@jarrodmedrano/claude-skills 1.0.3 → 1.0.4

package/.claude/skills/domain-driven-design/references/rich_hickey_principles.md

@@ -0,0 +1,406 @@
+# Rich Hickey's Design Principles
+
+This reference compiles core concepts from Rich Hickey's talks and writings on software design, with focus on simplicity, data-orientation, and decomplecting.
+
+## Simple Made Easy
+
+**Talk:** "Simple Made Easy" (Strange Loop 2011)
+
+### Definitions
+
+**Simple** (opposite: Complex)
+- From "simplex" - one fold/braid
+- Objective measure: few interleaved concepts
+- About lack of interleaving, not cardinality
+- Can have many simple things (like individual strands)
+
+**Easy** (opposite: Hard)
+- Near at hand, familiar, within capability
+- Subjective: varies by person, time, and context
+- About convenience and familiarity, not inherent quality
+
+### Key Insight: Simple != Easy
+
+Making something familiar (easy) doesn't make it simple. Choosing familiar constructs that are complex makes systems harder to understand and change over time.
+
+**Trade-off:** Simple may be unfamiliar (initially harder), but pays dividends in comprehension and maintainability.
+
+### Complecting (Interleaving/Braiding)
+
+Complecting is the act of entwining/braiding things together. Once complected:
+- Cannot reason about parts independently
+- Cannot change one without affecting others
+- Cannot reuse parts separately
+- Difficult to understand cause and effect
+
+**Examples of Complecting:**
+- State and identity complected in mutable objects
+- Value and time complected in variables
+- Syntax and semantics in many languages
+- Policy and mechanism in frameworks
+
+### Simple vs Complex Constructs
+
+| Simple | Complex |
+|--------|---------|
+| Values | State, Objects |
+| Functions | Methods (tied to class) |
+| Namespaces | Hierarchical namespaces |
+| Data | Objects with behavior |
+| Declarative data | Imperative code |
+| Rules | Conditional logic |
+| Consistency | Eventual consistency |
+| Queues | Actors (complect what and how) |
+
+### Making Things Simple
+
+**Strategies:**
+1. **Choose simple constructs** - Prefer inherently simple building blocks
+2. **Design by subtraction** - Remove, don't add
+3. **Separate concerns** - Identify what is truly independent
+4. **Use abstraction wisely** - Draw boundaries at natural seams
+
+**Questions to Ask:**
+- What is complected here?
+- Can these concerns exist independently?
+- Am I braiding together things that could be separate?
+- Will I be able to change this later?
+
+## The Value of Values
+
+**Talk:** "The Value of Values" (JaxConf 2012)
+
+### What is a Value?
+
+A value is an immutable magnitude, quantity, or number:
+- The number 42
+- The string "hello"
+- The date 2024-01-15
+- A tuple/record of values
+
+**Crucially:** Values don't change. "Changing a value" is nonsense (like "changing the number 42").
+
+### Properties of Values
+
+**Immutable**
+- Never change, ever
+- No notion of time built in
+- Can be freely shared without concern
+
+**Semantically Transparent**
+- Same value everywhere, always
+- No hidden context or identity
+- Can be compared for equality directly
+
+**Language Independent**
+- 42 is 42 in any language
+- Can be transmitted, stored, compared across boundaries
+
+### Values Enable Local Reasoning
+
+Because values don't change:
+- Can reason about code by substitution
+- No spooky action at a distance
+- No defensive copying needed
+- Equality is simple and meaningful
+
+### Facts are Values
+
+In domain modeling, facts about the world are values:
+- "Order #123 was placed on 2024-01-15"
+- "User's email is user@example.com as of yesterday"
+- "The price was $42.00 when we recorded it"
+
+**Key Insight:** Facts don't change. New facts may supersede old facts, but old facts remain true about the past.
+
+### Identity vs State
+
+**Identity**
+- A stable logical entity (e.g., "User #42")
+- Persists through time
+
+**State**
+- Value of an identity at a point in time
+- "User #42's email address was X on Monday"
+
+**Traditional OOP Problem:** Conflates identity and state in mutable objects. Changing state loses history; can't compare past and present.
+
+**Value-Based Approach:**
+- Identity: stable reference
+- State: succession of immutable values over time
+- Can compare any two states
+- Can maintain history naturally
+
+### Memory is Not a Place
+
+Traditional view: Memory is a place where values live and get changed.
+
+Value-oriented view: Memory is a storage mechanism for values. "Updating" means associating a new value with a name; old value unchanged.
+
+**Benefits:**
+- Retain history
+- Compare snapshots
+- Simpler concurrency (values never change)
+- Undo/redo naturally
+
+### Applying Values to Domain Modeling
+
+**Model facts, not objects:**
+- Don't: `user.setEmail("new@example.com")` (destroys history)
+- Do: `events.append({type: "EmailChanged", userId: 42, newEmail: "new@example.com", timestamp: now})`
+
+**Use persistent data structures:**
+- Immutable collections that share structure
+- Efficient "updates" that create new versions
+- All versions remain accessible
+
+**Separate identity from state:**
+- Identity: stable reference (ID, key)
+- State: series of immutable values
+- Functions: transformations from state to state
+
+## Decomplecting
+
+### Separating Concerns
+
+**Not just "separation of concerns" but identifying what CAN be separated:**
+
+Real separation requires:
+1. Components have clear, independent purpose
+2. Components can be understood in isolation
+3. Components can be changed without affecting others
+4. Components can be reused in different contexts
+
+### Common Complections to Separate
+
+**Value and Time**
+- Complected: Mutable variables (value changes over time)
+- Separated: Immutable values + explicit time/version
+
+**What and How**
+- Complected: Imperative code (what you want mixed with how to get it)
+- Separated: Declarative specification + separate execution strategy
+
+**What and When**
+- Complected: Synchronous calls (what to do tied to when it happens)
+- Separated: Queues, streams (what is independent of when)
+
+**What and Who**
+- Complected: Methods (what you can do tied to who you are / what class)
+- Separated: Functions (what you can do independent of caller)
+
+**Mechanism and Policy**
+- Complected: Frameworks that dictate both structure and behavior
+- Separated: Libraries/functions (mechanism) + application code (policy)
+
+**Domain and Infrastructure**
+- Complected: Business logic mixed with DB access, HTTP, etc.
+- Separated: Pure domain functions + separate persistence/transport layer
+
+### Process for Decomplecting
+
+1. **Identify the Complection**
+   - What seems unnecessarily tangled?
+   - What can't I change independently?
+
+2. **Find the Seams**
+   - Where do concerns actually divide?
+   - What's essential vs. incidental?
+
+3. **Factor Apart**
+   - Create separate constructs for separate concerns
+   - Use composition to recombine when needed
+
+4. **Validate Independence**
+   - Can each part be understood alone?
+   - Can each part be tested alone?
+   - Can each part be reused elsewhere?
+
+## Data Orientation
+
+**Talks:** "The Language of the System" (Clojure/conj 2012), "Spec-ulation" (Clojure/conj 2016)
+
+### Data > Objects
+
+**Objects:**
+- Complect data, behavior, and identity
+- Hide information behind APIs
+- Create proprietary representations
+- Require learning specific APIs
+
+**Data:**
+- Open, inspectable, generic
+- Can use common tools (map, filter, reduce)
+- Self-describing
+- Easier to transmit, store, and reason about
+
+### Generic Data Structures
+
+Prefer generic collections (maps, vectors, sets) over custom classes when:
+- Data is primarily informational (facts, records, events)
+- Behavior is not identity-specific
+- Multiple systems/components will interact with the data
+
+**Benefits:**
+- Unified tools and functions work across all data
+- Easy to extend with new fields
+- Easy to serialize and transmit
+- Easy to inspect and debug
+
+### Information vs. Mechanism
+
+**Information:**
+- Facts about the domain
+- Should be data
+- Open and accessible
+
+**Mechanism:**
+- How things are computed or achieved
+- Can be functions/code
+- Encapsulated implementation details
+
+**Anti-pattern:** Hiding domain information behind abstraction barriers.
+
+### Systems are Data Flows
+
+Model systems as data flowing through transformations:
+1. Receive data (events, requests)
+2. Transform data (functions)
+3. Produce data (responses, events, state changes)
+
+Each stage: data in → function → data out.
+
+**Benefits:**
+- Easy to test (data in, data out)
+- Easy to compose (output of one = input of another)
+- Easy to reason about (trace data flow)
+- Easy to parallelize (data is immutable)
+
+## Language of the System
+
+**Talk:** "The Language of the System" (Clojure/conj 2012)
+
+### Systems Communicate with Data
+
+When components/services communicate, they exchange data. The format and semantics of that data IS the interface.
+
+**Don't:**
+- Send proprietary objects
+- Rely on shared class definitions
+- Use binary formats without schema
+
+**Do:**
+- Send data (maps, records)
+- Use self-describing formats (JSON, EDN, Transit)
+- Version schemas explicitly
+
+### Accretion, Not Breaking Changes
+
+**Growth Strategies:**
+
+**Accretion (Good):**
+- Add new fields (optional)
+- Add new types/variants
+- Extend enums with new cases
+- Provide additional operations
+
+**Breaking Changes (Bad):**
+- Remove fields
+- Rename fields
+- Change types
+- Remove operations
+
+**Requiring (Neutral):**
+- Make optional things required
+- Add constraints
+- Acceptable if versioned
+
+### Versioning
+
+When breaking changes are necessary:
+- Create a new version (v2, v3)
+- Support both old and new simultaneously
+- Allow consumers to migrate at their pace
+- Eventually deprecate old versions
+
+**Never:** Change meaning of existing version.
+
+## Applying to Domain Modeling
+
+### Modeling Domain Data
+
+**Prefer:**
+- Plain data structures for domain entities
+- Immutable records for domain facts
+- Generic collections over custom containers
+- Functions that transform domain data
+
+**Avoid:**
+- Mutable domain objects
+- Behavior attached to entities
+- Getters/setters (ceremony without benefit)
+- Hidden state
+
+### Example: Order Domain
+
+**Complex (Complected):**
+```typescript
+class Order {
+  private lines: OrderLine[] = [];
+  private status: Status = Status.Draft;
+
+  addLine(product: Product, qty: number) {
+    this.lines.push(new OrderLine(product, qty));
+  }
+
+  submit() {
+    if (this.lines.length === 0) throw new Error("Empty order");
+    this.status = Status.Submitted;
+  }
+}
+```
+
+**Simple (Decomplected):**
+```typescript
+type Order = {
+  id: OrderId;
+  customerId: CustomerId;
+  lines: readonly OrderLine[];
+  status: OrderStatus;
+  createdAt: Timestamp;
+};
+
+function addLine(order: Order, line: OrderLine): Order {
+  return { ...order, lines: [...order.lines, line] };
+}
+
+function submitOrder(order: Order): Result<Order, ValidationError> {
+  if (order.lines.length === 0) {
+    return Err({ type: "EmptyOrder" });
+  }
+  return Ok({ ...order, status: { type: "Submitted", submittedAt: now() } });
+}
+```
+
+**Why simpler:**
+- Data and functions separate
+- Immutable values
+- Explicit about time (createdAt, submittedAt)
+- No hidden state
+- Easy to test, inspect, transmit
+
+## Key Takeaways
+
+1. **Simplicity is objective** - Measured by lack of interleaving, not familiarity
+2. **Values don't change** - Model facts as immutable values; identity is separate
+3. **Data is better than objects** - Generic, open data beats proprietary encapsulation
+4. **Separate concerns rigorously** - Identify what can truly be independent
+5. **Accrete, don't break** - Grow systems by adding, not changing
+6. **Systems are data flows** - Model as transformations of immutable data
+
+When domain modeling, constantly ask:
+- What have I complected here?
+- Can I use values instead of mutable state?
+- Can I use data instead of objects?
+- What can be separated?
+- Am I making a breaking change, or accreting?