@k2works/claude-code-booster 4.11.0 → 4.12.0

package/lib/assets/docs/article/functional-desgin-ppp/haskell/22-oo-to-fp-migration.md

@@ -1,469 +1,469 @@
-# 第22章 オブジェクト指向から関数型への移行
-
-## 概要
-
-この章では、一般的なオブジェクト指向パターンを関数型の同等物に移行する方法を学びます。継承からコンポジション、ミュータブルステートからイミュータブル更新、デザインパターンの関数型表現まで、実践的な変換パターンを示します。
-
-## 学習目標
-
-- クラス階層から代数的データ型への変換
-- 継承からコンポジションへの移行
-- ミュータブルステートのイミュータブル化
-- OO パターンの関数型等価物
-
-## クラスからデータ型への移行
-
-### OO: 継承階層 → FP: 直和型
-
-```haskell
--- OO のクラス階層の代わりに直和型を使用
-data Animal
-  = Dog { dogName :: String, dogBreed :: String }
-  | Cat { catName :: String, catColor :: String }
-  | Bird { birdName :: String, birdCanFly :: Bool }
-  deriving (Show, Eq)
-
--- ポリモーフィズムはパターンマッチで実現
-makeSound :: Animal -> String
-makeSound (Dog name _) = name ++ " says: Woof!"
-makeSound (Cat name _) = name ++ " says: Meow!"
-makeSound (Bird name _) = name ++ " says: Tweet!"
-
-move :: Animal -> String
-move (Dog name _) = name ++ " runs on four legs"
-move (Cat name _) = name ++ " prowls silently"
-move (Bird name canFly)
-  | canFly = name ++ " flies through the air"
-  | otherwise = name ++ " hops on the ground"
-
-describeAnimal :: Animal -> String
-describeAnimal animal = makeSound animal ++ " and " ++ move animal
-```
-
-### OO: インターフェース → FP: 型クラス
-
-```haskell
--- OO のインターフェースの代わりに型クラスを使用
-class Shape a where
-  area :: a -> Double
-  perimeter :: a -> Double
-
--- 各形状の実装
-data Circle = Circle { circleRadius :: Double }
-  deriving (Show, Eq)
-
-instance Shape Circle where
-  area (Circle r) = pi * r * r
-  perimeter (Circle r) = 2 * pi * r
-
-data Rectangle = Rectangle { rectWidth :: Double, rectHeight :: Double }
-  deriving (Show, Eq)
-
-instance Shape Rectangle where
-  area (Rectangle w h) = w * h
-  perimeter (Rectangle w h) = 2 * (w + h)
-```
-
-## 継承からコンポジションへ
-
-### OO: 継承階層 → FP: コンポジション
-
-```haskell
--- コンポーネント
-data Engine
-  = NoEngine
-  | GasEngine { horsepower :: Int }
-  | ElectricEngine { batteryKwh :: Int }
-  deriving (Show, Eq)
-
-data Wheels = Wheels { wheelCount :: Int, wheelSize :: Int }
-  deriving (Show, Eq)
-
--- コンポジションによる Vehicle
-data Vehicle = Vehicle
-  { vehicleName :: String
-  , vehicleEngine :: Engine
-  , vehicleWheels :: Wheels
-  } deriving (Show, Eq)
-
--- ファクトリー関数
-car :: Vehicle
-car = Vehicle "Car" (GasEngine 200) (Wheels 4 17)
-
-motorcycle :: Vehicle
-motorcycle = Vehicle "Motorcycle" (GasEngine 80) (Wheels 2 18)
-
-bicycle :: Vehicle
-bicycle = Vehicle "Bicycle" NoEngine (Wheels 2 26)
-
--- 振る舞いは関数で定義
-describeVehicle :: Vehicle -> String
-describeVehicle v = vehicleName v ++ " with " ++ engineDesc ++ " and " ++ wheelsDesc
-  where
-    engineDesc = case vehicleEngine v of
-      NoEngine -> "no engine"
-      GasEngine hp -> show hp ++ "hp gas engine"
-      ElectricEngine kw -> show kw ++ "kWh electric engine"
-    wheelsDesc = show (wheelCount (vehicleWheels v)) ++ " wheels"
-```
-
-## ミュータブルステートからイミュータブル更新へ
-
-### OO: ミュータブルオブジェクト → FP: イミュータブルレコード
-
-```haskell
--- イミュータブルな銀行口座
-data BankAccount = BankAccount
-  { accountId :: String
-  , accountBalance :: Double
-  , accountOwner :: String
-  } deriving (Show, Eq)
-
--- 作成
-makeAccount :: String -> String -> Double -> BankAccount
-makeAccount aid owner initial = BankAccount aid initial owner
-
--- 預金（新しい口座を返す）
-deposit :: Double -> BankAccount -> BankAccount
-deposit amount account
-  | amount > 0 = account { accountBalance = accountBalance account + amount }
-  | otherwise = account
-
--- 引き出し（失敗する可能性をMaybeで表現）
-withdraw :: Double -> BankAccount -> Maybe BankAccount
-withdraw amount account
-  | amount > 0 && accountBalance account >= amount =
-      Just account { accountBalance = accountBalance account - amount }
-  | otherwise = Nothing
-
--- 送金
-transfer :: Double -> BankAccount -> BankAccount -> Maybe (BankAccount, BankAccount)
-transfer amount from to = do
-  from' <- withdraw amount from
-  let to' = deposit amount to
-  return (from', to')
-
--- 使用例
-let alice = makeAccount "A001" "Alice" 1000
-    bob = makeAccount "B001" "Bob" 500
-case transfer 200 alice bob of
-  Just (alice', bob') -> do
-    putStrLn $ "Alice: " ++ show (accountBalance alice')  -- 800
-    putStrLn $ "Bob: " ++ show (accountBalance bob')      -- 700
-  Nothing -> putStrLn "Transfer failed"
-```
-
-## Strategy パターンの移行
-
-### OO: Strategy インターフェース → FP: 関数
-
-```haskell
--- Strategy を関数として表現
-type PaymentMethod = Double -> String -> Either String String
-
--- 具体的な Strategy
-creditCard :: String -> PaymentMethod
-creditCard cardNumber amount merchant =
-  Right $ "Paid $" ++ show amount ++ " to " ++ merchant ++ 
-          " via credit card " ++ take 4 cardNumber ++ "****"
-
-paypal :: String -> PaymentMethod
-paypal email amount merchant =
-  Right $ "Paid $" ++ show amount ++ " to " ++ merchant ++ 
-          " via PayPal (" ++ email ++ ")"
-
-bitcoin :: String -> PaymentMethod
-bitcoin wallet amount merchant =
-  Right $ "Paid $" ++ show amount ++ " to " ++ merchant ++ 
-          " via Bitcoin wallet " ++ take 8 wallet ++ "..."
-
--- Strategy を使用
-processPayment :: PaymentMethod -> Double -> String -> Either String String
-processPayment method amount merchant = method amount merchant
-
--- 使用例
-let strategy = creditCard "1234567890123456"
-processPayment strategy 100.0 "Amazon"
--- Right "Paid $100.0 to Amazon via credit card 1234****"
-```
-
-## Observer パターンの移行
-
-### OO: Observer インターフェース → FP: 関数リスト
-
-```haskell
--- イベント
-data Event
-  = UserCreated String
-  | UserDeleted String
-  | OrderPlaced String Double
-  | OrderCancelled String
-  deriving (Show, Eq)
-
--- サブスクリプション（イベントを受け取る関数）
-type Subscription = Event -> String
-
--- サブスクライブ
-subscribe :: String -> Subscription
-subscribe subscriberName event = case event of
-  UserCreated user -> subscriberName ++ " notified: User " ++ user ++ " created"
-  OrderPlaced orderId amount -> 
-    subscriberName ++ " notified: Order " ++ orderId ++ " placed for $" ++ show amount
-  _ -> subscriberName ++ " notified of event"
-
--- パブリッシュ
-publish :: [Subscription] -> Event -> [String]
-publish subscribers event = map ($ event) subscribers
-
--- イベントログ（純粋関数）
-type EventLog = [Event]
-
-logEvent :: Event -> EventLog -> EventLog
-logEvent event log' = event : log'
-
--- 使用例
-let emailSub = subscribe "EmailService"
-    smsSub = subscribe "SMSService"
-    notifications = publish [emailSub, smsSub] (OrderPlaced "ORD001" 99.99)
--- ["EmailService notified: Order ORD001 placed for $99.99",
---  "SMSService notified: Order ORD001 placed for $99.99"]
-```
-
-## Factory パターンの移行
-
-### OO: Factory クラス → FP: スマートコンストラクタ
-
-```haskell
--- ドキュメント型
-data Document
-  = PDFDocument String
-  | WordDocument String
-  | HTMLDocument String
-  deriving (Show, Eq)
-
--- スマートコンストラクタ
-createPDF :: String -> Document
-createPDF = PDFDocument
-
-createWord :: String -> Document
-createWord = WordDocument
-
-createHTML :: String -> Document
-createHTML = HTMLDocument
-
--- レンダリング
-renderDocument :: Document -> String
-renderDocument (PDFDocument content) = "<PDF>" ++ content ++ "</PDF>"
-renderDocument (WordDocument content) = "<WORD>" ++ content ++ "</WORD>"
-renderDocument (HTMLDocument content) = "<html><body>" ++ content ++ "</body></html>"
-```
-
-## Singleton の移行
-
-### OO: Singleton クラス → FP: モジュールレベル値
-
-```haskell
--- 設定型
-data Config = Config
-  { configDbHost :: String
-  , configDbPort :: Int
-  , configLogLevel :: String
-  } deriving (Show, Eq)
-
--- モジュールレベルの値（Singleton の代わり）
-defaultConfig :: Config
-defaultConfig = Config "localhost" 5432 "INFO"
-
-testConfig :: Config
-testConfig = Config "localhost" 5433 "DEBUG"
-
-productionConfig :: Config
-productionConfig = Config "prod.db.example.com" 5432 "WARN"
-
--- 使用時に明示的に渡す
-runApp :: Config -> IO ()
-runApp config = do
-  putStrLn $ "Connecting to " ++ configDbHost config
-  -- ...
-```
-
-## Null Object の移行
-
-### OO: Null Object パターン → FP: Maybe
-
-```haskell
--- ユーザー検索（Maybe を返す）
-findUser :: String -> Maybe SimpleUser
-findUser userId = Map.lookup userId userDatabase
-
--- 安全なナビゲーション
-getUserName :: String -> Maybe String
-getUserName userId = simpleUserName <$> findUser userId
-
--- デフォルト値付き
-getUserNameOrDefault :: String -> String -> String
-getUserNameOrDefault userId defaultName =
-  maybe defaultName simpleUserName (findUser userId)
-
--- 使用例
-getUserName "1"                      -- Just "Alice"
-getUserName "999"                    -- Nothing
-getUserNameOrDefault "999" "Unknown" -- "Unknown"
-```
-
-## Template Method の移行
-
-### OO: Template Method → FP: 高階関数
-
-```haskell
--- データプロセッサ（関数として表現）
-type DataProcessor = String -> String
-
--- 具体的なプロセッサ
-csvProcessor :: DataProcessor
-csvProcessor input = "CSV[" ++ input ++ "]"
-
-jsonProcessor :: DataProcessor
-jsonProcessor input = "{\"data\": \"" ++ input ++ "\"}"
-
-xmlProcessor :: DataProcessor
-xmlProcessor input = "<data>" ++ input ++ "</data>"
-
--- テンプレートメソッドの等価物（高階関数）
-processData :: DataProcessor -> String -> String
-processData processor input =
-  let validated = "validated:" ++ input
-      transformed = processor validated
-      output = "output:" ++ transformed
-  in output
-
--- 使用例
-processData csvProcessor "test"   -- "output:CSV[validated:test]"
-processData jsonProcessor "test"  -- "output:{\"data\": \"validated:test\"}"
-```
-
-## Chain of Responsibility の移行
-
-### OO: Handler チェーン → FP: 関数合成
-
-```haskell
--- リクエスト
-data Request = Request
-  { reqPath :: String
-  , reqMethod :: String
-  , reqHeaders :: Map String String
-  , reqBody :: String
-  } deriving (Show, Eq)
-
--- ハンドラー（関数として表現）
-type Handler = Request -> Either String Request
-
--- 具体的なハンドラー
-authHandler :: Handler
-authHandler req =
-  case Map.lookup "Authorization" (reqHeaders req) of
-    Nothing -> Left "Unauthorized: No auth header"
-    Just _ -> Right req
-
-validationHandler :: Handler
-validationHandler req
-  | null (reqBody req) && reqMethod req == "POST" = Left "Bad Request: Empty body"
-  | otherwise = Right req
-
-loggingHandler :: Handler
-loggingHandler req = Right req
-
--- ハンドラーの連結
-chainHandlers :: [Handler] -> Handler
-chainHandlers [] req = Right req
-chainHandlers (h:hs) req = case h req of
-  Left err -> Left err
-  Right req' -> chainHandlers hs req'
-
--- 使用例
-let handlers = chainHandlers [authHandler, loggingHandler, validationHandler]
-    request = Request "/api/users" "POST" 
-              (Map.fromList [("Authorization", "Bearer token")]) 
-              "{\"name\":\"test\"}"
-handlers request  -- Right Request {...}
-```
-
-## テスト
-
-```haskell
-spec :: Spec
-spec = do
-  describe "Class to Data Type Migration" $ do
-    it "animals make sounds" $ do
-      let dog = Dog "Rex" "German Shepherd"
-      makeSound dog `shouldBe` "Rex says: Woof!"
-
-  describe "Immutable Updates" $ do
-    it "deposit creates new account" $ do
-      let account = makeAccount "A001" "Alice" 1000
-          account' = deposit 500 account
-      getBalance account' `shouldBe` 1500
-      getBalance account `shouldBe` 1000  -- 元のデータは変更されない
-
-  describe "Strategy Migration" $ do
-    it "uses payment strategy" $ do
-      let strategy = creditCard "1234567890123456"
-      case processPayment strategy 100.0 "Store" of
-        Right msg -> "credit card" `isInfixOf` msg `shouldBe` True
-        Left _ -> expectationFailure "Should succeed"
-
-  describe "Chain of Responsibility" $ do
-    it "chains handlers" $ do
-      let handlers = chainHandlers [authHandler, validationHandler]
-          validReq = Request "/api" "POST" 
-                     (Map.fromList [("Authorization", "token")]) 
-                     "body"
-      case handlers validReq of
-        Right _ -> return ()
-        Left _ -> expectationFailure "Should pass"
-```
-
-## 移行のガイドライン
-
-### 1. 継承よりコンポジション
-
-```haskell
--- 悪い例（継承の模倣）
--- 良い例（コンポジション）
-data Component = Component { ... }
-data Entity = Entity { entityComponents :: [Component] }
-```
-
-### 2. ミュータブルステートの排除
-
-```haskell
--- 悪い例：IORef を多用
--- 良い例：純粋関数で状態を変換
-update :: State -> Action -> State
-```
-
-### 3. 例外より戻り値
-
-```haskell
--- 悪い例：例外をスロー
--- 良い例：Maybe/Either で失敗を表現
-findUser :: String -> Maybe User
-processOrder :: Order -> Either OrderError Receipt
-```
-
-### 4. インターフェースより関数
-
-```haskell
--- 悪い例：型クラスの乱用
--- 良い例：関数を直接渡す
-type Strategy a = a -> a
-applyStrategy :: Strategy a -> a -> a
-```
-
-## まとめ
-
-- 継承階層は直和型で表現
-- ポリモーフィズムはパターンマッチまたは型クラス
-- ミュータブルステートはイミュータブルレコードの変換
-- OO パターンの多くは関数と高階関数で簡潔に表現可能
-- 型システムにより、より安全な設計が可能
+# 第22章 オブジェクト指向から関数型への移行
+
+## 概要
+
+この章では、一般的なオブジェクト指向パターンを関数型の同等物に移行する方法を学びます。継承からコンポジション、ミュータブルステートからイミュータブル更新、デザインパターンの関数型表現まで、実践的な変換パターンを示します。
+
+## 学習目標
+
+- クラス階層から代数的データ型への変換
+- 継承からコンポジションへの移行
+- ミュータブルステートのイミュータブル化
+- OO パターンの関数型等価物
+
+## クラスからデータ型への移行
+
+### OO: 継承階層 → FP: 直和型
+
+```haskell
+-- OO のクラス階層の代わりに直和型を使用
+data Animal
+  = Dog { dogName :: String, dogBreed :: String }
+  | Cat { catName :: String, catColor :: String }
+  | Bird { birdName :: String, birdCanFly :: Bool }
+  deriving (Show, Eq)
+
+-- ポリモーフィズムはパターンマッチで実現
+makeSound :: Animal -> String
+makeSound (Dog name _) = name ++ " says: Woof!"
+makeSound (Cat name _) = name ++ " says: Meow!"
+makeSound (Bird name _) = name ++ " says: Tweet!"
+
+move :: Animal -> String
+move (Dog name _) = name ++ " runs on four legs"
+move (Cat name _) = name ++ " prowls silently"
+move (Bird name canFly)
+  | canFly = name ++ " flies through the air"
+  | otherwise = name ++ " hops on the ground"
+
+describeAnimal :: Animal -> String
+describeAnimal animal = makeSound animal ++ " and " ++ move animal
+```
+
+### OO: インターフェース → FP: 型クラス
+
+```haskell
+-- OO のインターフェースの代わりに型クラスを使用
+class Shape a where
+  area :: a -> Double
+  perimeter :: a -> Double
+
+-- 各形状の実装
+data Circle = Circle { circleRadius :: Double }
+  deriving (Show, Eq)
+
+instance Shape Circle where
+  area (Circle r) = pi * r * r
+  perimeter (Circle r) = 2 * pi * r
+
+data Rectangle = Rectangle { rectWidth :: Double, rectHeight :: Double }
+  deriving (Show, Eq)
+
+instance Shape Rectangle where
+  area (Rectangle w h) = w * h
+  perimeter (Rectangle w h) = 2 * (w + h)
+```
+
+## 継承からコンポジションへ
+
+### OO: 継承階層 → FP: コンポジション
+
+```haskell
+-- コンポーネント
+data Engine
+  = NoEngine
+  | GasEngine { horsepower :: Int }
+  | ElectricEngine { batteryKwh :: Int }
+  deriving (Show, Eq)
+
+data Wheels = Wheels { wheelCount :: Int, wheelSize :: Int }
+  deriving (Show, Eq)
+
+-- コンポジションによる Vehicle
+data Vehicle = Vehicle
+  { vehicleName :: String
+  , vehicleEngine :: Engine
+  , vehicleWheels :: Wheels
+  } deriving (Show, Eq)
+
+-- ファクトリー関数
+car :: Vehicle
+car = Vehicle "Car" (GasEngine 200) (Wheels 4 17)
+
+motorcycle :: Vehicle
+motorcycle = Vehicle "Motorcycle" (GasEngine 80) (Wheels 2 18)
+
+bicycle :: Vehicle
+bicycle = Vehicle "Bicycle" NoEngine (Wheels 2 26)
+
+-- 振る舞いは関数で定義
+describeVehicle :: Vehicle -> String
+describeVehicle v = vehicleName v ++ " with " ++ engineDesc ++ " and " ++ wheelsDesc
+  where
+    engineDesc = case vehicleEngine v of
+      NoEngine -> "no engine"
+      GasEngine hp -> show hp ++ "hp gas engine"
+      ElectricEngine kw -> show kw ++ "kWh electric engine"
+    wheelsDesc = show (wheelCount (vehicleWheels v)) ++ " wheels"
+```
+
+## ミュータブルステートからイミュータブル更新へ
+
+### OO: ミュータブルオブジェクト → FP: イミュータブルレコード
+
+```haskell
+-- イミュータブルな銀行口座
+data BankAccount = BankAccount
+  { accountId :: String
+  , accountBalance :: Double
+  , accountOwner :: String
+  } deriving (Show, Eq)
+
+-- 作成
+makeAccount :: String -> String -> Double -> BankAccount
+makeAccount aid owner initial = BankAccount aid initial owner
+
+-- 預金（新しい口座を返す）
+deposit :: Double -> BankAccount -> BankAccount
+deposit amount account
+  | amount > 0 = account { accountBalance = accountBalance account + amount }
+  | otherwise = account
+
+-- 引き出し（失敗する可能性をMaybeで表現）
+withdraw :: Double -> BankAccount -> Maybe BankAccount
+withdraw amount account
+  | amount > 0 && accountBalance account >= amount =
+      Just account { accountBalance = accountBalance account - amount }
+  | otherwise = Nothing
+
+-- 送金
+transfer :: Double -> BankAccount -> BankAccount -> Maybe (BankAccount, BankAccount)
+transfer amount from to = do
+  from' <- withdraw amount from
+  let to' = deposit amount to
+  return (from', to')
+
+-- 使用例
+let alice = makeAccount "A001" "Alice" 1000
+    bob = makeAccount "B001" "Bob" 500
+case transfer 200 alice bob of
+  Just (alice', bob') -> do
+    putStrLn $ "Alice: " ++ show (accountBalance alice')  -- 800
+    putStrLn $ "Bob: " ++ show (accountBalance bob')      -- 700
+  Nothing -> putStrLn "Transfer failed"
+```
+
+## Strategy パターンの移行
+
+### OO: Strategy インターフェース → FP: 関数
+
+```haskell
+-- Strategy を関数として表現
+type PaymentMethod = Double -> String -> Either String String
+
+-- 具体的な Strategy
+creditCard :: String -> PaymentMethod
+creditCard cardNumber amount merchant =
+  Right $ "Paid $" ++ show amount ++ " to " ++ merchant ++ 
+          " via credit card " ++ take 4 cardNumber ++ "****"
+
+paypal :: String -> PaymentMethod
+paypal email amount merchant =
+  Right $ "Paid $" ++ show amount ++ " to " ++ merchant ++ 
+          " via PayPal (" ++ email ++ ")"
+
+bitcoin :: String -> PaymentMethod
+bitcoin wallet amount merchant =
+  Right $ "Paid $" ++ show amount ++ " to " ++ merchant ++ 
+          " via Bitcoin wallet " ++ take 8 wallet ++ "..."
+
+-- Strategy を使用
+processPayment :: PaymentMethod -> Double -> String -> Either String String
+processPayment method amount merchant = method amount merchant
+
+-- 使用例
+let strategy = creditCard "1234567890123456"
+processPayment strategy 100.0 "Amazon"
+-- Right "Paid $100.0 to Amazon via credit card 1234****"
+```
+
+## Observer パターンの移行
+
+### OO: Observer インターフェース → FP: 関数リスト
+
+```haskell
+-- イベント
+data Event
+  = UserCreated String
+  | UserDeleted String
+  | OrderPlaced String Double
+  | OrderCancelled String
+  deriving (Show, Eq)
+
+-- サブスクリプション（イベントを受け取る関数）
+type Subscription = Event -> String
+
+-- サブスクライブ
+subscribe :: String -> Subscription
+subscribe subscriberName event = case event of
+  UserCreated user -> subscriberName ++ " notified: User " ++ user ++ " created"
+  OrderPlaced orderId amount -> 
+    subscriberName ++ " notified: Order " ++ orderId ++ " placed for $" ++ show amount
+  _ -> subscriberName ++ " notified of event"
+
+-- パブリッシュ
+publish :: [Subscription] -> Event -> [String]
+publish subscribers event = map ($ event) subscribers
+
+-- イベントログ（純粋関数）
+type EventLog = [Event]
+
+logEvent :: Event -> EventLog -> EventLog
+logEvent event log' = event : log'
+
+-- 使用例
+let emailSub = subscribe "EmailService"
+    smsSub = subscribe "SMSService"
+    notifications = publish [emailSub, smsSub] (OrderPlaced "ORD001" 99.99)
+-- ["EmailService notified: Order ORD001 placed for $99.99",
+--  "SMSService notified: Order ORD001 placed for $99.99"]
+```
+
+## Factory パターンの移行
+
+### OO: Factory クラス → FP: スマートコンストラクタ
+
+```haskell
+-- ドキュメント型
+data Document
+  = PDFDocument String
+  | WordDocument String
+  | HTMLDocument String
+  deriving (Show, Eq)
+
+-- スマートコンストラクタ
+createPDF :: String -> Document
+createPDF = PDFDocument
+
+createWord :: String -> Document
+createWord = WordDocument
+
+createHTML :: String -> Document
+createHTML = HTMLDocument
+
+-- レンダリング
+renderDocument :: Document -> String
+renderDocument (PDFDocument content) = "<PDF>" ++ content ++ "</PDF>"
+renderDocument (WordDocument content) = "<WORD>" ++ content ++ "</WORD>"
+renderDocument (HTMLDocument content) = "<html><body>" ++ content ++ "</body></html>"
+```
+
+## Singleton の移行
+
+### OO: Singleton クラス → FP: モジュールレベル値
+
+```haskell
+-- 設定型
+data Config = Config
+  { configDbHost :: String
+  , configDbPort :: Int
+  , configLogLevel :: String
+  } deriving (Show, Eq)
+
+-- モジュールレベルの値（Singleton の代わり）
+defaultConfig :: Config
+defaultConfig = Config "localhost" 5432 "INFO"
+
+testConfig :: Config
+testConfig = Config "localhost" 5433 "DEBUG"
+
+productionConfig :: Config
+productionConfig = Config "prod.db.example.com" 5432 "WARN"
+
+-- 使用時に明示的に渡す
+runApp :: Config -> IO ()
+runApp config = do
+  putStrLn $ "Connecting to " ++ configDbHost config
+  -- ...
+```
+
+## Null Object の移行
+
+### OO: Null Object パターン → FP: Maybe
+
+```haskell
+-- ユーザー検索（Maybe を返す）
+findUser :: String -> Maybe SimpleUser
+findUser userId = Map.lookup userId userDatabase
+
+-- 安全なナビゲーション
+getUserName :: String -> Maybe String
+getUserName userId = simpleUserName <$> findUser userId
+
+-- デフォルト値付き
+getUserNameOrDefault :: String -> String -> String
+getUserNameOrDefault userId defaultName =
+  maybe defaultName simpleUserName (findUser userId)
+
+-- 使用例
+getUserName "1"                      -- Just "Alice"
+getUserName "999"                    -- Nothing
+getUserNameOrDefault "999" "Unknown" -- "Unknown"
+```
+
+## Template Method の移行
+
+### OO: Template Method → FP: 高階関数
+
+```haskell
+-- データプロセッサ（関数として表現）
+type DataProcessor = String -> String
+
+-- 具体的なプロセッサ
+csvProcessor :: DataProcessor
+csvProcessor input = "CSV[" ++ input ++ "]"
+
+jsonProcessor :: DataProcessor
+jsonProcessor input = "{\"data\": \"" ++ input ++ "\"}"
+
+xmlProcessor :: DataProcessor
+xmlProcessor input = "<data>" ++ input ++ "</data>"
+
+-- テンプレートメソッドの等価物（高階関数）
+processData :: DataProcessor -> String -> String
+processData processor input =
+  let validated = "validated:" ++ input
+      transformed = processor validated
+      output = "output:" ++ transformed
+  in output
+
+-- 使用例
+processData csvProcessor "test"   -- "output:CSV[validated:test]"
+processData jsonProcessor "test"  -- "output:{\"data\": \"validated:test\"}"
+```
+
+## Chain of Responsibility の移行
+
+### OO: Handler チェーン → FP: 関数合成
+
+```haskell
+-- リクエスト
+data Request = Request
+  { reqPath :: String
+  , reqMethod :: String
+  , reqHeaders :: Map String String
+  , reqBody :: String
+  } deriving (Show, Eq)
+
+-- ハンドラー（関数として表現）
+type Handler = Request -> Either String Request
+
+-- 具体的なハンドラー
+authHandler :: Handler
+authHandler req =
+  case Map.lookup "Authorization" (reqHeaders req) of
+    Nothing -> Left "Unauthorized: No auth header"
+    Just _ -> Right req
+
+validationHandler :: Handler
+validationHandler req
+  | null (reqBody req) && reqMethod req == "POST" = Left "Bad Request: Empty body"
+  | otherwise = Right req
+
+loggingHandler :: Handler
+loggingHandler req = Right req
+
+-- ハンドラーの連結
+chainHandlers :: [Handler] -> Handler
+chainHandlers [] req = Right req
+chainHandlers (h:hs) req = case h req of
+  Left err -> Left err
+  Right req' -> chainHandlers hs req'
+
+-- 使用例
+let handlers = chainHandlers [authHandler, loggingHandler, validationHandler]
+    request = Request "/api/users" "POST" 
+              (Map.fromList [("Authorization", "Bearer token")]) 
+              "{\"name\":\"test\"}"
+handlers request  -- Right Request {...}
+```
+
+## テスト
+
+```haskell
+spec :: Spec
+spec = do
+  describe "Class to Data Type Migration" $ do
+    it "animals make sounds" $ do
+      let dog = Dog "Rex" "German Shepherd"
+      makeSound dog `shouldBe` "Rex says: Woof!"
+
+  describe "Immutable Updates" $ do
+    it "deposit creates new account" $ do
+      let account = makeAccount "A001" "Alice" 1000
+          account' = deposit 500 account
+      getBalance account' `shouldBe` 1500
+      getBalance account `shouldBe` 1000  -- 元のデータは変更されない
+
+  describe "Strategy Migration" $ do
+    it "uses payment strategy" $ do
+      let strategy = creditCard "1234567890123456"
+      case processPayment strategy 100.0 "Store" of
+        Right msg -> "credit card" `isInfixOf` msg `shouldBe` True
+        Left _ -> expectationFailure "Should succeed"
+
+  describe "Chain of Responsibility" $ do
+    it "chains handlers" $ do
+      let handlers = chainHandlers [authHandler, validationHandler]
+          validReq = Request "/api" "POST" 
+                     (Map.fromList [("Authorization", "token")]) 
+                     "body"
+      case handlers validReq of
+        Right _ -> return ()
+        Left _ -> expectationFailure "Should pass"
+```
+
+## 移行のガイドライン
+
+### 1. 継承よりコンポジション
+
+```haskell
+-- 悪い例（継承の模倣）
+-- 良い例（コンポジション）
+data Component = Component { ... }
+data Entity = Entity { entityComponents :: [Component] }
+```
+
+### 2. ミュータブルステートの排除
+
+```haskell
+-- 悪い例：IORef を多用
+-- 良い例：純粋関数で状態を変換
+update :: State -> Action -> State
+```
+
+### 3. 例外より戻り値
+
+```haskell
+-- 悪い例：例外をスロー
+-- 良い例：Maybe/Either で失敗を表現
+findUser :: String -> Maybe User
+processOrder :: Order -> Either OrderError Receipt
+```
+
+### 4. インターフェースより関数
+
+```haskell
+-- 悪い例：型クラスの乱用
+-- 良い例：関数を直接渡す
+type Strategy a = a -> a
+applyStrategy :: Strategy a -> a -> a
+```
+
+## まとめ
+
+- 継承階層は直和型で表現
+- ポリモーフィズムはパターンマッチまたは型クラス
+- ミュータブルステートはイミュータブルレコードの変換
+- OO パターンの多くは関数と高階関数で簡潔に表現可能
+- 型システムにより、より安全な設計が可能