined by `|`.
+   *
+   * Alternation and hop quantifiers are traversal syntax owned by KQL. KML
+   * and META spell the same slot as a bare `predicate_atom`, so in the raw
+   * dialect anything beyond one plain atom is reported here.
+   */
+  private parseRawPredicateExpression(): RawPredicateExpression {
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    const atoms: PredicatePathAtom[] = [this.parsePredicatePathAtom()]
+    while (this.check(TokenType.Pipe)) {
+      const pipe = this.current()
+      if (this.dialect === 'raw') {
+        this.error(
+          'Predicate alternation is a KQL traversal form and is not allowed here',
+          pipe
+        )
+      }
+      this.advance()
+      atoms.push(this.parsePredicatePathAtom())
+    }
+    return {
+      kind: 'RawPredicateExpression',
+      atoms,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parsePredicatePathAtom(): PredicatePathAtom {
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    const atom = this.parsePredicateAtom()
+    let quantifier: PathQuantifier | undefined
+    if (this.check(TokenType.LBrace)) {
+      const brace = this.current()
+      if (this.dialect === 'raw') {
+        this.error(
+          'Path quantifiers are a KQL traversal form and are not allowed here',
+          brace
+        )
+      }
+      quantifier = this.parsePathQuantifier()
+    }
+    return {
+      kind: 'PredicatePathAtom',
+      atom,
+      quantifier,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parsePathQuantifier(): PathQuantifier {
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    this.expect(TokenType.LBrace)
+    const min = this.expectHopCount()
+    let max: number | undefined
+    let hasComma = false
+    if (this.match(TokenType.Comma)) {
+      hasComma = true
+      if (!this.check(TokenType.RBrace)) {
+        max = this.expectHopCount()
+      }
+    } else {
+      max = min
+    }
+    this.expect(TokenType.RBrace)
+    if (max !== undefined && max < min) {
+      this.error(
+        `Hop range {${min},${max}} is empty: the maximum is below the minimum`,
+        this.current()
+      )
+    }
+    return {
+      kind: 'PathQuantifier',
+      min,
+      max,
+      hasComma,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A hop count is a plain unsigned integer.
+   *
+   * `{1.5}`, `{-1}` and `{1e3}` all lex as one number token, so the check is
+   * on the token text, not on the parsed value.
+   */
+  private expectHopCount(): number {
+    const tok = this.current()
+    if (tok.type !== TokenType.Number || !/^\d+$/.test(tok.value)) {
+      this.error(
+        `Expected an unsigned integer hop count but got '${tok.value}'`,
+        tok
+      )
+      this.advance()
+      return 0
+    }
+    const value = Number(tok.value)
+    if (value > 65535) {
+      this.error(`Hop count ${value} exceeds the 16-bit maximum 65535`, tok)
+    }
+    this.advance()
+    return value
+  }
+
+  // ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  KML — MUTATE
+  // ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  private parseMutateStatement(): MutateStatement {
+    const leadingComments = this.collectLeadingComments()
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    this.expectKeywordWithSpace(TokenType.Mutate)
+    this.expect(TokenType.LBrace)
+
+    const clauses: MutationClause[] = []
+    while (!this.check(TokenType.RBrace) && !this.isAtEnd()) {
+      const before = this.pos
+      this.skipComments()
+      if (this.check(TokenType.RBrace) || this.isAtEnd()) break
+      // A nested MUTATE is not a smaller transaction, it is a different
+      // statement; the grammar forbids it outright.
+      if (this.check(TokenType.Mutate)) {
+        this.error('MUTATE cannot contain another MUTATE', this.current())
+        this.advance()
+        continue
+      }
+      try {
+        clauses.push(this.parseMutationClause())
+      } catch {
+        this.recoverToMutationBoundary()
+      }
+      if (this.pos === before) break
+    }
+    this.expect(TokenType.RBrace)
+
+    return {
+      kind: 'MutateStatement',
+      clauses,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() },
+      leadingComments: leadingComments.length ? leadingComments : undefined
+    }
+  }
+
+  // ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  KML — CREATE / UPSERT / ENSURE / ASSERT
+  // ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  private parseCreateStatement():
+    | CreateConceptStatement
+    | CreateEvidenceStatement
+    | CreateAssertionStatement
+    | CreateActivityStatement {
+    const leadingComments = this.collectLeadingComments()
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    const create = this.expectKeywordWithSpace(TokenType.Create)
+
+    const tok = this.current()
+    switch (tok.type) {
+      case TokenType.Concept:
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Concept, create)
+        return this.parseCreateConceptBody(start, leadingComments)
+      case TokenType.Evidence:
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Evidence, create)
+        return this.parseRecordCreateBody(
+          'CreateEvidenceStatement',
+          start,
+          leadingComments
+        ) as CreateEvidenceStatement
+      case TokenType.Assertion:
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Assertion, create)
+        return this.parseRecordCreateBody(
+          'CreateAssertionStatement',
+          start,
+          leadingComments
+        ) as CreateAssertionStatement
+      case TokenType.Activity:
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Activity, create)
+        return this.parseRecordCreateBody(
+          'CreateActivityStatement',
+          start,
+          leadingComments
+        ) as CreateActivityStatement
+      default:
+        this.error(
+          `Expected CONCEPT, EVIDENCE, ASSERTION or ACTIVITY after CREATE but got '${tok.value}'`,
+          tok
+        )
+        throw new ParseAbort()
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parseCreateConceptBody(
+    start: Position,
+    leadingComments: string[]
+  ): CreateConceptStatement {
+    const handle = this.expectHandle()
+    this.expect(TokenType.LBrace)
+
+    const stmt: CreateConceptStatement = {
+      kind: 'CreateConceptStatement',
+      handle,
+      setFacets: [],
+      range: { start, end: start },
+      leadingComments: leadingComments.length ? leadingComments : undefined
+    }
+
+    while (!this.check(TokenType.RBrace) && !this.isAtEnd()) {
+      const before = this.pos
+      this.skipComments()
+      if (this.check(TokenType.RBrace) || this.isAtEnd()) break
+      const tok = this.current()
+      switch (tok.type) {
+        case TokenType.Type:
+          this.rejectRepeat(stmt.type, 'TYPE', tok)
+          stmt.type = this.parseTypeClause()
+          break
+        case TokenType.Client:
+          this.rejectRepeat(stmt.clientKey, 'CLIENT KEY', tok)
+          stmt.clientKey = this.parseClientKeyClause()
+          break
+        case TokenType.Name:
+          this.rejectRepeat(stmt.name, 'NAME', tok)
+          stmt.name = this.parseNameClause()
+          break
+        case TokenType.Set:
+          this.applyCreateSetClause(stmt, tok)
+          break
+        default:
+          this.error(`Unexpected token '${tok.value}' in CREATE CONCEPT`, tok)
+          this.advance()
+      }
+      if (this.pos === before) break
+    }
+    this.expect(TokenType.RBrace)
+    stmt.range = { start, end: this.endPos() }
+    return stmt
+  }
+
+  private applyCreateSetClause(stmt: CreateConceptStatement, tok: Token): void {
+    const clause = this.parseSetClause()
+    switch (clause.kind) {
+      case 'SetFieldsClause':
+        this.rejectRepeat(stmt.setFields, 'SET FIELDS', tok)
+        stmt.setFields = clause
+        break
+      case 'SetAttributesClause':
+        this.rejectRepeat(stmt.setAttributes, 'SET ATTRIBUTES', tok)
+        stmt.setAttributes = clause
+        break
+      case 'SetFacetClause':
+        stmt.setFacets.push(clause)
+        break
+      case 'SetStructuralClause':
+        this.rejectRepeat(stmt.setStructural, 'SET STRUCTURAL', tok)
+        stmt.setStructural = clause
+        break
+      default:
+        this.error(`'SET ${clause.kind}' is not allowed in CREATE CONCEPT`, tok)
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** CREATE EVIDENCE / ASSERTION / ACTIVITY share one clause vocabulary. */
+  private parseRecordCreateBody(
+    kind:
+      | 'CreateEvidenceStatement'
+      | 'CreateAssertionStatement'
+      | 'CreateActivityStatement',
+    start: Position,
+    leadingComments: string[]
+  ): CreateEvidenceStatement | CreateAssertionStatement | CreateActivityStatement {
+    const handle = this.expectHandle()
+    this.expect(TokenType.LBrace)
+
+    const stmt = {
+      kind,
+      handle,
+      setFacets: [] as SetFacetClause[],
+      clientKey: undefined as ClientKeyClause | undefined,
+      setFields: undefined as SetFieldsClause | undefined,
+      setStructural: undefined as SetStructuralClause | undefined,
+      range: { start, end: start },
+      leadingComments: leadingComments.length ? leadingComments : undefined
+    }
+
+    while (!this.check(TokenType.RBrace) && !this.isAtEnd()) {
+      const before = this.pos
+      this.skipComments()
+      if (this.check(TokenType.RBrace) || this.isAtEnd()) break
+      const tok = this.current()
+      if (tok.type === TokenType.Client) {
+        this.rejectRepeat(stmt.clientKey, 'CLIENT KEY', tok)
+        stmt.clientKey = this.parseClientKeyClause()
+      } else if (tok.type === TokenType.Set) {
+        const clause = this.parseSetClause()
+        if (clause.kind === 'SetFieldsClause') {
+          this.rejectRepeat(stmt.setFields, 'SET FIELDS', tok)
+          stmt.setFields = clause
+        } else if (clause.kind === 'SetFacetClause') {
+          stmt.setFacets.push(clause)
+        } else if (clause.kind === 'SetStructuralClause') {
+          this.rejectRepeat(stmt.setStructural, 'SET STRUCTURAL', tok)
+          stmt.setStructural = clause
+        } else {
+          this.error(
+            `'SET ${clause.kind}' is not allowed in ${kind.replace('Statement', '')}`,
+            tok
+          )
+        }
+      } else {
+        this.error(`Unexpected token '${tok.value}' in ${kind}`, tok)
+        this.advance()
+      }
+      if (this.pos === before) break
+    }
+    this.expect(TokenType.RBrace)
+    stmt.range = { start, end: this.endPos() }
+    return stmt as
+      | CreateEvidenceStatement
+      | CreateAssertionStatement
+      | CreateActivityStatement
+  }
+
+  private parseUpsertConcept(): UpsertConceptStatement {
+    const leadingComments = this.collectLeadingComments()
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    const upsert = this.expectKeywordWithSpace(TokenType.Upsert)
+    this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Concept, upsert)
+    const handle = this.expectHandle()
+    this.expect(TokenType.LBrace)
+
+    const stmt: UpsertConceptStatement = {
+      kind: 'UpsertConceptStatement',
+      handle,
+      setFacets: [],
+      unsetFacets: [],
+      range: { start, end: start },
+      leadingComments: leadingComments.length ? leadingComments : undefined
+    }
+
+    while (!this.check(TokenType.RBrace) && !this.isAtEnd()) {
+      const before = this.pos
+      this.skipComments()
+      if (this.check(TokenType.RBrace) || this.isAtEnd()) break
+      const tok = this.current()
+      switch (tok.type) {
+        case TokenType.Match:
+          this.rejectRepeat(stmt.match, 'MATCH', tok)
+          stmt.match = this.parseMatchClause()
+          break
+        case TokenType.Expect:
+          this.rejectRepeat(stmt.expectVersion, 'EXPECT VERSION', tok)
+          stmt.expectVersion = this.parseExpectVersionClause()
+          break
+        case TokenType.Set: {
+          const clause = this.parseSetClause()
+          if (clause.kind === 'SetFieldsClause') {
+            this.rejectRepeat(stmt.setFields, 'SET FIELDS', tok)
+            stmt.setFields = clause
+          } else if (clause.kind === 'SetAttributesClause') {
+            this.rejectRepeat(stmt.setAttributes, 'SET ATTRIBUTES', tok)
+            stmt.setAttributes = clause
+          } else if (clause.kind === 'SetFacetClause') {
+            stmt.setFacets.push(clause)
+          } else if (clause.kind === 'SetStructuralClause') {
+            this.rejectRepeat(stmt.setStructural, 'SET STRUCTURAL', tok)
+            stmt.setStructural = clause
+          } else {
+            this.error(`'SET RETENTION' is not a clause of UPSERT CONCEPT`, tok)
+          }
+          break
+        }
+        case TokenType.Unset: {
+          const clause = this.parseUnsetClause()
+          if (clause.kind === 'UnsetAttributesClause') {
+            this.rejectRepeat(stmt.unsetAttributes, 'UNSET ATTRIBUTES', tok)
+            stmt.unsetAttributes = clause
+          } else if (clause.kind === 'UnsetStructuralClause') {
+            this.rejectRepeat(stmt.unsetStructural, 'UNSET STRUCTURAL', tok)
+            stmt.unsetStructural = clause
+          } else {
+            stmt.unsetFacets.push(clause)
+          }
+          break
+        }
+        default:
+          this.error(`Unexpected token '${tok.value}' in UPSERT CONCEPT`, tok)
+          this.advance()
+      }
+      if (this.pos === before) break
+    }
+    this.expect(TokenType.RBrace)
+    stmt.range = { start, end: this.endPos() }
+    return stmt
+  }
+
+  private parseEnsureProposition(): EnsurePropositionStatement {
+    const leadingComments = this.collectLeadingComments()
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    const ensure = this.expectKeywordWithSpace(TokenType.Ensure)
+    this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Proposition, ensure)
+
+    const handle = this.check(TokenType.Variable)
+      ? this.parseVariableRef()
+      : undefined
+    this.dialect = 'raw'
+    const tuple = this.parsePropositionTuple()
+    const expectVersion = this.check(TokenType.Expect)
+      ? this.parseExpectVersionClause()
+      : undefined
+
+    return {
+      kind: 'EnsurePropositionStatement',
+      handle,
+      tuple,
+      expectVersion,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() },
+      leadingComments: leadingComments.length ? leadingComments : undefined
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parseAssertStatement(): AssertStatement {
+    const leadingComments = this.collectLeadingComments()
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    this.expectKeywordWithSpace(TokenType.Assert)
+
+    const handle = this.check(TokenType.Variable)
+      ? this.parseVariableRef()
+      : undefined
+    this.dialect = 'raw'
+    const tuple = this.parsePropositionTuple()
+    const assignments = this.parseAssignmentObject()
+
+    let superseding: TargetRef | undefined
+    if (this.match(TokenType.Superseding)) {
+      superseding = this.parseTargetRef()
+    }
+
+    return {
+      kind: 'AssertStatement',
+      handle,
+      tuple,
+      assignments,
+      superseding,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() },
+      leadingComments: leadingComments.length ? leadingComments : undefined
+    }
+  }
+
+  // ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  KML — clause vocabulary
+  // ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  private parseTypeClause(): TypeClause {
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    this.expect(TokenType.Type)
+    const value = this.parseSchemaSymbol()
+    return { kind: 'TypeClause', value, range: { start, end: this.endPos() } }
+  }
+
+  private parseClientKeyClause(): ClientKeyClause {
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    const client = this.expect(TokenType.Client)
+    this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Key, client)
+    const value = this.parseScalarValue()
+    return {
+      kind: 'ClientKeyClause',
+      value,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parseNameClause(): NameClause {
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    this.expect(TokenType.Name)
+    const value = this.parseScalarValue()
+    return { kind: 'NameClause', value, range: { start, end: this.endPos() } }
+  }
+
+  private parseMatchClause(): MatchClause {
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    this.expect(TokenType.Match)
+    const pattern = this.parseObjectPattern()
+    return {
+      kind: 'MatchClause',
+      pattern,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Dispatches every `SET ...` form; callers reject the ones they disallow. */
+  private parseSetClause():
+    | SetFieldsClause
+    | SetAttributesClause
+    | SetFacetClause
+    | SetStructuralClause
+    | { kind: 'SetRetentionMarker' } {
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    const set = this.expect(TokenType.Set)
+    const tok = this.current()
+
+    switch (tok.type) {
+      case TokenType.Fields: {
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Fields, set)
+        const assignments = this.parseAssignmentObject()
+        return {
+          kind: 'SetFieldsClause',
+          assignments,
+          range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+        }
+      }
+      case TokenType.Attributes: {
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Attributes, set)
+        const assignments = this.parseAssignmentObject()
+        return {
+          kind: 'SetAttributesClause',
+          assignments,
+          range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+        }
+      }
+      case TokenType.Facet: {
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Facet, set)
+        const facet = this.parseSchemaSymbol()
+        const assignments = this.parseAssignmentObject()
+        return {
+          kind: 'SetFacetClause',
+          facet,
+          assignments,
+          range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+        }
+      }
+      case TokenType.Structural: {
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Structural, set)
+        return this.parseSetStructuralBody(start)
+      }
+      case TokenType.Retention:
+        return { kind: 'SetRetentionMarker' }
+      default:
+        this.error(
+          `Expected FIELDS, ATTRIBUTES, FACET, STRUCTURAL or RETENTION after SET but got '${tok.value}'`,
+          tok
+        )
+        throw new ParseAbort()
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parseSetStructuralBody(start: Position): SetStructuralClause {
+    this.expect(TokenType.LBrace)
+    const assignments: StructuralAssignment[] = []
+    while (!this.check(TokenType.RBrace) && !this.isAtEnd()) {
+      const before = this.pos
+      this.skipComments()
+      if (this.check(TokenType.RBrace) || this.isAtEnd()) break
+      assignments.push(this.parseStructuralAssignment())
+      if (this.pos === before) break
+    }
+    this.expect(TokenType.RBrace)
+    return {
+      kind: 'SetStructuralClause',
+      assignments,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parseStructuralAssignment(): StructuralAssignment {
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    this.expect(TokenType.LParen)
+    const field = this.parseSchemaSymbol()
+    this.expect(TokenType.Comma)
+    const value = this.parseMutationValue()
+    this.expect(TokenType.RParen)
+
+    const options = this.check(TokenType.LBrace)
+      ? this.parseObjectLiteral()
+      : undefined
+
+    return {
+      kind: 'StructuralAssignment',
+      field,
+      value,
+      options,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parseUnsetClause():
+    | UnsetAttributesClause
+    | UnsetFacetClause
+    | UnsetStructuralClause {
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    const unset = this.expect(TokenType.Unset)
+    const tok = this.current()
+
+    if (tok.type === TokenType.Attributes) {
+      this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Attributes, unset)
+      const fields = this.parseUnsetFieldSet()
+      return {
+        kind: 'UnsetAttributesClause',
+        fields,
+        range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+      }
+    }
+    if (tok.type === TokenType.Facet) {
+      this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Facet, unset)
+      const facet = this.parseSchemaSymbol()
+      const fields = this.parseUnsetFieldSet()
+      return {
+        kind: 'UnsetFacetClause',
+        facet,
+        fields,
+        range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+      }
+    }
+    if (tok.type === TokenType.Structural) {
+      // Every SET has an UNSET: an entry is the SET STRUCTURAL entry without
+      // its options object (Spec §17.5).
+      this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Structural, unset)
+      this.expect(TokenType.LBrace)
+      const removals: StructuralRemoval[] = []
+      while (!this.check(TokenType.RBrace) && !this.isAtEnd()) {
+        const before = this.pos
+        this.skipComments()
+        if (this.check(TokenType.RBrace) || this.isAtEnd()) break
+        removals.push(this.parseStructuralRemoval())
+        if (this.pos === before) break
+      }
+      this.expect(TokenType.RBrace)
+      return {
+        kind: 'UnsetStructuralClause',
+        removals,
+        range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+      }
+    }
+    this.error(
+      `Expected ATTRIBUTES, FACET or STRUCTURAL after UNSET but got '${tok.value}'`,
+      tok
+    )
+    throw new ParseAbort()
+  }
+
+  private parseStructuralRemoval(): StructuralRemoval {
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    this.expect(TokenType.LParen)
+    const field = this.parseSchemaSymbol()
+    this.expect(TokenType.Comma)
+    const value = this.parseMutationValue()
+    this.expect(TokenType.RParen)
+    if (this.check(TokenType.LBrace)) {
+      this.error(
+        'UNSET STRUCTURAL removes a reference by (field, target); it takes no options object',
+        this.current()
+      )
+    }
+    return {
+      kind: 'StructuralRemoval',
+      field,
+      value,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parseUnsetFieldSet(): UnsetField[] {
+    this.expect(TokenType.LBrace)
+    const fields: UnsetField[] = []
+    if (!this.check(TokenType.RBrace)) {
+      do {
+        if (this.check(TokenType.RBrace)) break
+        const start = this.currentPos()
+        const { key, isQuoted } = this.expectKeyWithQuoting()
+        fields.push({
+          kind: 'UnsetField',
+          name: key,
+          isQuoted,
+          range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+        })
+      } while (this.match(TokenType.Comma))
+    }
+    this.expect(TokenType.RBrace)
+    return fields
+  }
+
+  private parseExpectVersionClause(): ExpectVersionClause {
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    const expect = this.expect(TokenType.Expect)
+    this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Version, expect)
+    const value = this.parseScalarValue()
+    return {
+      kind: 'ExpectVersionClause',
+      value,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parseExpectStateClause(): ExpectStateClause {
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    const expect = this.expect(TokenType.Expect)
+    this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.State, expect)
+    const value = this.parseScalarValue()
+    return {
+      kind: 'ExpectStateClause',
+      value,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  KML — UPDATE
+  // ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  private parseUpdateStatement(): UpdateStatement {
+    const leadingComments = this.collectLeadingComments()
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    this.expectKeywordWithSpace(TokenType.Update)
+    const target = this.parseTargetRef()
+
+    const expectVersion = this.check(TokenType.Expect)
+      ? this.parseExpectVersionClause()
+      : undefined
+
+    const actions: UpdateAction[] = []
+    for (;;) {
+      if (this.check(TokenType.Set)) {
+        const clause = this.parseSetClause()
+        if (clause.kind === 'SetRetentionMarker') {
+          this.error(
+            'SET RETENTION is its own statement, not an UPDATE action',
+            this.current()
+          )
+          break
+        }
+        actions.push(clause)
+      } else if (this.check(TokenType.Unset)) {
+        actions.push(this.parseUnsetClause())
+      } else {
+        break
+      }
+    }
+    if (actions.length === 0) {
+      this.error('UPDATE requires at least one SET or UNSET action', this.current())
+    }
+
+    // WHERE binds a ?variable target; a direct :id / "id" target already names
+    // the element and may omit it, exactly as ARCHIVE / TOMBSTONE / PURGE /
+    // SET RETENTION / RETRACT ASSERTION do (Spec §58). Whether a bare
+    // ?variable is bound is semantic — inside MUTATE it may be a local handle.
+    let where: WhereClause | undefined
+    if (this.check(TokenType.Where)) {
+      this.expectKeywordWithSpace(TokenType.Where)
+      this.dialect = 'raw'
+      where = this.parseWhereClause()
+    }
+    const limit = this.check(TokenType.Limit) ? this.parseLimitClause() : undefined
+
+    return {
+      kind: 'UpdateStatement',
+      target,
+      expectVersion,
+      actions,
+      where,
+      limit,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() },
+      leadingComments: leadingComments.length ? leadingComments : undefined
+    }
+  }
+
+  // ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  KML — lifecycle and correction
+  // ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  private parseRetractAssertion(): RetractAssertionStatement {
+    const leadingComments = this.collectLeadingComments()
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    const retract = this.expectKeywordWithSpace(TokenType.Retract)
+    this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Assertion, retract)
+    const target = this.parseTargetRef()
+
+    let where: WhereClause | undefined
+    if (this.check(TokenType.Where)) {
+      this.expectKeywordWithSpace(TokenType.Where)
+      this.dialect = 'raw'
+      where = this.parseWhereClause()
+    }
+    const limit = this.check(TokenType.Limit) ? this.parseLimitClause() : undefined
+    const expectState = this.check(TokenType.Expect)
+      ? this.parseExpectStateClause()
+      : undefined
+
+    return {
+      kind: 'RetractAssertionStatement',
+      target,
+      where,
+      limit,
+      expectState,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() },
+      leadingComments: leadingComments.length ? leadingComments : undefined
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parseSupersedeAssertion(): SupersedeAssertionStatement {
+    const leadingComments = this.collectLeadingComments()
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    const supersede = this.expectKeywordWithSpace(TokenType.Supersede)
+    this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Assertion, supersede)
+    const target = this.parseTargetRef()
+    this.expect(TokenType.By)
+    const by = this.parseTargetRef()
+    const expectState = this.check(TokenType.Expect)
+      ? this.parseExpectStateClause()
+      : undefined
+
+    return {
+      kind: 'SupersedeAssertionStatement',
+      target,
+      by,
+      expectState,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() },
+      leadingComments: leadingComments.length ? leadingComments : undefined
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parseCorrectEvidence(): CorrectEvidenceStatement {
+    const leadingComments = this.collectLeadingComments()
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    const correct = this.expectKeywordWithSpace(TokenType.Correct)
+    this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Evidence, correct)
+    const target = this.parseTargetRef()
+    this.expect(TokenType.By)
+    const by = this.parseTargetRef()
+    const expectState = this.check(TokenType.Expect)
+      ? this.parseExpectStateClause()
+      : undefined
+
+    return {
+      kind: 'CorrectEvidenceStatement',
+      target,
+      by,
+      expectState,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() },
+      leadingComments: leadingComments.length ? leadingComments : undefined
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parseTransitionActivity(): TransitionActivityStatement {
+    const leadingComments = this.collectLeadingComments()
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    const transition = this.expectKeywordWithSpace(TokenType.Transition)
+    this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Activity, transition)
+    const target = this.parseTargetRef()
+    this.expect(TokenType.To)
+    const to = this.parseScalarValue()
+
+    // Terminal outputs and ended_at may be finalized in the same statement
+    // that moves the Activity to its terminal state.
+    const finalize: (SetFieldsClause | SetStructuralClause)[] = []
+    while (this.check(TokenType.Set)) {
+      const clause = this.parseSetClause()
+      if (clause.kind === 'SetFieldsClause' || clause.kind === 'SetStructuralClause') {
+        finalize.push(clause)
+      } else {
+        this.error(
+          'TRANSITION ACTIVITY accepts only SET FIELDS and SET STRUCTURAL',
+          this.current()
+        )
+        break
+      }
+    }
+
+    const expectState = this.check(TokenType.Expect)
+      ? this.parseExpectStateClause()
+      : undefined
+
+    return {
+      kind: 'TransitionActivityStatement',
+      target,
+      to,
+      finalize,
+      expectState,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() },
+      leadingComments: leadingComments.length ? leadingComments : undefined
+    }
+  }
+
+  // ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  KML — retention and removal
+  // ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  private parseSetRetention(): SetRetentionStatement {
+    const leadingComments = this.collectLeadingComments()
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    const set = this.expectKeywordWithSpace(TokenType.Set)
+    this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Retention, set)
+    const target = this.parseTargetRef()
+    const assignments = this.parseAssignmentObject()
+
+    let where: WhereClause | undefined
+    if (this.check(TokenType.Where)) {
+      this.expectKeywordWithSpace(TokenType.Where)
+      this.dialect = 'raw'
+      where = this.parseWhereClause()
+    }
+    const limit = this.check(TokenType.Limit) ? this.parseLimitClause() : undefined
+    const expectVersion = this.check(TokenType.Expect)
+      ? this.parseExpectVersionClause()
+      : undefined
+
+    return {
+      kind: 'SetRetentionStatement',
+      target,
+      assignments,
+      where,
+      limit,
+      expectVersion,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() },
+      leadingComments: leadingComments.length ? leadingComments : undefined
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parseArchiveStatement(): ArchiveStatement {
+    const { start, target, where, limit, expectState, leadingComments } =
+      this.parseRemovalBody(TokenType.Archive)
+    return {
+      kind: 'ArchiveStatement',
+      target,
+      where,
+      limit,
+      expectState,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() },
+      leadingComments
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parseTombstoneStatement(): TombstoneStatement {
+    const { start, target, where, limit, expectState, leadingComments } =
+      this.parseRemovalBody(TokenType.Tombstone)
+    return {
+      kind: 'TombstoneStatement',
+      target,
+      where,
+      limit,
+      expectState,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() },
+      leadingComments
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** ARCHIVE and TOMBSTONE share one shape; PURGE adds its confirmation. */
+  private parseRemovalBody(keyword: TokenType): {
+    start: Position
+    target: TargetRef
+    where?: WhereClause
+    limit?: LimitClause
+    expectState?: ExpectStateClause
+    leadingComments?: string[]
+  } {
+    const comments = this.collectLeadingComments()
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    this.expectKeywordWithSpace(keyword)
+    const target = this.parseTargetRef()
+
+    let where: WhereClause | undefined
+    if (this.check(TokenType.Where)) {
+      this.expectKeywordWithSpace(TokenType.Where)
+      this.dialect = 'raw'
+      where = this.parseWhereClause()
+    }
+    const limit = this.check(TokenType.Limit) ? this.parseLimitClause() : undefined
+    const expectState = this.check(TokenType.Expect)
+      ? this.parseExpectStateClause()
+      : undefined
+
+    return {
+      start,
+      target,
+      where,
+      limit,
+      expectState,
+      leadingComments: comments.length ? comments : undefined
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parsePurgeStatement(): PurgeStatement {
+    const leadingComments = this.collectLeadingComments()
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    this.expectKeywordWithSpace(TokenType.Purge)
+    const target = this.parseTargetRef()
+
+    let where: WhereClause | undefined
+    if (this.check(TokenType.Where)) {
+      this.expectKeywordWithSpace(TokenType.Where)
+      this.dialect = 'raw'
+      where = this.parseWhereClause()
+    }
+
+    const limit = this.check(TokenType.Limit) ? this.parseLimitClause() : undefined
+
+    let referencePolicy: ScalarValue | undefined
+    if (this.check(TokenType.Reference)) {
+      const reference = this.expect(TokenType.Reference)
+      this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Policy, reference)
+      referencePolicy = this.parseScalarValue()
+    }
+
+    // The grammar freezes the confirmation spelling. Physical erasure is
+    // exceptional, so the literal is required and checked here rather than
+    // left for the engine to discover.
+    this.expect(TokenType.Confirm)
+    const confirmTok = this.current()
+    const confirm = this.parseStringLiteral()
+    if (confirm.parsed !== 'PURGE') {
+      this.error(
+        `PURGE must be confirmed with the exact literal "PURGE", got ${confirmTok.value}`,
+        confirmTok
+      )
+    }
+
+    return {
+      kind: 'PurgeStatement',
+      target,
+      where,
+      limit,
+      referencePolicy,
+      confirm,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() },
+      leadingComments: leadingComments.length ? leadingComments : undefined
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parseMergeConcept(): MergeConceptStatement {
+    const leadingComments = this.collectLeadingComments()
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    const merge = this.expectKeywordWithSpace(TokenType.Merge)
+    this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Concept, merge)
+    const source = this.parseTargetRef()
+    this.expect(TokenType.Into)
+    const into = this.parseTargetRef()
+
+    let where: WhereClause | undefined
+    if (this.check(TokenType.Where)) {
+      this.expectKeywordWithSpace(TokenType.Where)
+      this.dialect = 'raw'
+      where = this.parseWhereClause()
+    }
+    const expectVersion = this.check(TokenType.Expect)
+      ? this.parseExpectVersionClause()
+      : undefined
+
+    return {
+      kind: 'MergeConceptStatement',
+      source,
+      into,
+      where,
+      expectVersion,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() },
+      leadingComments: leadingComments.length ? leadingComments : undefined
+    }
+  }
+
+  // ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  META — DESCRIBE
+  // ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  private parseDescribeStatement(): DescribeStatement {
+    const leadingComments = this.collectLeadingComments()
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    const describe = this.expectKeywordWithSpace(TokenType.Describe)
+    const tok = this.current()
+
+    const stmt = (
+      target: DescribeTargetKind,
+      extra: Partial<DescribeStatement> = {}
+    ): DescribeStatement => ({
+      kind: 'DescribeStatement',
+      target,
+      ...extra,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() },
+      leadingComments: leadingComments.length ? leadingComments : undefined
+    })
+
+    switch (tok.type) {
+      case TokenType.Primer: {
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Primer, describe)
+        let mode: ScalarValue | undefined
+        if (this.match(TokenType.Mode)) mode = this.parseScalarValue()
+        return stmt('PRIMER', { mode })
+      }
+      case TokenType.Protocol:
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Protocol, describe)
+        return stmt('PROTOCOL')
+      case TokenType.Execution: {
+        const exec = this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Execution, describe)
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Context, exec)
+        return stmt('EXECUTION_CONTEXT')
+      }
+      case TokenType.Capabilities:
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Capabilities, describe)
+        return stmt('CAPABILITIES')
+      case TokenType.Space: {
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Space, describe)
+        const value = this.isMetaValueStart() ? this.parseScalarValue() : undefined
+        return stmt('SPACE', { value })
+      }
+      case TokenType.Schema: {
+        const schema = this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Schema, describe)
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Environment, schema)
+        const asOf = this.check(TokenType.As) ? this.parseAsOfClause() : undefined
+        return stmt('SCHEMA_ENVIRONMENT', { asOf })
+      }
+      case TokenType.Package:
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Package, describe)
+        return stmt('PACKAGE', { value: this.parseScalarValue() })
+      case TokenType.Type:
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Type, describe)
+        return stmt('TYPE', { value: this.parseScalarValue() })
+      case TokenType.Predicate:
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Predicate, describe)
+        return stmt('PREDICATE', { value: this.parseScalarValue() })
+      case TokenType.Facet:
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Facet, describe)
+        return stmt('FACET', { value: this.parseScalarValue() })
+      case TokenType.Structural: {
+        const structural = this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Structural, describe)
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Field, structural)
+        return stmt('STRUCTURAL_FIELD', { value: this.parseScalarValue() })
+      }
+      case TokenType.Compatibility: {
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Compatibility, describe)
+        this.expect(TokenType.From)
+        const from = this.parseScalarValue()
+        this.expect(TokenType.To)
+        const to = this.parseScalarValue()
+        return stmt('COMPATIBILITY', { from, to })
+      }
+      case TokenType.Error:
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Error, describe)
+        return stmt('ERROR', { value: this.parseScalarValue() })
+      case TokenType.Transaction: {
+        const transaction = this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Transaction, describe)
+        if (this.check(TokenType.By)) {
+          const by = this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.By, transaction)
+          const idem = this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Idempotency, by)
+          this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Key, idem)
+          return stmt('TRANSACTION_BY_IDEMPOTENCY_KEY', {
+            value: this.parseScalarValue()
+          })
+        }
+        return stmt('TRANSACTION', { value: this.parseScalarValue() })
+      }
+      case TokenType.Snapshot: {
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Snapshot, describe)
+        const asOf = this.check(TokenType.As) ? this.parseAsOfClause() : undefined
+        return stmt('SNAPSHOT', { asOf })
+      }
+      case TokenType.Capsule:
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Capsule, describe)
+        return stmt('CAPSULE', { value: this.parseScalarValue() })
+      case TokenType.Epistemic: {
+        const epistemic = this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Epistemic, describe)
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Policy, epistemic)
+        const value = this.isMetaValueStart() ? this.parseScalarValue() : undefined
+        return stmt('EPISTEMIC_POLICY', { value })
+      }
+      case TokenType.Projection: {
+        const projection = this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Projection, describe)
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Capability, projection)
+        return stmt('PROJECTION_CAPABILITY')
+      }
+      case TokenType.Trust: {
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Trust, describe)
+        const value = this.isMetaValueStart() ? this.parseScalarValue() : undefined
+        return stmt('TRUST', { value })
+      }
+      case TokenType.Access: {
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Access, describe)
+        const withOptions = this.match(TokenType.With)
+          ? this.parseObjectLiteral()
+          : undefined
+        return stmt('ACCESS', { with: withOptions })
+      }
+      default:
+        this.error(`Unknown DESCRIBE target '${tok.value}'`, tok)
+        throw new ParseAbort()
+    }
+  }
+
+  // ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  META — LIST
+  // ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  private parseListStatement(): ListStatement {
+    const leadingComments = this.collectLeadingComments()
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    const list = this.expectKeywordWithSpace(TokenType.List)
+    const tok = this.current()
+
+    let target: ListTargetKind
+    let status: ScalarValue | undefined
+
+    switch (tok.type) {
+      case TokenType.Spaces:
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Spaces, list)
+        target = 'SPACES'
+        break
+      case TokenType.Schema: {
+        const schema = this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Schema, list)
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Packages, schema)
+        target = 'SCHEMA_PACKAGES'
+        if (this.match(TokenType.Status)) status = this.parseScalarValue()
+        break
+      }
+      case TokenType.Types:
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Types, list)
+        target = 'TYPES'
+        break
+      case TokenType.Predicates:
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Predicates, list)
+        target = 'PREDICATES'
+        break
+      case TokenType.Facets:
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Facets, list)
+        target = 'FACETS'
+        break
+      case TokenType.Structural: {
+        const structural = this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Structural, list)
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Fields, structural)
+        target = 'STRUCTURAL_FIELDS'
+        break
+      }
+      case TokenType.Epistemic: {
+        const epistemic = this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Epistemic, list)
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Policies, epistemic)
+        target = 'EPISTEMIC_POLICIES'
+        break
+      }
+      default:
+        this.error(`Unknown LIST target '${tok.value}'`, tok)
+        throw new ParseAbort()
+    }
+
+    const limit = this.check(TokenType.Limit) ? this.parseLimitClause() : undefined
+    const cursor = this.check(TokenType.Cursor)
+      ? this.parseCursorClause()
+      : undefined
+
+    return {
+      kind: 'ListStatement',
+      target,
+      status,
+      limit,
+      cursor,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() },
+      leadingComments: leadingComments.length ? leadingComments : undefined
+    }
+  }
+
+  // ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  META — SEARCH
+  // ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  private parseSearchStatement(): SearchStatement {
+    const leadingComments = this.collectLeadingComments()
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    const search = this.expectKeywordWithSpace(TokenType.Search)
+
+    const kindTok = this.current()
+    let searchKind: SearchKind
+    switch (kindTok.type) {
+      case TokenType.Concept:
+        searchKind = 'CONCEPT'
+        break
+      case TokenType.Proposition:
+        searchKind = 'PROPOSITION'
+        break
+      case TokenType.Assertion:
+        searchKind = 'ASSERTION'
+        break
+      case TokenType.Evidence:
+        searchKind = 'EVIDENCE'
+        break
+      case TokenType.Activity:
+        searchKind = 'ACTIVITY'
+        break
+      case TokenType.Cognition:
+        searchKind = 'COGNITION'
+        break
+      default:
+        this.error(
+          `Expected CONCEPT, PROPOSITION, ASSERTION, EVIDENCE, ACTIVITY or COGNITION after SEARCH but got '${kindTok.value}'`,
+          kindTok
+        )
+        throw new ParseAbort()
+    }
+    this.expectSecondWord(kindTok.type, search)
+
+    const term = this.parseScalarValue()
+
+    let withType: ScalarValue | undefined
+    let withPredicate: ScalarValue | undefined
+    let mode: ScalarValue | undefined
+    let threshold: ScalarValue | undefined
+    let asOfSeq: ScalarValue | undefined
+
+    // The grammar fixes this order; each modifier is taken at most once.
+    while (this.check(TokenType.With)) {
+      const withTok = this.expect(TokenType.With)
+      if (this.check(TokenType.Type)) {
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Type, withTok)
+        this.rejectRepeat(withType, 'WITH TYPE', withTok)
+        withType = this.parseScalarValue()
+      } else if (this.check(TokenType.Predicate)) {
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Predicate, withTok)
+        this.rejectRepeat(withPredicate, 'WITH PREDICATE', withTok)
+        withPredicate = this.parseScalarValue()
+      } else {
+        this.error(
+          `Expected TYPE or PREDICATE after WITH but got '${this.current().value}'`,
+          this.current()
+        )
+        break
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (this.match(TokenType.Mode)) mode = this.parseScalarValue()
+    if (this.match(TokenType.Threshold)) threshold = this.parseScalarValue()
+
+    if (this.check(TokenType.As)) {
+      const as = this.expect(TokenType.As)
+      const of = this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Of, as)
+      this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Seq, of)
+      asOfSeq = this.parseScalarValue()
+    }
+
+    const limit = this.check(TokenType.Limit) ? this.parseLimitClause() : undefined
+    const cursor = this.check(TokenType.Cursor)
+      ? this.parseCursorClause()
+      : undefined
+
+    return {
+      kind: 'SearchStatement',
+      searchKind,
+      term,
+      withType,
+      withPredicate,
+      mode,
+      threshold,
+      asOfSeq,
+      limit,
+      cursor,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() },
+      leadingComments: leadingComments.length ? leadingComments : undefined
+    }
+  }
+
+  // ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  META — VERIFY / VALIDATE / PREVIEW
+  // ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  private parseVerifyStatement(): VerifyStatement {
+    const leadingComments = this.collectLeadingComments()
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    const verify = this.expectKeywordWithSpace(TokenType.Verify)
+    const tok = this.current()
+
+    let target: VerifyTargetKind
+    switch (tok.type) {
+      case TokenType.Capsule:
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Capsule, verify)
+        target = 'CAPSULE'
+        break
+      case TokenType.Schema: {
+        const schema = this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Schema, verify)
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Package, schema)
+        target = 'SCHEMA_PACKAGE'
+        break
+      }
+      case TokenType.Receipt:
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Receipt, verify)
+        target = 'RECEIPT'
+        break
+      case TokenType.Blob:
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Blob, verify)
+        target = 'BLOB'
+        break
+      case TokenType.Checkpoint:
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Checkpoint, verify)
+        target = 'CHECKPOINT'
+        break
+      default:
+        this.error(`Unknown VERIFY target '${tok.value}'`, tok)
+        throw new ParseAbort()
+    }
+
+    return {
+      kind: 'VerifyStatement',
+      target,
+      value: this.parseScalarValue(),
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() },
+      leadingComments: leadingComments.length ? leadingComments : undefined
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parseValidateStatement(): ValidateStatement {
+    const leadingComments = this.collectLeadingComments()
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    const validate = this.expectKeywordWithSpace(TokenType.Validate)
+    const tok = this.current()
+
+    let target: ValidateTargetKind
+    switch (tok.type) {
+      case TokenType.Kql:
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Kql, validate)
+        target = 'KQL'
+        break
+      case TokenType.Kml:
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Kml, validate)
+        target = 'KML'
+        break
+      case TokenType.Capsule:
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Capsule, validate)
+        target = 'CAPSULE'
+        break
+      case TokenType.Schema: {
+        const schema = this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Schema, validate)
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Package, schema)
+        target = 'SCHEMA_PACKAGE'
+        break
+      }
+      case TokenType.Import: {
+        const importTok = this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Import, validate)
+        this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Plan, importTok)
+        target = 'IMPORT_PLAN'
+        break
+      }
+      default:
+        this.error(`Unknown VALIDATE target '${tok.value}'`, tok)
+        throw new ParseAbort()
+    }
+
+    const value = this.parseScalarValue()
+    const options = this.match(TokenType.With)
+      ? this.parseObjectLiteral()
+      : undefined
+
+    return {
+      kind: 'ValidateStatement',
+      target,
+      value,
+      options,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() },
+      leadingComments: leadingComments.length ? leadingComments : undefined
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parsePreviewStatement(): PreviewStatement {
+    const leadingComments = this.collectLeadingComments()
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    const preview = this.expectKeywordWithSpace(TokenType.Preview)
+    const tok = this.current()
+
+    if (tok.type === TokenType.Kml) {
+      this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Kml, preview)
+      return {
+        kind: 'PreviewStatement',
+        target: 'KML',
+        value: this.parseScalarValue(),
+        range: { start, end: this.endPos() },
+        leadingComments: leadingComments.length ? leadingComments : undefined
+      }
+    }
+    if (tok.type === TokenType.Import) {
+      const importTok = this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Import, preview)
+      this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Capsule, importTok)
+      const value = this.parseScalarValue()
+      this.expect(TokenType.Into)
+      const into = this.parseScalarValue()
+      return {
+        kind: 'PreviewStatement',
+        target: 'IMPORT_CAPSULE',
+        value,
+        into,
+        range: { start, end: this.endPos() },
+        leadingComments: leadingComments.length ? leadingComments : undefined
+      }
+    }
+
+    this.error(
+      `Expected KML or IMPORT CAPSULE after PREVIEW but got '${tok.value}'`,
+      tok
+    )
+    throw new ParseAbort()
+  }
+
+  // ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  META — HISTORY / CHANGES / SNAPSHOT
+  // ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  private parseHistoryStatement(): HistoryStatement {
+    const leadingComments = this.collectLeadingComments()
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    const history = this.expectKeywordWithSpace(TokenType.History)
+    const tok = this.current()
+
+    let target: 'ELEMENT' | 'SPACE'
+    let value: ScalarValue | undefined
+
+    if (tok.type === TokenType.Element) {
+      this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Element, history)
+      target = 'ELEMENT'
+      value = this.parseScalarValue()
+    } else if (tok.type === TokenType.Space) {
+      this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Space, history)
+      target = 'SPACE'
+    } else {
+      this.error(
+        `Expected ELEMENT or SPACE after HISTORY but got '${tok.value}'`,
+        tok
+      )
+      throw new ParseAbort()
+    }
+
+    let fromSeq: ScalarValue | undefined
+    let toSeq: ScalarValue | undefined
+    if (this.check(TokenType.From)) {
+      const from = this.expect(TokenType.From)
+      this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Seq, from)
+      fromSeq = this.parseScalarValue()
+    }
+    if (this.check(TokenType.To)) {
+      const to = this.expect(TokenType.To)
+      this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Seq, to)
+      toSeq = this.parseScalarValue()
+    }
+    const limit = this.check(TokenType.Limit) ? this.parseLimitClause() : undefined
+    const cursor = this.check(TokenType.Cursor)
+      ? this.parseCursorClause()
+      : undefined
+
+    return {
+      kind: 'HistoryStatement',
+      target,
+      value,
+      fromSeq,
+      toSeq,
+      limit,
+      cursor,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() },
+      leadingComments: leadingComments.length ? leadingComments : undefined
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parseChangesStatement(): ChangesStatement {
+    const leadingComments = this.collectLeadingComments()
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    const changes = this.expectKeywordWithSpace(TokenType.Changes)
+
+    let mode: 'SINCE' | 'AFTER_SEQ'
+    if (this.check(TokenType.Since)) {
+      this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Since, changes)
+      mode = 'SINCE'
+    } else if (this.check(TokenType.After)) {
+      const after = this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.After, changes)
+      this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Seq, after)
+      mode = 'AFTER_SEQ'
+    } else {
+      this.error(
+        `Expected SINCE or AFTER SEQ after CHANGES but got '${this.current().value}'`,
+        this.current()
+      )
+      throw new ParseAbort()
+    }
+
+    const value = this.parseScalarValue()
+    const limit = this.check(TokenType.Limit) ? this.parseLimitClause() : undefined
+
+    return {
+      kind: 'ChangesStatement',
+      mode,
+      value,
+      limit,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() },
+      leadingComments: leadingComments.length ? leadingComments : undefined
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parseSnapshotStatement(): SnapshotStatement {
+    const leadingComments = this.collectLeadingComments()
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    this.expect(TokenType.Snapshot)
+    const asOf = this.check(TokenType.As) ? this.parseAsOfClause() : undefined
+    return {
+      kind: 'SnapshotStatement',
+      asOf,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() },
+      leadingComments: leadingComments.length ? leadingComments : undefined
+    }
+  }
+
+  // ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  META — EXPORT CAPSULE
+  // ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  private parseExportCapsuleStatement(): ExportCapsuleStatement {
+    const leadingComments = this.collectLeadingComments()
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    const exportTok = this.expectKeywordWithSpace(TokenType.Export)
+    this.expectSecondWord(TokenType.Capsule, exportTok)
+    const target = this.parseTargetRef()
+
+    this.expectKeywordWithSpace(TokenType.Where)
+    // A capsule carries records, not interpretations: BELIEF is excluded.
+    this.dialect = 'raw'
+    const where = this.parseWhereClause()
+
+    const options = this.match(TokenType.With)
+      ? this.parseObjectLiteral()
+      : undefined
+    const asOf = this.check(TokenType.As) ? this.parseAsOfClause() : undefined
+
+    return {
+      kind: 'ExportCapsuleStatement',
+      target,
+      where,
+      options,
+      asOf,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() },
+      leadingComments: leadingComments.length ? leadingComments : undefined
+    }
+  }
+
+  // ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  Expressions
+  // ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  private parseExpression(): Expression {
+    return this.parseOrExpression()
+  }
+
+  private parseOrExpression(): Expression {
+    let left = this.parseAndExpression()
+    while (this.check(TokenType.Or)) {
+      const start = left.range.start
+      this.advance()
+      const right = this.parseAndExpression()
+      left = {
+        kind: 'BinaryExpression',
+        operator: '||',
+        left,
+        right,
+        range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+      }
+    }
+    return left
+  }
+
+  private parseAndExpression(): Expression {
+    let left = this.parseEqualityExpression()
+    while (this.check(TokenType.And)) {
+      const start = left.range.start
+      this.advance()
+      const right = this.parseEqualityExpression()
+      left = {
+        kind: 'BinaryExpression',
+        operator: '&&',
+        left,
+        right,
+        range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+      }
+    }
+    return left
+  }
+
+  private parseEqualityExpression(): Expression {
+    let left = this.parseRelationalExpression()
+    while (this.check(TokenType.Eq) || this.check(TokenType.NotEq)) {
+      const start = left.range.start
+      const op = this.advance().type
+      const right = this.parseRelationalExpression()
+      left = {
+        kind: 'BinaryExpression',
+        operator: op === TokenType.Eq ? '==' : '!=',
+        left,
+        right,
+        range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+      }
+    }
+    return left
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * `relational_expression` takes at most one comparison.
+   *
+   * `a < b < c` is not chained comparison in KIP, it is a grammar error, and
+   * accepting it here would give the parser a meaning the reference grammar
+   * does not define.
+   */
+  private parseRelationalExpression(): Expression {
+    const left = this.parseUnaryExpression()
+    const tok = this.current()
+    let operator: string | undefined
+    switch (tok.type) {
+      case TokenType.Lt:
+        operator = '<'
+        break
+      case TokenType.Gt:
+        operator = '>'
+        break
+      case TokenType.LtEq:
+        operator = '<='
+        break
+      case TokenType.GtEq:
+        operator = '>='
+        break
+      default:
+        return left
+    }
+    this.advance()
+    const right = this.parseUnaryExpression()
+    const result: Expression = {
+      kind: 'BinaryExpression',
+      operator,
+      left,
+      right,
+      range: { start: left.range.start, end: this.endPos() }
+    }
+    const next = this.current()
+    if (
+      next.type === TokenType.Lt ||
+      next.type === TokenType.Gt ||
+      next.type === TokenType.LtEq ||
+      next.type === TokenType.GtEq
+    ) {
+      this.error(
+        `Chained comparison '${next.value}' is not allowed; use && between comparisons`,
+        next
+      )
+    }
+    return result
+  }
+
+  private parseUnaryExpression(): Expression {
+    const tok = this.current()
+    if (tok.type === TokenType.Bang || tok.type === TokenType.Minus) {
+      const start = this.currentPos()
+      this.advance()
+      const operand = this.parsePrimaryExpression()
+      return {
+        kind: 'UnaryExpression',
+        operator: tok.type === TokenType.Bang ? '!' : '-',
+        operand,
+        range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+      }
+    }
+    return this.parsePrimaryExpression()
+  }
+
+  private parsePrimaryExpression(): Expression {
+    const tok = this.current()
+
+    switch (tok.type) {
+      case TokenType.Variable:
+        return this.parseFieldAccessOrVariable()
+      case TokenType.Parameter:
+        return this.parseParameterRef()
+      case TokenType.String:
+      case TokenType.Number:
+      case TokenType.Boolean:
+      case TokenType.Null:
+        return this.parseLiteral()
+      case TokenType.LBracket:
+        return this.parseArrayLiteral()
+      case TokenType.LBrace:
+        return this.parseObjectLiteral()
+      case TokenType.LParen: {
+        this.advance()
+        const inner = this.parseExpression()
+        this.expect(TokenType.RParen)
+        return inner
+      }
+      default:
+        // `function_call` is an open `identifier "("`, and KIP 2.0 keywords
+        // are contextual, so any identifier-like token may name a function.
+        if (isIdentifierLike(tok.type) && this.peekPast(1)?.type === TokenType.LParen) {
+          return this.parseCallExpression()
+        }
+        this.error(`Unexpected token '${tok.value}' in expression`, tok)
+        this.advance()
+        return {
+          kind: 'NullLiteral',
+          range: { start: this.currentPos(), end: this.endPos() }
+        }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** `COUNT(DISTINCT ?x)` where the name is an aggregate, else a plain call. */
+  private parseCallExpression(): FunctionCallExpr | AggregateExpr {
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    const nameTok = this.advance()
+    const name = nameTok.value
+    this.expect(TokenType.LParen)
+
+    if (isAggregate(name)) {
+      const distinct = this.match(TokenType.Distinct)
+      const argument = this.parseExpression()
+      this.expect(TokenType.RParen)
+      return {
+        kind: 'AggregateExpr',
+        name: name.toUpperCase(),
+        distinct,
+        argument,
+        range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+      }
+    }
+
+    const args: Expression[] = []
+    if (!this.check(TokenType.RParen)) {
+      do {
+        args.push(this.parseExpression())
+      } while (this.match(TokenType.Comma))
+    }
+    this.expect(TokenType.RParen)
+    return {
+      kind: 'FunctionCallExpr',
+      name,
+      args,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * `field_access = variable, { field_step }`.
+   *
+   * A dot path carries no whitespace: `?x . name` is three tokens to a
+   * conformant engine, not one path, so the gap is checked here.
+   */
+  private parseFieldAccessOrVariable(): VariableRef | FieldAccess {
+    const base = this.parseVariableRef()
+    if (!this.isTightFieldStepStart()) return base
+
+    const steps: FieldStep[] = []
+    while (this.isTightFieldStepStart()) {
+      const start = this.currentPos()
+      if (this.check(TokenType.Dot)) {
+        this.advance()
+        const nameTok = this.current()
+        if (!isIdentifierLike(nameTok.type)) {
+          this.error(
+            `Expected a field name after '.' but got '${nameTok.value}'`,
+            nameTok
+          )
+          break
+        }
+        this.advance()
+        steps.push({
+          kind: 'DotStep',
+          name: nameTok.value,
+          range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+        })
+      } else {
+        this.advance() // [
+        const key = this.parseStringLiteral()
+        this.expect(TokenType.RBracket)
+        steps.push({
+          kind: 'IndexStep',
+          key,
+          range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+        })
+      }
+    }
+
+    return {
+      kind: 'FieldAccess',
+      base,
+      steps,
+      range: { start: base.range.start, end: this.endPos() }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** True when a `.`/`[` follows with no gap, i.e. continues the path. */
+  private isTightFieldStepStart(): boolean {
+    const tok = this.current()
+    if (tok.type !== TokenType.Dot && tok.type !== TokenType.LBracket) {
+      return false
+    }
+    const prev = this.tokens[this.pos - 1]
+    if (!prev) return false
+    return prev.offset + prev.value.length === tok.offset
+  }
+
+  // ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  Values, objects, arrays
+  // ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  private parseVariableRef(): VariableRef {
+    const tok = this.current()
+    if (tok.type !== TokenType.Variable) {
+      this.error(`Expected a variable (e.g. ?name) but got '${tok.value}'`, tok)
+      return {
+        kind: 'VariableRef',
+        name: '?unknown',
+        range: { start: this.currentPos(), end: this.endPos() }
+      }
+    }
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    this.advance()
+    return {
+      kind: 'VariableRef',
+      name: tok.value,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parseParameterRef(): ParameterRef {
+    const tok = this.current()
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    this.advance()
+    return {
+      kind: 'ParameterRef',
+      name: tok.value,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parseStringLiteral(): StringLiteral {
+    const tok = this.current()
+    if (tok.type !== TokenType.String) {
+      this.error(`Expected a quoted string but got '${tok.value}'`, tok)
+      return {
+        kind: 'StringLiteral',
+        value: '""',
+        parsed: '',
+        range: { start: this.currentPos(), end: this.endPos() }
+      }
+    }
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    this.advance()
+    return {
+      kind: 'StringLiteral',
+      value: tok.value,
+      parsed: this.unescapeString(tok.value, tok),
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parseLiteral(): LiteralNode {
+    const tok = this.current()
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    switch (tok.type) {
+      case TokenType.String:
+        return this.parseStringLiteral()
+      case TokenType.Number: {
+        this.advance()
+        const value = Number(tok.value)
+        if (!Number.isFinite(value)) {
+          this.error(
+            `Only finite numbers are valid KIP literals, got '${tok.value}'`,
+            tok
+          )
+        }
+        return {
+          kind: 'NumberLiteral',
+          value,
+          raw: tok.value,
+          range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+        }
+      }
+      case TokenType.Boolean:
+        this.advance()
+        return {
+          kind: 'BooleanLiteral',
+          value: tok.value === 'true',
+          range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+        }
+      case TokenType.Null:
+        this.advance()
+        return { kind: 'NullLiteral', range: { start, end: this.endPos() } }
+      default:
+        this.error(`Expected a literal but got '${tok.value}'`, tok)
+        this.advance()
+        return { kind: 'NullLiteral', range: { start, end: this.endPos() } }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** `scalar_value` / `meta_value` = `parameter | literal` */
+  private parseScalarValue(): ScalarValue {
+    const tok = this.current()
+    if (tok.type === TokenType.Parameter) {
+      return this.parseParameterRef()
+    }
+    if (
+      tok.type === TokenType.String ||
+      tok.type === TokenType.Number ||
+      tok.type === TokenType.Boolean ||
+      tok.type === TokenType.Null
+    ) {
+      return this.parseLiteral() as ScalarValue
+    }
+    this.error(
+      `Expected a literal or :parameter but got '${tok.value}'`,
+      tok
+    )
+    this.advance()
+    return {
+      kind: 'NullLiteral',
+      range: { start: this.currentPos(), end: this.endPos() }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** True when the next token could begin a `meta_value`. */
+  private isMetaValueStart(): boolean {
+    const t = this.current().type
+    return (
+      t === TokenType.Parameter ||
+      t === TokenType.String ||
+      t === TokenType.Number ||
+      t === TokenType.Boolean ||
+      t === TokenType.Null
+    )
+  }
+
+  /** `schema_symbol = string_literal | parameter` */
+  private parseSchemaSymbol(): SchemaSymbol {
+    const tok = this.current()
+    if (tok.type === TokenType.Parameter) {
+      return this.parseParameterRef()
+    }
+    if (tok.type === TokenType.String) {
+      return this.parseStringLiteral()
+    }
+    this.error(
+      `Expected a schema symbol (quoted name or :parameter) but got '${tok.value}'`,
+      tok
+    )
+    this.advance()
+    return {
+      kind: 'StringLiteral',
+      value: '""',
+      parsed: '',
+      range: { start: this.currentPos(), end: this.endPos() }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** `target_ref = variable | parameter | string_literal` */
+  private parseTargetRef(): TargetRef {
+    const tok = this.current()
+    if (tok.type === TokenType.Variable) return this.parseVariableRef()
+    if (tok.type === TokenType.Parameter) return this.parseParameterRef()
+    if (tok.type === TokenType.String) return this.parseStringLiteral()
+    this.error(
+      `Expected a target (?variable, :parameter or quoted id) but got '${tok.value}'`,
+      tok
+    )
+    this.advance()
+    return {
+      kind: 'StringLiteral',
+      value: '""',
+      parsed: '',
+      range: { start: this.currentPos(), end: this.endPos() }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private expectHandle(): VariableRef {
+    const tok = this.current()
+    if (tok.type !== TokenType.Variable) {
+      this.error(
+        `Expected a local handle (e.g. ?e) but got '${tok.value}'`,
+        tok
+      )
+      return {
+        kind: 'VariableRef',
+        name: '?unknown',
+        range: { start: this.currentPos(), end: this.endPos() }
+      }
+    }
+    return this.parseVariableRef()
+  }
+
+  /** `mutation_value` — everything a KML assignment may hold. */
+  private parseMutationValue(): Expression {
+    const tok = this.current()
+    switch (tok.type) {
+      case TokenType.Variable:
+        return this.parseFieldAccessOrVariable()
+      case TokenType.Parameter:
+        return this.parseParameterRef()
+      case TokenType.LBracket:
+        return this.parseArrayLiteral()
+      case TokenType.LBrace:
+        return this.parseObjectLiteral()
+      case TokenType.String:
+      case TokenType.Number:
+      case TokenType.Boolean:
+      case TokenType.Null:
+        return this.parseLiteral()
+      default:
+        if (isIdentifierLike(tok.type) && this.peekPast(1)?.type === TokenType.LParen) {
+          return this.parseCallExpression()
+        }
+        this.error(`Unexpected token '${tok.value}' in assignment value`, tok)
+        this.advance()
+        return {
+          kind: 'NullLiteral',
+          range: { start: this.currentPos(), end: this.endPos() }
+        }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** `assignment_object = "{" [assignment_member {"," assignment_member}] "}"` */
+  private parseAssignmentObject(): ObjectLiteral {
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    this.expect(TokenType.LBrace)
+    const seen = { trailingComma: false }
+    const entries = this.parseEntries(seen, () => this.parseMutationValue())
+    this.expect(TokenType.RBrace)
+    return {
+      kind: 'ObjectLiteral',
+      entries,
+      trailingComma: seen.trailingComma || undefined,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** `object_pattern` — `{...}` in matching position. */
+  private parseObjectPattern(): ObjectPattern {
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    this.expect(TokenType.LBrace)
+    const seen = { trailingComma: false }
+    const members = this.parseEntries(seen, () => this.parsePatternValue())
+    this.expect(TokenType.RBrace)
+    return {
+      kind: 'ObjectPattern',
+      members,
+      trailingComma: seen.trailingComma || undefined,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parsePatternValue(): Expression {
+    const tok = this.current()
+    switch (tok.type) {
+      case TokenType.Variable:
+        return this.parseVariableRef()
+      case TokenType.Parameter:
+        return this.parseParameterRef()
+      case TokenType.LBracket:
+        return this.parseArrayPattern()
+      case TokenType.LBrace:
+        return this.parseObjectPattern()
+      case TokenType.LParen:
+        return this.parsePropositionTuple()
+      case TokenType.String:
+      case TokenType.Number:
+      case TokenType.Boolean:
+      case TokenType.Null:
+        return this.parseLiteral()
+      default:
+        this.error(`Unexpected token '${tok.value}' in match pattern`, tok)
+        this.advance()
+        return {
+          kind: 'NullLiteral',
+          range: { start: this.currentPos(), end: this.endPos() }
+        }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parseArrayPattern(): ArrayLiteral {
+    return this.parseArrayWith(() => this.parsePatternValue())
+  }
+
+  private parseArrayLiteral(): ArrayLiteral {
+    return this.parseArrayWith(() => this.parseExpression())
+  }
+
+  private parseArrayWith(parseElement: () => Expression): ArrayLiteral {
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    this.expect(TokenType.LBracket)
+    const elements: Expression[] = []
+    let trailingComma = false
+    if (!this.check(TokenType.RBracket)) {
+      do {
+        if (this.check(TokenType.RBracket)) {
+          trailingComma = true
+          break
+        }
+        elements.push(parseElement())
+      } while (this.match(TokenType.Comma))
+    }
+    this.expect(TokenType.RBracket)
+    return {
+      kind: 'ArrayLiteral',
+      elements,
+      trailingComma: trailingComma || undefined,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parseObjectLiteral(): ObjectLiteral {
+    const start = this.currentPos()
+    this.expect(TokenType.LBrace)
+    const seen = { trailingComma: false }
+    const entries = this.parseEntries(seen, () => this.parseExpression())
+    this.expect(TokenType.RBrace)
+    return {
+      kind: 'ObjectLiteral',
+      entries,
+      trailingComma: seen.trailingComma || undefined,
+      range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parseEntries(
+    seen: { trailingComma: boolean },
+    parseValue: () => Expression
+  ): ObjectEntry[] {
+    const entries: ObjectEntry[] = []
+    if (this.check(TokenType.RBrace)) return entries
+
+    do {
+      this.skipComments()
+      if (this.check(TokenType.RBrace)) {
+        seen.trailingComma = entries.length > 0
+        break
+      }
+      const start = this.currentPos()
+      const { key, isQuoted } = this.expectKeyWithQuoting()
+      this.expectObjectColon(key)
+      const value = parseValue()
+      entries.push({
+        kind: 'ObjectEntry',
+        key,
+        isQuoted,
+        value,
+        range: { start, end: this.endPos() }
+      })
+    } while (this.match(TokenType.Comma))
+
+    return entries
+  }
+
+  // ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //  Token helpers
+  // ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  private current(): Token {
+    return (
+      this.tokens[this.pos] ?? {
+        type: TokenType.EOF,
+        value: '',
+        offset: this.source.length,
+        line: 0,
+        column: 0
+      }
+    )
+  }
+
+  private currentPos(): Position {
+    const tok = this.current()
+    return { line: tok.line, column: tok.column }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The end of the most recently consumed token — where a node actually ends.
+   *
+   * `currentPos()` points at the *next* token, so using it as `range.end`
+   * stretches every node to the start of whatever follows. An editor folding
+   * on that range would hide the first line of the next clause, so the end is
+   * measured from the last token the node consumed. Comments are skipped
+   * because `advance()` steps over them without them belonging to the node.
+   */
+  private endPos(): Position {
+    let i = this.pos - 1
+    while (i >= 0 && this.tokens[i]!.type === TokenType.Comment) i--
+    const tok = this.tokens[i]
+    if (!tok) return this.currentPos()
+    return { line: tok.line, column: tok.column + tok.value.length }
+  }
+
+  private isAtEnd(): boolean {
+    return (
+      this.pos >= this.tokens.length || this.current().type === TokenType.EOF
+    )
+  }
+
+  private check(type: TokenType): boolean {
+    return this.current().type === type
+  }
+
+  private match(type: TokenType): boolean {
+    if (this.check(type)) {
+      this.advance()
+      return true
+    }
+    return false
+  }
+
+  private advance(): Token {
+    const tok = this.current()
+    if (!this.isAtEnd()) this.pos++
+    this.skipComments()
+    return tok
+  }
+
+  /** The token `i` positions ahead, skipping nothing. */
+  private peekPast(i: number): Token | undefined {
+    return this.tokens[this.pos + i]
+  }
+
+  private expect(type: TokenType): Token {
+    const tok = this.current()
+    if (tok.type !== type) {
+      this.error(`Expected '${type}' but got '${tok.value}'`, tok)
+      return tok
+    }
+    return this.advance()
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Consumes a keyword that the grammar requires to be followed by whitespace.
+   *
+   * Most KIP keywords only need a word boundary, so `WHERE{...}` is legal.
+   * A handful — the statement introducers and the clause keywords whose
+   * operand may itself start with a brace or a quote — require real
+   * whitespace, which is what keeps `MUTATE{` from reading as a statement.
+   * The distinction is per-keyword-position, not per-keyword, so it lives at
+   * the call site rather than in the lexer.
+   */
+  private expectKeywordWithSpace(type: TokenType): Token {
+    const tok = this.current()
+    if (tok.type !== type) {
+      this.error(`Expected '${type}' but got '${tok.value}'`, tok)
+      return tok
+    }
+    const after = this.source[tok.offset + tok.value.length] ?? ''
+    if (after !== ' ' && after !== '\t' && after !== '\r' && after !== '\n') {
+      this.error(`'${tok.value}' must be followed by whitespace`, tok, 'KIP_1001')
+    }
+    return this.advance()
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Consumes the second word of a multi-word keyword (`SET FIELDS`,
+   * `AS OF`, `EXPECT VERSION`, `BELIEF SLOT`, ...).
+   *
+   * The grammar joins these with whitespace only. A comment between the words
+   * is not a smaller gap, it is a different token sequence, and reading
+   * `SET//c\nFIELDS` as `SET FIELDS` would accept text the reference grammar
+   * rejects.
+   */
+  private expectSecondWord(type: TokenType, first: Token): Token {
+    const tok = this.current()
+    const gap = this.source.slice(first.offset + first.value.length, tok.offset)
+    if (tok.type === type && !/^\s+$/.test(gap)) {
+      this.error(
+        `'${first.value} ${tok.value}' must be separated by whitespace only`,
+        tok
+      )
+    }
+    return this.expect(type)
+  }
+
+  private expectKeyWithQuoting(): { key: string; isQuoted: boolean } {
+    const tok = this.current()
+    if (tok.type === TokenType.String) {
+      this.advance()
+      return { key: this.unescapeString(tok.value, tok), isQuoted: true }
+    }
+    // `field_name = identifier | string_literal`, and KIP 2.0 keywords are
+    // contextual: the Spec's own ASSERT sugar writes `by:`, `mode:`, `at:`
+    // and `key:` as object keys.
+    if (isIdentifierLike(tok.type)) {
+      this.advance()
+      return { key: tok.value, isQuoted: false }
+    }
+    this.error(`Expected object key but got '${tok.value}'`, tok)
+    this.advance()
+    return { key: tok.value, isQuoted: false }
+  }
+
+  /** Reports a clause written twice in a statement that allows it once. */
+  private rejectRepeat(seen: unknown, name: string, tok: Token): void {
+    if (seen !== undefined) {
+      this.error(`Duplicate ${name} clause`, tok)
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Enforces the canonical statement-level order while still recovering. */
+  private checkClauseOrder(
+    order: number,
+    previous: number,
+    name: string,
+    tok: Token
+  ): number {
+    if (order < previous) {
+      this.error(`${name} clause is out of order`, tok)
+    }
+    return Math.max(order, previous)
+  }
+
+  private skipComments(): void {
+    while (
+      this.pos < this.tokens.length &&
+      this.current().type === TokenType.Comment
+    ) {
+      this.pos++
+    }
+  }
+
+  private collectLeadingComments(): string[] {
+    const comments: string[] = []
+    // Look backwards from current position to collect contiguous comment tokens
+    let i = this.pos - 1
+    while (i >= 0 && this.tokens[i]!.type === TokenType.Comment) {
+      comments.unshift(this.tokens[i]!.value)
+      i--
+    }
+    return comments
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Consume the `:` separating an object key from its value. A colon written
+   * with no space before an identifier value (e.g. `status:active`) is lexed as
+   * a single parameter placeholder token (`:active`), so split it back apart.
+   */
+  private expectObjectColon(_key: string): void {
+    if (this.check(TokenType.Colon)) {
+      this.advance()
+      return
+    }
+    // `{"a":true}` lexes as a key followed by the parameter `:true`, because
+    // `:name` is the placeholder syntax and the lexer cannot see that this
+    // colon separates a key from its value. In key position the separator
+    // reading is the only valid one, so split the token back apart and re-lex
+    // the tail as the value.
+    const tok = this.current()
+    if (tok.type === TokenType.Parameter) {
+      this.splitParameterAfterColon(tok)
+      return
+    }
+    this.expect(TokenType.Colon)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Rewrites a `:value` parameter token in separator position into the value
+   * tokens it spells, so the parser sees `: value`.
+   */
+  private splitParameterAfterColon(tok: Token): void {
+    const tail = tok.value.slice(1)
+    const retoken = tokenize(tail)
+      .filter((t) => !isTrivia(t.type) && t.type !== TokenType.EOF)
+      .map((t) => ({
+        ...t,
+        offset: tok.offset + 1 + t.offset,
+        line: tok.line,
+        column: tok.column + 1 + t.column
+      }))
+    this.tokens.splice(this.pos, 1, ...retoken)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Reads the value of a string token.
+   *
+   * KIP strings are JSON strings, so `"a\xb"` and an unterminated literal are
+   * both errors — but an editor still wants a tree, so the malformed value is
+   * recovered leniently *and* reported. The lenient reading survives into the
+   * tree: `lower` is handed a `Program` and never sees a diagnostic, so a
+   * caller must reject on `severity === 'error'` before lowering, or `"a\xb"`
+   * reaches the engine as `axb`.
+   */
+  private unescapeString(raw: string, tok?: Token): string {
+    if (raw.startsWith('"') && raw.endsWith('"') && raw.length >= 2) {
+      try {
+        return JSON.parse(raw) as string
+      } catch {
+        if (tok) {
+          this.error(
+            `Invalid string literal ${raw}: KIP strings are JSON strings`,
+            tok
+          )
+        }
+        raw = raw.slice(1, -1)
+      }
+    } else if (tok) {
+      this.error(`Unterminated string literal ${raw}`, tok)
+    }
+    return raw.replace(/\\(.)/g, (_, ch) => {
+      switch (ch) {
+        case 'n':
+          return '\n'
+        case 't':
+          return '\t'
+        case 'r':
+          return '\r'
+        case '\\':
+          return '\\'
+        case '"':
+          return '"'
+        case '/':
+          return '/'
+        default:
+          return ch
+      }
+    })
+  }
+
+  private error(message: string, token: Token, code = 'KIP_1001'): void {
+    this.diagnostics.push({
+      range: {
+        start: { line: token.line, column: token.column },
+        end: { line: token.line, column: token.column + token.value.length }
+      },
+      severity: 'error',
+      message,
+      code
+    })
+  }
+
+  private static readonly STATEMENT_STARTERS: ReadonlySet<TokenType> = new Set([
+    TokenType.Find,
+    TokenType.Mutate,
+    TokenType.Create,
+    TokenType.Upsert,
+    TokenType.Ensure,
+    TokenType.Assert,
+    TokenType.Update,
+    TokenType.Retract,
+    TokenType.Supersede,
+    TokenType.Correct,
+    TokenType.Transition,
+    TokenType.Set,
+    TokenType.Archive,
+    TokenType.Tombstone,
+    TokenType.Purge,
+    TokenType.Merge,
+    TokenType.Describe,
+    TokenType.List,
+    TokenType.Search,
+    TokenType.Verify,
+    TokenType.Validate,
+    TokenType.Preview,
+    TokenType.History,
+    TokenType.Changes,
+    TokenType.Snapshot,
+    TokenType.Export,
+    TokenType.EOF
+  ])
+
+  private recoverToNextStatement(): void {
+    while (
+      !this.isAtEnd() &&
+      !Parser.STATEMENT_STARTERS.has(this.current().type)
+    ) {
+      this.pos++
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Inside MUTATE, recovery stops at the next clause or the closing brace. */
+  private recoverToMutationBoundary(): void {
+    let depth = 0
+    while (!this.isAtEnd()) {
+      const type = this.current().type
+      if (type === TokenType.LBrace) depth++
+      else if (type === TokenType.RBrace) {
+        if (depth === 0) return
+        depth--
+      } else if (depth === 0 && Parser.STATEMENT_STARTERS.has(type)) {
+        return
+      }
+      this.pos++
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/** Unwinds a sub-parser that cannot produce a node; `parse` recovers. */
+class ParseAbort extends Error {
+  constructor() {
+    super('parse aborted')
+    this.name = 'ParseAbort'
+  }
+}