@juspay/neurolink 9.40.0 → 9.42.0

package/dist/server/routes/claudeProxyRoutes.js

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* eslint-disable max-depth */
 /**
  * Claude-Compatible Proxy Routes
  *
@@ -9,20 +10,23 @@
  * provider/model pairs (e.g. "claude-sonnet-4-20250514" -> vertex/gemini-2.5-pro).
  * Without a router, models are passed through to the Anthropic provider.
  */
-import { readFile, access } from "node:fs/promises";
-import { join } from "node:path";
+import { access, mkdir, readFile, rename, writeFile } from "node:fs/promises";
 import { homedir } from "node:os";
-import { parseClaudeRequest, serializeClaudeResponse, ClaudeStreamSerializer, buildClaudeError, generateToolUseId, } from "../../proxy/claudeFormat.js";
+import { join } from "node:path";
+import { buildStableClaudeCodeBillingHeader, CLAUDE_CLI_USER_AGENT, CLAUDE_CODE_OAUTH_BETAS, getOrCreateClaudeCodeIdentity, parseClaudeCodeUserId, } from "../../auth/anthropicOAuth.js";
+import { parseQuotaHeaders, saveAccountQuota } from "../../proxy/accountQuota.js";
+import { buildClaudeError, ClaudeStreamSerializer, generateToolUseId, parseClaudeRequest, serializeClaudeResponse, } from "../../proxy/claudeFormat.js";
+import { ProxyTracer } from "../../proxy/proxyTracer.js";
+import { createRawStreamCapture } from "../../proxy/rawStreamCapture.js";
+import { logBodyCapture, logRequest, logRequestAttempt, logStreamError } from "../../proxy/requestLogger.js";
+import { createSSEInterceptor } from "../../proxy/sseInterceptor.js";
+import { needsRefresh, persistTokens, refreshToken } from "../../proxy/tokenRefresh.js";
+import { recordAttempt, recordAttemptError, recordCooldown, recordFinalError, recordFinalSuccess, } from "../../proxy/usageStats.js";
 import { logger } from "../../utils/logger.js";
-import { recordRequest, recordSuccess, recordError, recordCooldown, } from "../../proxy/usageStats.js";
-import { logRequest, logFullRequestResponse, logStreamError, } from "../../proxy/requestLogger.js";
-import { parseQuotaHeaders, saveAccountQuota, } from "../../proxy/accountQuota.js";
-import { needsRefresh, refreshToken, persistTokens, } from "../../proxy/tokenRefresh.js";
+import { ProviderHealthChecker } from "../../utils/providerHealth.js";
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Helpers
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-/** Header names whose values must be masked in debug logs. */
-const SENSITIVE_HEADERS = new Set(["authorization", "x-api-key"]);
 /** Headers that must never be forwarded upstream to Anthropic. */
 const BLOCKED_UPSTREAM_HEADERS = new Set([
     "cookie",
@@ -32,22 +36,6 @@ const BLOCKED_UPSTREAM_HEADERS = new Set([
     "content-length",
     "transfer-encoding",
 ]);
-/** Return a shallow copy of `headers` with sensitive values redacted. */
-function redactSensitiveHeaders(headers) {
-    const redacted = {};
-    for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(headers)) {
-        if (SENSITIVE_HEADERS.has(key.toLowerCase()) && value.length > 8) {
-            redacted[key] = value.substring(0, 8) + "...";
-        }
-        else if (SENSITIVE_HEADERS.has(key.toLowerCase())) {
-            redacted[key] = "***";
-        }
-        else {
-            redacted[key] = value;
-        }
-    }
-    return redacted;
-}
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Module-level state
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -83,65 +71,192 @@ function advancePrimaryIfCurrent(accountKey, enabledCount, primaryAccountKey) {
     }
     primaryAccountIndex = (primaryAccountIndex + 1) % enabledCount;
 }
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// OAuth polyfill helpers (extracted to reduce block nesting)
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 const snapshotCache = new Map();
 const SNAPSHOT_CACHE_TTL_MS = 5 * 60 * 1000; // 5 minutes
-/**
- * Load a header snapshot captured from a real Claude Code session and apply
- * any headers the client didn't send.  This makes non-Claude-Code requests
- * (e.g. from Curator, custom apps) appear identical to Claude Code.
- */
-async function applyHeaderSnapshot(headers, accountLabel) {
+const SNAPSHOT_STABLE_HEADERS = new Set([
+    "accept",
+    "accept-encoding",
+    "accept-language",
+    "anthropic-beta",
+    "anthropic-dangerous-direct-browser-access",
+    "anthropic-version",
+    "sec-fetch-mode",
+    "user-agent",
+    "x-app",
+    "x-stainless-arch",
+    "x-stainless-lang",
+    "x-stainless-os",
+    "x-stainless-package-version",
+    "x-stainless-retry-count",
+    "x-stainless-runtime",
+    "x-stainless-runtime-version",
+    "x-stainless-timeout",
+    "x-subscription-tier",
+]);
+const NON_CLAUDE_OAUTH_BETAS = [
+    "oauth-2025-04-20",
+    "claude-code-20250219",
+    "fine-grained-tool-streaming-2025-05-14",
+];
+function getSnapshotSafeLabel(accountLabel) {
+    return accountLabel.replace(/[^a-zA-Z0-9._@-]/g, "_");
+}
+function getSnapshotPath(accountLabel) {
+    return join(homedir(), ".neurolink", "header-snapshots", `anthropic_${getSnapshotSafeLabel(accountLabel)}.json`);
+}
+function applySnapshotHeaders(headers, snapshot) {
+    if (!snapshot?.headers) {
+        return;
+    }
+    for (const [sk, sv] of Object.entries(snapshot.headers)) {
+        const lower = sk.toLowerCase();
+        if (typeof sv === "string" &&
+            !headers[lower] &&
+            !BLOCKED_UPSTREAM_HEADERS.has(lower) &&
+            lower !== "authorization" &&
+            lower !== "x-api-key" &&
+            lower !== "x-claude-code-session-id") {
+            headers[lower] = sv;
+        }
+    }
+}
+async function loadClaudeSnapshot(accountLabel) {
     try {
-        // Sanitize accountLabel to prevent directory traversal
-        const safeLabel = accountLabel.replace(/[^a-zA-Z0-9._@-]/g, "_");
-        // Check cache first
+        const safeLabel = getSnapshotSafeLabel(accountLabel);
         const cached = snapshotCache.get(safeLabel);
         if (cached && Date.now() - cached.loadedAt < SNAPSHOT_CACHE_TTL_MS) {
-            for (const [sk, sv] of Object.entries(cached.headers)) {
-                const lower = sk.toLowerCase();
-                if (typeof sv === "string" &&
-                    !headers[lower] &&
-                    !BLOCKED_UPSTREAM_HEADERS.has(lower) &&
-                    lower !== "authorization" &&
-                    lower !== "x-api-key") {
-                    headers[lower] = sv;
-                }
-            }
-            return;
+            return cached.snapshot;
         }
-        const snapshotPath = join(homedir(), ".neurolink", "header-snapshots", `anthropic_${safeLabel}.json`);
+        const snapshotPath = getSnapshotPath(accountLabel);
         try {
             await access(snapshotPath);
         }
         catch {
-            return;
+            return null;
         }
         const snapshot = JSON.parse(await readFile(snapshotPath, "utf8"));
-        if (!snapshot.headers) {
-            return;
+        if (!snapshot || typeof snapshot !== "object") {
+            return null;
+        }
+        const normalized = {
+            accountKey: "accountKey" in snapshot && typeof snapshot.accountKey === "string"
+                ? snapshot.accountKey
+                : `anthropic:${accountLabel}`,
+            capturedAt: "capturedAt" in snapshot && typeof snapshot.capturedAt === "string"
+                ? snapshot.capturedAt
+                : new Date(0).toISOString(),
+            source: "claude-code",
+            headers: "headers" in snapshot && snapshot.headers ? snapshot.headers : {},
+            ...(snapshot.body ? { body: snapshot.body } : {}),
+        };
+        if (Object.keys(normalized.headers).length === 0 && Object.keys(normalized.body ?? {}).length === 0) {
+            return null;
         }
-        // Store in cache
         snapshotCache.set(safeLabel, {
-            headers: snapshot.headers,
+            snapshot: normalized,
             loadedAt: Date.now(),
         });
-        for (const [sk, sv] of Object.entries(snapshot.headers)) {
-            const lower = sk.toLowerCase();
-            if (typeof sv === "string" &&
-                !headers[lower] &&
-                !BLOCKED_UPSTREAM_HEADERS.has(lower) &&
-                lower !== "authorization" &&
-                lower !== "x-api-key") {
-                headers[lower] = sv;
-            }
+        return normalized;
+    }
+    catch {
+        return null;
+    }
+}
+function buildSnapshotHeaders(headers, existingHeaders) {
+    const merged = { ...(existingHeaders ?? {}) };
+    for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(headers)) {
+        const lower = key.toLowerCase();
+        if (typeof value === "string" &&
+            SNAPSHOT_STABLE_HEADERS.has(lower) &&
+            !BLOCKED_UPSTREAM_HEADERS.has(lower) &&
+            lower !== "authorization" &&
+            lower !== "x-api-key" &&
+            lower !== "x-claude-code-session-id") {
+            merged[lower] = value;
         }
     }
+    return merged;
+}
+function extractSnapshotBody(body) {
+    if (!body || typeof body !== "object") {
+        return undefined;
+    }
+    const parsed = body;
+    const identity = parseClaudeCodeUserId(parsed.metadata?.user_id);
+    const systemBlocks = Array.isArray(parsed.system)
+        ? parsed.system
+        : typeof parsed.system === "string"
+            ? [{ type: "text", text: parsed.system }]
+            : [];
+    const billingHeader = systemBlocks.find((block) => typeof block?.text === "string" && block.text.includes("x-anthropic-billing-header"))?.text;
+    const agentBlock = systemBlocks.find((block) => typeof block?.text === "string" && block.text.includes("Claude Agent SDK"))?.text;
+    if (!identity && !billingHeader && !agentBlock) {
+        return undefined;
+    }
+    return {
+        ...(identity ? { metadataUserId: identity.metadataUserId } : {}),
+        ...(identity ? { sessionId: identity.sessionId } : {}),
+        ...(billingHeader ? { billingHeader } : {}),
+        ...(agentBlock ? { agentBlock } : {}),
+    };
+}
+function isLikelyClaudeClient(headers, snapshotBody) {
+    return (typeof headers["x-claude-code-session-id"] === "string" ||
+        headers["user-agent"]?.startsWith("claude-cli/") ||
+        !!snapshotBody?.metadataUserId ||
+        !!snapshotBody?.billingHeader ||
+        !!snapshotBody?.agentBlock);
+}
+function snapshotsMatch(existing, next) {
+    if (!existing) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    return (JSON.stringify(existing.headers ?? {}) === JSON.stringify(next.headers ?? {}) &&
+        JSON.stringify(existing.body ?? {}) === JSON.stringify(next.body ?? {}));
+}
+async function persistClaudeSnapshot(accountLabel, snapshot) {
+    const snapshotPath = getSnapshotPath(accountLabel);
+    const dirPath = join(homedir(), ".neurolink", "header-snapshots");
+    await mkdir(dirPath, { recursive: true });
+    const tmpPath = `${snapshotPath}.tmp`;
+    await writeFile(tmpPath, JSON.stringify(snapshot, null, 2), { mode: 0o600 });
+    await rename(tmpPath, snapshotPath);
+    snapshotCache.set(getSnapshotSafeLabel(accountLabel), {
+        snapshot,
+        loadedAt: Date.now(),
+    });
+}
+async function maybeRefreshClaudeSnapshot(accountLabel, accountKey, headers, bodyStr) {
+    const existing = await loadClaudeSnapshot(accountLabel);
+    let parsedBody;
+    try {
+        parsedBody = JSON.parse(bodyStr);
+    }
     catch {
-        // Snapshot missing or corrupt — continue without it
+        return existing;
+    }
+    const body = extractSnapshotBody(parsedBody);
+    if (!isLikelyClaudeClient(headers, body)) {
+        return existing;
+    }
+    const next = {
+        accountKey,
+        capturedAt: new Date().toISOString(),
+        source: "claude-code",
+        headers: buildSnapshotHeaders(headers, existing?.headers),
+        body: {
+            ...(existing?.body ?? {}),
+            ...(body ?? {}),
+            ...(typeof headers["x-claude-code-session-id"] === "string"
+                ? { sessionId: headers["x-claude-code-session-id"] }
+                : {}),
+        },
+    };
+    if (snapshotsMatch(existing, next)) {
+        return existing;
     }
+    await persistClaudeSnapshot(accountLabel, next);
+    return next;
 }
 /**
  * Polyfill the request body for OAuth accounts.
@@ -149,59 +264,74 @@ async function applyHeaderSnapshot(headers, accountLabel) {
  * into the body.  Non-CC clients (Curator, custom apps) don't send these —
  * Anthropic rejects without them.
  */
-function polyfillOAuthBody(bodyStr, accountToken) {
+function polyfillOAuthBody(bodyStr, accountToken, snapshot, preferredSessionId) {
     try {
         const parsed = JSON.parse(bodyStr);
         // Billing header block (required by Anthropic for OAuth)
-        const randomHex = Math.random().toString(16).substring(2, 5);
-        const billingBlock = {
-            type: "text",
-            text: `x-anthropic-billing-header: cc_version=2.1.86.${randomHex}; cc_entrypoint=cli; cch=proxy;`,
-        };
+        // NOTE: This block MUST be deterministic (no random values) to preserve
+        // Anthropic's prompt caching prefix chain. We keep the real Claude Code
+        // version/entrypoint shape when present, but stabilize the volatile cch.
         const agentBlock = {
             type: "text",
-            text: "You are a Claude agent, built on Anthropic's Claude Agent SDK.",
+            text: snapshot?.body?.agentBlock || "You are a Claude agent, built on Anthropic's Claude Agent SDK.",
         };
-        // Normalise system to array and prepend billing + agent
+        // Normalise system to array and APPEND billing + agent blocks.
+        // IMPORTANT: We append (not prepend) to preserve the client's cache
+        // prefix chain. Anthropic's prompt caching uses prefix matching — if we
+        // insert anything before the client's system blocks, we invalidate all
+        // cached content (tools, system prompt, message history).
+        //
+        // Claude Code sends a billing block with a `cch=<hash>` value that changes
+        // on every request. We fix this by:
+        //   1. Removing the client's billing block from its current position
+        //   2. Stabilizing it while keeping the official Claude Code shape
+        //   3. Appending it at the END so the cacheable system blocks stay
+        //      at the front of the prefix chain
         if (parsed.system) {
             if (typeof parsed.system === "string") {
                 parsed.system = [{ type: "text", text: parsed.system }];
             }
             if (Array.isArray(parsed.system)) {
-                const hasBilling = parsed.system.some((b) => typeof b.text === "string" &&
-                    b.text.includes("x-anthropic-billing-header"));
-                const hasAgent = parsed.system.some((b) => typeof b.text === "string" && b.text.includes("Claude Agent SDK"));
-                const toInsert = [];
-                if (!hasBilling) {
-                    toInsert.push(billingBlock);
-                }
-                if (!hasAgent) {
-                    toInsert.push(agentBlock);
-                }
-                if (toInsert.length > 0) {
-                    parsed.system = [...toInsert, ...parsed.system];
+                // Find and remove existing billing/agent blocks from wherever
+                // the client placed them (typically at system[0])
+                const billingIdx = parsed.system.findIndex((b) => typeof b.text === "string" && b.text.includes("x-anthropic-billing-header"));
+                const agentIdx = parsed.system.findIndex((b) => typeof b.text === "string" && b.text.includes("Claude Agent SDK"));
+                const billingBlock = {
+                    type: "text",
+                    text: buildStableClaudeCodeBillingHeader(parsed.system[billingIdx]?.text ?? snapshot?.body?.billingHeader),
+                };
+                // Remove in reverse index order so indices stay valid
+                const indicesToRemove = [billingIdx, agentIdx].filter((i) => i >= 0).sort((a, b) => b - a);
+                for (const idx of indicesToRemove) {
+                    parsed.system.splice(idx, 1);
                 }
+                // Always append a deterministic billing block at the end.
+                // If the client sent one, we stripped its dynamic cch= and use
+                // our stable version instead. If not, we add ours.
+                parsed.system = [...parsed.system, billingBlock, agentBlock];
             }
         }
         else {
-            parsed.system = [billingBlock, agentBlock];
-        }
-        // Inject metadata.user_id (required for OAuth)
-        if (!parsed.metadata?.user_id) {
-            const tokenPrefix = accountToken.substring(0, Math.min(20, accountToken.length));
-            const hash = Array.from(new TextEncoder().encode(tokenPrefix))
-                .reduce((a, b) => ((a << 5) - a + b) | 0, 0)
-                .toString(16)
-                .replace("-", "");
-            parsed.metadata = {
-                ...parsed.metadata,
-                user_id: `proxy-${hash}`,
+            const billingBlock = {
+                type: "text",
+                text: buildStableClaudeCodeBillingHeader(snapshot?.body?.billingHeader),
             };
+            parsed.system = [billingBlock, agentBlock];
         }
-        return JSON.stringify(parsed);
+        // Inject Claude-Code-shaped metadata.user_id (required for OAuth).
+        const tokenPrefix = accountToken.substring(0, Math.min(20, accountToken.length));
+        const identity = getOrCreateClaudeCodeIdentity(tokenPrefix, {
+            existingUserId: parsed.metadata?.user_id ?? snapshot?.body?.metadataUserId,
+            preferredSessionId: preferredSessionId ?? snapshot?.body?.sessionId,
+        });
+        parsed.metadata = {
+            ...parsed.metadata,
+            user_id: identity.metadataUserId,
+        };
+        return { bodyStr: JSON.stringify(parsed), sessionId: identity.sessionId };
     }
     catch {
-        return bodyStr; // JSON parse failed — use original body
+        return { bodyStr }; // JSON parse failed — use original body
     }
 }
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -269,7 +399,8 @@ async function tryLoadLegacyAccount(creds, legacyCredPath) {
  * @param basePath    - Base path prefix (default: "" since Claude API uses /v1/...).
  * @returns RouteGroup with Claude-compatible endpoints.
  */
-export function createClaudeProxyRoutes(modelRouter, basePath = "", accountStrategy = "fill-first") {
+// eslint-disable-next-line max-lines-per-function
+export function createClaudeProxyRoutes(modelRouter, basePath = "", accountStrategy = "fill-first", passthroughMode = false) {
     return {
         prefix: `${basePath}/v1`,
         routes: [
@@ -282,8 +413,7 @@ export function createClaudeProxyRoutes(modelRouter, basePath = "", accountStrat
                 handler: async (ctx) => {
                     const body = ctx.body;
                     // 1. Validate
-                    if (typeof body?.model !== "string" ||
-                        !Array.isArray(body?.messages)) {
+                    if (typeof body?.model !== "string" || !Array.isArray(body?.messages)) {
                         return buildClaudeError(400, "Missing required fields: model, messages");
                     }
                     // 2. Resolve model via router (or pass through to anthropic)
@@ -298,15 +428,476 @@ export function createClaudeProxyRoutes(modelRouter, basePath = "", accountStrat
                         provider: "anthropic",
                         model: body.model,
                     };
+                    const clientRequestBody = JSON.stringify(body);
+                    // ── OTel tracing ──────────────────────────────────────
+                    let tracer;
+                    try {
+                        tracer = ProxyTracer.startRequest({
+                            requestId: ctx.requestId,
+                            method: ctx.method,
+                            path: ctx.path,
+                            model: body.model,
+                            stream: body.stream ?? false,
+                            toolCount: Array.isArray(body.tools) ? body.tools.length : 0,
+                            sessionId: ctx.headers["x-neurolink-session-id"] ?? ctx.headers["x-claude-code-session-id"] ?? undefined,
+                            userAgent: ctx.headers["user-agent"] ?? undefined,
+                        }, ctx.headers);
+                        const receiveSpan = tracer.startReceive();
+                        tracer.logRequestHeaders(ctx.headers);
+                        tracer.logRequestBody(clientRequestBody);
+                        receiveSpan.end();
+                    }
+                    catch {
+                        // Graceful degradation — continue without tracing
+                        tracer = undefined;
+                    }
+                    const requestStartTime = Date.now();
+                    const logProxyBody = (capture) => {
+                        const traceCtx = tracer?.getTraceContext();
+                        void logBodyCapture({
+                            timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),
+                            requestId: ctx.requestId,
+                            model: body.model,
+                            stream: body.stream ?? false,
+                            ...capture,
+                            ...(traceCtx ? { traceId: traceCtx.traceId, spanId: traceCtx.spanId } : {}),
+                        });
+                    };
+                    const logFinalRequest = (status, accountLabel, accountType, errorType, errorMessage, extra) => {
+                        const traceCtx = tracer?.getTraceContext();
+                        logRequest({
+                            timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),
+                            requestId: ctx.requestId,
+                            method: ctx.method,
+                            path: ctx.path,
+                            model: body.model,
+                            stream: !!body.stream,
+                            toolCount: Array.isArray(body.tools) ? body.tools.length : 0,
+                            account: accountLabel,
+                            accountType,
+                            responseStatus: status,
+                            responseTimeMs: Date.now() - requestStartTime,
+                            ...(errorType ? { errorType } : {}),
+                            ...(errorMessage ? { errorMessage } : {}),
+                            ...(extra?.inputTokens !== undefined ? { inputTokens: extra.inputTokens } : {}),
+                            ...(extra?.outputTokens !== undefined ? { outputTokens: extra.outputTokens } : {}),
+                            ...(extra?.cacheCreationTokens !== undefined ? { cacheCreationTokens: extra.cacheCreationTokens } : {}),
+                            ...(extra?.cacheReadTokens !== undefined ? { cacheReadTokens: extra.cacheReadTokens } : {}),
+                            ...(traceCtx ? { traceId: traceCtx.traceId, spanId: traceCtx.spanId } : {}),
+                        });
+                    };
+                    logProxyBody({
+                        phase: "client_request",
+                        headers: ctx.headers,
+                        body: clientRequestBody,
+                        bodySize: Buffer.byteLength(clientRequestBody, "utf8"),
+                        contentType: ctx.headers["content-type"] ?? "application/json",
+                    });
+                    const buildLoggedClaudeError = (status, message, errorType, extra) => {
+                        const errorBody = buildClaudeError(status, message, errorType);
+                        const errorBodyText = JSON.stringify(errorBody);
+                        recordFinalError(status, extra?.account, extra?.accountType);
+                        logFinalRequest(status, extra?.account ?? "", extra?.accountType ?? "final", errorType, message);
+                        logProxyBody({
+                            phase: "client_response",
+                            headers: { "content-type": "application/json" },
+                            body: errorBodyText,
+                            bodySize: Buffer.byteLength(errorBodyText, "utf8"),
+                            contentType: "application/json",
+                            responseStatus: status,
+                            durationMs: Date.now() - requestStartTime,
+                            ...extra,
+                        });
+                        return errorBody;
+                    };
                     try {
                         // 3. Route based on target provider
                         if (route.provider === null) {
-                            return buildClaudeError(404, `Model '${body.model}' is not a Claude model. ` +
-                                `Use a model router to route it to another provider.`);
+                            tracer?.setError("not_found_error", `Model '${body.model}' is not a Claude model.`);
+                            tracer?.end(404, Date.now() - requestStartTime);
+                            return buildLoggedClaudeError(404, `Model '${body.model}' is not a Claude model. ` + `Use a model router to route it to another provider.`);
                         }
                         const isClaudeTarget = route.provider === "anthropic";
                         if (isClaudeTarget) {
-                            // ─── PASSTHROUGH MODE (Claude → Claude) ───────────────
+                            // --- PASSTHROUGH MODE (Claude -> Claude) -------------------
+                            tracer?.setMode("passthrough");
+                            // ── CLI --passthrough: raw transparent forwarding ──────
+                            if (passthroughMode) {
+                                tracer?.setMode("passthrough-cli");
+                                const bodyStr = clientRequestBody;
+                                const toolCount = Array.isArray(body.tools) ? body.tools.length : 0;
+                                // Forward client headers as-is, filtering blocked ones
+                                const upstreamHeaders = {};
+                                for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(ctx.headers)) {
+                                    if (!BLOCKED_UPSTREAM_HEADERS.has(key.toLowerCase()) && value) {
+                                        upstreamHeaders[key] = value;
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                // Ensure content-type is set
+                                if (!upstreamHeaders["content-type"]) {
+                                    upstreamHeaders["content-type"] = "application/json";
+                                }
+                                const upstreamSpan = tracer?.startUpstreamAttempt({
+                                    account: "passthrough",
+                                    attempt: 1,
+                                    polyfillHeaders: false,
+                                    polyfillBody: false,
+                                    upstreamUrl: "https://api.anthropic.com/v1/messages?beta=true",
+                                });
+                                tracer?.logUpstreamRequestHeaders(upstreamHeaders);
+                                tracer?.logUpstreamRequestBody(bodyStr);
+                                logProxyBody({
+                                    phase: "upstream_request",
+                                    headers: upstreamHeaders,
+                                    body: bodyStr,
+                                    bodySize: Buffer.byteLength(bodyStr, "utf8"),
+                                    contentType: upstreamHeaders["content-type"] ?? "application/json",
+                                    account: "passthrough",
+                                    accountType: "passthrough",
+                                    attempt: 1,
+                                });
+                                let response;
+                                try {
+                                    response = await fetch("https://api.anthropic.com/v1/messages?beta=true", {
+                                        method: "POST",
+                                        headers: upstreamHeaders,
+                                        body: bodyStr,
+                                        signal: AbortSignal.timeout(UPSTREAM_FETCH_TIMEOUT_MS),
+                                    });
+                                }
+                                catch (fetchErr) {
+                                    const errMsg = fetchErr instanceof Error ? fetchErr.message : String(fetchErr);
+                                    tracer?.setError("network_error", errMsg);
+                                    upstreamSpan?.end();
+                                    tracer?.end(502, Date.now() - requestStartTime);
+                                    logRequest({
+                                        timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),
+                                        requestId: ctx.requestId,
+                                        method: ctx.method,
+                                        path: ctx.path,
+                                        model: body.model,
+                                        stream: body.stream ?? false,
+                                        toolCount,
+                                        account: "passthrough",
+                                        accountType: "passthrough",
+                                        responseStatus: 502,
+                                        responseTimeMs: Date.now() - requestStartTime,
+                                        errorType: "network_error",
+                                        errorMessage: errMsg,
+                                    });
+                                    const errorBody = buildClaudeError(502, `Passthrough fetch failed: ${errMsg}`);
+                                    logProxyBody({
+                                        phase: "client_response",
+                                        headers: { "content-type": "application/json" },
+                                        body: JSON.stringify(errorBody),
+                                        bodySize: Buffer.byteLength(JSON.stringify(errorBody), "utf8"),
+                                        contentType: "application/json",
+                                        account: "passthrough",
+                                        accountType: "passthrough",
+                                        attempt: 1,
+                                        responseStatus: 502,
+                                        durationMs: Date.now() - requestStartTime,
+                                    });
+                                    return errorBody;
+                                }
+                                const upstreamResponseHeaders = {};
+                                response.headers.forEach((v, k) => {
+                                    upstreamResponseHeaders[k] = v;
+                                });
+                                tracer?.logUpstreamResponseHeaders(upstreamResponseHeaders);
+                                if (!response.ok) {
+                                    const errorText = await response.text();
+                                    tracer?.logUpstreamResponseBody(errorText);
+                                    logProxyBody({
+                                        phase: "upstream_response",
+                                        headers: upstreamResponseHeaders,
+                                        body: errorText,
+                                        bodySize: Buffer.byteLength(errorText, "utf8"),
+                                        contentType: upstreamResponseHeaders["content-type"] ?? "application/json",
+                                        account: "passthrough",
+                                        accountType: "passthrough",
+                                        attempt: 1,
+                                        responseStatus: response.status,
+                                        durationMs: Date.now() - requestStartTime,
+                                    });
+                                    logProxyBody({
+                                        phase: "client_response",
+                                        headers: upstreamResponseHeaders,
+                                        body: errorText,
+                                        bodySize: Buffer.byteLength(errorText, "utf8"),
+                                        contentType: upstreamResponseHeaders["content-type"] ?? "application/json",
+                                        account: "passthrough",
+                                        accountType: "passthrough",
+                                        attempt: 1,
+                                        responseStatus: response.status,
+                                        durationMs: Date.now() - requestStartTime,
+                                    });
+                                    upstreamSpan?.end();
+                                    tracer?.setError("api_error", errorText.slice(0, 500));
+                                    tracer?.end(response.status, Date.now() - requestStartTime);
+                                    try {
+                                        return JSON.parse(errorText);
+                                    }
+                                    catch {
+                                        return buildClaudeError(response.status, errorText);
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                // Streaming response
+                                if (body.stream && response.body) {
+                                    const responseHeaders = { ...upstreamResponseHeaders };
+                                    const { stream: clientCaptureStream, capture: clientCapture } = createRawStreamCapture();
+                                    let streamSource = response.body;
+                                    if (tracer) {
+                                        try {
+                                            const { stream: interceptor, telemetry } = createSSEInterceptor({ captureRawText: true });
+                                            streamSource = streamSource.pipeThrough(interceptor);
+                                            const capturedTracer = tracer;
+                                            const capturedUpstreamSpan = upstreamSpan;
+                                            const capturedResponse = response;
+                                            const capturedRequestBytes = bodyStr.length;
+                                            Promise.all([telemetry, clientCapture])
+                                                .then(([data, clientBody]) => {
+                                                capturedTracer.setUsage({
+                                                    inputTokens: data.usage.inputTokens,
+                                                    outputTokens: data.usage.outputTokens,
+                                                    cacheCreationTokens: data.usage.cacheCreationInputTokens,
+                                                    cacheReadTokens: data.usage.cacheReadInputTokens,
+                                                });
+                                                capturedTracer.logStreamEvents(data.events);
+                                                const rateLimit5h = parseFloat(capturedResponse.headers.get("anthropic-ratelimit-unified-5h-utilization") ?? "");
+                                                const rateLimit7d = parseFloat(capturedResponse.headers.get("anthropic-ratelimit-unified-7d-utilization") ?? "");
+                                                const usageUpdate = {
+                                                    inputTokens: data.usage.inputTokens,
+                                                    outputTokens: data.usage.outputTokens,
+                                                    cacheCreationTokens: data.usage.cacheCreationInputTokens,
+                                                    cacheReadTokens: data.usage.cacheReadInputTokens,
+                                                };
+                                                if (!isNaN(rateLimit5h)) {
+                                                    usageUpdate.rateLimitAfter5h = rateLimit5h;
+                                                }
+                                                if (!isNaN(rateLimit7d)) {
+                                                    usageUpdate.rateLimitAfter7d = rateLimit7d;
+                                                }
+                                                if (!isNaN(rateLimit5h) || !isNaN(rateLimit7d)) {
+                                                    capturedTracer.setUsage(usageUpdate);
+                                                }
+                                                capturedTracer.logUpstreamResponseBody(data.rawText ?? "");
+                                                capturedTracer.recordMetrics();
+                                                capturedTracer.recordBodySizes(capturedRequestBytes, data.totalBytesReceived);
+                                                capturedUpstreamSpan?.end();
+                                                capturedTracer.end(200, Date.now() - requestStartTime);
+                                                const traceCtx = capturedTracer.getTraceContext();
+                                                logRequest({
+                                                    timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),
+                                                    requestId: ctx.requestId,
+                                                    method: ctx.method,
+                                                    path: ctx.path,
+                                                    model: body.model,
+                                                    stream: true,
+                                                    toolCount,
+                                                    account: "passthrough",
+                                                    accountType: "passthrough",
+                                                    responseStatus: 200,
+                                                    responseTimeMs: Date.now() - requestStartTime,
+                                                    inputTokens: data.usage.inputTokens,
+                                                    outputTokens: data.usage.outputTokens,
+                                                    cacheCreationTokens: data.usage.cacheCreationInputTokens,
+                                                    cacheReadTokens: data.usage.cacheReadInputTokens,
+                                                    traceId: traceCtx.traceId,
+                                                    spanId: traceCtx.spanId,
+                                                });
+                                                logProxyBody({
+                                                    phase: "upstream_response",
+                                                    headers: responseHeaders,
+                                                    body: data.rawText ?? "",
+                                                    bodySize: data.totalBytesReceived,
+                                                    contentType: responseHeaders["content-type"] ?? "text/event-stream",
+                                                    account: "passthrough",
+                                                    accountType: "passthrough",
+                                                    attempt: 1,
+                                                    responseStatus: 200,
+                                                    durationMs: Date.now() - requestStartTime,
+                                                });
+                                                logProxyBody({
+                                                    phase: "client_response",
+                                                    headers: responseHeaders,
+                                                    body: clientBody.text,
+                                                    bodySize: clientBody.totalBytes,
+                                                    contentType: responseHeaders["content-type"] ?? "text/event-stream",
+                                                    account: "passthrough",
+                                                    accountType: "passthrough",
+                                                    attempt: 1,
+                                                    responseStatus: 200,
+                                                    durationMs: Date.now() - requestStartTime,
+                                                });
+                                            })
+                                                .catch((err) => {
+                                                capturedTracer.setError("stream_error", err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err));
+                                                capturedUpstreamSpan?.end();
+                                                capturedTracer.end(500, Date.now() - requestStartTime);
+                                                const traceCtx = capturedTracer.getTraceContext();
+                                                logRequest({
+                                                    timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),
+                                                    requestId: ctx.requestId,
+                                                    method: ctx.method,
+                                                    path: ctx.path,
+                                                    model: body.model,
+                                                    stream: true,
+                                                    toolCount,
+                                                    account: "passthrough",
+                                                    accountType: "passthrough",
+                                                    responseStatus: 500,
+                                                    responseTimeMs: Date.now() - requestStartTime,
+                                                    errorType: "stream_error",
+                                                    errorMessage: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+                                                    traceId: traceCtx.traceId,
+                                                    spanId: traceCtx.spanId,
+                                                });
+                                            });
+                                        }
+                                        catch {
+                                            // Streaming capture is best-effort; request completion is handled elsewhere.
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                    else {
+                                        clientCapture
+                                            .then((clientBody) => {
+                                            logProxyBody({
+                                                phase: "upstream_response",
+                                                headers: responseHeaders,
+                                                body: clientBody.text,
+                                                bodySize: clientBody.totalBytes,
+                                                contentType: responseHeaders["content-type"] ?? "text/event-stream",
+                                                account: "passthrough",
+                                                accountType: "passthrough",
+                                                attempt: 1,
+                                                responseStatus: 200,
+                                                durationMs: Date.now() - requestStartTime,
+                                            });
+                                            logProxyBody({
+                                                phase: "client_response",
+                                                headers: responseHeaders,
+                                                body: clientBody.text,
+                                                bodySize: clientBody.totalBytes,
+                                                contentType: responseHeaders["content-type"] ?? "text/event-stream",
+                                                account: "passthrough",
+                                                accountType: "passthrough",
+                                                attempt: 1,
+                                                responseStatus: 200,
+                                                durationMs: Date.now() - requestStartTime,
+                                            });
+                                        })
+                                            .catch(() => {
+                                            // Non-fatal
+                                        });
+                                    }
+                                    const clientStream = streamSource.pipeThrough(clientCaptureStream);
+                                    return new Response(clientStream, {
+                                        status: response.status,
+                                        headers: responseHeaders,
+                                    });
+                                }
+                                // Non-streaming response
+                                const responseText = await response.text();
+                                tracer?.logUpstreamResponseBody(responseText);
+                                logProxyBody({
+                                    phase: "upstream_response",
+                                    headers: upstreamResponseHeaders,
+                                    body: responseText,
+                                    bodySize: Buffer.byteLength(responseText, "utf8"),
+                                    contentType: upstreamResponseHeaders["content-type"] ?? "application/json",
+                                    account: "passthrough",
+                                    accountType: "passthrough",
+                                    attempt: 1,
+                                    responseStatus: response.status,
+                                    durationMs: Date.now() - requestStartTime,
+                                });
+                                logProxyBody({
+                                    phase: "client_response",
+                                    headers: upstreamResponseHeaders,
+                                    body: responseText,
+                                    bodySize: Buffer.byteLength(responseText, "utf8"),
+                                    contentType: upstreamResponseHeaders["content-type"] ?? "application/json",
+                                    account: "passthrough",
+                                    accountType: "passthrough",
+                                    attempt: 1,
+                                    responseStatus: response.status,
+                                    durationMs: Date.now() - requestStartTime,
+                                });
+                                const responseJson = JSON.parse(responseText);
+                                if (tracer && responseJson && typeof responseJson === "object") {
+                                    const usage = responseJson.usage;
+                                    if (usage) {
+                                        tracer.setUsage({
+                                            inputTokens: usage.input_tokens ?? 0,
+                                            outputTokens: usage.output_tokens ?? 0,
+                                            cacheCreationTokens: usage.cache_creation_input_tokens ?? 0,
+                                            cacheReadTokens: usage.cache_read_input_tokens ?? 0,
+                                        });
+                                        const rateLimit5h = parseFloat(response.headers.get("anthropic-ratelimit-unified-5h-utilization") ?? "");
+                                        const rateLimit7d = parseFloat(response.headers.get("anthropic-ratelimit-unified-7d-utilization") ?? "");
+                                        if (!isNaN(rateLimit5h) || !isNaN(rateLimit7d)) {
+                                            const usageWithRates = {
+                                                inputTokens: usage.input_tokens ?? 0,
+                                                outputTokens: usage.output_tokens ?? 0,
+                                                cacheCreationTokens: usage.cache_creation_input_tokens ?? 0,
+                                                cacheReadTokens: usage.cache_read_input_tokens ?? 0,
+                                            };
+                                            if (!isNaN(rateLimit5h)) {
+                                                usageWithRates.rateLimitAfter5h = rateLimit5h;
+                                            }
+                                            if (!isNaN(rateLimit7d)) {
+                                                usageWithRates.rateLimitAfter7d = rateLimit7d;
+                                            }
+                                            tracer.setUsage(usageWithRates);
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                    tracer.recordMetrics();
+                                    const responseJsonStr = JSON.stringify(responseJson);
+                                    tracer.recordBodySizes(bodyStr.length, responseJsonStr.length);
+                                    upstreamSpan?.end();
+                                    tracer.end(response.status, Date.now() - requestStartTime);
+                                    const traceCtx = tracer.getTraceContext();
+                                    logRequest({
+                                        timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),
+                                        requestId: ctx.requestId,
+                                        method: ctx.method,
+                                        path: ctx.path,
+                                        model: body.model,
+                                        stream: false,
+                                        toolCount,
+                                        account: "passthrough",
+                                        accountType: "passthrough",
+                                        responseStatus: response.status,
+                                        responseTimeMs: Date.now() - requestStartTime,
+                                        inputTokens: usage?.input_tokens,
+                                        outputTokens: usage?.output_tokens,
+                                        cacheCreationTokens: usage?.cache_creation_input_tokens,
+                                        cacheReadTokens: usage?.cache_read_input_tokens,
+                                        traceId: traceCtx.traceId,
+                                        spanId: traceCtx.spanId,
+                                    });
+                                }
+                                else {
+                                    upstreamSpan?.end();
+                                    tracer?.end(response.status, Date.now() - requestStartTime);
+                                    logRequest({
+                                        timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),
+                                        requestId: ctx.requestId,
+                                        method: ctx.method,
+                                        path: ctx.path,
+                                        model: body.model,
+                                        stream: false,
+                                        toolCount,
+                                        account: "passthrough",
+                                        accountType: "passthrough",
+                                        responseStatus: response.status,
+                                        responseTimeMs: Date.now() - requestStartTime,
+                                    });
+                                }
+                                return responseJson;
+                            }
+                            // ── END CLI --passthrough ─────────────────────────────
                             const fs = await import("fs");
                             const os = await import("os");
                             const accounts = [];
@@ -330,8 +921,7 @@ export function createClaudeProxyRoutes(modelRouter, basePath = "", accountStrat
                                     // On cold start, lastToken is empty — don't treat that as a
                                     // credential change; only compare on subsequent reloads.
                                     const tokens = await tokenStore.loadTokens(key);
-                                    const hasTrackedTokens = existingState.lastToken !== undefined &&
-                                        existingState.lastToken !== "";
+                                    const hasTrackedTokens = existingState.lastToken !== undefined && existingState.lastToken !== "";
                                     const tokenChanged = tokens &&
                                         hasTrackedTokens &&
                                         (existingState.lastToken !== tokens.accessToken ||
@@ -436,13 +1026,14 @@ export function createClaudeProxyRoutes(modelRouter, basePath = "", accountStrat
                                 });
                             }
                             if (accounts.length === 0) {
-                                return buildClaudeError(401, "No Anthropic credentials found");
+                                tracer?.setError("authentication_error", "No Anthropic credentials found");
+                                tracer?.end(401, Date.now() - requestStartTime);
+                                return buildLoggedClaudeError(401, "No Anthropic credentials found");
                             }
                             // Sync in-memory runtime state with current token material.
                             for (const account of accounts) {
                                 const state = getOrCreateRuntimeState(account.key);
-                                const tokenChanged = state.lastToken !== account.token ||
-                                    state.lastRefreshToken !== account.refreshToken;
+                                const tokenChanged = state.lastToken !== account.token || state.lastRefreshToken !== account.refreshToken;
                                 if (tokenChanged) {
                                     if (state.permanentlyDisabled) {
                                         logger.always(`[proxy] account=${account.label} credentials changed, re-enabling`);
@@ -456,11 +1047,13 @@ export function createClaudeProxyRoutes(modelRouter, basePath = "", accountStrat
                                 state.lastRefreshToken = account.refreshToken;
                             }
                             const enabledAccounts = accounts.filter((account) => {
-                                return !getOrCreateRuntimeState(account.key)
-                                    .permanentlyDisabled;
+                                return !getOrCreateRuntimeState(account.key).permanentlyDisabled;
                             });
                             if (enabledAccounts.length === 0) {
-                                return buildClaudeError(401, formatReauthMessage(accounts.map((account) => account.label)));
+                                const reauthMsg = formatReauthMessage(accounts.map((account) => account.label));
+                                tracer?.setError("authentication_error", reauthMsg);
+                                tracer?.end(401, Date.now() - requestStartTime);
+                                return buildLoggedClaudeError(401, reauthMsg);
                             }
                             // Order accounts based on the configured strategy.
                             // - fill-first: always start with the primary account;
@@ -472,8 +1065,7 @@ export function createClaudeProxyRoutes(modelRouter, basePath = "", accountStrat
                             // (e.g. a new account was authenticated while the proxy was running).
                             // Only applies to round-robin; fill-first uses primaryAccountIndex
                             // as a sticky primary and should not be disrupted.
-                            if (accountStrategy === "round-robin" &&
-                                orderedAccounts.length !== lastKnownAccountCount) {
+                            if (accountStrategy === "round-robin" && orderedAccounts.length !== lastKnownAccountCount) {
                                 primaryAccountIndex = 0;
                                 lastKnownAccountCount = orderedAccounts.length;
                             }
@@ -481,8 +1073,7 @@ export function createClaudeProxyRoutes(modelRouter, basePath = "", accountStrat
                                 if (accountStrategy === "round-robin") {
                                     // Advance the index on every request for even distribution
                                     const idx = primaryAccountIndex % orderedAccounts.length;
-                                    primaryAccountIndex =
-                                        (primaryAccountIndex + 1) % orderedAccounts.length;
+                                    primaryAccountIndex = (primaryAccountIndex + 1) % orderedAccounts.length;
                                     if (idx > 0) {
                                         const head = orderedAccounts.splice(0, idx);
                                         orderedAccounts.push(...head);
@@ -501,24 +1092,30 @@ export function createClaudeProxyRoutes(modelRouter, basePath = "", accountStrat
                             let sawRateLimit = false;
                             let sawNetworkError = false;
                             let sawTransientFailure = false;
+                            let invalidRequestFailure = null;
                             let authFailureMessage = null;
-                            const bodyStr = JSON.stringify(body);
+                            const normalizedAnthropicBody = normalizeClaudeRequestForAnthropic(body);
+                            const bodyStr = JSON.stringify(normalizedAnthropicBody);
                             const requestStart = Date.now();
-                            const toolCount = Array.isArray(body.tools)
-                                ? body.tools.length
-                                : 0;
+                            const toolCount = Array.isArray(body.tools) ? body.tools.length : 0;
                             const url = "https://api.anthropic.com/v1/messages?beta=true";
                             const clientHeaders = ctx.headers ?? {};
+                            const clientSnapshotBody = extractSnapshotBody(body);
+                            const isClaudeClientRequest = isLikelyClaudeClient(clientHeaders, clientSnapshotBody);
+                            let attemptNumber = 0;
+                            // OTel: account selection span (covers the whole selection phase)
+                            const acctSelectionSpan = tracer?.startAccountSelection();
                             for (const account of orderedAccounts) {
                                 const accountState = getOrCreateRuntimeState(account.key);
-                                if (accountState.coolingUntil &&
-                                    accountState.coolingUntil > Date.now()) {
+                                if (accountState.coolingUntil && accountState.coolingUntil > Date.now()) {
                                     continue;
                                 }
-                                const logAttempt = (status, errorType, errorMessage) => {
-                                    logRequest({
+                                const logAttempt = (status, errorType, errorMessage, extra) => {
+                                    const traceCtx = tracer?.getTraceContext();
+                                    logRequestAttempt({
                                         timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),
                                         requestId: ctx.requestId,
+                                        attempt: attemptNumber,
                                         method: ctx.method,
                                         path: ctx.path,
                                         model: body.model,
@@ -530,8 +1127,31 @@ export function createClaudeProxyRoutes(modelRouter, basePath = "", accountStrat
                                         responseTimeMs: Date.now() - requestStart,
                                         ...(errorType ? { errorType } : {}),
                                         ...(errorMessage ? { errorMessage } : {}),
+                                        ...(extra?.inputTokens !== undefined ? { inputTokens: extra.inputTokens } : {}),
+                                        ...(extra?.outputTokens !== undefined ? { outputTokens: extra.outputTokens } : {}),
+                                        ...(extra?.cacheCreationTokens !== undefined
+                                            ? { cacheCreationTokens: extra.cacheCreationTokens }
+                                            : {}),
+                                        ...(extra?.cacheReadTokens !== undefined ? { cacheReadTokens: extra.cacheReadTokens } : {}),
+                                        ...(traceCtx ? { traceId: traceCtx.traceId, spanId: traceCtx.spanId } : {}),
                                     });
                                 };
+                                // OTel: record account selection and start upstream attempt span
+                                attemptNumber++;
+                                if (tracer) {
+                                    // End the selection span on first actual attempt
+                                    if (attemptNumber === 1 && acctSelectionSpan) {
+                                        tracer.setAccountSelection({
+                                            strategy: accountStrategy,
+                                            accountsTotal: accounts.length,
+                                            accountsHealthy: enabledAccounts.length,
+                                            selectedAccount: account.label,
+                                            accountType: account.type,
+                                        });
+                                        acctSelectionSpan.end();
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                let upstreamSpan;
                                 // Auto-refresh expiring access tokens once before making the request.
                                 if (needsRefresh(account)) {
                                     const refreshed = await refreshToken(account);
@@ -545,8 +1165,7 @@ export function createClaudeProxyRoutes(modelRouter, basePath = "", accountStrat
                                         accountState.consecutiveRefreshFailures += 1;
                                         lastError = `token refresh failed for account=${account.label}: ${refreshed.error?.slice(0, 200) ?? "unknown"}`;
                                         logger.debug(`[proxy] preflight refresh failed account=${account.label} failures=${accountState.consecutiveRefreshFailures}`);
-                                        if (accountState.consecutiveRefreshFailures >=
-                                            MAX_CONSECUTIVE_REFRESH_FAILURES) {
+                                        if (accountState.consecutiveRefreshFailures >= MAX_CONSECUTIVE_REFRESH_FAILURES) {
                                             await disableAccountUntilReauth(account, accountState);
                                             authFailureMessage = formatReauthMessage(account.label);
                                             logAttempt(401, "authentication_error", String(lastError));
@@ -555,6 +1174,9 @@ export function createClaudeProxyRoutes(modelRouter, basePath = "", accountStrat
                                     }
                                 }
                                 const isOAuth = account.type === "oauth";
+                                const snapshot = isOAuth
+                                    ? await maybeRefreshClaudeSnapshot(account.label, account.key, clientHeaders, bodyStr)
+                                    : null;
                                 // Decision 6: Passthrough client headers, fill gaps only.
                                 // Start with a copy of incoming client headers, then set
                                 // defaults for anything the client didn't send. Always
@@ -562,8 +1184,7 @@ export function createClaudeProxyRoutes(modelRouter, basePath = "", accountStrat
                                 const headers = {};
                                 for (const [hk, hv] of Object.entries(clientHeaders)) {
                                     const lower = hk.toLowerCase();
-                                    if (typeof hv === "string" &&
-                                        !BLOCKED_UPSTREAM_HEADERS.has(lower)) {
+                                    if (typeof hv === "string" && !BLOCKED_UPSTREAM_HEADERS.has(lower)) {
                                         headers[lower] = hv;
                                     }
                                 }
@@ -579,11 +1200,11 @@ export function createClaudeProxyRoutes(modelRouter, basePath = "", accountStrat
                                 }
                                 // Apply header snapshot defaults for OAuth accounts
                                 if (isOAuth) {
-                                    await applyHeaderSnapshot(headers, account.label);
+                                    applySnapshotHeaders(headers, snapshot);
                                 }
                                 // Hard defaults for anything still missing
                                 if (!headers["user-agent"]) {
-                                    headers["user-agent"] = "claude-cli/2.1.86 (external, cli)";
+                                    headers["user-agent"] = CLAUDE_CLI_USER_AGENT;
                                 }
                                 if (!headers["anthropic-version"]) {
                                     headers["anthropic-version"] = "2023-06-01";
@@ -591,15 +1212,25 @@ export function createClaudeProxyRoutes(modelRouter, basePath = "", accountStrat
                                 if (!headers["anthropic-dangerous-direct-browser-access"]) {
                                     headers["anthropic-dangerous-direct-browser-access"] = "true";
                                 }
+                                if (!headers["x-app"]) {
+                                    headers["x-app"] = "cli";
+                                }
+                                if (!headers["accept"]) {
+                                    headers["accept"] = "application/json";
+                                }
                                 // Manage anthropic-beta header based on auth type.
                                 // OAuth requires specific betas; API-key must NOT carry them.
                                 if (isOAuth) {
-                                    const existing = new Set((headers["anthropic-beta"] ?? "")
+                                    const betaSeed = isClaudeClientRequest
+                                        ? (headers["anthropic-beta"] ?? "")
+                                        : (clientHeaders["anthropic-beta"] ?? "");
+                                    const existing = new Set(betaSeed
                                         .split(",")
                                         .map((s) => s.trim())
                                         .filter(Boolean));
-                                    existing.add("oauth-2025-04-20");
-                                    existing.add("claude-code-20250219");
+                                    for (const beta of isClaudeClientRequest ? CLAUDE_CODE_OAUTH_BETAS : NON_CLAUDE_OAUTH_BETAS) {
+                                        existing.add(beta);
+                                    }
                                     headers["anthropic-beta"] = [...existing].join(",");
                                 }
                                 else {
@@ -607,7 +1238,7 @@ export function createClaudeProxyRoutes(modelRouter, basePath = "", accountStrat
                                     const cleaned = (headers["anthropic-beta"] ?? "")
                                         .split(",")
                                         .map((s) => s.trim())
-                                        .filter((s) => s && s !== "oauth-2025-04-20")
+                                        .filter((s) => s && !CLAUDE_CODE_OAUTH_BETAS.includes(s))
                                         .join(",");
                                     if (cleaned) {
                                         headers["anthropic-beta"] = cleaned;
@@ -616,13 +1247,46 @@ export function createClaudeProxyRoutes(modelRouter, basePath = "", accountStrat
                                         delete headers["anthropic-beta"];
                                     }
                                 }
-                                // Polyfill request body for OAuth accounts
-                                const buildUpstreamBody = () => isOAuth ? polyfillOAuthBody(bodyStr, account.token) : bodyStr;
-                                const finalBodyStr = buildUpstreamBody();
+                                // Polyfill request body for ALL OAuth accounts.
+                                // Anthropic requires metadata.user_id and billing headers
+                                // for OAuth — not just Claude Code clients.
+                                const shouldPolyfillBody = isOAuth;
+                                const buildUpstreamBody = (token) => shouldPolyfillBody
+                                    ? polyfillOAuthBody(bodyStr, token, snapshot, headers["x-claude-code-session-id"])
+                                    : { bodyStr };
+                                const polyfilledBody = buildUpstreamBody(account.token);
+                                if (isOAuth && polyfilledBody.sessionId && !headers["x-claude-code-session-id"]) {
+                                    headers["x-claude-code-session-id"] = polyfilledBody.sessionId;
+                                }
+                                const finalBodyStr = polyfilledBody.bodyStr;
                                 logger.always(`[proxy] → account=${account.label} (${account.type})`);
-                                recordRequest(account.label, account.type);
+                                recordAttempt(account.label, account.type);
                                 // Log full request for debugging (written to ~/.neurolink/logs/proxy-debug-*.jsonl)
                                 const fetchStartMs = Date.now();
+                                // OTel: start upstream attempt span and inject trace headers
+                                if (tracer) {
+                                    upstreamSpan = tracer.startUpstreamAttempt({
+                                        attempt: attemptNumber,
+                                        account: account.label,
+                                        polyfillHeaders: isOAuth,
+                                        polyfillBody: isOAuth,
+                                        upstreamUrl: url,
+                                    });
+                                    tracer.logUpstreamRequestHeaders(headers);
+                                    tracer.logUpstreamRequestBody(finalBodyStr);
+                                    const traceHeaders = tracer.getTraceHeaders();
+                                    Object.assign(headers, traceHeaders);
+                                }
+                                logProxyBody({
+                                    phase: "upstream_request",
+                                    headers,
+                                    body: finalBodyStr,
+                                    bodySize: Buffer.byteLength(finalBodyStr, "utf8"),
+                                    contentType: headers["content-type"] ?? "application/json",
+                                    account: account.label,
+                                    accountType: account.type,
+                                    attempt: attemptNumber,
+                                });
                                 let response;
                                 try {
                                     response = await fetch(url, {
@@ -638,14 +1302,16 @@ export function createClaudeProxyRoutes(modelRouter, basePath = "", accountStrat
                                     }
                                     // Decision 8: Network errors — immediate rotation, no cooldown
                                     sawNetworkError = true;
-                                    recordError(account.label, account.type, 502);
+                                    recordAttemptError(account.label, account.type, 502);
                                     const errorCode = getErrorCode(fetchErr) ?? "unknown";
-                                    const errorMessage = fetchErr instanceof Error
-                                        ? fetchErr.message
-                                        : String(fetchErr);
+                                    const errorMessage = fetchErr instanceof Error ? fetchErr.message : String(fetchErr);
                                     lastError = errorMessage;
                                     logger.always(`[proxy] fetch error account=${account.label} code=${errorCode} (rotating): ${errorMessage}`);
                                     logAttempt(502, "network_error", errorMessage);
+                                    tracer?.setError("network_error", errorMessage);
+                                    tracer?.recordRetry(account.label, "network_error");
+                                    upstreamSpan?.end();
+                                    upstreamSpan = undefined;
                                     continue;
                                 }
                                 // Check 429 (with Retry-After + exponential backoff) → continue.
@@ -660,7 +1326,6 @@ export function createClaudeProxyRoutes(modelRouter, basePath = "", accountStrat
                                         }
                                         else {
                                             const date = new Date(retryAfter);
-                                            // eslint-disable-next-line max-depth
                                             if (!Number.isNaN(date.getTime())) {
                                                 cooldownMs = Math.max(date.getTime() - Date.now(), 1000);
                                             }
@@ -668,22 +1333,24 @@ export function createClaudeProxyRoutes(modelRouter, basePath = "", accountStrat
                                     }
                                     const level = accountState.backoffLevel;
                                     const baseCooldown = cooldownMs > 0 ? cooldownMs : RATE_LIMIT_BACKOFF_BASE_MS;
-                                    const backoffMs = Math.min(baseCooldown * Math.pow(2, level), RATE_LIMIT_BACKOFF_CAP_MS);
+                                    const backoffMs = Math.min(baseCooldown * 2 ** level, RATE_LIMIT_BACKOFF_CAP_MS);
                                     accountState.coolingUntil = Date.now() + backoffMs;
                                     accountState.backoffLevel += 1;
                                     advancePrimaryIfCurrent(account.key, enabledAccounts.length, orderedAccounts[0]?.key);
-                                    recordError(account.label, account.type, 429);
+                                    recordAttemptError(account.label, account.type, 429);
                                     recordCooldown(account.label, account.type, accountState.coolingUntil, accountState.backoffLevel);
                                     lastError = await response.text();
                                     logger.always(`[proxy] ← 429 account=${account.label} backoff-level=${accountState.backoffLevel} cooldown=${Math.round(backoffMs / 1000)}s`);
                                     logAttempt(429, "rate_limit_error", String(lastError));
+                                    tracer?.setError("rate_limit_error", String(lastError).slice(0, 500));
+                                    tracer?.recordRetry(account.label, "rate_limit");
+                                    upstreamSpan?.end();
+                                    upstreamSpan = undefined;
                                     continue;
                                 }
                                 // On 401 for refreshable OAuth: refresh token and retry before failing over.
-                                if (response.status === 401 &&
-                                    account.type === "oauth" &&
-                                    account.refreshToken) {
-                                    recordError(account.label, account.type, 401);
+                                if (response.status === 401 && account.type === "oauth" && account.refreshToken) {
+                                    recordAttemptError(account.label, account.type, 401);
                                     let authRetrySucceeded = false;
                                     let authRetryError = "received 401 from Anthropic";
                                     for (let authRetry = 0; authRetry < MAX_AUTH_RETRIES; authRetry++) {
@@ -694,14 +1361,11 @@ export function createClaudeProxyRoutes(modelRouter, basePath = "", accountStrat
                                             authRetryError = `refresh failed for account=${account.label} attempt ${authRetry + 1}/${MAX_AUTH_RETRIES}: ${refreshSucceeded.error?.slice(0, 200) ?? "unknown"}`;
                                             lastError = authRetryError;
                                             logger.always(`[proxy] ⚠ account=${account.label} refresh failed on attempt ${authRetry + 1}`);
-                                            // eslint-disable-next-line max-depth
-                                            if (accountState.consecutiveRefreshFailures >=
-                                                MAX_CONSECUTIVE_REFRESH_FAILURES) {
+                                            if (accountState.consecutiveRefreshFailures >= MAX_CONSECUTIVE_REFRESH_FAILURES) {
                                                 await disableAccountUntilReauth(account, accountState);
                                                 authFailureMessage = formatReauthMessage(account.label);
                                                 break;
                                             }
-                                            // eslint-disable-next-line max-depth
                                             if (authRetry < MAX_AUTH_RETRIES - 1) {
                                                 await sleep(2000);
                                             }
@@ -715,27 +1379,24 @@ export function createClaudeProxyRoutes(modelRouter, basePath = "", accountStrat
                                             const retryResp = await fetch(url, {
                                                 method: "POST",
                                                 headers,
-                                                body: buildUpstreamBody(),
+                                                body: buildUpstreamBody(account.token).bodyStr,
                                                 signal: AbortSignal.timeout(UPSTREAM_FETCH_TIMEOUT_MS),
                                             });
-                                            // eslint-disable-next-line max-depth
                                             if (retryResp.ok) {
                                                 authRetrySucceeded = true;
                                                 accountState.consecutiveRefreshFailures = 0;
                                                 accountState.backoffLevel = 0;
                                                 accountState.coolingUntil = undefined;
                                                 logger.always(`[proxy] ← 200 account=${account.label} (after ${authRetry + 1} refresh(es))`);
-                                                recordSuccess(account.label, account.type);
-                                                logAttempt(retryResp.status);
+                                                // Final success is recorded only once the response path
+                                                // that reaches the client is fully determined.
                                                 // Capture quota headers after successful auth-retry
                                                 {
                                                     const retryQuota = parseQuotaHeaders(retryResp.headers);
-                                                    // eslint-disable-next-line max-depth
                                                     if (retryQuota) {
                                                         saveAccountQuota(account.label, retryQuota).catch(() => { });
                                                     }
                                                 }
-                                                // eslint-disable-next-line max-depth
                                                 if (body.stream && retryResp.body) {
                                                     const retryReader = retryResp.body.getReader();
                                                     let retryStreamClosed = false;
@@ -757,9 +1418,7 @@ export function createClaudeProxyRoutes(modelRouter, basePath = "", accountStrat
                                                                 controller.enqueue(value);
                                                             }
                                                             catch (streamErr) {
-                                                                const errMsg = streamErr instanceof Error
-                                                                    ? streamErr.message
-                                                                    : String(streamErr);
+                                                                const errMsg = streamErr instanceof Error ? streamErr.message : String(streamErr);
                                                                 logger.always(`[proxy] mid-stream error (auth-retry) account=${account.label}: ${errMsg}`);
                                                                 logStreamError({
                                                                     timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),
@@ -782,12 +1441,57 @@ export function createClaudeProxyRoutes(modelRouter, basePath = "", accountStrat
                                                             retryReader.cancel();
                                                         },
                                                     });
+                                                    // OTel: pipe auth-retry stream through SSE interceptor
+                                                    let retryClientStream = retryStream;
+                                                    if (tracer) {
+                                                        try {
+                                                            const { stream: retryInterceptor, telemetry: retryTelemetry } = createSSEInterceptor();
+                                                            retryClientStream = retryStream.pipeThrough(retryInterceptor);
+                                                            const capturedTracer2 = tracer;
+                                                            const capturedUpstreamSpan2 = upstreamSpan;
+                                                            const capturedRetryResp = retryResp;
+                                                            const capturedRetryRequestBytes = finalBodyStr.length;
+                                                            const capturedAccountLabel2 = account.label;
+                                                            retryTelemetry
+                                                                .then((data) => {
+                                                                capturedTracer2.setUsage({
+                                                                    inputTokens: data.usage.inputTokens,
+                                                                    outputTokens: data.usage.outputTokens,
+                                                                    cacheCreationTokens: data.usage.cacheCreationInputTokens,
+                                                                    cacheReadTokens: data.usage.cacheReadInputTokens,
+                                                                });
+                                                                capturedTracer2.logStreamEvents(data.events);
+                                                                capturedTracer2.logUpstreamResponseHeaders(Object.fromEntries([...capturedRetryResp.headers.entries()]));
+                                                                capturedTracer2.recordMetrics();
+                                                                capturedTracer2.recordBodySizes(capturedRetryRequestBytes, data.totalBytesReceived);
+                                                                capturedUpstreamSpan2?.end();
+                                                                capturedTracer2.end(200, Date.now() - requestStartTime);
+                                                                recordFinalSuccess(capturedAccountLabel2, account.type);
+                                                                // Deferred JSONL log with token usage (auth-retry streaming)
+                                                                logFinalRequest(200, capturedAccountLabel2, account.type, undefined, undefined, {
+                                                                    inputTokens: data.usage.inputTokens,
+                                                                    outputTokens: data.usage.outputTokens,
+                                                                    cacheCreationTokens: data.usage.cacheCreationInputTokens,
+                                                                    cacheReadTokens: data.usage.cacheReadInputTokens,
+                                                                });
+                                                            })
+                                                                .catch((err) => {
+                                                                capturedTracer2.setError("stream_error", err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err));
+                                                                capturedUpstreamSpan2?.end();
+                                                                capturedTracer2.end(500, Date.now() - requestStartTime);
+                                                                recordFinalError(500, capturedAccountLabel2, account.type);
+                                                                logFinalRequest(500, capturedAccountLabel2, account.type, "stream_error", err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err));
+                                                            });
+                                                        }
+                                                        catch {
+                                                            retryClientStream = retryStream;
+                                                        }
+                                                    }
                                                     const responseHeaders = {
                                                         "content-type": "text/event-stream",
                                                         "cache-control": "no-cache",
                                                         connection: "keep-alive",
                                                     };
-                                                    // eslint-disable-next-line max-depth
                                                     for (const h of [
                                                         "retry-after",
                                                         "anthropic-ratelimit-requests-remaining",
@@ -796,25 +1500,81 @@ export function createClaudeProxyRoutes(modelRouter, basePath = "", accountStrat
                                                         "anthropic-ratelimit-tokens-limit",
                                                     ]) {
                                                         const val = retryResp.headers.get(h);
-                                                        // eslint-disable-next-line max-depth
                                                         if (val) {
                                                             responseHeaders[h] = val;
                                                         }
                                                     }
-                                                    return new Response(retryStream, {
+                                                    return new Response(retryClientStream, {
                                                         status: retryResp.status,
                                                         headers: responseHeaders,
                                                     });
                                                 }
-                                                return retryResp.json();
+                                                // OTel: non-streaming auth-retry success
+                                                const retryRespHeaders = Object.fromEntries([...retryResp.headers.entries()]);
+                                                const retryText = await retryResp.text();
+                                                tracer?.logUpstreamResponseHeaders(retryRespHeaders);
+                                                tracer?.logUpstreamResponseBody(retryText);
+                                                logProxyBody({
+                                                    phase: "upstream_response",
+                                                    headers: retryRespHeaders,
+                                                    body: retryText,
+                                                    bodySize: Buffer.byteLength(retryText, "utf8"),
+                                                    contentType: retryRespHeaders["content-type"] ?? "application/json",
+                                                    account: account.label,
+                                                    accountType: account.type,
+                                                    attempt: attemptNumber,
+                                                    responseStatus: retryResp.status,
+                                                    durationMs: Date.now() - fetchStartMs,
+                                                });
+                                                logProxyBody({
+                                                    phase: "client_response",
+                                                    headers: retryRespHeaders,
+                                                    body: retryText,
+                                                    bodySize: Buffer.byteLength(retryText, "utf8"),
+                                                    contentType: retryRespHeaders["content-type"] ?? "application/json",
+                                                    account: account.label,
+                                                    accountType: account.type,
+                                                    attempt: attemptNumber,
+                                                    responseStatus: retryResp.status,
+                                                    durationMs: Date.now() - requestStartTime,
+                                                });
+                                                const retryJson = JSON.parse(retryText);
+                                                if (tracer && retryJson && typeof retryJson === "object") {
+                                                    const retryUsage = retryJson.usage;
+                                                    if (retryUsage) {
+                                                        tracer.setUsage({
+                                                            inputTokens: retryUsage.input_tokens ?? 0,
+                                                            outputTokens: retryUsage.output_tokens ?? 0,
+                                                            cacheCreationTokens: retryUsage.cache_creation_input_tokens ?? 0,
+                                                            cacheReadTokens: retryUsage.cache_read_input_tokens ?? 0,
+                                                        });
+                                                    }
+                                                    tracer.recordMetrics();
+                                                    const retryJsonStr = JSON.stringify(retryJson);
+                                                    tracer.recordBodySizes(finalBodyStr.length, retryJsonStr.length);
+                                                    upstreamSpan?.end();
+                                                    tracer.end(retryResp.status, Date.now() - requestStartTime);
+                                                    recordFinalSuccess(account.label, account.type);
+                                                    logFinalRequest(retryResp.status, account.label, account.type, undefined, undefined, {
+                                                        inputTokens: retryUsage?.input_tokens,
+                                                        outputTokens: retryUsage?.output_tokens,
+                                                        cacheCreationTokens: retryUsage?.cache_creation_input_tokens,
+                                                        cacheReadTokens: retryUsage?.cache_read_input_tokens,
+                                                    });
+                                                }
+                                                else {
+                                                    upstreamSpan?.end();
+                                                    recordFinalSuccess(account.label, account.type);
+                                                    logFinalRequest(retryResp.status, account.label, account.type);
+                                                }
+                                                return retryJson;
                                             }
                                             const retryStatus = retryResp.status;
                                             const retryBody = await retryResp.text();
                                             authRetryError = `retry ${authRetry + 1}/${MAX_AUTH_RETRIES} failed with status ${retryStatus}`;
                                             lastError = retryBody;
                                             logger.debug(`[proxy] retry ${authRetry + 1} failed: ${retryStatus} ${retryBody.substring(0, 120)}`);
-                                            recordError(account.label, account.type, retryStatus);
-                                            // eslint-disable-next-line max-depth
+                                            recordAttemptError(account.label, account.type, retryStatus);
                                             if (retryStatus === 429) {
                                                 sawRateLimit = true;
                                                 const retryAfter = retryResp.headers.get("retry-after");
@@ -827,38 +1587,33 @@ export function createClaudeProxyRoutes(modelRouter, basePath = "", accountStrat
                                                 recordCooldown(account.label, account.type, accountState.coolingUntil, accountState.backoffLevel);
                                                 break;
                                             }
-                                            // eslint-disable-next-line max-depth
-                                            if (retryStatus === 401 ||
-                                                retryStatus === 402 ||
-                                                retryStatus === 403) {
-                                                // eslint-disable-next-line max-depth
+                                            if (retryStatus === 401 || retryStatus === 402 || retryStatus === 403) {
                                                 if (authRetry < MAX_AUTH_RETRIES - 1) {
                                                     await sleep(1000);
                                                 }
                                                 continue;
                                             }
-                                            // eslint-disable-next-line max-depth
                                             if (isTransientHttpFailure(retryStatus, retryBody)) {
                                                 // Decision 8: No cooldown for transient errors — rotate immediately
                                                 sawTransientFailure = true;
                                                 break;
                                             }
                                             logAttempt(retryStatus, "api_error", summarizeErrorMessage(retryBody));
-                                            // eslint-disable-next-line max-depth
+                                            recordFinalError(retryStatus, account.label, account.type);
                                             try {
+                                                logFinalRequest(retryStatus, account.label, account.type, "api_error", summarizeErrorMessage(retryBody));
                                                 return JSON.parse(retryBody);
                                             }
                                             catch {
+                                                logFinalRequest(retryStatus, account.label, account.type, "api_error", summarizeErrorMessage(retryBody));
                                                 return buildClaudeError(retryStatus, retryBody);
                                             }
                                         }
                                         catch (retryFetchErr) {
                                             // Decision 8: No cooldown for network errors — rotate immediately
                                             sawNetworkError = true;
-                                            recordError(account.label, account.type, 502);
-                                            const message = retryFetchErr instanceof Error
-                                                ? retryFetchErr.message
-                                                : String(retryFetchErr);
+                                            recordAttemptError(account.label, account.type, 502);
+                                            const message = retryFetchErr instanceof Error ? retryFetchErr.message : String(retryFetchErr);
                                             authRetryError = `network error on retry ${authRetry + 1}: ${message}`;
                                             lastError = authRetryError;
                                             logger.debug(`[proxy] ${authRetryError}`);
@@ -866,96 +1621,83 @@ export function createClaudeProxyRoutes(modelRouter, basePath = "", accountStrat
                                         }
                                     }
                                     if (!authRetrySucceeded) {
-                                        // eslint-disable-next-line max-depth
                                         if (!accountState.permanentlyDisabled) {
-                                            // eslint-disable-next-line max-depth
-                                            if (!accountState.coolingUntil ||
-                                                accountState.coolingUntil <= Date.now()) {
-                                                accountState.coolingUntil =
-                                                    Date.now() + AUTH_COOLDOWN_MS;
+                                            if (!accountState.coolingUntil || accountState.coolingUntil <= Date.now()) {
+                                                accountState.coolingUntil = Date.now() + AUTH_COOLDOWN_MS;
                                             }
                                             recordCooldown(account.label, account.type, accountState.coolingUntil, accountState.backoffLevel);
                                         }
                                         lastError = authRetryError;
                                         logger.always(`[proxy] ⚠ account=${account.label} auth retries exhausted, cooldown=5min`);
                                         logAttempt(401, "authentication_error", authRetryError);
+                                        tracer?.setError("authentication_error", authRetryError);
+                                        tracer?.recordRetry(account.label, "auth_exhausted");
+                                        upstreamSpan?.end();
+                                        upstreamSpan = undefined;
                                         continue;
                                     }
                                 }
                                 if (!response.ok) {
                                     const errBody = await response.text();
-                                    // Log full error for debugging
                                     const errRespHeaders = {};
                                     response.headers.forEach((v, k) => {
                                         errRespHeaders[k] = v;
                                     });
-                                    logFullRequestResponse({
-                                        timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),
-                                        requestId: ctx.requestId,
+                                    tracer?.logUpstreamResponseHeaders(errRespHeaders);
+                                    tracer?.logUpstreamResponseBody(errBody);
+                                    logProxyBody({
+                                        phase: "upstream_response",
+                                        headers: errRespHeaders,
+                                        body: errBody,
+                                        bodySize: Buffer.byteLength(errBody, "utf8"),
+                                        contentType: errRespHeaders["content-type"] ?? "application/json",
                                         account: account.label,
-                                        model: body.model,
-                                        stream: !!body.stream,
-                                        requestHeaders: redactSensitiveHeaders(headers),
-                                        requestBody: {
-                                            model: body.model,
-                                            max_tokens: body.max_tokens,
-                                            stream: body.stream,
-                                            system: Array.isArray(body.system)
-                                                ? `[${body.system.length} blocks]`
-                                                : typeof body.system,
-                                            messages: Array.isArray(body.messages)
-                                                ? `[${body.messages.length} messages]`
-                                                : "?",
-                                            tools: Array.isArray(body.tools)
-                                                ? `[${body.tools.length} tools]`
-                                                : "none",
-                                            tool_choice: body.tool_choice,
-                                            thinking: body.thinking,
-                                        },
-                                        requestBodySize: bodyStr.length,
+                                        accountType: account.type,
+                                        attempt: attemptNumber,
                                         responseStatus: response.status,
-                                        responseHeaders: errRespHeaders,
-                                        responseBody: errBody.substring(0, 2000),
-                                        responseBodySize: errBody.length,
                                         durationMs: Date.now() - fetchStartMs,
                                     });
-                                    // Request-shape errors (do not retry).
+                                    // Upstream invalid_request_error responses are not retried on the
+                                    // same Anthropic account, but may still be handed to fallback providers.
                                     if (isInvalidRequestError(response.status, errBody)) {
-                                        logger.always(`[proxy] ← ${response.status} request-shape error (no retry)`);
+                                        logger.always(`[proxy] ← ${response.status} upstream invalid_request_error`);
                                         logAttempt(response.status, "invalid_request_error", summarizeErrorMessage(errBody));
-                                        try {
-                                            return JSON.parse(errBody);
-                                        }
-                                        catch {
-                                            return buildClaudeError(response.status, errBody);
-                                        }
+                                        tracer?.setError("invalid_request_error", summarizeErrorMessage(errBody));
+                                        invalidRequestFailure = {
+                                            status: response.status,
+                                            body: errBody,
+                                            contentType: errRespHeaders["content-type"],
+                                        };
+                                        lastError = summarizeErrorMessage(errBody);
+                                        upstreamSpan?.end();
+                                        upstreamSpan = undefined;
+                                        break;
                                     }
                                     // Auth failures for OAuth accounts without refresh token.
-                                    if ((response.status === 401 ||
-                                        response.status === 402 ||
-                                        response.status === 403) &&
+                                    if ((response.status === 401 || response.status === 402 || response.status === 403) &&
                                         account.type === "oauth" &&
                                         !account.refreshToken) {
-                                        recordError(account.label, account.type, response.status);
+                                        recordAttemptError(account.label, account.type, response.status);
                                         accountState.consecutiveRefreshFailures += 1;
                                         accountState.coolingUntil = Date.now() + AUTH_COOLDOWN_MS;
                                         recordCooldown(account.label, account.type, accountState.coolingUntil, accountState.backoffLevel);
-                                        if (accountState.consecutiveRefreshFailures >=
-                                            MAX_CONSECUTIVE_REFRESH_FAILURES) {
+                                        if (accountState.consecutiveRefreshFailures >= MAX_CONSECUTIVE_REFRESH_FAILURES) {
                                             await disableAccountUntilReauth(account, accountState);
                                         }
                                         authFailureMessage = formatReauthMessage(account.label);
                                         logger.always(`[proxy] ← ${response.status} account=${account.label} cooldown=5min`);
                                         lastError = errBody;
                                         logAttempt(response.status, "authentication_error", summarizeErrorMessage(errBody));
+                                        tracer?.setError("authentication_error", summarizeErrorMessage(errBody));
+                                        tracer?.recordRetry(account.label, "auth_no_refresh");
+                                        upstreamSpan?.end();
+                                        upstreamSpan = undefined;
                                         continue;
                                     }
                                     // Auth failures for API-key accounts.
-                                    if ((response.status === 401 ||
-                                        response.status === 402 ||
-                                        response.status === 403) &&
+                                    if ((response.status === 401 || response.status === 402 || response.status === 403) &&
                                         account.type === "api_key") {
-                                        recordError(account.label, account.type, response.status);
+                                        recordAttemptError(account.label, account.type, response.status);
                                         authFailureMessage =
                                             "Authentication failed for Anthropic API key credentials. Update ANTHROPIC_API_KEY or re-login with OAuth.";
                                         accountState.coolingUntil = Date.now() + AUTH_COOLDOWN_MS;
@@ -963,49 +1705,126 @@ export function createClaudeProxyRoutes(modelRouter, basePath = "", accountStrat
                                         logger.always(`[proxy] ← ${response.status} account=${account.label} cooldown=5min`);
                                         lastError = errBody;
                                         logAttempt(response.status, "authentication_error", summarizeErrorMessage(errBody));
+                                        tracer?.setError("authentication_error", summarizeErrorMessage(errBody));
+                                        tracer?.recordRetry(account.label, "auth_api_key");
+                                        upstreamSpan?.end();
+                                        upstreamSpan = undefined;
                                         continue;
                                     }
                                     // 404 is generally model/account specific; return immediately (no cooldown per Decision 8).
                                     if (response.status === 404) {
-                                        recordError(account.label, account.type, response.status);
+                                        recordFinalError(response.status, account.label, account.type);
                                         logger.always(`[proxy] ← 404 account=${account.label}`);
                                         logAttempt(404, "not_found_error", summarizeErrorMessage(errBody));
+                                        tracer?.setError("not_found_error", summarizeErrorMessage(errBody));
+                                        upstreamSpan?.end();
+                                        tracer?.end(404, Date.now() - requestStartTime);
                                         try {
-                                            return JSON.parse(errBody);
+                                            const parsedError = JSON.parse(errBody);
+                                            logFinalRequest(404, account.label, account.type, "not_found_error", summarizeErrorMessage(errBody));
+                                            logProxyBody({
+                                                phase: "client_response",
+                                                headers: {
+                                                    "content-type": errRespHeaders["content-type"] ?? "application/json",
+                                                },
+                                                body: errBody,
+                                                bodySize: Buffer.byteLength(errBody, "utf8"),
+                                                contentType: errRespHeaders["content-type"] ?? "application/json",
+                                                account: account.label,
+                                                accountType: account.type,
+                                                attempt: attemptNumber,
+                                                responseStatus: 404,
+                                                durationMs: Date.now() - requestStartTime,
+                                            });
+                                            return parsedError;
                                         }
                                         catch {
-                                            return buildClaudeError(404, errBody);
+                                            logFinalRequest(404, account.label, account.type, "not_found_error", summarizeErrorMessage(errBody));
+                                            const clientError = buildClaudeError(404, errBody);
+                                            const clientErrorBody = JSON.stringify(clientError);
+                                            logProxyBody({
+                                                phase: "client_response",
+                                                headers: { "content-type": "application/json" },
+                                                body: clientErrorBody,
+                                                bodySize: Buffer.byteLength(clientErrorBody, "utf8"),
+                                                contentType: "application/json",
+                                                account: account.label,
+                                                accountType: account.type,
+                                                attempt: attemptNumber,
+                                                responseStatus: 404,
+                                                durationMs: Date.now() - requestStartTime,
+                                            });
+                                            return clientError;
                                         }
                                     }
                                     // Decision 8: Transient upstream failures — immediate rotation, NO cooldown.
                                     if (isTransientHttpFailure(response.status, errBody)) {
-                                        recordError(account.label, account.type, response.status);
+                                        recordAttemptError(account.label, account.type, response.status);
                                         sawTransientFailure = true;
                                         // No cooldown for transient errors (502, 503, etc.) — rotate immediately
                                         logger.always(`[proxy] ← ${response.status} account=${account.label} (transient, rotating)`);
                                         lastError = errBody;
                                         logAttempt(response.status, "api_error", summarizeErrorMessage(errBody));
+                                        tracer?.setError("transient_error", summarizeErrorMessage(errBody));
+                                        tracer?.recordRetry(account.label, "transient");
+                                        upstreamSpan?.end();
+                                        upstreamSpan = undefined;
                                         continue;
                                     }
                                     // Other non-ok errors → return as-is.
-                                    recordError(account.label, account.type, response.status);
+                                    recordFinalError(response.status, account.label, account.type);
                                     logger.always(`[proxy] ← ${response.status} account=${account.label}`);
                                     logger.debug(`[claude-proxy] error body: ${errBody.substring(0, 200)}`);
                                     logAttempt(response.status, "api_error", summarizeErrorMessage(errBody));
+                                    tracer?.setError("api_error", summarizeErrorMessage(errBody));
+                                    upstreamSpan?.end();
+                                    tracer?.end(response.status, Date.now() - requestStartTime);
                                     try {
-                                        return JSON.parse(errBody);
+                                        const parsedError = JSON.parse(errBody);
+                                        logFinalRequest(response.status, account.label, account.type, "api_error", summarizeErrorMessage(errBody));
+                                        logProxyBody({
+                                            phase: "client_response",
+                                            headers: {
+                                                "content-type": errRespHeaders["content-type"] ?? "application/json",
+                                            },
+                                            body: errBody,
+                                            bodySize: Buffer.byteLength(errBody, "utf8"),
+                                            contentType: errRespHeaders["content-type"] ?? "application/json",
+                                            account: account.label,
+                                            accountType: account.type,
+                                            attempt: attemptNumber,
+                                            responseStatus: response.status,
+                                            durationMs: Date.now() - requestStartTime,
+                                        });
+                                        return parsedError;
                                     }
                                     catch {
-                                        return buildClaudeError(response.status, errBody);
+                                        logFinalRequest(response.status, account.label, account.type, "api_error", summarizeErrorMessage(errBody));
+                                        const clientError = buildClaudeError(response.status, errBody);
+                                        const clientErrorBody = JSON.stringify(clientError);
+                                        logProxyBody({
+                                            phase: "client_response",
+                                            headers: { "content-type": "application/json" },
+                                            body: clientErrorBody,
+                                            bodySize: Buffer.byteLength(clientErrorBody, "utf8"),
+                                            contentType: "application/json",
+                                            account: account.label,
+                                            accountType: account.type,
+                                            attempt: attemptNumber,
+                                            responseStatus: response.status,
+                                            durationMs: Date.now() - requestStartTime,
+                                        });
+                                        return clientError;
                                     }
                                 }
                                 // Success path.
                                 accountState.backoffLevel = 0;
                                 accountState.coolingUntil = undefined;
                                 accountState.consecutiveRefreshFailures = 0;
-                                recordSuccess(account.label, account.type);
                                 logger.always(`[proxy] ← ${response.status} account=${account.label}`);
-                                logAttempt(response.status);
+                                // NOTE: logAttempt is deferred below so we can include token
+                                // usage.  For streaming, the SSE interceptor callback logs it;
+                                // for non-streaming, we log after JSON parsing.
                                 // Capture quota/utilisation headers (fire-and-forget).
                                 const quota = parseQuotaHeaders(response.headers);
                                 if (quota) {
@@ -1013,53 +1832,25 @@ export function createClaudeProxyRoutes(modelRouter, basePath = "", accountStrat
                                         // Non-fatal: quota persistence is best-effort
                                     });
                                 }
-                                // Log full request + response headers for debugging
                                 const respHeaders = {};
                                 response.headers.forEach((v, k) => {
                                     respHeaders[k] = v;
                                 });
-                                logFullRequestResponse({
-                                    timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),
-                                    requestId: ctx.requestId,
-                                    account: account.label,
-                                    model: body.model,
-                                    stream: !!body.stream,
-                                    requestHeaders: redactSensitiveHeaders(headers),
-                                    requestBody: {
-                                        model: body.model,
-                                        max_tokens: body.max_tokens,
-                                        stream: body.stream,
-                                        system: Array.isArray(body.system)
-                                            ? `[${body.system.length} blocks]`
-                                            : typeof body.system,
-                                        messages: Array.isArray(body.messages)
-                                            ? `[${body.messages.length} messages]`
-                                            : "?",
-                                        tools: Array.isArray(body.tools)
-                                            ? `[${body.tools.length} tools]`
-                                            : "none",
-                                        tool_choice: body.tool_choice,
-                                        thinking: body.thinking,
-                                        metadata: body.metadata ? "present" : "absent",
-                                    },
-                                    requestBodySize: bodyStr.length,
-                                    responseStatus: response.status,
-                                    responseHeaders: respHeaders,
-                                    durationMs: Date.now() - fetchStartMs,
-                                });
+                                tracer?.logUpstreamResponseHeaders(respHeaders);
                                 if (body.stream) {
                                     // Bootstrap retry: read first chunk to verify stream is valid.
                                     if (response.body) {
                                         const reader = response.body.getReader();
                                         const firstChunk = await reader.read();
-                                        if (firstChunk.done ||
-                                            !firstChunk.value ||
-                                            firstChunk.value.length === 0) {
+                                        if (firstChunk.done || !firstChunk.value || firstChunk.value.length === 0) {
                                             // Empty stream — retry with next account.
                                             reader.cancel();
                                             accountState.coolingUntil = Date.now() + 10_000;
                                             recordCooldown(account.label, account.type, accountState.coolingUntil, accountState.backoffLevel);
                                             logger.always(`[proxy] ← empty stream from account=${account.label}, trying next`);
+                                            tracer?.recordRetry(account.label, "empty_stream");
+                                            upstreamSpan?.end();
+                                            upstreamSpan = undefined;
                                             continue;
                                         }
                                         // Stream is valid — create a new ReadableStream with first chunk prepended.
@@ -1085,9 +1876,7 @@ export function createClaudeProxyRoutes(modelRouter, basePath = "", accountStrat
                                                     controller.enqueue(value);
                                                 }
                                                 catch (streamErr) {
-                                                    const errMsg = streamErr instanceof Error
-                                                        ? streamErr.message
-                                                        : String(streamErr);
+                                                    const errMsg = streamErr instanceof Error ? streamErr.message : String(streamErr);
                                                     logger.always(`[proxy] mid-stream error account=${account.label}: ${errMsg}`);
                                                     logStreamError({
                                                         timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),
@@ -1112,6 +1901,175 @@ export function createClaudeProxyRoutes(modelRouter, basePath = "", accountStrat
                                                 reader.cancel();
                                             },
                                         });
+                                        // OTel: pipe stream through SSE interceptor for telemetry extraction.
+                                        // The interceptor passes all bytes through unmodified and resolves
+                                        // its telemetry promise when the stream finishes.
+                                        const { stream: clientCaptureStream, capture: clientCapture } = createRawStreamCapture();
+                                        let streamSource = remainingStream;
+                                        if (tracer) {
+                                            try {
+                                                const { stream: interceptor, telemetry } = createSSEInterceptor({ captureRawText: true });
+                                                streamSource = streamSource.pipeThrough(interceptor);
+                                                // Capture refs in const variables for the async closure —
+                                                // loop variables (upstreamSpan, response) will change on next iteration,
+                                                // and TypeScript needs the narrowed type for tracer.
+                                                const capturedTracer = tracer;
+                                                const capturedUpstreamSpan = upstreamSpan;
+                                                const capturedResponse = response;
+                                                const capturedRequestBytes = finalBodyStr.length;
+                                                const capturedAccountLabel = account.label;
+                                                Promise.all([telemetry, clientCapture])
+                                                    .then(([data, clientBody]) => {
+                                                    capturedTracer.setUsage({
+                                                        inputTokens: data.usage.inputTokens,
+                                                        outputTokens: data.usage.outputTokens,
+                                                        cacheCreationTokens: data.usage.cacheCreationInputTokens,
+                                                        cacheReadTokens: data.usage.cacheReadInputTokens,
+                                                    });
+                                                    capturedTracer.logStreamEvents(data.events);
+                                                    // Extract rate limits from response headers
+                                                    const rateLimit5h = parseFloat(capturedResponse.headers.get("anthropic-ratelimit-unified-5h-utilization") ?? "");
+                                                    const rateLimit7d = parseFloat(capturedResponse.headers.get("anthropic-ratelimit-unified-7d-utilization") ?? "");
+                                                    const usageUpdate = {
+                                                        inputTokens: data.usage.inputTokens,
+                                                        outputTokens: data.usage.outputTokens,
+                                                        cacheCreationTokens: data.usage.cacheCreationInputTokens,
+                                                        cacheReadTokens: data.usage.cacheReadInputTokens,
+                                                    };
+                                                    if (!isNaN(rateLimit5h)) {
+                                                        usageUpdate.rateLimitAfter5h = rateLimit5h;
+                                                    }
+                                                    if (!isNaN(rateLimit7d)) {
+                                                        usageUpdate.rateLimitAfter7d = rateLimit7d;
+                                                    }
+                                                    if (!isNaN(rateLimit5h) || !isNaN(rateLimit7d)) {
+                                                        capturedTracer.setUsage(usageUpdate);
+                                                    }
+                                                    capturedTracer.logUpstreamResponseBody(data.rawText ?? "");
+                                                    capturedTracer.recordMetrics();
+                                                    capturedTracer.recordBodySizes(capturedRequestBytes, data.totalBytesReceived);
+                                                    capturedUpstreamSpan?.end();
+                                                    capturedTracer.end(200, Date.now() - requestStartTime);
+                                                    recordFinalSuccess(capturedAccountLabel, account.type);
+                                                    // Deferred JSONL log with token usage + traceId
+                                                    // (streaming: tokens only available after SSE stream finishes)
+                                                    logFinalRequest(200, capturedAccountLabel, account.type, undefined, undefined, {
+                                                        inputTokens: data.usage.inputTokens,
+                                                        outputTokens: data.usage.outputTokens,
+                                                        cacheCreationTokens: data.usage.cacheCreationInputTokens,
+                                                        cacheReadTokens: data.usage.cacheReadInputTokens,
+                                                    });
+                                                    logProxyBody({
+                                                        phase: "upstream_response",
+                                                        headers: respHeaders,
+                                                        body: data.rawText ?? "",
+                                                        bodySize: data.totalBytesReceived,
+                                                        contentType: respHeaders["content-type"] ?? "text/event-stream",
+                                                        account: capturedAccountLabel,
+                                                        accountType: account.type,
+                                                        attempt: attemptNumber,
+                                                        responseStatus: 200,
+                                                        durationMs: Date.now() - requestStartTime,
+                                                    });
+                                                    logProxyBody({
+                                                        phase: "client_response",
+                                                        headers: responseHeaders,
+                                                        body: clientBody.text,
+                                                        bodySize: clientBody.totalBytes,
+                                                        contentType: responseHeaders["content-type"] ?? "text/event-stream",
+                                                        account: capturedAccountLabel,
+                                                        accountType: account.type,
+                                                        attempt: attemptNumber,
+                                                        responseStatus: 200,
+                                                        durationMs: Date.now() - requestStartTime,
+                                                    });
+                                                })
+                                                    .catch((err) => {
+                                                    capturedTracer.setError("stream_error", err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err));
+                                                    capturedUpstreamSpan?.end();
+                                                    capturedTracer.end(500, Date.now() - requestStartTime);
+                                                    recordFinalError(500, capturedAccountLabel, account.type);
+                                                    // Log the streaming error in JSONL
+                                                    logFinalRequest(500, capturedAccountLabel, account.type, "stream_error", err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err));
+                                                });
+                                            }
+                                            catch {
+                                                // Interceptor attachment failed after stream setup; response handling continues.
+                                            }
+                                        }
+                                        else {
+                                            // No tracer — still intercept stream for JSONL token logging
+                                            upstreamSpan?.end();
+                                            try {
+                                                const { stream: noTracerInterceptor, telemetry: noTracerTelemetry } = createSSEInterceptor({
+                                                    captureRawText: true,
+                                                });
+                                                streamSource = streamSource.pipeThrough(noTracerInterceptor);
+                                                const capturedAccountLabel = account.label;
+                                                Promise.all([noTracerTelemetry, clientCapture])
+                                                    .then(([data, clientBody]) => {
+                                                    recordFinalSuccess(capturedAccountLabel, account.type);
+                                                    logFinalRequest(200, capturedAccountLabel, account.type, undefined, undefined, {
+                                                        inputTokens: data.usage.inputTokens,
+                                                        outputTokens: data.usage.outputTokens,
+                                                        cacheCreationTokens: data.usage.cacheCreationInputTokens,
+                                                        cacheReadTokens: data.usage.cacheReadInputTokens,
+                                                    });
+                                                    logProxyBody({
+                                                        phase: "upstream_response",
+                                                        headers: respHeaders,
+                                                        body: data.rawText ?? "",
+                                                        bodySize: data.totalBytesReceived,
+                                                        contentType: respHeaders["content-type"] ?? "text/event-stream",
+                                                        account: capturedAccountLabel,
+                                                        accountType: account.type,
+                                                        attempt: attemptNumber,
+                                                        responseStatus: 200,
+                                                        durationMs: Date.now() - requestStartTime,
+                                                    });
+                                                    logProxyBody({
+                                                        phase: "client_response",
+                                                        headers: responseHeaders,
+                                                        body: clientBody.text,
+                                                        bodySize: clientBody.totalBytes,
+                                                        contentType: responseHeaders["content-type"] ?? "text/event-stream",
+                                                        account: capturedAccountLabel,
+                                                        accountType: account.type,
+                                                        attempt: attemptNumber,
+                                                        responseStatus: 200,
+                                                        durationMs: Date.now() - requestStartTime,
+                                                    });
+                                                })
+                                                    .catch(() => {
+                                                    recordFinalSuccess(account.label, account.type);
+                                                    logFinalRequest(response.status, account.label, account.type);
+                                                });
+                                            }
+                                            catch {
+                                                // SSE interceptor creation failed — log without tokens
+                                                clientCapture
+                                                    .then((clientBody) => {
+                                                    logProxyBody({
+                                                        phase: "client_response",
+                                                        headers: responseHeaders,
+                                                        body: clientBody.text,
+                                                        bodySize: clientBody.totalBytes,
+                                                        contentType: responseHeaders["content-type"] ?? "text/event-stream",
+                                                        account: account.label,
+                                                        accountType: account.type,
+                                                        attempt: attemptNumber,
+                                                        responseStatus: 200,
+                                                        durationMs: Date.now() - requestStartTime,
+                                                    });
+                                                })
+                                                    .catch(() => {
+                                                    // Non-fatal
+                                                });
+                                                recordFinalSuccess(account.label, account.type);
+                                                logFinalRequest(response.status, account.label, account.type);
+                                            }
+                                        }
+                                        const clientStream = streamSource.pipeThrough(clientCaptureStream);
                                         // Forward rate limit headers from Anthropic.
                                         const responseHeaders = {
                                             "content-type": "text/event-stream",
@@ -1126,20 +2084,124 @@ export function createClaudeProxyRoutes(modelRouter, basePath = "", accountStrat
                                             "anthropic-ratelimit-tokens-limit",
                                         ]) {
                                             const val = response.headers.get(h);
-                                            // eslint-disable-next-line max-depth
                                             if (val) {
                                                 responseHeaders[h] = val;
                                             }
                                         }
-                                        return new Response(remainingStream, {
+                                        return new Response(clientStream, {
                                             status: response.status,
                                             headers: responseHeaders,
                                         });
                                     }
-                                    return buildClaudeError(502, "No response body from upstream");
+                                    upstreamSpan?.end();
+                                    tracer?.setError("stream_error", "No response body from upstream");
+                                    tracer?.end(502, Date.now() - requestStartTime);
+                                    recordFinalError(502, account.label, account.type);
+                                    logFinalRequest(502, account.label, account.type, "stream_error", "No response body from upstream");
+                                    const clientError = buildClaudeError(502, "No response body from upstream");
+                                    logProxyBody({
+                                        phase: "client_response",
+                                        headers: { "content-type": "application/json" },
+                                        body: JSON.stringify(clientError),
+                                        bodySize: Buffer.byteLength(JSON.stringify(clientError), "utf8"),
+                                        contentType: "application/json",
+                                        account: account.label,
+                                        accountType: account.type,
+                                        attempt: attemptNumber,
+                                        responseStatus: 502,
+                                        durationMs: Date.now() - requestStartTime,
+                                    });
+                                    return clientError;
                                 }
                                 // Non-streaming: return JSON directly.
-                                return response.json();
+                                // OTel: extract usage from response JSON before returning.
+                                const responseText = await response.text();
+                                tracer?.logUpstreamResponseBody(responseText);
+                                logProxyBody({
+                                    phase: "upstream_response",
+                                    headers: respHeaders,
+                                    body: responseText,
+                                    bodySize: Buffer.byteLength(responseText, "utf8"),
+                                    contentType: respHeaders["content-type"] ?? "application/json",
+                                    account: account.label,
+                                    accountType: account.type,
+                                    attempt: attemptNumber,
+                                    responseStatus: response.status,
+                                    durationMs: Date.now() - fetchStartMs,
+                                });
+                                logProxyBody({
+                                    phase: "client_response",
+                                    headers: respHeaders,
+                                    body: responseText,
+                                    bodySize: Buffer.byteLength(responseText, "utf8"),
+                                    contentType: respHeaders["content-type"] ?? "application/json",
+                                    account: account.label,
+                                    accountType: account.type,
+                                    attempt: attemptNumber,
+                                    responseStatus: response.status,
+                                    durationMs: Date.now() - requestStartTime,
+                                });
+                                const responseJson = JSON.parse(responseText);
+                                if (tracer && responseJson && typeof responseJson === "object") {
+                                    const usage = responseJson.usage;
+                                    if (usage) {
+                                        tracer.setUsage({
+                                            inputTokens: usage.input_tokens ?? 0,
+                                            outputTokens: usage.output_tokens ?? 0,
+                                            cacheCreationTokens: usage.cache_creation_input_tokens ?? 0,
+                                            cacheReadTokens: usage.cache_read_input_tokens ?? 0,
+                                        });
+                                        // Extract rate limits from response headers
+                                        const rateLimit5h = parseFloat(response.headers.get("anthropic-ratelimit-unified-5h-utilization") ?? "");
+                                        const rateLimit7d = parseFloat(response.headers.get("anthropic-ratelimit-unified-7d-utilization") ?? "");
+                                        if (!isNaN(rateLimit5h) || !isNaN(rateLimit7d)) {
+                                            const usageWithRates = {
+                                                inputTokens: usage.input_tokens ?? 0,
+                                                outputTokens: usage.output_tokens ?? 0,
+                                                cacheCreationTokens: usage.cache_creation_input_tokens ?? 0,
+                                                cacheReadTokens: usage.cache_read_input_tokens ?? 0,
+                                            };
+                                            if (!isNaN(rateLimit5h)) {
+                                                usageWithRates.rateLimitAfter5h = rateLimit5h;
+                                            }
+                                            if (!isNaN(rateLimit7d)) {
+                                                usageWithRates.rateLimitAfter7d = rateLimit7d;
+                                            }
+                                            tracer.setUsage(usageWithRates);
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                    tracer.recordMetrics();
+                                    const responseJsonStr = JSON.stringify(responseJson);
+                                    tracer.recordBodySizes(finalBodyStr.length, responseJsonStr.length);
+                                    upstreamSpan?.end();
+                                    tracer.end(response.status, Date.now() - requestStartTime);
+                                    recordFinalSuccess(account.label, account.type);
+                                    logFinalRequest(response.status, account.label, account.type, undefined, undefined, {
+                                        inputTokens: usage?.input_tokens,
+                                        outputTokens: usage?.output_tokens,
+                                        cacheCreationTokens: usage?.cache_creation_input_tokens,
+                                        cacheReadTokens: usage?.cache_read_input_tokens,
+                                    });
+                                }
+                                else {
+                                    upstreamSpan?.end();
+                                    // No tracer — still extract usage from response JSON for JSONL logging
+                                    const noTracerUsage = responseJson && typeof responseJson === "object"
+                                        ? responseJson.usage
+                                        : undefined;
+                                    recordFinalSuccess(account.label, account.type);
+                                    logFinalRequest(response.status, account.label, account.type, undefined, undefined, {
+                                        inputTokens: noTracerUsage?.input_tokens,
+                                        outputTokens: noTracerUsage?.output_tokens,
+                                        cacheCreationTokens: noTracerUsage?.cache_creation_input_tokens,
+                                        cacheReadTokens: noTracerUsage?.cache_read_input_tokens,
+                                    });
+                                }
+                                return responseJson;
+                            }
+                            // OTel: end account selection span if all accounts were skipped
+                            if (attemptNumber === 0) {
+                                acctSelectionSpan?.end();
                             }
                             // All accounts exhausted — compute earliest recovery time.
                             const earliestRecovery = orderedAccounts.reduce((min, account) => {
@@ -1152,42 +2214,18 @@ export function createClaudeProxyRoutes(modelRouter, basePath = "", accountStrat
                             // Try fallback chain (alternative providers)
                             const chain = modelRouter?.getFallbackChain() ?? [];
                             for (const fallback of chain) {
+                                const availability = await ProviderHealthChecker.checkFallbackProviderAvailability(fallback.provider, fallback.model);
+                                if (!availability.available) {
+                                    logger.debug(`[proxy] skipping fallback ${fallback.provider}/${fallback.model}: ${availability.reason ?? "provider unavailable"}`);
+                                    continue;
+                                }
                                 try {
                                     logger.always(`[proxy] fallback → ${fallback.provider}/${fallback.model}`);
                                     const parsed = parseClaudeRequest(body);
-                                    const opts = {
-                                        input: {
-                                            text: parsed.prompt,
-                                            ...(parsed.images.length > 0
-                                                ? { images: parsed.images }
-                                                : {}),
-                                        },
+                                    const opts = buildProxyFallbackOptions(parsed, {
                                         provider: fallback.provider,
                                         model: fallback.model,
-                                        systemPrompt: parsed.systemPrompt,
-                                        maxTokens: parsed.maxTokens,
-                                        ...(parsed.temperature !== undefined
-                                            ? { temperature: parsed.temperature }
-                                            : {}),
-                                        ...(parsed.topP !== undefined ? { topP: parsed.topP } : {}),
-                                        ...(parsed.topK !== undefined ? { topK: parsed.topK } : {}),
-                                        ...(parsed.stopSequences?.length
-                                            ? { stopSequences: parsed.stopSequences }
-                                            : {}),
-                                        tools: parsed.tools,
-                                        ...(parsed.toolChoice
-                                            ? { toolChoice: parsed.toolChoice }
-                                            : {}),
-                                        ...(parsed.thinkingConfig
-                                            ? { thinkingConfig: parsed.thinkingConfig }
-                                            : {}),
-                                        ...(parsed.conversationMessages?.length
-                                            ? {
-                                                conversationMessages: parsed.conversationMessages.slice(0, -1),
-                                            }
-                                            : {}),
-                                        maxSteps: 1,
-                                    };
+                                    });
                                     if (body.stream) {
                                         const streamResult = await ctx.neurolink.stream(opts);
                                         const serializer = new ClaudeStreamSerializer(body.model, 0);
@@ -1195,33 +2233,38 @@ export function createClaudeProxyRoutes(modelRouter, basePath = "", accountStrat
                                             for (const frame of serializer.start()) {
                                                 yield frame;
                                             }
+                                            let collectedText = "";
                                             for await (const chunk of streamResult.stream) {
                                                 const text = extractText(chunk);
                                                 if (text) {
+                                                    collectedText += text;
                                                     for (const frame of serializer.pushDelta(text)) {
                                                         yield frame;
                                                     }
                                                 }
                                             }
                                             // Emit tool_use blocks if model wants to call tools
-                                            if (streamResult.toolCalls?.length) {
-                                                for (const tc of streamResult.toolCalls) {
-                                                    const toolName = tc.toolName ??
-                                                        tc.name ??
-                                                        "unknown";
-                                                    const toolArgs = tc.args ??
-                                                        tc.parameters ??
-                                                        {};
-                                                    for (const frame of serializer.pushToolUse(generateToolUseId(), toolName, toolArgs)) {
+                                            const toolCalls = streamResult.toolCalls ?? [];
+                                            if (!hasTranslatedOutput(collectedText, toolCalls)) {
+                                                throw new Error(`Translated provider ${fallback.provider}/${fallback.model} returned no content or tool calls`);
+                                            }
+                                            if (toolCalls.length) {
+                                                for (const tc of toolCalls) {
+                                                    const toolName = tc.toolName ?? tc.name ?? "unknown";
+                                                    for (const frame of serializer.pushToolUse(generateToolUseId(), toolName, extractToolArgs(tc))) {
                                                         yield frame;
                                                     }
                                                 }
                                             }
                                             const reason = streamResult.finishReason ?? "end_turn";
-                                            for (const frame of serializer.finish(0, reason)) {
+                                            const resolvedUsage = extractUsageFromStreamResult(streamResult.usage);
+                                            for (const frame of serializer.finish(resolvedUsage.output, reason)) {
                                                 yield frame;
                                             }
                                         }
+                                        tracer?.end(200, Date.now() - requestStartTime);
+                                        recordFinalSuccess();
+                                        logFinalRequest(200, "", fallback.provider);
                                         return sseGenerator();
                                     }
                                     const streamResult = await ctx.neurolink.stream(opts);
@@ -1232,66 +2275,50 @@ export function createClaudeProxyRoutes(modelRouter, basePath = "", accountStrat
                                             collectedText += text;
                                         }
                                     }
+                                    if (!hasTranslatedOutput(collectedText, streamResult.toolCalls)) {
+                                        throw new Error(`Translated provider ${fallback.provider}/${fallback.model} returned no content or tool calls`);
+                                    }
                                     const internal = {
                                         content: collectedText,
                                         model: streamResult.model,
                                         finishReason: streamResult.finishReason ?? "end_turn",
                                         reasoning: undefined,
-                                        usage: streamResult.usage
-                                            ? {
-                                                input: streamResult.usage.input ??
-                                                    0,
-                                                output: streamResult.usage
-                                                    .output ?? 0,
-                                                total: streamResult.usage.total ??
-                                                    0,
-                                            }
-                                            : undefined,
+                                        usage: streamResult.usage ? extractUsageFromStreamResult(streamResult.usage) : undefined,
                                         toolCalls: streamResult.toolCalls,
                                     };
-                                    return serializeClaudeResponse(internal, body.model);
+                                    tracer?.end(200, Date.now() - requestStartTime);
+                                    recordFinalSuccess();
+                                    const clientResponse = serializeClaudeResponse(internal, body.model);
+                                    logFinalRequest(200, "", fallback.provider, undefined, undefined, {
+                                        inputTokens: internal.usage?.input,
+                                        outputTokens: internal.usage?.output,
+                                    });
+                                    const clientResponseText = JSON.stringify(clientResponse);
+                                    logProxyBody({
+                                        phase: "client_response",
+                                        headers: { "content-type": "application/json" },
+                                        body: clientResponseText,
+                                        bodySize: Buffer.byteLength(clientResponseText, "utf8"),
+                                        contentType: "application/json",
+                                        responseStatus: 200,
+                                        durationMs: Date.now() - requestStartTime,
+                                    });
+                                    return clientResponse;
                                 }
                                 catch (fallbackErr) {
                                     logger.debug(`[proxy] fallback ${fallback.provider}/${fallback.model} failed: ${fallbackErr instanceof Error ? fallbackErr.message : String(fallbackErr)}`);
-                                    continue;
                                 }
                             }
                             // If no explicit fallback chain is configured, try SDK auto-provider fallback.
-                            if (chain.length === 0) {
+                            // Skip auto-provider when all accounts are rate-limited — the client
+                            // (e.g. Claude Code) understands 429 + Retry-After and will retry on
+                            // its own. Silently routing to a different provider (e.g. OpenAI)
+                            // produces confusing errors like "insufficient_quota".
+                            if (chain.length === 0 && !sawRateLimit) {
                                 try {
                                     logger.always("[proxy] fallback → auto-provider");
                                     const parsed = parseClaudeRequest(body);
-                                    const opts = {
-                                        input: {
-                                            text: parsed.prompt,
-                                            ...(parsed.images.length > 0
-                                                ? { images: parsed.images }
-                                                : {}),
-                                        },
-                                        systemPrompt: parsed.systemPrompt,
-                                        maxTokens: parsed.maxTokens,
-                                        ...(parsed.temperature !== undefined
-                                            ? { temperature: parsed.temperature }
-                                            : {}),
-                                        ...(parsed.topP !== undefined ? { topP: parsed.topP } : {}),
-                                        ...(parsed.topK !== undefined ? { topK: parsed.topK } : {}),
-                                        ...(parsed.stopSequences?.length
-                                            ? { stopSequences: parsed.stopSequences }
-                                            : {}),
-                                        tools: parsed.tools,
-                                        ...(parsed.toolChoice
-                                            ? { toolChoice: parsed.toolChoice }
-                                            : {}),
-                                        ...(parsed.thinkingConfig
-                                            ? { thinkingConfig: parsed.thinkingConfig }
-                                            : {}),
-                                        ...(parsed.conversationMessages?.length
-                                            ? {
-                                                conversationMessages: parsed.conversationMessages.slice(0, -1),
-                                            }
-                                            : {}),
-                                        maxSteps: 1,
-                                    };
+                                    const opts = buildProxyFallbackOptions(parsed);
                                     if (body.stream) {
                                         const streamResult = await ctx.neurolink.stream(opts);
                                         const serializer = new ClaudeStreamSerializer(body.model, 0);
@@ -1299,33 +2326,38 @@ export function createClaudeProxyRoutes(modelRouter, basePath = "", accountStrat
                                             for (const frame of serializer.start()) {
                                                 yield frame;
                                             }
+                                            let collectedText = "";
                                             for await (const chunk of streamResult.stream) {
                                                 const text = extractText(chunk);
                                                 if (text) {
+                                                    collectedText += text;
                                                     for (const frame of serializer.pushDelta(text)) {
                                                         yield frame;
                                                     }
                                                 }
                                             }
                                             // Emit tool_use blocks if model wants to call tools
-                                            if (streamResult.toolCalls?.length) {
-                                                for (const tc of streamResult.toolCalls) {
-                                                    const toolName = tc.toolName ??
-                                                        tc.name ??
-                                                        "unknown";
-                                                    const toolArgs = tc.args ??
-                                                        tc.parameters ??
-                                                        {};
-                                                    for (const frame of serializer.pushToolUse(generateToolUseId(), toolName, toolArgs)) {
+                                            const toolCalls = streamResult.toolCalls ?? [];
+                                            if (!hasTranslatedOutput(collectedText, toolCalls)) {
+                                                throw new Error("Translated provider auto-provider returned no content or tool calls");
+                                            }
+                                            if (toolCalls.length) {
+                                                for (const tc of toolCalls) {
+                                                    const toolName = tc.toolName ?? tc.name ?? "unknown";
+                                                    for (const frame of serializer.pushToolUse(generateToolUseId(), toolName, extractToolArgs(tc))) {
                                                         yield frame;
                                                     }
                                                 }
                                             }
                                             const reason = streamResult.finishReason ?? "end_turn";
-                                            for (const frame of serializer.finish(0, reason)) {
+                                            const resolvedUsage = extractUsageFromStreamResult(streamResult.usage);
+                                            for (const frame of serializer.finish(resolvedUsage.output, reason)) {
                                                 yield frame;
                                             }
                                         }
+                                        tracer?.end(200, Date.now() - requestStartTime);
+                                        recordFinalSuccess();
+                                        logFinalRequest(200, "", "auto-provider");
                                         return sseGenerator();
                                     }
                                     const streamResult = await ctx.neurolink.stream(opts);
@@ -1336,48 +2368,102 @@ export function createClaudeProxyRoutes(modelRouter, basePath = "", accountStrat
                                             collectedText += text;
                                         }
                                     }
+                                    if (!hasTranslatedOutput(collectedText, streamResult.toolCalls)) {
+                                        throw new Error("Translated provider auto-provider returned no content or tool calls");
+                                    }
                                     const internal = {
                                         content: collectedText,
                                         model: streamResult.model,
                                         finishReason: streamResult.finishReason ?? "end_turn",
                                         reasoning: undefined,
-                                        usage: streamResult.usage
-                                            ? {
-                                                input: streamResult.usage.input ??
-                                                    0,
-                                                output: streamResult.usage
-                                                    .output ?? 0,
-                                                total: streamResult.usage.total ??
-                                                    0,
-                                            }
-                                            : undefined,
+                                        usage: streamResult.usage ? extractUsageFromStreamResult(streamResult.usage) : undefined,
                                         toolCalls: streamResult.toolCalls,
                                     };
-                                    return serializeClaudeResponse(internal, body.model);
+                                    tracer?.end(200, Date.now() - requestStartTime);
+                                    recordFinalSuccess();
+                                    const clientResponse = serializeClaudeResponse(internal, body.model);
+                                    logFinalRequest(200, "", "auto-provider", undefined, undefined, {
+                                        inputTokens: internal.usage?.input,
+                                        outputTokens: internal.usage?.output,
+                                    });
+                                    const clientResponseText = JSON.stringify(clientResponse);
+                                    logProxyBody({
+                                        phase: "client_response",
+                                        headers: { "content-type": "application/json" },
+                                        body: clientResponseText,
+                                        bodySize: Buffer.byteLength(clientResponseText, "utf8"),
+                                        contentType: "application/json",
+                                        responseStatus: 200,
+                                        durationMs: Date.now() - requestStartTime,
+                                    });
+                                    return clientResponse;
                                 }
                                 catch (fallbackErr) {
-                                    logger.debug(`[proxy] fallback auto-provider failed: ${fallbackErr instanceof Error
-                                        ? fallbackErr.message
-                                        : String(fallbackErr)}`);
+                                    logger.debug(`[proxy] fallback auto-provider failed: ${fallbackErr instanceof Error ? fallbackErr.message : String(fallbackErr)}`);
                                 }
                             }
                             if (authFailureMessage && !sawRateLimit) {
-                                return buildClaudeError(401, authFailureMessage);
+                                tracer?.setError("authentication_error", authFailureMessage);
+                                tracer?.end(401, Date.now() - requestStartTime);
+                                return buildLoggedClaudeError(401, authFailureMessage);
+                            }
+                            if (invalidRequestFailure) {
+                                tracer?.setError("invalid_request_error", summarizeErrorMessage(invalidRequestFailure.body));
+                                tracer?.end(invalidRequestFailure.status, Date.now() - requestStartTime);
+                                recordFinalError(invalidRequestFailure.status);
+                                try {
+                                    const parsedError = JSON.parse(invalidRequestFailure.body);
+                                    logFinalRequest(invalidRequestFailure.status, "", "final", "invalid_request_error", summarizeErrorMessage(invalidRequestFailure.body));
+                                    logProxyBody({
+                                        phase: "client_response",
+                                        headers: {
+                                            "content-type": invalidRequestFailure.contentType ?? "application/json",
+                                        },
+                                        body: invalidRequestFailure.body,
+                                        bodySize: Buffer.byteLength(invalidRequestFailure.body, "utf8"),
+                                        contentType: invalidRequestFailure.contentType ?? "application/json",
+                                        responseStatus: invalidRequestFailure.status,
+                                        durationMs: Date.now() - requestStartTime,
+                                    });
+                                    return parsedError;
+                                }
+                                catch {
+                                    return buildLoggedClaudeError(invalidRequestFailure.status, summarizeErrorMessage(invalidRequestFailure.body), "invalid_request_error");
+                                }
                             }
                             if ((sawNetworkError || sawTransientFailure) && !sawRateLimit) {
-                                return buildClaudeError(502, `All Anthropic accounts failed due to transient upstream/network errors. Last error: ${lastError instanceof Error
-                                    ? lastError.message
-                                    : String(lastError ?? "unknown")}`);
+                                const msg = `All Anthropic accounts failed due to transient upstream/network errors. Last error: ${lastError instanceof Error ? lastError.message : String(lastError ?? "unknown")}`;
+                                tracer?.setError("transient_error", msg.slice(0, 500));
+                                tracer?.end(502, Date.now() - requestStartTime);
+                                return buildLoggedClaudeError(502, msg);
                             }
                             if (!sawRateLimit) {
-                                return buildClaudeError(502, `All Anthropic accounts failed. Last error: ${lastError instanceof Error
-                                    ? lastError.message
-                                    : String(lastError ?? "unknown")}`);
+                                const msg = `All Anthropic accounts failed. Last error: ${lastError instanceof Error ? lastError.message : String(lastError ?? "unknown")}`;
+                                tracer?.setError("all_accounts_failed", msg.slice(0, 500));
+                                tracer?.end(502, Date.now() - requestStartTime);
+                                return buildLoggedClaudeError(502, msg);
                             }
                             // All accounts AND all fallbacks exhausted — return 429 with Retry-After
                             logger.always(`[proxy] all accounts rate-limited, retry in ${retryAfterSec}s`);
                             const errorBody = buildClaudeError(429, `All accounts rate-limited. Earliest recovery in ${retryAfterSec}s.`, "overloaded_error");
-                            return new Response(JSON.stringify(errorBody), {
+                            tracer?.setError("rate_limit_error", `All accounts rate-limited. Retry in ${retryAfterSec}s.`);
+                            tracer?.end(429, Date.now() - requestStartTime);
+                            recordFinalError(429);
+                            logFinalRequest(429, "", "final", "rate_limit_error", `All accounts rate-limited. Retry in ${retryAfterSec}s.`);
+                            const errorBodyText = JSON.stringify(errorBody);
+                            logProxyBody({
+                                phase: "client_response",
+                                headers: {
+                                    "content-type": "application/json",
+                                    "retry-after": String(retryAfterSec),
+                                },
+                                body: errorBodyText,
+                                bodySize: Buffer.byteLength(errorBodyText, "utf8"),
+                                contentType: "application/json",
+                                responseStatus: 429,
+                                durationMs: Date.now() - requestStartTime,
+                            });
+                            return new Response(errorBodyText, {
                                 status: 429,
                                 headers: {
                                     "content-type": "application/json",
@@ -1387,40 +2473,14 @@ export function createClaudeProxyRoutes(modelRouter, basePath = "", accountStrat
                         }
                         else {
                             // ─── TRANSLATION MODE (Claude → Other Provider) ───────
+                            tracer?.setMode("full");
                             // Parse into NeuroLink format, call generate/stream, serialize back
                             const parsed = parseClaudeRequest(body);
-                            const historyMessages = parsed.conversationMessages.slice(0, -1);
-                            const options = {
-                                input: {
-                                    text: parsed.prompt,
-                                    ...(parsed.images.length > 0
-                                        ? { images: parsed.images }
-                                        : {}),
-                                },
+                            const attempts = buildProxyTranslationAttempts({
                                 provider: route.provider,
                                 model: route.model,
-                                systemPrompt: parsed.systemPrompt,
-                                maxTokens: parsed.maxTokens,
-                                ...(parsed.temperature !== undefined
-                                    ? { temperature: parsed.temperature }
-                                    : {}),
-                                ...(parsed.topP !== undefined ? { topP: parsed.topP } : {}),
-                                ...(parsed.topK !== undefined ? { topK: parsed.topK } : {}),
-                                ...(parsed.stopSequences?.length
-                                    ? { stopSequences: parsed.stopSequences }
-                                    : {}),
-                                ...(parsed.thinkingConfig
-                                    ? { thinkingConfig: parsed.thinkingConfig }
-                                    : {}),
-                                tools: parsed.tools,
-                                ...(parsed.toolChoice ? { toolChoice: parsed.toolChoice } : {}),
-                                maxSteps: 1,
-                                ...(historyMessages.length > 0
-                                    ? { conversationMessages: historyMessages }
-                                    : {}),
-                            };
+                            }, modelRouter);
                             if (body.stream) {
-                                const streamResult = await ctx.neurolink.stream(options);
                                 const serializer = new ClaudeStreamSerializer(body.model, 0);
                                 const KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL_MS = 15_000; // 15 seconds
                                 // Return a ReadableStream that emits SSE keep-alive comments
@@ -1429,6 +2489,9 @@ export function createClaudeProxyRoutes(modelRouter, basePath = "", accountStrat
                                 const encoder = new TextEncoder();
                                 let translationKeepAliveTimer;
                                 let translationCancelled = false;
+                                let translationSucceeded = false;
+                                let translatedModel;
+                                let finalStreamError = "No translation providers succeeded";
                                 // Hold a reference to the upstream async iterator so
                                 // we can abort it when the client disconnects.
                                 let upstreamIterator;
@@ -1448,59 +2511,85 @@ export function createClaudeProxyRoutes(modelRouter, basePath = "", accountStrat
                                             }
                                         }, KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL_MS);
                                         try {
-                                            const iterable = streamResult.stream;
-                                            upstreamIterator = iterable[Symbol.asyncIterator]();
-                                            // Manually drive the async iterator so we can cancel it
-                                            while (true) {
-                                                if (translationCancelled) {
-                                                    break;
+                                            for (let attemptIndex = 0; attemptIndex < attempts.length; attemptIndex++) {
+                                                const attempt = attempts[attemptIndex];
+                                                if (attemptIndex > 0) {
+                                                    logger.always(`[proxy] fallback → ${attempt.label}`);
                                                 }
-                                                const { value: chunk, done } = await upstreamIterator.next();
-                                                if (done) {
-                                                    break;
-                                                }
-                                                if (translationCancelled) {
-                                                    break;
-                                                }
-                                                const text = extractText(chunk);
-                                                if (text) {
-                                                    for (const frame of serializer.pushDelta(text)) {
-                                                        controller.enqueue(encoder.encode(frame));
+                                                let collectedText = "";
+                                                try {
+                                                    const options = buildProxyFallbackOptions(parsed, attempt.provider
+                                                        ? {
+                                                            provider: attempt.provider,
+                                                            model: attempt.model,
+                                                        }
+                                                        : {});
+                                                    const streamResult = await ctx.neurolink.stream(options);
+                                                    const iterable = streamResult.stream;
+                                                    upstreamIterator = iterable[Symbol.asyncIterator]();
+                                                    while (true) {
+                                                        if (translationCancelled) {
+                                                            break;
+                                                        }
+                                                        const { value: chunk, done } = await upstreamIterator.next();
+                                                        if (done) {
+                                                            break;
+                                                        }
+                                                        if (translationCancelled) {
+                                                            break;
+                                                        }
+                                                        const text = extractText(chunk);
+                                                        if (text) {
+                                                            collectedText += text;
+                                                            for (const frame of serializer.pushDelta(text)) {
+                                                                controller.enqueue(encoder.encode(frame));
+                                                            }
+                                                        }
+                                                    }
+                                                    const toolCalls = streamResult.toolCalls ?? [];
+                                                    if (!hasTranslatedOutput(collectedText, toolCalls)) {
+                                                        finalStreamError = `Translated provider ${attempt.label} returned no content or tool calls`;
+                                                        logger.debug(`[proxy] translation attempt ${attempt.label} returned no content or tool calls`);
+                                                        continue;
                                                     }
+                                                    if (!translationCancelled && toolCalls.length) {
+                                                        for (const tc of toolCalls) {
+                                                            const toolName = tc.toolName ?? tc.name ?? "unknown";
+                                                            for (const frame of serializer.pushToolUse(generateToolUseId(), toolName, extractToolArgs(tc))) {
+                                                                controller.enqueue(encoder.encode(frame));
+                                                            }
+                                                        }
+                                                    }
+                                                    if (!translationCancelled) {
+                                                        const reason = streamResult.finishReason ?? "end_turn";
+                                                        const resolvedUsage = extractUsageFromStreamResult(streamResult.usage);
+                                                        for (const frame of serializer.finish(resolvedUsage.output, reason)) {
+                                                            controller.enqueue(encoder.encode(frame));
+                                                        }
+                                                    }
+                                                    translatedModel = streamResult.model;
+                                                    translationSucceeded = true;
+                                                    return;
                                                 }
-                                            }
-                                            // Emit tool_use blocks if model wants to call tools
-                                            if (!translationCancelled &&
-                                                streamResult.toolCalls?.length) {
-                                                for (const tc of streamResult.toolCalls) {
-                                                    const toolName = tc.toolName ??
-                                                        tc.name ??
-                                                        "unknown";
-                                                    const toolArgs = tc.args ??
-                                                        tc.parameters ??
-                                                        {};
-                                                    for (const frame of serializer.pushToolUse(generateToolUseId(), toolName, toolArgs)) {
-                                                        controller.enqueue(encoder.encode(frame));
+                                                catch (streamErr) {
+                                                    if (translationCancelled) {
+                                                        return;
+                                                    }
+                                                    finalStreamError = streamErr instanceof Error ? streamErr.message : String(streamErr);
+                                                    if (collectedText.trim().length > 0) {
+                                                        logger.always(`[proxy] mid-stream error (translation mode): ${finalStreamError}`);
+                                                        const errorEvent = `event: error\ndata: ${JSON.stringify({ type: "error", error: { type: "api_error", message: `Upstream stream interrupted: ${finalStreamError}` } })}\n\n`;
+                                                        controller.enqueue(encoder.encode(errorEvent));
+                                                        return;
                                                     }
+                                                    logger.debug(`[proxy] translation attempt ${attempt.label} failed: ${finalStreamError}`);
                                                 }
                                             }
                                             if (!translationCancelled) {
-                                                const reason = streamResult.finishReason ?? "end_turn";
-                                                for (const frame of serializer.finish(0, reason)) {
-                                                    controller.enqueue(encoder.encode(frame));
-                                                }
-                                            }
-                                        }
-                                        catch (streamErr) {
-                                            if (translationCancelled) {
-                                                return;
+                                                logger.always(`[proxy] mid-stream error (translation mode): ${finalStreamError}`);
+                                                const errorEvent = `event: error\ndata: ${JSON.stringify({ type: "error", error: { type: "api_error", message: `Upstream stream interrupted: ${finalStreamError}` } })}\n\n`;
+                                                controller.enqueue(encoder.encode(errorEvent));
                                             }
-                                            const errMsg = streamErr instanceof Error
-                                                ? streamErr.message
-                                                : String(streamErr);
-                                            logger.always(`[proxy] mid-stream error (translation mode): ${errMsg}`);
-                                            const errorEvent = `event: error\ndata: ${JSON.stringify({ type: "error", error: { type: "api_error", message: `Upstream stream interrupted: ${errMsg}` } })}\n\n`;
-                                            controller.enqueue(encoder.encode(errorEvent));
                                         }
                                         finally {
                                             if (translationKeepAliveTimer) {
@@ -1509,6 +2598,14 @@ export function createClaudeProxyRoutes(modelRouter, basePath = "", accountStrat
                                             if (!translationCancelled) {
                                                 controller.close();
                                             }
+                                            // OTel: record model substitution if proxy routed to a different model
+                                            if (tracer && translatedModel && translatedModel !== body.model) {
+                                                tracer.setModelSubstitution(body.model, translatedModel);
+                                            }
+                                            if (!translationSucceeded) {
+                                                tracer?.setError("generation_error", finalStreamError.slice(0, 500));
+                                            }
+                                            tracer?.end(200, Date.now() - requestStartTime);
                                         }
                                     },
                                     cancel() {
@@ -1533,34 +2630,72 @@ export function createClaudeProxyRoutes(modelRouter, basePath = "", accountStrat
                                     },
                                 });
                             }
-                            const streamResult = await ctx.neurolink.stream(options);
-                            let collectedText = "";
-                            for await (const chunk of streamResult.stream) {
-                                const text = extractText(chunk);
-                                if (text) {
-                                    collectedText += text;
+                            let lastAttemptError = "No translation providers succeeded";
+                            for (let attemptIndex = 0; attemptIndex < attempts.length; attemptIndex++) {
+                                const attempt = attempts[attemptIndex];
+                                if (attemptIndex > 0) {
+                                    logger.always(`[proxy] fallback → ${attempt.label}`);
                                 }
-                            }
-                            const internal = {
-                                content: collectedText,
-                                model: streamResult.model,
-                                finishReason: streamResult.finishReason ?? "end_turn",
-                                reasoning: undefined,
-                                usage: streamResult.usage
-                                    ? {
-                                        input: streamResult.usage.input ?? 0,
-                                        output: streamResult.usage.output ?? 0,
-                                        total: streamResult.usage.total ?? 0,
+                                try {
+                                    const options = buildProxyFallbackOptions(parsed, attempt.provider
+                                        ? {
+                                            provider: attempt.provider,
+                                            model: attempt.model,
+                                        }
+                                        : {});
+                                    const streamResult = await ctx.neurolink.stream(options);
+                                    let collectedText = "";
+                                    for await (const chunk of streamResult.stream) {
+                                        const text = extractText(chunk);
+                                        if (text) {
+                                            collectedText += text;
+                                        }
                                     }
-                                    : undefined,
-                                toolCalls: streamResult.toolCalls,
-                            };
-                            return serializeClaudeResponse(internal, body.model);
+                                    if (!hasTranslatedOutput(collectedText, streamResult.toolCalls)) {
+                                        lastAttemptError = `Translated provider ${attempt.label} returned no content or tool calls`;
+                                        logger.debug(`[proxy] translation attempt ${attempt.label} returned no content or tool calls`);
+                                        continue;
+                                    }
+                                    const internal = {
+                                        content: collectedText,
+                                        model: streamResult.model,
+                                        finishReason: streamResult.finishReason ?? "end_turn",
+                                        reasoning: undefined,
+                                        usage: streamResult.usage ? extractUsageFromStreamResult(streamResult.usage) : undefined,
+                                        toolCalls: streamResult.toolCalls,
+                                    };
+                                    // OTel: record model substitution if proxy routed to a different model
+                                    if (tracer && streamResult.model && streamResult.model !== body.model) {
+                                        tracer.setModelSubstitution(body.model, streamResult.model);
+                                    }
+                                    tracer?.end(200, Date.now() - requestStartTime);
+                                    const clientResponse = serializeClaudeResponse(internal, body.model);
+                                    const clientResponseText = JSON.stringify(clientResponse);
+                                    logProxyBody({
+                                        phase: "client_response",
+                                        headers: { "content-type": "application/json" },
+                                        body: clientResponseText,
+                                        bodySize: Buffer.byteLength(clientResponseText, "utf8"),
+                                        contentType: "application/json",
+                                        responseStatus: 200,
+                                        durationMs: Date.now() - requestStartTime,
+                                    });
+                                    return clientResponse;
+                                }
+                                catch (attemptError) {
+                                    lastAttemptError = attemptError instanceof Error ? attemptError.message : String(attemptError);
+                                    logger.debug(`[proxy] translation attempt ${attempt.label} failed: ${lastAttemptError}`);
+                                }
+                            }
+                            throw new Error(lastAttemptError);
                         }
                     }
                     catch (error) {
-                        logger.error(`[claude-proxy] Generation error for ${body.model}: ${error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)}`);
-                        return buildClaudeError(502, `Generation failed: ${error instanceof Error ? error.message : "unknown error"}`);
+                        const errMsg = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error);
+                        logger.error(`[claude-proxy] Generation error for ${body.model}: ${errMsg}`);
+                        tracer?.setError("generation_error", errMsg.slice(0, 500));
+                        tracer?.end(502, Date.now() - requestStartTime);
+                        return buildLoggedClaudeError(502, `Generation failed: ${error instanceof Error ? error.message : "unknown error"}`);
                     }
                 },
                 description: "Claude-compatible messages endpoint routed through NeuroLink",
@@ -1606,9 +2741,7 @@ export function createClaudeProxyRoutes(modelRouter, basePath = "", accountStrat
                     }
                     // Simple estimation using character-to-token heuristic
                     const text = body.messages
-                        .map((m) => typeof m.content === "string"
-                        ? m.content
-                        : JSON.stringify(m.content))
+                        .map((m) => (typeof m.content === "string" ? m.content : JSON.stringify(m.content)))
                         .join(" ");
                     return { input_tokens: Math.ceil(text.length / 4) };
                 },
@@ -1621,6 +2754,26 @@ export function createClaudeProxyRoutes(modelRouter, basePath = "", accountStrat
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Helpers
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/**
+ * Extract token usage from a StreamResult.usage object, handling multiple
+ * naming conventions across AI SDK versions and providers:
+ * - AI SDK v6: inputTokens / outputTokens
+ * - AI SDK v4: promptTokens / completionTokens
+ * - NeuroLink internal: input / output
+ */
+function extractUsageFromStreamResult(usage) {
+    if (!usage || typeof usage !== "object") {
+        return { input: 0, output: 0, total: 0 };
+    }
+    const u = usage;
+    const input = (typeof u.inputTokens === "number" ? u.inputTokens : 0) ||
+        (typeof u.promptTokens === "number" ? u.promptTokens : 0) ||
+        (typeof u.input === "number" ? u.input : 0);
+    const output = (typeof u.outputTokens === "number" ? u.outputTokens : 0) ||
+        (typeof u.completionTokens === "number" ? u.completionTokens : 0) ||
+        (typeof u.output === "number" ? u.output : 0);
+    return { input, output, total: input + output };
+}
 /**
  * Extract text content from a stream chunk (handles various chunk formats).
  */
@@ -1744,24 +2897,17 @@ function isRetryableNetworkError(error) {
         normalized.includes("fetch failed") ||
         normalized.includes("socket hang up"));
 }
-const TRANSIENT_HTTP_STATUSES = new Set([
-    408, 500, 502, 503, 504, 520, 521, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526, 529,
-]);
+const TRANSIENT_HTTP_STATUSES = new Set([408, 500, 502, 503, 504, 520, 521, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526, 529]);
 /**
  * Parse a Claude error payload when available.
  */
 export function parseClaudeErrorBody(errBody) {
     try {
         const parsed = JSON.parse(errBody);
-        if (parsed &&
-            parsed.type === "error" &&
-            parsed.error &&
-            typeof parsed.error === "object") {
+        if (parsed && parsed.type === "error" && parsed.error && typeof parsed.error === "object") {
             return {
                 errorType: typeof parsed.error.type === "string" ? parsed.error.type : undefined,
-                message: typeof parsed.error.message === "string"
-                    ? parsed.error.message
-                    : undefined,
+                message: typeof parsed.error.message === "string" ? parsed.error.message : undefined,
             };
         }
     }
@@ -1778,8 +2924,91 @@ export function isInvalidRequestError(status, errBody) {
         return true;
     }
     const parsed = parseClaudeErrorBody(errBody);
-    return (parsed.errorType === "invalid_request_error" ||
-        errBody.includes("invalid_request_error"));
+    return parsed.errorType === "invalid_request_error" || errBody.includes("invalid_request_error");
+}
+function normalizeClaudeRequestForAnthropic(body) {
+    return {
+        ...body,
+        messages: body.messages.map((msg) => {
+            if (typeof msg.content !== "string") {
+                return msg;
+            }
+            return {
+                ...msg,
+                content: [{ type: "text", text: msg.content }],
+            };
+        }),
+    };
+}
+export function buildProxyFallbackOptions(parsed, overrides = {}) {
+    const historyMessages = parsed.conversationMessages.slice(0, -1);
+    const toolNames = Object.keys(parsed.tools);
+    const toolChoice = parsed.toolChoiceName
+        ? { type: "tool", toolName: parsed.toolChoiceName }
+        : parsed.toolChoice;
+    return {
+        input: {
+            text: parsed.prompt,
+            ...(parsed.images.length > 0 ? { images: parsed.images } : {}),
+        },
+        ...(overrides.provider ? { provider: overrides.provider } : {}),
+        ...(overrides.model ? { model: overrides.model } : {}),
+        systemPrompt: parsed.systemPrompt,
+        maxTokens: parsed.maxTokens,
+        ...(parsed.temperature !== undefined ? { temperature: parsed.temperature } : {}),
+        ...(parsed.topP !== undefined ? { topP: parsed.topP } : {}),
+        ...(parsed.topK !== undefined ? { topK: parsed.topK } : {}),
+        ...(parsed.stopSequences?.length ? { stopSequences: parsed.stopSequences } : {}),
+        ...(parsed.thinkingConfig ? { thinkingConfig: parsed.thinkingConfig } : {}),
+        ...(toolNames.length === 0 ? { disableTools: true } : {}),
+        // Claude-compatible requests already declare the exact tool contract.
+        // Filter out NeuroLink's built-in agent tools so translated fallbacks only
+        // expose the tools the client actually knows how to handle.
+        ...(toolNames.length > 0
+            ? {
+                tools: parsed.tools,
+                toolFilter: toolNames,
+            }
+            : {}),
+        ...(toolChoice ? { toolChoice } : {}),
+        ...(historyMessages.length > 0 ? { conversationMessages: historyMessages } : {}),
+        disableInternalFallback: true,
+        skipToolPromptInjection: true,
+        maxSteps: 1,
+    };
+}
+function buildProxyTranslationAttempts(primary, modelRouter) {
+    const attempts = [
+        {
+            provider: primary.provider,
+            model: primary.model,
+            label: `${primary.provider}/${primary.model ?? "unknown"}`,
+        },
+    ];
+    const chain = modelRouter?.getFallbackChain() ?? [];
+    for (const fallback of chain) {
+        if (fallback.provider === primary.provider && fallback.model === primary.model) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        attempts.push({
+            provider: fallback.provider,
+            model: fallback.model,
+            label: `${fallback.provider}/${fallback.model}`,
+        });
+    }
+    if (chain.length === 0) {
+        attempts.push({ label: "auto-provider" });
+    }
+    return attempts;
+}
+function hasTranslatedOutput(collectedText, toolCalls) {
+    return collectedText.trim().length > 0 || (toolCalls?.length ?? 0) > 0;
+}
+function extractToolArgs(toolCall) {
+    return (toolCall.args ??
+        toolCall.parameters ??
+        toolCall.input ??
+        {});
 }
 /**
  * Detect transient upstream failures that should trigger account/provider failover.