@jax-js/jax 0.0.5 → 0.1.0

package/dist/index.cjs

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ var __toESM = (mod, isNodeMode, target) => (target = mod != null ? __create(__ge
 }) : target, mod));
 
 //#endregion
-const require_backend = require('./backend-yEU0L_ig.cjs');
+const require_backend = require('./backend-FtkbO6pI.cjs');
 
 //#region src/tree.ts
 var tree_exports = {};
@@ -60,6 +60,10 @@ var JsTreeDef = class JsTreeDef {
 		this.nodeMetadata = nodeMetadata;
 		this.childTreedefs = childTreedefs;
 	}
+	/** Get the total number of leaves in the tree. */
+	get size() {
+		return this.nodeType === NodeType.Leaf ? 1 : this.childTreedefs.reduce((a, b) => a + b.size, 0);
+	}
 	/** Returns a string representation of this tree definition. */
 	toString(root = true) {
 		if (root) return "JsTreeDef(" + this.toString(false) + ")";
@@ -215,6 +219,16 @@ function pool(st, ks, strides = 1, dilation = 1) {
 	const s_ = strides;
 	const d_ = dilation;
 	const o_ = require_backend.zipn(i_, d_, ks, s_).map(([i, d, k, s]) => Math.ceil((i - d * (k - 1)) / s));
+	if (d_.every((d) => d === 1) && ks.every((k, j) => k <= s_[j])) {
+		st = st.padOrShrink([...noop.map(() => [0, 0]), ...require_backend.zipn(i_, o_, s_).map(([i, o, s]) => [0, o * s - i])]);
+		st = st.reshape([...noop, ...require_backend.zip(o_, s_).flatMap(([o, s]) => [o, s])]).shrink([...noop.map((x) => [0, x]), ...require_backend.zip(o_, ks).flatMap(([o, k]) => [[0, o], [0, k]])]);
+		st = st.permute([
+			...require_backend.range(noop.length),
+			...ks.map((_, j) => noop.length + 2 * j),
+			...ks.map((_, j) => noop.length + 2 * j + 1)
+		]);
+		return st;
+	}
 	const f_ = require_backend.zipn(o_, s_, i_, d_, ks).map(([o, s, i, d, k]) => 1 + Number(o * s > i - d * (k - 1)));
 	const kidf = require_backend.zipn(ks, i_, d_, f_);
 	st = st.repeat([...require_backend.rep(noop.length, 1), ...kidf.map(([k, i, d, f]) => Math.ceil(k * (i * f + d) / i))]);
@@ -249,6 +263,12 @@ function poolTranspose(st, inShape, ks, strides = 1, dilation = 1) {
 	const s_ = strides;
 	const d_ = dilation;
 	const o_ = require_backend.zipn(i_, d_, ks, s_).map(([i, d, k, s]) => Math.ceil((i - d * (k - 1)) / s));
+	if (d_.every((d) => d === 1) && ks.every((k, j) => k <= s_[j])) {
+		st = st.permute([...require_backend.range(noop.length), ...ks.flatMap((_, j) => [noop.length + j, noop.length + o_.length + j])]);
+		st = st.pad([...noop.map(() => [0, 0]), ...require_backend.zip(s_, ks).flatMap(([s, k]) => [[0, 0], [0, s - k]])]).reshape([...noop, ...require_backend.zip(o_, s_).map(([o, s]) => o * s)]);
+		st = st.padOrShrink([...noop.map(() => [0, 0]), ...require_backend.zipn(i_, o_, s_).map(([i, o, s]) => [0, i - o * s])]);
+		return st.reshape(st.shape.concat(require_backend.rep(ks.length, 1)));
+	}
 	if (!require_backend.deepEqual(o_, st.shape.slice(noop.length, noop.length + ks.length))) throw new Error("poolTranspose() called with mismatched output shape");
 	const f_ = require_backend.zipn(o_, s_, i_, d_, ks).map(([o, s, i, d, k]) => 1 + Number(o * s > i - d * (k - 1)));
 	const kidf = require_backend.zipn(ks, i_, d_, f_);
@@ -358,6 +378,8 @@ let Primitive = /* @__PURE__ */ function(Primitive$1) {
 	Primitive$1["Atan"] = "atan";
 	Primitive$1["Exp"] = "exp";
 	Primitive$1["Log"] = "log";
+	Primitive$1["Erf"] = "erf";
+	Primitive$1["Erfc"] = "erfc";
 	Primitive$1["Sqrt"] = "sqrt";
 	Primitive$1["Min"] = "min";
 	Primitive$1["Max"] = "max";
@@ -435,6 +457,12 @@ function exp$1(x) {
 function log$1(x) {
 	return bind1(Primitive.Log, [x]);
 }
+function erf$1(x) {
+	return bind1(Primitive.Erf, [x]);
+}
+function erfc$1(x) {
+	return bind1(Primitive.Erfc, [x]);
+}
 function sqrt$1(x) {
 	return bind1(Primitive.Sqrt, [x]);
 }
@@ -1177,12 +1205,18 @@ function reshapeViews(exp$2, mapping, reduceAxis = false) {
 		} else if (exp$3.op === require_backend.AluOp.GlobalIndex) throw new Error("internal: reshapeViews() called with GlobalIndex op");
 	});
 }
-function broadcastedJit(fn) {
+function broadcastedJit(fn, opts) {
 	return (nargs, exps, avals, params) => {
-		const newShape = avals.map((aval) => aval.shape).reduce(require_backend.generalBroadcast);
-		exps = exps.map((exp$3) => reshapeViews(exp$3, (st) => {
-			if (!require_backend.deepEqual(st.shape, newShape)) return st.broadcast(newShape, require_backend.range(newShape.length - st.shape.length));
-		}));
+		let { shape: newShape, dtype: newDtype } = avals.reduce(promoteAvals);
+		const skipCastIdx = opts?.skipCastIdx ?? [];
+		if (skipCastIdx.length) newDtype = avals.filter((_, i) => !skipCastIdx.includes(i)).reduce(promoteAvals).dtype;
+		exps = exps.map((exp$3, i) => {
+			exp$3 = reshapeViews(exp$3, (st) => {
+				if (!require_backend.deepEqual(st.shape, newShape)) return st.broadcast(newShape, require_backend.range(newShape.length - st.shape.length));
+			});
+			if (exp$3.dtype !== newDtype && !skipCastIdx.includes(i)) exp$3 = require_backend.AluExp.cast(newDtype, exp$3);
+			return exp$3;
+		});
 		const exp$2 = fn(exps, params);
 		return new require_backend.Kernel(nargs, require_backend.prod(newShape), exp$2);
 	};
@@ -1225,6 +1259,8 @@ const jitRules = {
 	[Primitive.Atan]: unopJit(require_backend.AluExp.atan),
 	[Primitive.Exp]: unopJit(require_backend.AluExp.exp),
 	[Primitive.Log]: unopJit(require_backend.AluExp.log),
+	[Primitive.Erf]: unopJit(require_backend.AluExp.erf),
+	[Primitive.Erfc]: unopJit(require_backend.AluExp.erfc),
 	[Primitive.Sqrt]: unopJit(require_backend.AluExp.sqrt),
 	[Primitive.Min]: broadcastedJit(([a, b]) => require_backend.AluExp.min(a, b)),
 	[Primitive.Max]: broadcastedJit(([a, b]) => require_backend.AluExp.max(a, b)),
@@ -1272,7 +1308,7 @@ const jitRules = {
 		return jitRules[Primitive.Dot](nargs, [a, b], [as, bs], {});
 	},
 	[Primitive.Compare]: broadcastedJit(([a, b], { op }) => aluCompare(a, b, op)),
-	[Primitive.Where]: broadcastedJit(([cond, a, b]) => require_backend.AluExp.where(cond, a, b)),
+	[Primitive.Where]: broadcastedJit(([cond, a, b]) => require_backend.AluExp.where(cond, a, b), { skipCastIdx: [0] }),
 	[Primitive.Transpose]: reshapeJit((st, { perm }) => st.permute(perm)),
 	[Primitive.Broadcast]: reshapeJit((st, { shape: shape$1, axis }) => st.broadcast(shape$1, axis)),
 	[Primitive.Reshape]: reshapeJit((st, { shape: shape$1 }) => st.reshape(shape$1)),
@@ -1443,7 +1479,7 @@ var PendingExecute = class {
 /**
 * A multidimensional numeric array with data stored on CPU or GPU.
 *
-* This is the library's core data type. Equivalent to `jnp.Array` from JAX, or
+* This is the library's core data type. Equivalent to `jax.Array` from JAX, or
 * `torch.Tensor`.
 *
 * Not to be confused with the JavaScript "Array" constructor. Avoid importing
@@ -1458,6 +1494,7 @@ var Array$1 = class Array$1 extends Tracer {
 	#source;
 	#st;
 	#backend;
+	#committed;
 	#rc;
 	#pendingSet;
 	/**
@@ -1474,6 +1511,7 @@ var Array$1 = class Array$1 extends Tracer {
 		this.#source = args.source;
 		this.#st = args.st;
 		this.#backend = args.backend;
+		this.#committed = args.committed;
 		this.#rc = 1;
 		this.#pendingSet = new Set(args.pending);
 		if (this.#pendingSet.size === 0) this.#pendingSet = null;
@@ -1501,6 +1539,7 @@ var Array$1 = class Array$1 extends Tracer {
 			dtype: args.dtype ?? this.#dtype,
 			weakType: this.#weakType,
 			backend: args.backend ?? this.#backend,
+			committed: args.committed ?? this.#committed,
 			pending: args.pending ?? this.#pending ?? void 0
 		});
 	}
@@ -1556,9 +1595,10 @@ var Array$1 = class Array$1 extends Tracer {
 	*/
 	#gather(indices, axis, outDim) {
 		this.#check();
-		if (indices.some((a) => a.#backend !== this.#backend)) throw new TypeError(`Gather indices must have the same backend: ${this.#backend.type}`);
 		const axisSet = new Set(axis);
 		if (axisSet.size !== axis.length) throw new TypeError("Gather axis must not have duplicates");
+		if (indices.some((a) => a.#committed && a.#backend !== this.#backend)) throw new TypeError(`Gather indices must have the same backend: ${this.#backend.type}`);
+		indices = indices.map((ar) => ar._putSync(this.#backend));
 		indices = Array$1.#broadcastArrays(indices);
 		const indexShape = indices[0].shape;
 		const finalShape = this.shape.filter((_, i) => !axisSet.has(i));
@@ -1627,6 +1667,7 @@ var Array$1 = class Array$1 extends Tracer {
 		this.#check();
 		if (this.#source instanceof require_backend.AluExp) {
 			const exp$3 = new require_backend.AluExp(op, dtypeOutput, [this.#source]);
+			this.dispose();
 			return this.#newArrayFrom({
 				source: exp$3.simplify(),
 				dtype: dtypeOutput,
@@ -1655,21 +1696,19 @@ var Array$1 = class Array$1 extends Tracer {
 	}
 	static #naryCustom(name, custom, arrays, { dtypeOverride, strongTypeOutput, reduceAxis } = {}) {
 		const n = arrays.length;
-		const backend = arrays[0].#backend;
 		if (n === 0) throw new TypeError(`No inputs for ${name}`);
 		for (const ar of arrays) ar.#check();
 		let castDtype;
 		let castWeakType = true;
-		for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-			if (dtypeOverride?.[i]) {
-				if (arrays[i].#dtype !== dtypeOverride[i]) throw new TypeError(`Wrong dtype in ${name}: expected ${dtypeOverride[i]}, got ${arrays[i].#dtype}`);
-			} else if (castDtype === void 0) {
-				castDtype = arrays[i].#dtype;
-				castWeakType = arrays[i].#weakType;
-			} else ({dtype: castDtype, weakType: castWeakType} = promoteAvals(new ShapedArray([], castDtype, castWeakType), new ShapedArray([], arrays[i].#dtype, arrays[i].#weakType)));
-			if (arrays[i].#backend !== backend) throw new TypeError(`Backend mismatch in ${name}: ${backend.type} vs ${arrays[i].#backend.type}`);
-		}
+		for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) if (dtypeOverride?.[i]) {
+			if (arrays[i].#dtype !== dtypeOverride[i]) throw new TypeError(`Wrong dtype in ${name}: expected ${dtypeOverride[i]}, got ${arrays[i].#dtype}`);
+		} else if (castDtype === void 0) {
+			castDtype = arrays[i].#dtype;
+			castWeakType = arrays[i].#weakType;
+		} else ({dtype: castDtype, weakType: castWeakType} = promoteAvals(new ShapedArray([], castDtype, castWeakType), new ShapedArray([], arrays[i].#dtype, arrays[i].#weakType)));
 		const weakType = castWeakType && !strongTypeOutput;
+		const { backend, committed } = Array$1.#computeBackend(name, arrays);
+		arrays = arrays.map((ar) => ar._putSync(backend));
 		arrays = Array$1.#broadcastArrays(arrays);
 		const newShape = [...arrays[0].shape];
 		if (arrays.every((ar) => ar.#source instanceof require_backend.AluExp) && !reduceAxis) {
@@ -1679,12 +1718,14 @@ var Array$1 = class Array$1 extends Tracer {
 			});
 			if (arrays.every((ar) => require_backend.deepEqual(ar.#st, arrays[0].#st))) {
 				const exp$4 = custom(sources);
+				arrays.forEach((ar) => ar.dispose());
 				return new Array$1({
 					source: exp$4.simplify(),
 					st: arrays[0].#st,
 					dtype: exp$4.dtype,
 					weakType,
-					backend
+					backend,
+					committed
 				});
 			}
 			const exp$3 = custom(arrays.map((ar, i) => {
@@ -1693,12 +1734,14 @@ var Array$1 = class Array$1 extends Tracer {
 				return require_backend.accessorAluExp(src$1, ar.#st, require_backend.unravelAlu(newShape, require_backend.AluVar.idx));
 			}));
 			const st = require_backend.ShapeTracker.fromShape(newShape);
+			arrays.forEach((ar) => ar.dispose());
 			return new Array$1({
 				source: exp$3.simplify(),
 				st,
 				dtype: exp$3.dtype,
 				weakType,
-				backend
+				backend,
+				committed
 			});
 		}
 		let indices;
@@ -1734,13 +1777,14 @@ var Array$1 = class Array$1 extends Tracer {
 		const pending = new Set([...arrays.flatMap((ar) => ar.#pending)]);
 		for (const exe of pending) exe.updateRc(1);
 		pending.add(new PendingExecute(backend, kernel, inputs, [output]));
-		for (const ar of arrays) ar.dispose();
+		arrays.forEach((ar) => ar.dispose());
 		return new Array$1({
 			source: output,
 			st: require_backend.ShapeTracker.fromShape(newShape),
 			dtype: kernel.dtype,
 			weakType,
 			backend,
+			committed,
 			pending
 		});
 	}
@@ -1818,6 +1862,23 @@ var Array$1 = class Array$1 extends Tracer {
 			return ar.#reshape(ar.#st.broadcast(newShape, require_backend.range(newShape.length - ar.ndim)));
 		});
 	}
+	static #computeBackend(name, arrays) {
+		const committed = arrays.filter((ar) => ar.#committed);
+		if (committed.length > 0) {
+			const backend = committed[0].#backend;
+			for (const ar of committed) if (ar.#backend !== backend) throw new Error(`Device mismatch in ${name} between committed arrays on (${backend.type}, ${ar.#backend.type}), please move to the same device with devicePut()`);
+			return {
+				backend,
+				committed: true
+			};
+		} else {
+			const backend = arrays.length > 0 ? arrays[0].#backend : require_backend.getBackend();
+			return {
+				backend,
+				committed: false
+			};
+		}
+	}
 	/** Realize the array and return it as data. */
 	async data() {
 		if (this.#source instanceof require_backend.AluExp && this.size < inlineArrayLimit && this.device !== "cpu") return this.#dataInline();
@@ -1977,6 +2038,12 @@ var Array$1 = class Array$1 extends Tracer {
 			[Primitive.Log]([x]) {
 				return [x.#unary(require_backend.AluOp.Log)];
 			},
+			[Primitive.Erf]([x]) {
+				return [x.#unary(require_backend.AluOp.Erf)];
+			},
+			[Primitive.Erfc]([x]) {
+				return [x.#unary(require_backend.AluOp.Erfc)];
+			},
 			[Primitive.Sqrt]([x]) {
 				return [x.#unary(require_backend.AluOp.Sqrt)];
 			},
@@ -2045,7 +2112,8 @@ var Array$1 = class Array$1 extends Tracer {
 			},
 			[Primitive.JitCall](args, { jaxpr, numConsts }) {
 				if (jaxpr.inBinders.length !== args.length) throw new Error(`jit_call expects ${jaxpr.inBinders.length} args, got ${args.length}`);
-				const backend = require_backend.getBackend();
+				const { backend, committed } = Array$1.#computeBackend("jit_call", args);
+				args = args.map((ar) => ar._putSync(backend));
 				const consts = args.slice(0, numConsts);
 				const tracers = args.slice(numConsts);
 				const jp = jitCompile(backend, jaxpr, consts);
@@ -2062,16 +2130,54 @@ var Array$1 = class Array$1 extends Tracer {
 						dtype: jaxpr.outs[i].aval.dtype,
 						weakType: jaxpr.outs[i].aval.weakType,
 						backend,
+						committed,
 						pending
 					});
 				});
 			}
 		};
 	}
+	/** @private */
 	_realizeSource() {
 		this.#realize();
 		return this.#source;
 	}
+	/** @private Put this array on a new backend, asynchronously. */
+	async _put(backend) {
+		if (this.#backend === backend) return this;
+		if (this.#source instanceof require_backend.AluExp) {
+			const ar = this.#newArrayFrom({
+				backend,
+				committed: true
+			});
+			this.dispose();
+			return ar;
+		} else {
+			const data = await this.data();
+			return arrayFromData(data, this.shape, {
+				dtype: this.#dtype,
+				device: backend.type
+			}, this.#weakType);
+		}
+	}
+	/** @private Put this array on a new backend, synchronously. */
+	_putSync(backend) {
+		if (this.#backend === backend) return this;
+		if (this.#source instanceof require_backend.AluExp) {
+			const ar = this.#newArrayFrom({
+				backend,
+				committed: true
+			});
+			this.dispose();
+			return ar;
+		} else {
+			const data = this.dataSync();
+			return arrayFromData(data, this.shape, {
+				dtype: this.#dtype,
+				device: backend.type
+			}, this.#weakType);
+		}
+	}
 };
 /** Constructor for creating a new array from data. */
 function array(values, { shape: shape$1, dtype, device } = {}) {
@@ -2154,7 +2260,8 @@ function arrayFromData(data, shape$1, { dtype, device }, weakType = false) {
 		st: require_backend.ShapeTracker.fromShape(shape$1),
 		dtype,
 		weakType,
-		backend
+		backend,
+		committed: device != void 0
 	});
 }
 function dataToJs(dtype, data, shape$1) {
@@ -2188,7 +2295,8 @@ function fullInternal(aval, fillValue, device) {
 		st: require_backend.ShapeTracker.fromShape(aval.shape),
 		dtype: aval.dtype,
 		weakType: aval.weakType,
-		backend: require_backend.getBackend(device)
+		backend: require_backend.getBackend(device),
+		committed: device != void 0
 	});
 }
 function zerosLike$1(val, dtype) {
@@ -2256,7 +2364,8 @@ function eye(numRows, numCols, { dtype, device } = {}) {
 		st: require_backend.ShapeTracker.fromShape([numRows, numCols]),
 		dtype,
 		weakType,
-		backend: require_backend.getBackend(device)
+		backend: require_backend.getBackend(device),
+		committed: device != void 0
 	});
 }
 /** Return the identity matrix, with ones on the main diagonal. */
@@ -2299,7 +2408,8 @@ function arange(start, stop, step = 1, { dtype, device } = {}) {
 		st,
 		dtype,
 		weakType: false,
-		backend: require_backend.getBackend(device)
+		backend: require_backend.getBackend(device),
+		committed: device != void 0
 	});
 }
 /**
@@ -2335,7 +2445,8 @@ function linspace(start, stop, num = 50, endpoint = true, { dtype, device } = {}
 		st,
 		dtype,
 		weakType: false,
-		backend: require_backend.getBackend(device)
+		backend: require_backend.getBackend(device),
+		committed: device != void 0
 	});
 }
 function aluCompare(a, b, op) {
@@ -2847,6 +2958,8 @@ const abstractEvalRules = {
 	[Primitive.Atan]: vectorizedUnopAbstractEval,
 	[Primitive.Exp]: vectorizedUnopAbstractEval,
 	[Primitive.Log]: vectorizedUnopAbstractEval,
+	[Primitive.Erf]: vectorizedUnopAbstractEval,
+	[Primitive.Erfc]: vectorizedUnopAbstractEval,
 	[Primitive.Sqrt]: vectorizedUnopAbstractEval,
 	[Primitive.Min]: binopAbstractEval,
 	[Primitive.Max]: binopAbstractEval,
@@ -3100,6 +3213,16 @@ const jvpRules = {
 	[Primitive.Log]([x], [dx]) {
 		return [[log$1(x.ref)], [reciprocal$1(x).mul(dx)]];
 	},
+	[Primitive.Erf]([x], [dx]) {
+		const coeff = 2 / Math.sqrt(Math.PI);
+		const expTerm = exp$1(neg(x.ref.mul(x.ref)));
+		return [[erf$1(x)], [expTerm.mul(coeff).mul(dx)]];
+	},
+	[Primitive.Erfc]([x], [dx]) {
+		const coeff = -2 / Math.sqrt(Math.PI);
+		const expTerm = exp$1(neg(x.ref.mul(x.ref)));
+		return [[erfc$1(x)], [expTerm.mul(coeff).mul(dx)]];
+	},
 	[Primitive.Sqrt]([x], [dx]) {
 		const z = sqrt$1(x);
 		return [[z.ref], [reciprocal$1(z.mul(2)).mul(dx)]];
@@ -3262,6 +3385,10 @@ var BatchTrace = class extends Trace {
 		const [valsIn, bdimsIn] = require_backend.unzip2(tracers.map((t) => [t.val, t.batchDim]));
 		const vmapRule = vmapRules[primitive];
 		if (vmapRule === void 0) throw new Error(`No vmap rule for: ${primitive}`);
+		if (bdimsIn.every((d) => d === null)) {
+			const valOuts$1 = bind(primitive, valsIn, params);
+			return valOuts$1.map((x) => new BatchTracer(this, x, null));
+		}
 		const [valOuts, bdimOuts] = vmapRule(this.axisSize, valsIn, bdimsIn, params);
 		return require_backend.zip(valOuts, bdimOuts).map(([x, bd]) => new BatchTracer(this, x, bd));
 	}
@@ -3269,24 +3396,28 @@ var BatchTrace = class extends Trace {
 		return this.main.globalData;
 	}
 };
-function handleScalarBroadcasting(nd, x, d) {
-	if (d === null || nd === ndim$1(x)) return x;
-	else {
-		const axis = require_backend.range(ndim$1(x), nd);
-		const shape$1 = [...x.shape, ...axis.map(() => 1)];
-		return broadcast(x, shape$1, axis);
-	}
-}
-/** Process a primitive with built-in broadcasting. */
+/**
+* Process a primitive with built-in broadcasting.
+*
+* Reference: https://github.com/jax-ml/jax/blob/jax-v0.8.1/jax/_src/interpreters/batching.py#L1029
+*/
 function broadcastBatcher(op) {
 	return (axisSize, args, dims) => {
 		if (args.length === 0) throw new Error("Empty list in broadcastBatcher");
-		const idx = dims.findIndex((d) => d !== null);
-		if (idx === -1) return [[op(...args)], [null]];
-		if (require_backend.zip(args, dims).every(([x, d]) => ndim$1(x) === 0 || require_backend.deepEqual(x.shape, args[idx].shape) && d === dims[idx])) return [[op(...args)], [dims[idx]]];
-		args = args.map((x, i) => ndim$1(x) > 0 ? moveBatchAxis(axisSize, dims[i], 0, x) : x);
-		const nd = Math.max(...args.map(ndim$1));
-		args = args.map((x, i) => handleScalarBroadcasting(nd, x, dims[i]));
+		const nd = Math.max(...args.map((x, i) => ndim$1(x) + (dims[i] === null ? 1 : 0)));
+		const firstIdx = dims.findIndex((d) => d !== null);
+		const firstBdim = dims[firstIdx] - args[firstIdx].ndim;
+		if (require_backend.zip(args, dims).every(([x, d]) => d === null && ndim$1(x) < -firstBdim || d !== null && d - x.ndim === firstBdim)) return [[op(...args)], [nd + firstBdim]];
+		args = args.map((x, i) => {
+			if (dims[i] === null) return x;
+			x = moveBatchAxis(axisSize, dims[i], 0, x);
+			if (x.ndim < nd) x = x.reshape([
+				x.shape[0],
+				...require_backend.rep(nd - x.ndim, 1),
+				...x.shape.slice(1)
+			]);
+			return x;
+		});
 		return [[op(...args)], [0]];
 	};
 }
@@ -3310,17 +3441,18 @@ const vmapRules = {
 	[Primitive.Atan]: unopBatcher(atan$1),
 	[Primitive.Exp]: unopBatcher(exp$1),
 	[Primitive.Log]: unopBatcher(log$1),
+	[Primitive.Erf]: unopBatcher(erf$1),
+	[Primitive.Erfc]: unopBatcher(erfc$1),
 	[Primitive.Sqrt]: unopBatcher(sqrt$1),
 	[Primitive.Min]: broadcastBatcher(min$1),
 	[Primitive.Max]: broadcastBatcher(max$1),
 	[Primitive.Reduce](axisSize, [x], [xBdim], { op, axis }) {
-		if (xBdim === null) return [[reduce(x, op, axis)], [null]];
+		require_backend.assertNonNull(xBdim);
 		const newAxis = axis.map((ax) => ax + (xBdim <= ax ? 1 : 0));
 		const outBdim = xBdim - axis.filter((ax) => ax < xBdim).length;
 		return [[reduce(x, op, newAxis)], [outBdim]];
 	},
 	[Primitive.Dot](axisSize, [x, y], [xBdim, yBdim]) {
-		if (xBdim === null && yBdim === null) return [[dot$1(x, y)], [null]];
 		x = moveBatchAxis(axisSize, xBdim, x.ndim - (xBdim === null ? 1 : 2), x);
 		y = moveBatchAxis(axisSize, yBdim, y.ndim - (yBdim === null ? 1 : 2), y);
 		const z = dot$1(x, y);
@@ -3329,26 +3461,68 @@ const vmapRules = {
 	[Primitive.Compare](axisSize, args, dims, { op }) {
 		return broadcastBatcher((x, y) => compare(x, y, op))(axisSize, args, dims, {});
 	},
+	[Primitive.Where]: broadcastBatcher(where$1),
+	[Primitive.Transpose](axisSize, [x], [xBdim], { perm }) {
+		require_backend.assertNonNull(xBdim);
+		const newPerm = perm.map((p) => p + (xBdim <= p ? 1 : 0));
+		newPerm.splice(xBdim, 0, xBdim);
+		return [[transpose$1(x, newPerm)], [xBdim]];
+	},
+	[Primitive.Broadcast](axisSize, [x], [xBdim], { shape: shape$1, axis }) {
+		require_backend.assertNonNull(xBdim);
+		const newShape = shape$1.toSpliced(xBdim, 0, axisSize);
+		const newAxis = axis.map((ax) => ax + (xBdim <= ax ? 1 : 0));
+		return [[broadcast(x, newShape, newAxis)], [xBdim]];
+	},
 	[Primitive.Reshape](axisSize, [x], [xBdim], { shape: shape$1 }) {
-		if (xBdim === null) return [[reshape$1(x, shape$1)], [null]];
 		x = moveBatchAxis(axisSize, xBdim, 0, x);
 		return [[reshape$1(x, [axisSize, ...shape$1])], [0]];
 	},
 	[Primitive.Flip](axisSize, [x], [xBdim], { axis }) {
-		if (xBdim === null) return [[flip$1(x, axis)], [null]];
+		require_backend.assertNonNull(xBdim);
 		const newAxis = axis.map((ax) => ax + (xBdim <= ax ? 1 : 0));
 		return [[flip$1(x, newAxis)], [xBdim]];
 	},
 	[Primitive.Shrink](axisSize, [x], [xBdim], { slice }) {
-		if (xBdim === null) return [[shrink(x, slice)], [null]];
+		require_backend.assertNonNull(xBdim);
 		const newSlice = slice.toSpliced(xBdim, 0, [0, axisSize]);
 		return [[shrink(x, newSlice)], [xBdim]];
 	},
 	[Primitive.Pad](axisSize, [x], [xBdim], { width }) {
-		if (xBdim === null) return [[pad$1(x, width)], [null]];
+		require_backend.assertNonNull(xBdim);
 		const newWidth = width.toSpliced(xBdim, 0, [0, 0]);
 		return [[pad$1(x, newWidth)], [xBdim]];
 	},
+	[Primitive.Gather](axisSize, [x, ...indices], [xBdim, ...indicesBdim], { axis, outDim }) {
+		if (indicesBdim.every((d) => d === null)) {
+			require_backend.assertNonNull(xBdim);
+			const newAxis = axis.map((ax) => ax + (xBdim <= ax ? 1 : 0));
+			let newBdim = xBdim - axis.filter((ax) => ax < xBdim).length;
+			let newOutDim = outDim;
+			if (newOutDim < newBdim) newBdim += axis.length;
+			else newOutDim += 1;
+			return [[gather(x, indices, newAxis, newOutDim)], [newBdim]];
+		}
+		const nd = Math.max(...indices.map((m, i) => ndim$1(m) + (indicesBdim[i] === null ? 1 : 0)));
+		indices = indices.map((m, i) => {
+			if (indicesBdim[i] === null) return m;
+			m = moveBatchAxis(axisSize, indicesBdim[i], 0, m);
+			if (m.ndim < nd) m = m.reshape([
+				m.shape[0],
+				...require_backend.rep(nd - m.ndim, 1),
+				...m.shape.slice(1)
+			]);
+			return m;
+		});
+		if (xBdim === null) return [[gather(x, indices, axis, outDim)], [outDim]];
+		else {
+			x = moveBatchAxis(axisSize, xBdim, 0, x);
+			const newAxis = [0, ...axis.map((ax) => ax + 1)];
+			const extraBatchIndex = arange(axisSize).reshape([-1, ...require_backend.rep(nd - 1, 1)]);
+			indices.splice(0, 0, extraBatchIndex);
+			return [[gather(x, indices, newAxis, outDim)], [outDim]];
+		}
+	},
 	[Primitive.JitCall](axisSize, args, dims, { name, jaxpr }) {
 		const { newJaxpr, newConsts } = vmapJaxpr(jaxpr, axisSize, dims);
 		const outs = bind(Primitive.JitCall, [...newConsts.map((c) => c.ref), ...args], {
@@ -3408,12 +3582,14 @@ function vmapFlat(f, inAxes, args) {
 function vmap$1(f, inAxes = 0) {
 	return (...args) => {
 		const [argsFlat, inTree] = flatten(args);
-		let inAxesFlat;
+		let inAxesFlat = [];
 		if (typeof inAxes === "number") inAxesFlat = require_backend.rep(argsFlat.length, inAxes);
+		else for (let i = 0; i < args.length; i++) if (inAxes[i] == null) inAxesFlat.push(...require_backend.rep(inTree.childTreedefs[i].size, null));
+		else if (typeof inAxes[i] === "number") inAxesFlat.push(...require_backend.rep(inTree.childTreedefs[i].size, inAxes[i]));
 		else {
-			let inTree2;
-			[inAxesFlat, inTree2] = flatten(inAxes);
-			if (!inTree.equals(inTree2)) throw new TreeMismatchError("vmap", inTree, inTree2);
+			const [axesFlat, axesTreeDef] = flatten(inAxes[i]);
+			if (!inTree.childTreedefs[i].equals(axesTreeDef)) throw new TreeMismatchError("vmap", inTree.childTreedefs[i], axesTreeDef);
+			inAxesFlat.push(...axesFlat);
 		}
 		const [fFlat, outTree] = flattenFun(f, inTree);
 		const outsFlat = vmapFlat(fFlat, inAxesFlat, argsFlat);
@@ -4033,7 +4209,7 @@ function valueAndGrad$1(f) {
 		const [y, fVjp] = vjp$1(f, x[0], ...x.slice(1).map(stopGradient));
 		if (!(y instanceof Tracer) || ndim$1(y) !== 0) throw new TypeError("grad requires a scalar output");
 		if (!require_backend.isFloatDtype(y.dtype)) throw new TypeError("grad only supports floating-point dtypes");
-		const [ct, ...rest] = fVjp(array(1, { dtype: y.dtype }));
+		const [ct, ...rest] = fVjp(onesLike$1(y.ref));
 		for (const r of rest) dispose(r);
 		fVjp.dispose();
 		return [y, ct];
@@ -4061,7 +4237,10 @@ __export(lax_exports, {
 	conv: () => conv$1,
 	convGeneralDilated: () => convGeneralDilated,
 	convWithGeneralPadding: () => convWithGeneralPadding,
-	reduceWindow: () => reduceWindow
+	erf: () => erf,
+	erfc: () => erfc,
+	reduceWindow: () => reduceWindow,
+	stopGradient: () => stopGradient$1
 });
 function padtypeToPads(inShape, filterShape, strides, dilation, padding) {
 	const padType = padding.toUpperCase();
@@ -4120,6 +4299,28 @@ function reduceWindow(operand, computation, windowDimensions, windowStrides) {
 		strides: windowStrides
 	}));
 }
+/** The error function: `erf(x) = 2/sqrt(pi) * int[0..x] exp(-t^2) dt`. */
+function erf(x) {
+	return erf$1(x);
+}
+/**
+* The complementary error function: `erfc(x) = 1 - erf(x)`.
+*
+* This function is more accurate than `1 - erf(x)` for large values of `x`,
+* where `erf(x)` is very close to 1.
+*/
+function erfc(x) {
+	return erfc$1(x);
+}
+/**
+* Stops gradient computation.
+*
+* Behaves as the identity function but prevents the flow of gradients during
+* forward or reverse-mode automatic differentiation.
+*/
+function stopGradient$1(x) {
+	return stopGradient(x);
+}
 
 //#endregion
 //#region src/numpy.ts
@@ -4182,6 +4383,9 @@ __export(numpy_exports, {
 	fullLike: () => fullLike$1,
 	greater: () => greater,
 	greaterEqual: () => greaterEqual,
+	hamming: () => hamming,
+	hann: () => hann,
+	heaviside: () => heaviside,
 	hstack: () => hstack,
 	hypot: () => hypot,
 	identity: () => identity$1,
@@ -4821,6 +5025,32 @@ function sign(x) {
 	x = fudgeArray(x);
 	return where(notEqual(x.ref, 0), where(less(x.ref, 0), -1, 1), 0);
 }
+/**
+* Return the Hamming window of size M, a taper with a weighted cosine bell.
+*
+* `w(n) = 0.54 - 0.46 * cos(2πn/(M-1))` for `0 <= n <= M-1`.
+*/
+function hamming(M) {
+	return cos(linspace(0, 2 * Math.PI, M)).mul(-.46).add(.54);
+}
+/**
+* Return the Hann window of size M, a taper with a weighted cosine bell.
+*
+* `w(n) = 0.5 - 0.5 * cos(2πn/(M-1))` for `0 <= n <= M-1`.
+*/
+function hann(M) {
+	return cos(linspace(0, 2 * Math.PI, M)).mul(-.5).add(.5);
+}
+/**
+* @function
+* Compute the Heaviside step function. It is defined piecewise:
+* - `heaviside(x1, x2) = 0` for `x1 < 0`,
+* - `heaviside(x1, x2) = x2` for `x1 == 0`,
+* - `heaviside(x1, x2) = 1` for `x1 > 0`.
+*/
+const heaviside = jit$1(function heaviside$1(x1, x2) {
+	return where(less(x1.ref, 0), 0, where(equal(x1, 0), x2, 1));
+});
 /** Calculate element-wise square of the input array. */
 function square(x) {
 	x = fudgeArray(x);
@@ -4840,8 +5070,8 @@ function acos(x) {
 * Return element-wise hypotenuse for the given legs of a right triangle.
 *
 * In the original NumPy/JAX implementation, this function is more numerically
-* stable than sqrt(x1**2 + x2**2). We don't currently implement those stability
-* improvements.
+* stable than `sqrt(x1**2 + x2**2)`. We don't currently implement those
+* stability improvements.
 */
 const hypot = jit$1(function hypot$1(x1, x2) {
 	return sqrt(square(x1).add(square(x2)));
@@ -5165,18 +5395,20 @@ function celu(x, alpha = 1) {
 * @function
 * Gaussion error linear unit (GELU) activation function.
 *
-* This is computed element-wise. Currently jax-js does not support the erf() or
-* gelu() functions exactly as primitives, so an approximation is used:
-* `gelu(x) ~= x * 0.5 * (1 + tanh(sqrt(2/pi) * (x + 0.044715 * x^3)))`.
+* This is computed element-wise. There are two variants depending on whether
+* `approximate` is set (default true):
 *
-* Reference: https://ml-explore.github.io/mlx/build/html/python/nn/_autosummary_functions/mlx.nn.gelu_approx.html
+* - Approximate: `gelu(x) ~= x * 0.5 * (1 + tanh(sqrt(2/pi) * (x + 0.044715 * x^3)))`
+* - Exact: `gelu(x) = x * 0.5 * erfc(-x / sqrt(2))`
 *
-* This will be improved in the future.
+* Reference: https://ml-explore.github.io/mlx/build/html/python/nn/_autosummary_functions/mlx.nn.gelu_approx.html
 */
-const gelu = jit$1(function gelu$1(x) {
-	const SQRT_2_OVER_PI = Math.sqrt(2 / Math.PI);
-	return x.ref.mul(.5).mul(tanh(x.ref.mul(x.ref.mul(x).mul(.044715).add(1)).mul(SQRT_2_OVER_PI)).add(1));
-});
+const gelu = jit$1(function gelu$1(x, opts) {
+	if (opts?.approximate ?? true) {
+		const SQRT_2_OVER_PI = Math.sqrt(2 / Math.PI);
+		return x.ref.mul(.5).mul(tanh(x.ref.mul(x.ref.mul(x).mul(.044715).add(1)).mul(SQRT_2_OVER_PI)).add(1));
+	} else return x.ref.mul(.5).mul(erfc$1(negative(x.ref.mul(Math.SQRT1_2))));
+}, { staticArgnums: [1] });
 /**
 * Gated linear unit (GLU) activation function.
 *
@@ -5397,6 +5629,25 @@ const normal = jit$1(function normal$1(key$1, shape$1 = []) {
 	return radius.mul(cos(theta));
 }, { staticArgnums: [1] });
 
+//#endregion
+//#region src/scipy-special.ts
+var scipy_special_exports = {};
+__export(scipy_special_exports, {
+	erf: () => erf,
+	erfc: () => erfc,
+	logSoftmax: () => logSoftmax,
+	logit: () => logit,
+	logsumexp: () => logsumexp,
+	softmax: () => softmax
+});
+/**
+* @function
+* The logit function, `logit(p) = log(p / (1-p))`.
+*/
+const logit = jit$1(function logit$1(x) {
+	return log(x.ref.div(subtract(1, x)));
+});
+
 //#endregion
 //#region src/polyfills.ts
 /** @file Polyfills for using this library. */
@@ -5490,6 +5741,24 @@ async function blockUntilReady(x) {
 	await Promise.all(promises);
 	return x;
 }
+/**
+* Transfer `x` to `device`.
+*
+* `x` may be a nested container of arrays or scalars. The resulting structure
+* is committed to the device.
+*
+* If `device` is not specified, this function behaves as identity if the input
+* is already an `Array`, otherwise it places the scalar uncommitted on the
+* default device.
+*/
+async function devicePut(x, device) {
+	const [xflat, structure$1] = flatten(x);
+	const yflat = await Promise.all(xflat.map((leaf) => {
+		if (leaf instanceof Array$1) return device ? leaf._put(require_backend.getBackend(device)) : Promise.resolve(leaf);
+		else return Promise.resolve(array(leaf, { device }));
+	}));
+	return unflatten(structure$1, yflat);
+}
 
 //#endregion
 exports.Array = Array$1;
@@ -5497,6 +5766,7 @@ exports.DType = require_backend.DType;
 exports.Jaxpr = Jaxpr;
 exports.blockUntilReady = blockUntilReady;
 exports.defaultDevice = require_backend.defaultDevice;
+exports.devicePut = devicePut;
 exports.devices = require_backend.devices;
 exports.grad = grad;
 exports.init = require_backend.init;
@@ -5531,6 +5801,12 @@ Object.defineProperty(exports, 'random', {
     return random_exports;
   }
 });
+Object.defineProperty(exports, 'scipySpecial', {
+  enumerable: true,
+  get: function () {
+    return scipy_special_exports;
+  }
+});
 exports.setDebug = require_backend.setDebug;
 Object.defineProperty(exports, 'tree', {
   enumerable: true,
@@ -5540,4 +5816,5 @@ Object.defineProperty(exports, 'tree', {
 });
 exports.valueAndGrad = valueAndGrad;
 exports.vjp = vjp;
-exports.vmap = vmap;
+exports.vmap = vmap;
+//# sourceMappingURL=index.cjs.map