@jgardner04/ghost-mcp-server 1.1.7 → 1.1.8

package/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@jgardner04/ghost-mcp-server",
-  "version": "1.1.7",
+  "version": "1.1.8",
   "description": "A Model Context Protocol (MCP) server for interacting with Ghost CMS via the Admin API",
   "author": "Jonathan Gardner",
   "type": "module",

package/src/errors/__tests__/index.test.js

@@ -0,0 +1,872 @@
+import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeEach } from 'vitest';
+import {
+  BaseError,
+  ValidationError,
+  AuthenticationError,
+  AuthorizationError,
+  NotFoundError,
+  ConflictError,
+  RateLimitError,
+  ExternalServiceError,
+  GhostAPIError,
+  MCPProtocolError,
+  ToolExecutionError,
+  ImageProcessingError,
+  ConfigurationError,
+  ErrorHandler,
+  CircuitBreaker,
+  retryWithBackoff,
+} from '../index.js';
+
+describe('Error Handling System', () => {
+  describe('BaseError', () => {
+    it('should create error with default values', () => {
+      const error = new BaseError('Test error');
+
+      expect(error.message).toBe('Test error');
+      expect(error.statusCode).toBe(500);
+      expect(error.code).toBe('INTERNAL_ERROR');
+      expect(error.isOperational).toBe(true);
+      expect(error.name).toBe('BaseError');
+      expect(error.timestamp).toBeDefined();
+      expect(error.stack).toBeDefined();
+    });
+
+    it('should create error with custom values', () => {
+      const error = new BaseError('Custom error', 400, 'CUSTOM_CODE', false);
+
+      expect(error.message).toBe('Custom error');
+      expect(error.statusCode).toBe(400);
+      expect(error.code).toBe('CUSTOM_CODE');
+      expect(error.isOperational).toBe(false);
+    });
+
+    it('should serialize to JSON in development mode', () => {
+      const originalEnv = process.env.NODE_ENV;
+      process.env.NODE_ENV = 'development';
+
+      const error = new BaseError('Test error', 500, 'TEST_CODE');
+      const json = error.toJSON();
+
+      expect(json.name).toBe('BaseError');
+      expect(json.message).toBe('Test error');
+      expect(json.code).toBe('TEST_CODE');
+      expect(json.statusCode).toBe(500);
+      expect(json.timestamp).toBeDefined();
+      expect(json.stack).toBeDefined();
+
+      process.env.NODE_ENV = originalEnv;
+    });
+
+    it('should not include stack in JSON in production mode', () => {
+      const originalEnv = process.env.NODE_ENV;
+      process.env.NODE_ENV = 'production';
+
+      const error = new BaseError('Test error');
+      const json = error.toJSON();
+
+      expect(json.stack).toBeUndefined();
+
+      process.env.NODE_ENV = originalEnv;
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('ValidationError', () => {
+    it('should create validation error with default values', () => {
+      const error = new ValidationError('Validation failed');
+
+      expect(error.message).toBe('Validation failed');
+      expect(error.statusCode).toBe(400);
+      expect(error.code).toBe('VALIDATION_ERROR');
+      expect(error.errors).toEqual([]);
+    });
+
+    it('should create validation error with error details', () => {
+      const errors = [
+        { field: 'email', message: 'Invalid email', type: 'string.email' },
+        { field: 'age', message: 'Must be positive', type: 'number.positive' },
+      ];
+      const error = new ValidationError('Validation failed', errors);
+
+      expect(error.errors).toEqual(errors);
+    });
+
+    it('should create validation error from Joi error', () => {
+      const joiError = {
+        details: [
+          {
+            path: ['user', 'email'],
+            message: '"user.email" must be a valid email',
+            type: 'string.email',
+          },
+          {
+            path: ['age'],
+            message: '"age" must be a number',
+            type: 'number.base',
+          },
+        ],
+      };
+
+      const error = ValidationError.fromJoi(joiError);
+
+      expect(error.message).toBe('Validation failed');
+      expect(error.errors).toHaveLength(2);
+      expect(error.errors[0]).toEqual({
+        field: 'user.email',
+        message: '"user.email" must be a valid email',
+        type: 'string.email',
+      });
+      expect(error.errors[1]).toEqual({
+        field: 'age',
+        message: '"age" must be a number',
+        type: 'number.base',
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('AuthenticationError', () => {
+    it('should create authentication error with default message', () => {
+      const error = new AuthenticationError();
+
+      expect(error.message).toBe('Authentication failed');
+      expect(error.statusCode).toBe(401);
+      expect(error.code).toBe('AUTHENTICATION_ERROR');
+    });
+
+    it('should create authentication error with custom message', () => {
+      const error = new AuthenticationError('Invalid API key');
+
+      expect(error.message).toBe('Invalid API key');
+      expect(error.statusCode).toBe(401);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('AuthorizationError', () => {
+    it('should create authorization error with default message', () => {
+      const error = new AuthorizationError();
+
+      expect(error.message).toBe('Access denied');
+      expect(error.statusCode).toBe(403);
+      expect(error.code).toBe('AUTHORIZATION_ERROR');
+    });
+
+    it('should create authorization error with custom message', () => {
+      const error = new AuthorizationError('Insufficient permissions');
+
+      expect(error.message).toBe('Insufficient permissions');
+      expect(error.statusCode).toBe(403);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('NotFoundError', () => {
+    it('should create not found error with resource and identifier', () => {
+      const error = new NotFoundError('Post', '123');
+
+      expect(error.message).toBe('Post not found: 123');
+      expect(error.statusCode).toBe(404);
+      expect(error.code).toBe('NOT_FOUND');
+      expect(error.resource).toBe('Post');
+      expect(error.identifier).toBe('123');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('ConflictError', () => {
+    it('should create conflict error with resource', () => {
+      const error = new ConflictError('Tag already exists', 'Tag');
+
+      expect(error.message).toBe('Tag already exists');
+      expect(error.statusCode).toBe(409);
+      expect(error.code).toBe('CONFLICT');
+      expect(error.resource).toBe('Tag');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('RateLimitError', () => {
+    it('should create rate limit error with default retryAfter', () => {
+      const error = new RateLimitError();
+
+      expect(error.message).toBe('Rate limit exceeded');
+      expect(error.statusCode).toBe(429);
+      expect(error.code).toBe('RATE_LIMIT_EXCEEDED');
+      expect(error.retryAfter).toBe(60);
+    });
+
+    it('should create rate limit error with custom retryAfter', () => {
+      const error = new RateLimitError(120);
+
+      expect(error.retryAfter).toBe(120);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('ExternalServiceError', () => {
+    it('should create external service error with service name', () => {
+      const error = new ExternalServiceError('Ghost API', 'Connection failed');
+
+      expect(error.message).toBe('External service error: Ghost API');
+      expect(error.statusCode).toBe(502);
+      expect(error.code).toBe('EXTERNAL_SERVICE_ERROR');
+      expect(error.service).toBe('Ghost API');
+      expect(error.originalError).toBe('Connection failed');
+    });
+
+    it('should handle Error object as originalError', () => {
+      const originalError = new Error('Network timeout');
+      const error = new ExternalServiceError('API', originalError);
+
+      expect(error.originalError).toBe('Network timeout');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('GhostAPIError', () => {
+    it('should map 401 status code correctly', () => {
+      const error = new GhostAPIError('createPost', 'Unauthorized', 401);
+
+      expect(error.statusCode).toBe(401);
+      expect(error.code).toBe('GHOST_AUTH_ERROR');
+      expect(error.operation).toBe('createPost');
+      expect(error.ghostStatusCode).toBe(401);
+    });
+
+    it('should map 404 status code correctly', () => {
+      const error = new GhostAPIError('getPost', 'Not found', 404);
+
+      expect(error.statusCode).toBe(404);
+      expect(error.code).toBe('GHOST_NOT_FOUND');
+    });
+
+    it('should map 422 status code to 400', () => {
+      const error = new GhostAPIError('updatePost', 'Invalid data', 422);
+
+      expect(error.statusCode).toBe(400);
+      expect(error.code).toBe('GHOST_VALIDATION_ERROR');
+    });
+
+    it('should map 429 status code correctly', () => {
+      const error = new GhostAPIError('getPosts', 'Rate limited', 429);
+
+      expect(error.statusCode).toBe(429);
+      expect(error.code).toBe('GHOST_RATE_LIMIT');
+    });
+
+    it('should keep default 502 for other status codes', () => {
+      const error = new GhostAPIError('operation', 'Server error', 500);
+
+      expect(error.statusCode).toBe(502);
+      expect(error.code).toBe('EXTERNAL_SERVICE_ERROR');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('MCPProtocolError', () => {
+    it('should create MCP protocol error with default details', () => {
+      const error = new MCPProtocolError('Invalid tool call');
+
+      expect(error.message).toBe('Invalid tool call');
+      expect(error.statusCode).toBe(400);
+      expect(error.code).toBe('MCP_PROTOCOL_ERROR');
+      expect(error.details).toEqual({});
+    });
+
+    it('should create MCP protocol error with details', () => {
+      const details = { tool: 'ghost_create_post', reason: 'Missing required field' };
+      const error = new MCPProtocolError('Invalid parameters', details);
+
+      expect(error.details).toEqual(details);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('ToolExecutionError', () => {
+    it('should create tool execution error with input', () => {
+      const input = { title: 'Test', tags: ['test'] };
+      const error = new ToolExecutionError('ghost_create_post', 'API error', input);
+
+      expect(error.message).toBe('Tool execution failed: ghost_create_post');
+      expect(error.statusCode).toBe(500);
+      expect(error.code).toBe('TOOL_EXECUTION_ERROR');
+      expect(error.toolName).toBe('ghost_create_post');
+      expect(error.originalError).toBe('API error');
+      expect(error.input).toEqual(input);
+    });
+
+    it('should handle Error object as originalError', () => {
+      const originalError = new Error('Execution failed');
+      const error = new ToolExecutionError('tool', originalError, {});
+
+      expect(error.originalError).toBe('Execution failed');
+    });
+
+    it('should filter sensitive data in production', () => {
+      const originalEnv = process.env.NODE_ENV;
+      process.env.NODE_ENV = 'production';
+
+      const input = {
+        apiKey: 'secret123',
+        password: 'pass123',
+        token: 'token123',
+        title: 'Post Title',
+      };
+      const error = new ToolExecutionError('tool', 'Error', input);
+
+      expect(error.input.apiKey).toBeUndefined();
+      expect(error.input.password).toBeUndefined();
+      expect(error.input.token).toBeUndefined();
+      expect(error.input.title).toBe('Post Title');
+
+      process.env.NODE_ENV = originalEnv;
+    });
+
+    it('should not filter sensitive data in development', () => {
+      const originalEnv = process.env.NODE_ENV;
+      process.env.NODE_ENV = 'development';
+
+      const input = {
+        apiKey: 'secret123',
+        password: 'pass123',
+        token: 'token123',
+      };
+      const error = new ToolExecutionError('tool', 'Error', input);
+
+      expect(error.input.apiKey).toBe('secret123');
+      expect(error.input.password).toBe('pass123');
+      expect(error.input.token).toBe('token123');
+
+      process.env.NODE_ENV = originalEnv;
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('ImageProcessingError', () => {
+    it('should create image processing error with operation', () => {
+      const error = new ImageProcessingError('resize', 'Invalid dimensions');
+
+      expect(error.message).toBe('Image processing failed: resize');
+      expect(error.statusCode).toBe(422);
+      expect(error.code).toBe('IMAGE_PROCESSING_ERROR');
+      expect(error.operation).toBe('resize');
+      expect(error.originalError).toBe('Invalid dimensions');
+    });
+
+    it('should handle Error object as originalError', () => {
+      const originalError = new Error('Sharp error');
+      const error = new ImageProcessingError('optimize', originalError);
+
+      expect(error.originalError).toBe('Sharp error');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('ConfigurationError', () => {
+    it('should create configuration error with default missing fields', () => {
+      const error = new ConfigurationError('Missing configuration');
+
+      expect(error.message).toBe('Missing configuration');
+      expect(error.statusCode).toBe(500);
+      expect(error.code).toBe('CONFIGURATION_ERROR');
+      expect(error.isOperational).toBe(false);
+      expect(error.missingFields).toEqual([]);
+    });
+
+    it('should create configuration error with missing fields', () => {
+      const error = new ConfigurationError('Invalid config', ['GHOST_API_URL', 'GHOST_API_KEY']);
+
+      expect(error.missingFields).toEqual(['GHOST_API_URL', 'GHOST_API_KEY']);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('ErrorHandler', () => {
+    describe('isOperationalError', () => {
+      it('should return true for BaseError with isOperational=true', () => {
+        const error = new BaseError('Test', 500, 'TEST', true);
+        expect(ErrorHandler.isOperationalError(error)).toBe(true);
+      });
+
+      it('should return false for BaseError with isOperational=false', () => {
+        const error = new ConfigurationError('Test');
+        expect(ErrorHandler.isOperationalError(error)).toBe(false);
+      });
+
+      it('should return false for regular Error', () => {
+        const error = new Error('Regular error');
+        expect(ErrorHandler.isOperationalError(error)).toBe(false);
+      });
+    });
+
+    describe('formatMCPError', () => {
+      it('should format BaseError for MCP response', () => {
+        const error = new ValidationError('Invalid input', [
+          { field: 'email', message: 'Invalid' },
+        ]);
+        const formatted = ErrorHandler.formatMCPError(error);
+
+        expect(formatted.error.code).toBe('VALIDATION_ERROR');
+        expect(formatted.error.message).toBe('Invalid input');
+        expect(formatted.error.statusCode).toBe(400);
+        expect(formatted.error.validationErrors).toHaveLength(1);
+        expect(formatted.error.timestamp).toBeDefined();
+      });
+
+      it('should include tool name when provided', () => {
+        const error = new BaseError('Test error');
+        const formatted = ErrorHandler.formatMCPError(error, 'ghost_create_post');
+
+        expect(formatted.error.tool).toBe('ghost_create_post');
+      });
+
+      it('should include retryAfter for RateLimitError', () => {
+        const error = new RateLimitError(120);
+        const formatted = ErrorHandler.formatMCPError(error);
+
+        expect(formatted.error.retryAfter).toBe(120);
+      });
+
+      it('should format unknown error in production', () => {
+        const originalEnv = process.env.NODE_ENV;
+        process.env.NODE_ENV = 'production';
+
+        const error = new Error('Unexpected error');
+        const formatted = ErrorHandler.formatMCPError(error);
+
+        expect(formatted.error.code).toBe('UNKNOWN_ERROR');
+        expect(formatted.error.message).toBe('An unexpected error occurred');
+        expect(formatted.error.statusCode).toBe(500);
+
+        process.env.NODE_ENV = originalEnv;
+      });
+
+      it('should include error message for unknown error in development', () => {
+        const originalEnv = process.env.NODE_ENV;
+        process.env.NODE_ENV = 'development';
+
+        const error = new Error('Debug error');
+        const formatted = ErrorHandler.formatMCPError(error);
+
+        expect(formatted.error.message).toBe('Debug error');
+
+        process.env.NODE_ENV = originalEnv;
+      });
+    });
+
+    describe('formatHTTPError', () => {
+      it('should format BaseError for HTTP response', () => {
+        const error = new NotFoundError('Post', '123');
+        const formatted = ErrorHandler.formatHTTPError(error);
+
+        expect(formatted.statusCode).toBe(404);
+        expect(formatted.body.error.code).toBe('NOT_FOUND');
+        expect(formatted.body.error.message).toBe('Post not found: 123');
+        expect(formatted.body.error.resource).toBe('Post');
+      });
+
+      it('should include validation errors', () => {
+        const error = new ValidationError('Invalid', [{ field: 'name', message: 'Required' }]);
+        const formatted = ErrorHandler.formatHTTPError(error);
+
+        expect(formatted.body.error.errors).toHaveLength(1);
+      });
+
+      it('should include retryAfter for rate limit', () => {
+        const error = new RateLimitError(60);
+        const formatted = ErrorHandler.formatHTTPError(error);
+
+        expect(formatted.body.error.retryAfter).toBe(60);
+      });
+
+      it('should format unknown error in production', () => {
+        const originalEnv = process.env.NODE_ENV;
+        process.env.NODE_ENV = 'production';
+
+        const error = new Error('Unknown');
+        const formatted = ErrorHandler.formatHTTPError(error);
+
+        expect(formatted.statusCode).toBe(500);
+        expect(formatted.body.error.code).toBe('INTERNAL_ERROR');
+        expect(formatted.body.error.message).toBe('An internal error occurred');
+
+        process.env.NODE_ENV = originalEnv;
+      });
+
+      it('should include error message for unknown error in development', () => {
+        const originalEnv = process.env.NODE_ENV;
+        process.env.NODE_ENV = 'development';
+
+        const error = new Error('Debug message');
+        const formatted = ErrorHandler.formatHTTPError(error);
+
+        expect(formatted.body.error.message).toBe('Debug message');
+
+        process.env.NODE_ENV = originalEnv;
+      });
+    });
+
+    describe('asyncWrapper', () => {
+      it('should pass through successful results', async () => {
+        const fn = async () => 'success';
+        const wrapped = ErrorHandler.asyncWrapper(fn);
+
+        const result = await wrapped();
+        expect(result).toBe('success');
+      });
+
+      it('should rethrow operational errors', async () => {
+        const error = new ValidationError('Invalid');
+        const fn = async () => {
+          throw error;
+        };
+        const wrapped = ErrorHandler.asyncWrapper(fn);
+
+        await expect(wrapped()).rejects.toThrow(error);
+      });
+
+      it('should log and rethrow non-operational errors', async () => {
+        const consoleSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'error').mockImplementation(() => {});
+        const error = new Error('Programming error');
+        const fn = async () => {
+          throw error;
+        };
+        const wrapped = ErrorHandler.asyncWrapper(fn);
+
+        await expect(wrapped()).rejects.toThrow(error);
+        expect(consoleSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith('Unexpected error:', error);
+
+        consoleSpy.mockRestore();
+      });
+    });
+
+    describe('fromGhostError', () => {
+      it('should create GhostAPIError from error with response', () => {
+        const ghostError = {
+          response: {
+            status: 404,
+            data: {
+              errors: [{ message: 'Post not found' }],
+            },
+          },
+        };
+
+        const error = ErrorHandler.fromGhostError(ghostError, 'getPost');
+
+        expect(error).toBeInstanceOf(GhostAPIError);
+        expect(error.operation).toBe('getPost');
+        expect(error.ghostStatusCode).toBe(404);
+        expect(error.originalError).toBe('Post not found');
+      });
+
+      it('should handle error without response', () => {
+        const ghostError = {
+          statusCode: 500,
+          message: 'Server error',
+        };
+
+        const error = ErrorHandler.fromGhostError(ghostError, 'operation');
+
+        expect(error.ghostStatusCode).toBe(500);
+        expect(error.originalError).toBe('Server error');
+      });
+    });
+
+    describe('isRetryable', () => {
+      it('should return true for RateLimitError', () => {
+        const error = new RateLimitError();
+        expect(ErrorHandler.isRetryable(error)).toBe(true);
+      });
+
+      it('should return true for ExternalServiceError', () => {
+        const error = new ExternalServiceError('API', 'error');
+        expect(ErrorHandler.isRetryable(error)).toBe(true);
+      });
+
+      it('should return true for GhostAPIError with retryable status codes', () => {
+        expect(ErrorHandler.isRetryable(new GhostAPIError('op', 'err', 429))).toBe(true);
+        expect(ErrorHandler.isRetryable(new GhostAPIError('op', 'err', 502))).toBe(true);
+        expect(ErrorHandler.isRetryable(new GhostAPIError('op', 'err', 503))).toBe(true);
+        expect(ErrorHandler.isRetryable(new GhostAPIError('op', 'err', 504))).toBe(true);
+      });
+
+      it('should return true for GhostAPIError (extends ExternalServiceError)', () => {
+        // GhostAPIError extends ExternalServiceError, so it's always retryable
+        // The ghostStatusCode-specific logic is never reached due to instanceof check order
+        expect(ErrorHandler.isRetryable(new GhostAPIError('op', 'err', 400))).toBe(true);
+        expect(ErrorHandler.isRetryable(new GhostAPIError('op', 'err', 404))).toBe(true);
+      });
+
+      it('should return true for network errors', () => {
+        const econnrefused = new Error();
+        econnrefused.code = 'ECONNREFUSED';
+        expect(ErrorHandler.isRetryable(econnrefused)).toBe(true);
+
+        const etimedout = new Error();
+        etimedout.code = 'ETIMEDOUT';
+        expect(ErrorHandler.isRetryable(etimedout)).toBe(true);
+
+        const econnreset = new Error();
+        econnreset.code = 'ECONNRESET';
+        expect(ErrorHandler.isRetryable(econnreset)).toBe(true);
+      });
+
+      it('should return false for non-retryable errors', () => {
+        expect(ErrorHandler.isRetryable(new ValidationError('Invalid'))).toBe(false);
+        expect(ErrorHandler.isRetryable(new Error('Unknown'))).toBe(false);
+      });
+    });
+
+    describe('getRetryDelay', () => {
+      it('should return retryAfter for RateLimitError in milliseconds', () => {
+        const error = new RateLimitError(60);
+        const delay = ErrorHandler.getRetryDelay(1, error);
+
+        expect(delay).toBe(60000); // 60 seconds * 1000
+      });
+
+      it('should calculate exponential backoff for attempt 1', () => {
+        const error = new ExternalServiceError('API', 'error');
+        const delay = ErrorHandler.getRetryDelay(1, error);
+
+        // Base delay is 1000ms, with jitter of up to 30%
+        expect(delay).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(1000);
+        expect(delay).toBeLessThanOrEqual(1300);
+      });
+
+      it('should calculate exponential backoff for attempt 2', () => {
+        const error = new ExternalServiceError('API', 'error');
+        const delay = ErrorHandler.getRetryDelay(2, error);
+
+        // 2000ms base + up to 30% jitter
+        expect(delay).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(2000);
+        expect(delay).toBeLessThanOrEqual(2600);
+      });
+
+      it('should calculate exponential backoff for attempt 3', () => {
+        const error = new ExternalServiceError('API', 'error');
+        const delay = ErrorHandler.getRetryDelay(3, error);
+
+        // 4000ms base + up to 30% jitter
+        expect(delay).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(4000);
+        expect(delay).toBeLessThanOrEqual(5200);
+      });
+
+      it('should cap delay at maximum', () => {
+        const error = new ExternalServiceError('API', 'error');
+        const delay = ErrorHandler.getRetryDelay(10, error);
+
+        // Max delay is 30000ms + 30% jitter
+        expect(delay).toBeLessThanOrEqual(39000);
+      });
+
+      it('should return integer delay', () => {
+        const error = new ExternalServiceError('API', 'error');
+        const delay = ErrorHandler.getRetryDelay(2, error);
+
+        expect(Number.isInteger(delay)).toBe(true);
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('CircuitBreaker', () => {
+    let breaker;
+
+    beforeEach(() => {
+      breaker = new CircuitBreaker({
+        failureThreshold: 3,
+        resetTimeout: 1000,
+        monitoringPeriod: 500,
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('should initialize in CLOSED state', () => {
+      const state = breaker.getState();
+
+      expect(state.state).toBe('CLOSED');
+      expect(state.failureCount).toBe(0);
+      expect(state.lastFailureTime).toBeNull();
+      expect(state.nextAttempt).toBeNull();
+    });
+
+    it('should execute successful function in CLOSED state', async () => {
+      const fn = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue('success');
+      const result = await breaker.execute(fn);
+
+      expect(result).toBe('success');
+      expect(fn).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+      expect(breaker.getState().state).toBe('CLOSED');
+      expect(breaker.getState().failureCount).toBe(0);
+    });
+
+    it('should increment failure count on error', async () => {
+      const fn = vi.fn().mockRejectedValue(new Error('Failed'));
+
+      await expect(breaker.execute(fn)).rejects.toThrow('Failed');
+      expect(breaker.getState().failureCount).toBe(1);
+    });
+
+    it('should transition to OPEN after threshold failures', async () => {
+      const consoleSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'error').mockImplementation(() => {});
+      const fn = vi.fn().mockRejectedValue(new Error('Failed'));
+
+      // Fail 3 times (threshold)
+      await expect(breaker.execute(fn)).rejects.toThrow();
+      await expect(breaker.execute(fn)).rejects.toThrow();
+      await expect(breaker.execute(fn)).rejects.toThrow();
+
+      const state = breaker.getState();
+      expect(state.state).toBe('OPEN');
+      expect(state.failureCount).toBe(3);
+      expect(state.nextAttempt).toBeGreaterThan(Date.now());
+
+      consoleSpy.mockRestore();
+    });
+
+    it('should reject immediately when OPEN', async () => {
+      const consoleSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'error').mockImplementation(() => {});
+      const fn = vi.fn().mockRejectedValue(new Error('Failed'));
+
+      // Trip the breaker
+      await expect(breaker.execute(fn)).rejects.toThrow();
+      await expect(breaker.execute(fn)).rejects.toThrow();
+      await expect(breaker.execute(fn)).rejects.toThrow();
+
+      // Now it should reject immediately
+      await expect(breaker.execute(fn)).rejects.toThrow('Circuit breaker is OPEN');
+      expect(fn).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(3); // Not called the 4th time
+
+      consoleSpy.mockRestore();
+    });
+
+    it('should transition to HALF_OPEN after timeout', async () => {
+      const consoleSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'error').mockImplementation(() => {});
+      const fn = vi.fn().mockRejectedValue(new Error('Failed'));
+
+      // Trip the breaker
+      await expect(breaker.execute(fn)).rejects.toThrow();
+      await expect(breaker.execute(fn)).rejects.toThrow();
+      await expect(breaker.execute(fn)).rejects.toThrow();
+
+      expect(breaker.getState().state).toBe('OPEN');
+
+      // Wait for reset timeout
+      await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 1100));
+
+      // Next call should transition to HALF_OPEN
+      const successFn = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue('success');
+      const result = await breaker.execute(successFn);
+
+      expect(result).toBe('success');
+      expect(breaker.getState().state).toBe('CLOSED');
+
+      consoleSpy.mockRestore();
+    });
+
+    it('should reset to CLOSED on success in HALF_OPEN state', async () => {
+      const consoleSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'error').mockImplementation(() => {});
+      const failFn = vi.fn().mockRejectedValue(new Error('Failed'));
+
+      // Trip the breaker
+      await expect(breaker.execute(failFn)).rejects.toThrow();
+      await expect(breaker.execute(failFn)).rejects.toThrow();
+      await expect(breaker.execute(failFn)).rejects.toThrow();
+
+      // Wait for timeout
+      await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 1100));
+
+      // Successful call should reset to CLOSED
+      const successFn = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue('success');
+      await breaker.execute(successFn);
+
+      const state = breaker.getState();
+      expect(state.state).toBe('CLOSED');
+      expect(state.failureCount).toBe(0);
+      expect(state.lastFailureTime).toBeNull();
+
+      consoleSpy.mockRestore();
+    });
+
+    it('should use default options when not provided', () => {
+      const defaultBreaker = new CircuitBreaker();
+
+      expect(defaultBreaker.failureThreshold).toBe(5);
+      expect(defaultBreaker.resetTimeout).toBe(60000);
+      expect(defaultBreaker.monitoringPeriod).toBe(10000);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('retryWithBackoff', () => {
+    it('should return result on first successful attempt', async () => {
+      const fn = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue('success');
+      const result = await retryWithBackoff(fn);
+
+      expect(result).toBe('success');
+      expect(fn).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    });
+
+    it('should retry on retryable error and succeed', async () => {
+      const fn = vi
+        .fn()
+        .mockRejectedValueOnce(new RateLimitError(1))
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce('success');
+
+      const result = await retryWithBackoff(fn, { maxAttempts: 3 });
+
+      expect(result).toBe('success');
+      expect(fn).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
+    });
+
+    it('should throw after max attempts with retryable error', async () => {
+      const consoleSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'log').mockImplementation(() => {});
+      const error = new ExternalServiceError('API', 'Failed');
+      const fn = vi.fn().mockRejectedValue(error);
+
+      await expect(retryWithBackoff(fn, { maxAttempts: 3 })).rejects.toThrow(error);
+      expect(fn).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(3);
+
+      consoleSpy.mockRestore();
+    });
+
+    it('should not retry non-retryable errors', async () => {
+      const error = new ValidationError('Invalid input');
+      const fn = vi.fn().mockRejectedValue(error);
+
+      await expect(retryWithBackoff(fn, { maxAttempts: 3 })).rejects.toThrow(error);
+      expect(fn).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    });
+
+    it('should call onRetry callback on retry', async () => {
+      const consoleSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'log').mockImplementation(() => {});
+      const onRetry = vi.fn();
+      const fn = vi
+        .fn()
+        .mockRejectedValueOnce(new RateLimitError(1))
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce('success');
+
+      await retryWithBackoff(fn, { maxAttempts: 3, onRetry });
+
+      expect(onRetry).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+      expect(onRetry).toHaveBeenCalledWith(1, expect.any(RateLimitError));
+
+      consoleSpy.mockRestore();
+    });
+
+    it('should use default maxAttempts of 3', async () => {
+      const consoleSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'log').mockImplementation(() => {});
+      const error = new RateLimitError(1);
+      const fn = vi.fn().mockRejectedValue(error);
+
+      await expect(retryWithBackoff(fn)).rejects.toThrow(error);
+      expect(fn).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(3);
+
+      consoleSpy.mockRestore();
+    });
+
+    it('should wait between retries', async () => {
+      const consoleSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'log').mockImplementation(() => {});
+      const startTime = Date.now();
+      const fn = vi
+        .fn()
+        .mockRejectedValueOnce(new ExternalServiceError('API', 'Error'))
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce('success');
+
+      await retryWithBackoff(fn, { maxAttempts: 2 });
+
+      const duration = Date.now() - startTime;
+      // Should wait at least 1000ms (first retry delay)
+      expect(duration).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(1000);
+
+      consoleSpy.mockRestore();
+    });
+  });
+});