@jgengine/core 0.18.0 → 0.19.0

package/dist/physics/handlingProbe.js

@@ -0,0 +1,606 @@
+const KMH100 = 100 / 3.6;
+const RAD_TO_DEG = 180 / Math.PI;
+function input(throttle, brake, steer, handbrake = 0) {
+    return { throttle, brake, steer, handbrake };
+}
+function sideslipOf(step) {
+    return Math.hypot(step.forwardSpeed, step.lateralSpeed) < 1 ? 0 : Math.atan2(Math.abs(step.lateralSpeed), step.forwardSpeed);
+}
+function holdSpeed(target, current) {
+    const error = target - current;
+    return error >= 0 ? { throttle: Math.min(1, error * 0.6 + 0.25), brake: 0 } : { throttle: 0, brake: Math.min(1, -error * 0.3) };
+}
+function speedOf(subject) {
+    const [vx, vz] = subject.velocity();
+    return Math.hypot(vx, vz);
+}
+function launchTo(subject, speed, dt) {
+    let last = 0;
+    for (let i = 0; i < Math.ceil(60 / dt); i += 1) {
+        last = subject.tick(dt, input(1, 0, 0)).forwardSpeed;
+        if (last >= speed)
+            break;
+    }
+    for (let i = 0; i < Math.ceil(0.5 / dt); i += 1) {
+        const hold = holdSpeed(speed, last);
+        last = subject.tick(dt, input(hold.throttle, hold.brake, 0)).forwardSpeed;
+    }
+    return last;
+}
+/**
+ * Drives fresh instances from `create` through fixed scenarios (launch, top speed, braking, a slow steer
+ * ramp, a step steer, a mid-corner lift-off, a handbrake pull, full throttle with full steer) and reports the feel metrics a test can
+ * assert. Deterministic: the same subject and options always produce the same report, so a tuning change
+ * shows up as a number moving, not an opinion.
+ * @capability handling-metrics measure a vehicle's feel as numbers — 0–100, braking, lateral g, turn-in, sideslip, spin
+ */
+export function measureHandling(create, options = {}) {
+    const dt = options.dt ?? 1 / 60;
+    const cornerSpeed = options.cornerSpeed ?? 25;
+    const stepSteer = options.stepSteer ?? 1;
+    const liftOffSteer = options.liftOffSteer ?? 0.3;
+    let zeroTo100 = Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+    let topSpeed = 0;
+    {
+        const car = create();
+        for (let i = 1; i <= Math.ceil(40 / dt); i += 1) {
+            const step = car.tick(dt, input(1, 0, 0));
+            if (zeroTo100 === Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY && step.forwardSpeed >= KMH100)
+                zeroTo100 = i * dt;
+            topSpeed = step.forwardSpeed;
+        }
+    }
+    let brake100To0 = Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+    {
+        const car = create();
+        if (launchTo(car, KMH100, dt) >= KMH100 - 1) {
+            let distance = 0;
+            for (let i = 0; i < Math.ceil(20 / dt); i += 1) {
+                const step = car.tick(dt, input(0, 1, 0));
+                distance += Math.max(0, step.forwardSpeed) * dt;
+                if (step.forwardSpeed <= 0.3) {
+                    brake100To0 = distance;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    let maxLateralG = 0;
+    {
+        const car = create();
+        let speed = launchTo(car, 20, dt);
+        let previous = car.velocity();
+        let filtered = 0;
+        for (let i = 0; i < Math.ceil(6 / dt); i += 1) {
+            const steer = Math.min(1, (i * dt) / 6);
+            const hold = holdSpeed(20, speed);
+            const step = car.tick(dt, input(hold.throttle, hold.brake, steer));
+            speed = step.forwardSpeed;
+            const velocity = car.velocity();
+            const ax = (velocity[0] - previous[0]) / dt;
+            const az = (velocity[1] - previous[1]) / dt;
+            previous = velocity;
+            const travel = Math.max(1e-6, Math.hypot(velocity[0], velocity[1]));
+            const lateral = Math.abs(ax * velocity[1] - az * velocity[0]) / travel;
+            filtered += (lateral - filtered) * 0.1;
+            if (sideslipOf(step) < 12 / RAD_TO_DEG)
+                maxLateralG = Math.max(maxLateralG, filtered / 9.81);
+        }
+    }
+    let turnIn = Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+    let stepPeakSideslipDeg = 0;
+    let stepSteadyYawRate = 0;
+    let stepSpeedRetained = 0;
+    let spun = false;
+    {
+        const car = create();
+        const entry = launchTo(car, cornerSpeed, dt);
+        const yaw = [];
+        let last = { forwardSpeed: entry, lateralSpeed: 0, yawRate: 0 };
+        for (let i = 0; i < Math.ceil(3 / dt); i += 1) {
+            last = car.tick(dt, input(0.35, 0, stepSteer));
+            yaw.push(Math.abs(last.yawRate));
+            stepPeakSideslipDeg = Math.max(stepPeakSideslipDeg, sideslipOf(last) * RAD_TO_DEG);
+        }
+        const window = yaw.slice(0, Math.ceil(1.5 / dt));
+        const peak = Math.max(...window);
+        const index = window.findIndex((value) => value >= peak * 0.9);
+        if (peak > 1e-3 && index >= 0)
+            turnIn = (index + 1) * dt;
+        stepSteadyYawRate = Math.abs(last.yawRate);
+        stepSpeedRetained = entry > 0 ? speedOf(car) / entry : 0;
+        spun = sideslipOf(last) > 60 / RAD_TO_DEG || last.forwardSpeed < 0;
+    }
+    let liftOffYawGain = 1;
+    {
+        const car = create();
+        let speed = launchTo(car, cornerSpeed, dt);
+        let yawBefore = 0;
+        for (let i = 0; i < Math.ceil(2.5 / dt); i += 1) {
+            const hold = holdSpeed(cornerSpeed, speed);
+            const step = car.tick(dt, input(hold.throttle, hold.brake, liftOffSteer));
+            speed = step.forwardSpeed;
+            yawBefore = Math.abs(step.yawRate);
+        }
+        let yawAfter = yawBefore;
+        for (let i = 0; i < Math.ceil(0.5 / dt); i += 1)
+            yawAfter = Math.abs(car.tick(dt, input(0, 0, liftOffSteer)).yawRate);
+        liftOffYawGain = yawBefore > 1e-3 ? yawAfter / yawBefore : 1;
+    }
+    let handbrakePeakSideslipDeg = 0;
+    let handbrakeRecoverySeconds = Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+    {
+        const car = create();
+        launchTo(car, 20, dt);
+        const pullTicks = Math.ceil(0.6 / dt);
+        let settledSince = -1;
+        for (let i = 0; i < pullTicks + Math.ceil(3 / dt); i += 1) {
+            const pulling = i < pullTicks;
+            const step = car.tick(dt, input(0, 0, pulling ? 1 : 0, pulling ? 1 : 0));
+            const slip = sideslipOf(step) * RAD_TO_DEG;
+            if (i * dt < 1.5)
+                handbrakePeakSideslipDeg = Math.max(handbrakePeakSideslipDeg, slip);
+            if (pulling)
+                continue;
+            if (slip >= 5)
+                settledSince = -1;
+            else if (settledSince < 0)
+                settledSince = i;
+            if (settledSince >= 0 && (i - settledSince) * dt >= 0.3) {
+                handbrakeRecoverySeconds = (settledSince - pullTicks) * dt;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    let powerSteerPeakSideslipDeg = 0;
+    let powerSteerSpun = false;
+    {
+        const car = create();
+        launchTo(car, 12, dt);
+        let last = { forwardSpeed: 0, lateralSpeed: 0, yawRate: 0 };
+        for (let i = 0; i < Math.ceil(2 / dt); i += 1) {
+            last = car.tick(dt, input(1, 0, 1));
+            powerSteerPeakSideslipDeg = Math.max(powerSteerPeakSideslipDeg, sideslipOf(last) * RAD_TO_DEG);
+        }
+        powerSteerSpun = sideslipOf(last) > 60 / RAD_TO_DEG || last.forwardSpeed < 0;
+    }
+    return {
+        zeroTo100,
+        topSpeed,
+        brake100To0,
+        maxLateralG,
+        turnIn,
+        stepPeakSideslipDeg,
+        stepSteadyYawRate,
+        stepSpeedRetained,
+        spun,
+        liftOffYawGain,
+        handbrakePeakSideslipDeg,
+        handbrakeRecoverySeconds,
+        powerSteerPeakSideslipDeg,
+        powerSteerSpun,
+    };
+}
+/**
+ * Drives fresh sprung vehicles from `create` through a vertical kick, a hard stop, a steady corner and a
+ * launch-and-land, and reports how the body moves: how fast it settles, how much it dives and rolls, and
+ * whether a landing bounces.
+ * @capability ride-metrics measure a sprung vehicle's ride — settle time, dive, roll per g, landing bounce
+ */
+export function measureRide(create, options = {}) {
+    const dt = options.dt ?? 1 / 60;
+    const neutral = input(0, 0, 0);
+    let settleSeconds = Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+    let heaveOvershoot = 0;
+    {
+        const car = create();
+        const rest = car.tick(dt, neutral).position[1];
+        car.applyImpulse(0, 0, 1);
+        let lastOutside = 0;
+        let rise = 0;
+        let drop = 0;
+        const ticks = Math.ceil(6 / dt);
+        for (let i = 1; i <= ticks; i += 1) {
+            const offset = car.tick(dt, neutral).position[1] - rest;
+            rise = Math.max(rise, offset);
+            drop = Math.max(drop, -offset);
+            if (Math.abs(offset) > 0.005)
+                lastOutside = i;
+        }
+        if (lastOutside < ticks)
+            settleSeconds = lastOutside * dt;
+        heaveOvershoot = rise > 0 ? drop / rise : 0;
+    }
+    let brakeDiveDeg = 0;
+    {
+        const car = create();
+        let speed = 0;
+        for (let i = 0; i < Math.ceil(30 / dt) && speed < 25; i += 1)
+            speed = car.tick(dt, input(1, 0, 0)).forwardSpeed;
+        for (let i = 0; i < Math.ceil(1.5 / dt); i += 1)
+            brakeDiveDeg = Math.max(brakeDiveDeg, car.tick(dt, input(0, 1, 0)).bodyPitch * RAD_TO_DEG);
+    }
+    let rollGradient = 0;
+    {
+        const car = create();
+        let speed = 0;
+        for (let i = 0; i < Math.ceil(30 / dt) && speed < 20; i += 1)
+            speed = car.tick(dt, input(1, 0, 0)).forwardSpeed;
+        let step = car.tick(dt, neutral);
+        for (let i = 0; i < Math.ceil(2.5 / dt); i += 1) {
+            const hold = holdSpeed(20, step.forwardSpeed);
+            step = car.tick(dt, input(hold.throttle, hold.brake, 0.5));
+        }
+        const g = Math.abs(step.lateralAccel) / 9.81;
+        rollGradient = g > 0.05 ? (Math.abs(step.bodyRoll) * RAD_TO_DEG) / g : 0;
+    }
+    let landingBounces = 0;
+    {
+        const car = create();
+        car.tick(dt, neutral);
+        car.applyImpulse(0, 0, 4);
+        let wasAirborne = false;
+        let landed = false;
+        for (let i = 0; i < Math.ceil(4 / dt); i += 1) {
+            const airborne = car.tick(dt, neutral).airborne;
+            if (wasAirborne && !airborne)
+                landed = true;
+            else if (landed && !wasAirborne && airborne)
+                landingBounces += 1;
+            wasAirborne = airborne;
+        }
+    }
+    return { settleSeconds, heaveOvershoot, brakeDiveDeg, rollGradient, landingBounces };
+}
+/**
+ * Jumps a fresh vehicle from rest and holds full air input on each axis, reporting jump height and timing,
+ * double-jump height, and how fast the body rotates in the air.
+ * @capability air-metrics measure a vehicle's jumps and air control — apex height and time, double jump, air rotation rates
+ */
+export function measureAir(create, options = {}) {
+    const dt = options.dt ?? 1 / 60;
+    const neutral = input(0, 0, 0);
+    const flight = (secondJumpAtApex) => {
+        const car = create();
+        const rest = car.tick(dt, neutral).position[1];
+        car.jump();
+        let apex = 0;
+        let apexTime = 0;
+        let rising = true;
+        let last = rest;
+        for (let i = 1; i <= Math.ceil(4 / dt); i += 1) {
+            const y = car.tick(dt, neutral).position[1];
+            if (rising && y < last) {
+                rising = false;
+                if (secondJumpAtApex)
+                    car.jump();
+            }
+            if (y - rest > apex) {
+                apex = y - rest;
+                apexTime = i * dt;
+            }
+            last = y;
+        }
+        return { apex, apexTime };
+    };
+    const single = flight(false);
+    const double = flight(true);
+    const rateAfter = (air, key) => {
+        const car = create();
+        car.tick(dt, neutral);
+        car.jump();
+        for (let i = 0; i < Math.ceil(0.4 / dt); i += 1)
+            car.tick(dt, neutral, { air });
+        return Math.abs(car.snapshot()[key]);
+    };
+    return {
+        jumpApexHeight: single.apex,
+        jumpApexTime: single.apexTime,
+        doubleJumpApexHeight: double.apex,
+        airPitchRate: rateAfter({ pitch: 1, yaw: 0, roll: 0 }, "pitchRate"),
+        airYawRate: rateAfter({ pitch: 0, yaw: 1, roll: 0 }, "yawRate"),
+        airRollRate: rateAfter({ pitch: 0, yaw: 0, roll: 1 }, "rollRate"),
+    };
+}
+function wrapAngle(angle) {
+    let a = angle;
+    while (a > Math.PI)
+        a -= 2 * Math.PI;
+    while (a < -Math.PI)
+        a += 2 * Math.PI;
+    return a;
+}
+/**
+ * Drives a fresh vehicle from `create` through a steer ramp, a skidpad and a slalom with simple
+ * deterministic drivers, and reports understeer gradient, skidpad g and the fastest clean slalom.
+ * @capability course-metrics measure a vehicle on driven tests — understeer gradient, skidpad g, slalom speed
+ */
+export function measureCourse(create, options) {
+    const dt = options.dt ?? 1 / 60;
+    const wheelbase = options.wheelbase;
+    const radius = options.skidpadRadius ?? 30;
+    const spacing = options.slalomSpacing ?? 18;
+    const offset = options.slalomOffset ?? 3.5;
+    let understeerGradient = Number.NaN;
+    {
+        const car = create();
+        let speed = launchTo(car, 20, dt);
+        let sum = 0;
+        let count = 0;
+        for (let i = 0; i < Math.ceil(8 / dt); i += 1) {
+            const steer = Math.min(1, (i * dt) / 8) * 0.5;
+            const hold = holdSpeed(20, speed);
+            const step = car.tick(dt, input(hold.throttle, hold.brake, steer));
+            speed = step.forwardSpeed;
+            const lateralG = Math.abs(step.yawRate * speed) / 9.81;
+            if (lateralG < 0.1 || lateralG > 0.4 || speed < 5 || sideslipOf(step) > 4 / RAD_TO_DEG)
+                continue;
+            const geometric = Math.atan((wheelbase * Math.abs(step.yawRate)) / speed);
+            sum += ((Math.abs(step.steerAngle) - geometric) * RAD_TO_DEG) / lateralG;
+            count += 1;
+        }
+        if (count > 0)
+            understeerGradient = sum / count;
+    }
+    let skidpadG = 0;
+    {
+        const car = create();
+        let speed = launchTo(car, 8, dt);
+        let target = 8;
+        let steer = 0;
+        for (let i = 0; i < Math.ceil(60 / dt); i += 1) {
+            target += 0.25 * dt;
+            const hold = holdSpeed(target, speed);
+            const step = car.tick(dt, input(hold.throttle, hold.brake, steer));
+            speed = step.forwardSpeed;
+            const wanted = speed / radius;
+            const actual = -step.yawRate;
+            steer = Math.max(0, Math.min(1, steer + 1.5 * (wanted - actual) * dt));
+            const holding = Math.abs(actual - wanted) < wanted * 0.03 && sideslipOf(step) < 12 / RAD_TO_DEG;
+            if (i * dt > 3 && holding)
+                skidpadG = Math.max(skidpadG, (speed * speed) / radius / 9.81);
+            if (steer >= 1 && actual < wanted * 0.9)
+                break;
+            if (sideslipOf(step) > 45 / RAD_TO_DEG)
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+    let slalomSpeed = 0;
+    const lineX = (z) => offset * Math.sin((Math.PI * z) / spacing);
+    const cleanRun = (entry) => {
+        const car = create();
+        let speed = launchTo(car, entry, dt);
+        const start = car.pose().position;
+        let cone = 0;
+        for (let i = 0; i < Math.ceil(30 / dt); i += 1) {
+            const pose = car.pose();
+            const z = pose.position[2] - start[2];
+            const coneZ = spacing * (cone + 0.5);
+            if (z >= coneZ) {
+                const side = Math.sign(lineX(coneZ));
+                if ((pose.position[0] - start[0]) * side < 1.2)
+                    return false;
+                cone += 1;
+                if (cone === 8)
+                    return true;
+            }
+            const lookahead = Math.max(5, speed * 0.35);
+            const tx = start[0] + lineX(z + lookahead);
+            const tz = pose.position[2] + lookahead;
+            const bearing = Math.atan2(tx - pose.position[0], tz - pose.position[2]);
+            const error = wrapAngle(bearing - pose.heading);
+            const hold = holdSpeed(entry, speed);
+            const step = car.tick(dt, input(hold.throttle, hold.brake, Math.max(-1, Math.min(1, -error * 3))));
+            speed = step.forwardSpeed;
+            if (sideslipOf(step) > 30 / RAD_TO_DEG)
+                return false;
+        }
+        return false;
+    };
+    for (let entry = 8; entry <= 40; entry += 1) {
+        if (!cleanRun(entry))
+            break;
+        slalomSpeed = entry;
+    }
+    return { understeerGradient, skidpadG, slalomSpeed };
+}
+/**
+ * Brings a fresh bike to `speed` and holds full steer, reporting how far and how fast it leans and how much it
+ * tips the other way first.
+ * @capability lean-metrics measure a motorcycle's lean — steady lean, time to lean, countersteer tip-in
+ */
+export function measureLean(create, options = {}) {
+    const dt = options.dt ?? 1 / 60;
+    const speed = options.speed ?? 20;
+    const bike = create();
+    let current = launchTo(bike, speed, dt);
+    const leans = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < Math.ceil(2 / dt); i += 1) {
+        const hold = holdSpeed(speed, current);
+        const step = bike.tick(dt, input(hold.throttle, hold.brake, 1));
+        current = step.forwardSpeed;
+        leans.push(step.lean);
+    }
+    const steady = leans[leans.length - 1] ?? 0;
+    const index = leans.findIndex((lean) => Math.sign(lean) === Math.sign(steady) && Math.abs(lean) >= Math.abs(steady) * 0.9);
+    let counter = 0;
+    for (let i = 0; i < Math.min(leans.length, Math.ceil(0.4 / dt)); i += 1) {
+        if (Math.sign(leans[i]) === -Math.sign(steady))
+            counter = Math.max(counter, Math.abs(leans[i]));
+    }
+    return {
+        steadyLeanDeg: Math.abs(steady) * RAD_TO_DEG,
+        timeToLean: index < 0 ? Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY : (index + 1) * dt,
+        counterLeanDeg: counter * RAD_TO_DEG,
+    };
+}
+function flightInput(throttle, pitch, roll, collective = 0) {
+    return { throttle, pitch: Math.max(-1, Math.min(1, pitch)), roll: Math.max(-1, Math.min(1, roll)), yaw: 0, collective };
+}
+function wrapPi(angle) {
+    let a = angle;
+    while (a > Math.PI)
+        a -= 2 * Math.PI;
+    while (a < -Math.PI)
+        a += 2 * Math.PI;
+    return a;
+}
+/** A PI loop on vertical speed toward a target altitude, with pitch-rate damping; returns the pitch command. */
+function createAltitudeHold(targetY) {
+    let integral = 0;
+    return (step, dt) => {
+        const climbTarget = Math.max(-5, Math.min(5, 0.2 * (targetY - step.position[1])));
+        const error = climbTarget - step.velocity[1];
+        integral = Math.max(-1, Math.min(1, integral + 0.03 * error * dt));
+        return integral + 0.05 * error - 0.3 * step.pitchRate;
+    };
+}
+function bankHold(step, target) {
+    return 2 * wrapPi(target - step.bank) - 0.5 * step.rollRate;
+}
+/**
+ * Flies fresh aircraft from `create` through fixed scenarios with simple deterministic autopilots: a full-aileron
+ * roll, banked turns at full throttle, an idle deceleration holding altitude, a full-throttle climb at cruise
+ * speed, a throttle step from idle, and a hands-off hover. `create` gets a spawn to pass straight into
+ * `createRigidAircraft`. Deterministic, so a tuning change shows up as a number moving.
+ * @capability flight-metrics measure an aircraft's feel as numbers — roll rate, sustained turn, stall speed, climb, throttle response, hover drift
+ */
+export function measureFlight(create, options = {}) {
+    const dt = options.dt ?? 1 / 60;
+    const cruise = options.cruiseSpeed ?? 60;
+    const probe = create({ position: [0, 0, 0], velocity: [0, 0, 0] });
+    const tuning = probe.tuning();
+    const rotor = tuning.rotor;
+    const steps = (seconds) => Math.ceil(seconds / dt);
+    if (rotor !== undefined) {
+        const altitude = options.altitude ?? 50;
+        const collective = options.hoverCollective ?? Math.min(1, (tuning.massKg * 9.81) / rotor.maxThrust);
+        const hovering = () => {
+            const aircraft = create({ position: [0, altitude, 0], velocity: [0, 0, 0] });
+            aircraft.restore({ ...aircraft.snapshot(), rotorSpeed: 1 });
+            return aircraft;
+        };
+        let rollRate = 0;
+        {
+            const aircraft = hovering();
+            for (let i = 0; i < steps(2); i += 1)
+                rollRate = Math.max(rollRate, Math.abs(aircraft.tick(dt, flightInput(1, 0, 1, collective)).rollRate));
+        }
+        let climbRate = 0;
+        {
+            const aircraft = hovering();
+            for (let i = 0; i < steps(5); i += 1)
+                climbRate = aircraft.tick(dt, flightInput(1, 0, 0, 1)).velocity[1];
+        }
+        let drift = 0;
+        {
+            const aircraft = hovering();
+            let step = aircraft.tick(dt, flightInput(1, 0, 0, collective));
+            for (let i = 1; i < steps(10); i += 1)
+                step = aircraft.tick(dt, flightInput(1, 0, 0, collective));
+            drift = Math.hypot(step.position[0], step.position[2]);
+        }
+        const response = throttleStep(() => {
+            const aircraft = create({ position: [0, altitude, 0], velocity: [0, 0, 0] });
+            aircraft.restore({ ...aircraft.snapshot(), rotorSpeed: 0 });
+            return aircraft;
+        }, (step) => (step.rotor?.speed ?? 0) ** 2, collective, dt);
+        return {
+            rollRateDeg: rollRate * RAD_TO_DEG,
+            sustainedTurnRateDeg: Number.NaN,
+            stallSpeed: Number.NaN,
+            climbRate,
+            throttleResponse: response,
+            hoverDriftMeters: drift,
+        };
+    }
+    const altitude = options.altitude ?? 1000;
+    const cruising = () => create({ position: [0, altitude, 0], velocity: [0, 0, cruise] });
+    let rollRate = 0;
+    {
+        const aircraft = cruising();
+        for (let i = 0; i < steps(3); i += 1)
+            rollRate = Math.max(rollRate, Math.abs(aircraft.tick(dt, flightInput(0.5, 0, 1)).rollRate));
+    }
+    let sustained = 0;
+    for (let bankDeg = 10; bankDeg <= 85; bankDeg += 5) {
+        const aircraft = cruising();
+        const hold = createAltitudeHold(altitude);
+        const bank = bankDeg / RAD_TO_DEG;
+        let step = aircraft.tick(dt, flightInput(1, 0, 0));
+        let speedAt20 = 0;
+        let headingAt20 = 0;
+        let turned = 0;
+        let failed = false;
+        for (let i = 1; i < steps(30); i += 1) {
+            const previous = step.heading;
+            step = aircraft.tick(dt, flightInput(1, hold(step, dt), bankHold(step, bank)));
+            turned += wrapPi(step.heading - previous);
+            if (i === steps(20)) {
+                speedAt20 = step.airspeed;
+                headingAt20 = turned;
+            }
+            if (step.stalled || Math.abs(step.position[1] - altitude) > 60)
+                failed = true;
+        }
+        if (failed || step.airspeed < speedAt20 - 2)
+            continue;
+        sustained = Math.max(sustained, Math.abs(turned - headingAt20) / 10);
+    }
+    let stallSpeed = Number.NaN;
+    {
+        const aircraft = cruising();
+        const hold = createAltitudeHold(altitude);
+        let step = aircraft.tick(dt, flightInput(0, 0, 0));
+        for (let i = 0; i < steps(120); i += 1) {
+            step = aircraft.tick(dt, flightInput(0, hold(step, dt), bankHold(step, 0)));
+            if (step.stalled || step.velocity[1] < -3) {
+                stallSpeed = step.airspeed;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    let climbRate = 0;
+    {
+        const aircraft = cruising();
+        let integral = 0;
+        let step = aircraft.tick(dt, flightInput(1, 0, 0));
+        let sum = 0;
+        for (let i = 1; i < steps(30); i += 1) {
+            // Speed above cruise pitches the nose up (trading it for climb); an attitude loop flies that pitch.
+            const error = step.airspeed - cruise;
+            integral = Math.max(-0.3, Math.min(0.6, integral + 0.005 * error * dt));
+            const pitchTarget = Math.max(-0.3, Math.min(0.8, integral + 0.02 * error));
+            step = aircraft.tick(dt, flightInput(1, 3 * (pitchTarget - step.pitch) - 0.5 * step.pitchRate, bankHold(step, 0)));
+            if (i >= steps(25))
+                sum += step.velocity[1];
+        }
+        climbRate = sum / (steps(30) - steps(25));
+    }
+    const response = tuning.engine === undefined
+        ? Number.NaN
+        : throttleStep(() => {
+            const aircraft = cruising();
+            aircraft.restore({ ...aircraft.snapshot(), spool: 0 });
+            return aircraft;
+        }, (step) => step.thrust, 0, dt);
+    return {
+        rollRateDeg: rollRate * RAD_TO_DEG,
+        sustainedTurnRateDeg: sustained * RAD_TO_DEG,
+        stallSpeed,
+        climbRate,
+        throttleResponse: response,
+        hoverDriftMeters: Number.NaN,
+    };
+}
+function throttleStep(create, thrustOf, collective, dt) {
+    const trace = [];
+    const aircraft = create();
+    for (let i = 0; i < Math.ceil(20 / dt); i += 1)
+        trace.push(thrustOf(aircraft.tick(dt, flightInput(1, 0, 0, collective))));
+    const final = trace[trace.length - 1] ?? 0;
+    if (final <= 0)
+        return Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+    const index = trace.findIndex((thrust) => thrust >= final * 0.9);
+    return index < 0 ? Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY : (index + 1) * dt;
+}

package/dist/physics/kinematicVehicle.d.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-import type { AxisInput } from "../input/axisInput.js";
+import type { AxisBinding, AxisInput } from "../input/axisInput.js";
+import type { ChaseCameraTuning } from "../runtime/cameraDirector.js";
 import { type GripCurve } from "./vehicleBody.js";
 export interface KinematicVehicleTuning {
     engineAccel: number;
@@ -36,7 +37,10 @@ export interface KinematicVehicleTuning {
     hopGravity?: number;
     /** Optional higher-fidelity powertrain. Omit to preserve the direct arcade acceleration model. */
     powertrain?: KinematicPowertrainTuning;
-    /** Optional bicycle-model steering with speed-sensitive lock and smoothed rack response. */
+    /**
+     * Optional bicycle-model steering with speed-sensitive lock and smoothed rack response.
+     * @deprecated Heading here is still commanded from steer, so it can't produce real understeer or oversteer. Use `createVehicleDynamics` (`physics/vehicleDynamics`) when handling matters.
+     */
     steering?: KinematicSteeringTuning;
     /** Optional aerodynamic drag/downforce and electronic driver assists. */
     dynamics?: KinematicDynamicsTuning;
@@ -45,8 +49,13 @@ export interface KinematicVehicleTuning {
      * with force/mass dynamics — a tire friction budget, lateral weight transfer, and engine braking — so
      * vehicles of different mass, drive/brake force, and center-of-gravity drive measurably differently.
      * Omit to preserve the direct arcade acceleration model exactly.
+     * @deprecated The friction budget clamps lateral speed while heading keeps turning at the commanded rate, so a held steer at speed spins the car. Use `createVehicleDynamics` (`physics/vehicleDynamics`), whose yaw comes from tire forces.
      */
     chassis?: KinematicChassisTuning;
+    /** Per-axis bindings for this vehicle — which actions drive throttle/brake/steer/handbrake. Unlisted axes keep car defaults (W/S/A/D/Space). */
+    bindings?: Partial<Record<"throttle" | "brake" | "steer" | "handbrake", AxisBinding>>;
+    /** Camera POV while this vehicle is piloted. Nothing applies it automatically: pass it to `ctx.camera.setChaseTuning` when the driver enters and `null` when they exit. */
+    camera?: ChaseCameraTuning | null;
 }
 /**
  * Mass-and-force chassis layer (#1051); when present it supersedes `engineAccel`/`brakeAccel` with
@@ -179,6 +188,25 @@ export interface KinematicVehicleStep {
     /** `true` while `airOffset > 0` — gate landing effects, air control, and trick scoring off this. */
     airborne: boolean;
 }
+/** Serializable integrator state of a {@link KinematicVehicle}: what `restore` needs to resume bit-for-bit. */
+export interface KinematicVehicleState {
+    x: number;
+    y: number;
+    z: number;
+    heading: number;
+    vx: number;
+    vz: number;
+    gearIndex: number;
+    rpm: number;
+    shiftRemaining: number;
+    steerAngle: number;
+    yawRate: number;
+    previousForwardSpeed: number;
+    bodyPitch: number;
+    bodyRoll: number;
+    airOffset: number;
+    verticalVelocity: number;
+}
 /**
  * The pure-kinematic arcade car every racing game hand-rolled (#282.1): steer-yaw scaled by speed,
  * throttle/brake acceleration, and a grip-curve lateral-slip bleed — no `PhysicsWorld`, no wheels,
@@ -207,8 +235,15 @@ export interface KinematicVehicle {
      * would. For a change that lasts a single tick, pass {@link KinematicVehicleModifiers} instead.
      */
     retune(next: KinematicVehicleTuning): void;
+    snapshot(): KinematicVehicleState;
+    restore(state: KinematicVehicleState): void;
     resetTo(position: readonly [number, number, number], heading: number): void;
 }
+/**
+ * Arcade ground-vehicle sim (car, kart, bike) with throttle, brake, steer, drift and retunable handling.
+ *
+ * @capability kinematic-vehicle arcade car/kart driving physics with throttle, brake, steer and retunable handling
+ */
 export declare function createKinematicVehicle(initialTuning: KinematicVehicleTuning, options?: KinematicVehicleOptions): KinematicVehicle;
 /** Default reverse drive force as a fraction of forward `engineForce` / `engineAccel`. */
 export declare const DEFAULT_REVERSE_FORCE_SCALE = 0.48;