@jarenjs/validate 0.8.3 → 0.9.2

package/src/index.js

@@ -0,0 +1,1854 @@
+//@ts-check
+
+import {
+  isObjectClass,
+  isStringType,
+} from '@jarenjs/core';
+
+import {
+  compileSchemaObject,
+} from './schema.js';
+
+import {
+  storeSchemaIdsInMap,
+  restoreSchemaRefsInMap,
+  resolveRefSchemaDeep,
+  encodeJsonPointerPath,
+  TraverseOptions,
+  createJsonPointer,
+} from './traverse.js';
+
+import {
+  isBoolOrObjectClass,
+  hasSchemaRef,
+  EvalLog,
+} from './tools.js';
+import { wrapUnevaluated } from './unevaluated.js';
+import { registerFormatCompiler, registerFormatCompilers } from './format.js';
+import { mergeMap } from '@jarenjs/core/object';
+import { hasRecursiveAnchor, getDynamicAnchorName, collectDynamicAnchors, collectDynamicAnchorsDeep } from './dynamic-ref.js';
+
+export {
+  registerFormatCompilers
+} from './format.js';
+
+export { TraverseOptions };
+
+/**
+ * Ajv-style $data reference object.
+ * The value is a Relative JSON Pointer that resolves from the current data location.
+ * Format: `<non-negative-integer>("#"|<json-pointer>)`
+ * - "0" - The current value itself
+ * - "0#" - The property name/index of the current value
+ * - "0/foo" - The "foo" property of the current value
+ * - "1" - The parent value
+ * - "1/foo" - The "foo" property of the parent value
+ * @see https://github.com/ajv-validator/ajv/tree/master/spec/extras/%24data
+ * @typedef {Object} DollarDataRef
+ * @property {string} $data - Relative JSON Pointer resolved from the current data location
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Data keyword schema for referencing instance data (json-everything style).
+ * Allows constraints to reference values from other parts of the instance;
+ * every property value is a (relative) JSON Pointer to the constraint's value.
+ * @see https://docs.json-everything.net/schema/examples/data-ref/
+ * @typedef {Object} DataKeywordSchema
+ * @property {string} [minimum] - JSON Pointer to the minimum value
+ * @property {string} [maximum] - JSON Pointer to the maximum value
+ * @property {string} [exclusiveMinimum] - JSON Pointer to the exclusive minimum value
+ * @property {string} [exclusiveMaximum] - JSON Pointer to the exclusive maximum value
+ * @property {string} [multipleOf] - JSON Pointer to the multipleOf value
+ * @property {string} [minLength] - JSON Pointer to the minLength value
+ * @property {string} [maxLength] - JSON Pointer to the maxLength value
+ * @property {string} [pattern] - JSON Pointer to the pattern string
+ * @property {string} [format] - JSON Pointer to the format name
+ * @property {string} [enum] - JSON Pointer to an array of valid values
+ * @property {string} [const] - JSON Pointer to the constant value
+ * @property {string} [minItems] - JSON Pointer to the minItems value
+ * @property {string} [maxItems] - JSON Pointer to the maxItems value
+ * @property {string} [minProperties] - JSON Pointer to the minProperties value
+ * @property {string} [maxProperties] - JSON Pointer to the maxProperties value
+ */
+
+/**
+ * The standard JSON Schema keywords understood by Jaren
+ * (draft-06 through draft 2020-12). See {@link JSONSchema} for the full
+ * schema object type that also permits custom keywords.
+ * @typedef {Object} JSONSchemaKeywords
+ * @property {string} [$id] - Schema resource identifier (URI)
+ * @property {string} [$schema] - Meta-schema URI declaring the draft dialect
+ * @property {string} [$ref] - Reference to another schema (URI reference)
+ * @property {string} [$anchor] - Plain-name fragment identifier (2019-09+)
+ * @property {string} [$dynamicRef] - Dynamic reference (2020-12)
+ * @property {string} [$dynamicAnchor] - Dynamic anchor (2020-12)
+ * @property {Record<string, boolean>} [$vocabulary] - Vocabulary declarations of a meta-schema
+ * @property {string} [$comment] - Comment for schema maintainers; not used in validation
+ * @property {Record<string, JSONSchema>} [$defs] - Reusable subschema definitions (2019-09+)
+ * @property {Record<string, JSONSchema>} [definitions] - Reusable subschema definitions (draft-07 and earlier)
+ * @property {string | string[]} [type] - Expected JSON type(s): 'null', 'boolean', 'object', 'array', 'number', 'string' or 'integer'
+ * @property {unknown[] | DollarDataRef} [enum] - Exhaustive list of valid values
+ * @property {unknown | DollarDataRef} [const] - Single valid value
+ * @property {number | DollarDataRef} [minLength] - Minimum string length (in graphemes by default)
+ * @property {number | DollarDataRef} [maxLength] - Maximum string length (in graphemes by default)
+ * @property {string | DollarDataRef} [pattern] - ECMA-262 regular expression the string must match
+ * @property {string} [contentEncoding] - Encoding of a string-embedded document (e.g. 'base64')
+ * @property {string} [contentMediaType] - Media type of a string-embedded document
+ * @property {JSONSchema} [contentSchema] - Schema for the decoded string-embedded document
+ * @property {number | DollarDataRef} [multipleOf] - Number must be a multiple of this value
+ * @property {number | DollarDataRef} [minimum] - Inclusive lower bound
+ * @property {number | DollarDataRef} [maximum] - Inclusive upper bound
+ * @property {number | boolean | DollarDataRef} [exclusiveMinimum] - Exclusive lower bound (boolean form in draft-04 style schemas)
+ * @property {number | boolean | DollarDataRef} [exclusiveMaximum] - Exclusive upper bound (boolean form in draft-04 style schemas)
+ * @property {Record<string, JSONSchema>} [properties] - Schemas for named object members
+ * @property {Record<string, JSONSchema>} [patternProperties] - Schemas for members whose name matches a regular expression
+ * @property {boolean | JSONSchema} [additionalProperties] - Schema for members not matched by properties/patternProperties
+ * @property {boolean | JSONSchema} [unevaluatedProperties] - Schema for members not evaluated by any subschema (2019-09+)
+ * @property {string[] | DollarDataRef} [required] - Member names that must be present
+ * @property {JSONSchema} [propertyNames] - Schema every member name must validate against
+ * @property {number | DollarDataRef} [minProperties] - Minimum number of members
+ * @property {number | DollarDataRef} [maxProperties] - Maximum number of members
+ * @property {JSONSchema | JSONSchema[]} [items] - Schema for array elements (array form is the draft-07 tuple syntax)
+ * @property {JSONSchema[]} [prefixItems] - Tuple element schemas (2020-12)
+ * @property {boolean | JSONSchema} [additionalItems] - Schema for elements beyond the tuple prefix (draft-07 and earlier)
+ * @property {boolean | JSONSchema} [unevaluatedItems] - Schema for elements not evaluated by any subschema (2019-09+)
+ * @property {JSONSchema} [contains] - At least one element must validate against this schema
+ * @property {number | DollarDataRef} [minItems] - Minimum number of elements
+ * @property {number | DollarDataRef} [maxItems] - Maximum number of elements
+ * @property {boolean | DollarDataRef} [uniqueItems] - Whether all elements must be unique
+ * @property {number} [minContains] - Minimum number of elements matching 'contains' (2019-09+)
+ * @property {number} [maxContains] - Maximum number of elements matching 'contains' (2019-09+)
+ * @property {JSONSchema[]} [allOf] - Value must validate against all of these schemas
+ * @property {JSONSchema[]} [anyOf] - Value must validate against at least one of these schemas
+ * @property {JSONSchema[]} [oneOf] - Value must validate against exactly one of these schemas
+ * @property {JSONSchema} [not] - Value must NOT validate against this schema
+ * @property {JSONSchema} [if] - Condition schema selecting between 'then' and 'else'
+ * @property {JSONSchema} [then] - Applied when 'if' validates
+ * @property {JSONSchema} [else] - Applied when 'if' does not validate
+ * @property {Record<string, JSONSchema>} [dependentSchemas] - Schemas applied when a member is present (2019-09+)
+ * @property {Record<string, string[]>} [dependentRequired] - Members required when a member is present (2019-09+)
+ * @property {string} [title] - Short descriptive title
+ * @property {string} [description] - Explanation of the schema's purpose
+ * @property {unknown} [default] - Default value annotation
+ * @property {unknown[]} [examples] - Example values annotation
+ * @property {boolean} [readOnly] - Value is managed by the receiving authority
+ * @property {boolean} [writeOnly] - Value is never returned by the receiving authority
+ * @property {boolean} [deprecated] - Value is deprecated
+ * @property {string | DollarDataRef} [format] - Named semantic format (e.g. 'email', 'uri', 'date-time')
+ * @property {string} [formatMinimum] - Format-aware inclusive lower bound (non-standard, Ajv-style)
+ * @property {string} [formatMaximum] - Format-aware inclusive upper bound (non-standard, Ajv-style)
+ * @property {string} [formatExclusiveMinimum] - Format-aware exclusive lower bound (non-standard, Ajv-style)
+ * @property {string} [formatExclusiveMaximum] - Format-aware exclusive upper bound (non-standard, Ajv-style)
+ * @property {DataKeywordSchema} [data] - Data keyword referencing instance data (json-everything style)
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Represents a JSON Schema object.
+ * Covers the standard keywords of drafts 06, 07, 2019-09 and 2020-12
+ * (see {@link JSONSchemaKeywords}) while remaining open for custom
+ * keywords: any property outside the standard set is permitted.
+ * Note that a complete schema is `JSONSchema | boolean` - the boolean
+ * forms accept everything (`true`) or nothing (`false`).
+ * @typedef {JSONSchemaKeywords & Record<string, unknown>} JSONSchema
+ */
+
+/**
+ * A format compiler function.
+ * Called once per schema location at compile time with the compiling
+ * ValidationObject and the schema that declares the format; returns the
+ * format validator that is invoked for each instance value, or undefined
+ * when the format does not apply to the schema location. Compilers are
+ * only invoked for schemas whose `format` member is a plain string.
+ * @typedef {(schemaObj: ValidationObject, jsonSchema: JSONSchema & {format?: string}) => ((data: unknown, dataPath?: string) => boolean) | undefined} FormatCompiler
+ */
+
+export const DEFAULT_SCHEMA_DRAFT = 'http://json-schema.org/draft-06/schema#'
+
+/**
+ * Detects the JSON Schema draft version from the schema's $schema property
+ * @param {object} schema - The JSON schema
+ * @returns {number} - The draft version (6, 7, 2019, or 2020)
+ */
+export function detectSchemaDraft(schema) {
+  if (!schema || typeof schema !== 'object') return 7; // default to draft7
+  const schemaUrl = schema.$schema || '';
+  if (schemaUrl.includes('2020-12')) return 2020;
+  if (schemaUrl.includes('2019-09')) return 2019;
+  if (schemaUrl.includes('draft-07') || schemaUrl.includes('draft/07')) return 7;
+  if (schemaUrl.includes('draft-06') || schemaUrl.includes('draft/06')) return 6;
+  return 7; // default to draft7 behavior
+}
+
+const isBrowser = typeof window !== 'undefined';
+
+const performance = (() => isBrowser
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-undef
+  ? window.performance
+  : {
+    now: function performanceNow(start) {
+      // @ts-ignore
+      const ps = process;
+      if (!start) return ps.hrtime();
+      const end = ps.hrtime(start);
+      return Math.round((end[0] * 1000) + (end[1] / 1000000));
+    },
+  })();
+
+class InternalValidationError {
+  constructor(obj, key, expected, dataKey, value, rest) {
+    this.timeStamp = performance.now();
+    this.object = obj;
+    this.key = key;
+    this.expected = expected;
+    this.dataKey = dataKey;
+    this.value = value;
+    this.rest = rest;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * JSON Schema Validation Error
+ * Represents a validation error according to the JSON Schema specification.
+ * @see https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/json-schema-core.html#output
+ */
+export class ValidationError {
+  /**
+   * @param {object} options - Error options
+   * @param {string} options.keyword - The keyword that failed validation
+   * @param {string} options.instancePath - JSON Pointer to the data location
+   * @param {string} options.schemaPath - JSON Pointer to the schema location
+   * @param {object} options.params - Keyword-specific parameters
+   * @param {string} [options.message] - Human-readable error message
+   */
+  constructor(options) {
+    this.keyword = options.keyword;
+    this.instancePath = options.instancePath || '';
+    this.schemaPath = options.schemaPath || '';
+    this.params = options.params || {};
+    this.message = options.message || '';
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Convert error to a plain object
+   * @returns {object} Plain object representation
+   */
+  toJSON() {
+    return {
+      keyword: this.keyword,
+      instancePath: this.instancePath,
+      schemaPath: this.schemaPath,
+      params: this.params,
+      message: this.message,
+    };
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * ValidationOptions configures the behavior of the validation process.
+ * @class
+ */
+export class ValidationOptions {
+  /**
+   * Creates validation options.
+   * @param {boolean} [skipErrors=true] - Whether to stop at first error or continue
+   * @param {boolean} [useGrapheme=true] - Whether to use grapheme cluster counting for strings
+   * @param {boolean} [collectErrors=false] - Whether to collect all errors or just return boolean
+   * @param {boolean|null} [contentValidation=null] - Whether to validate contentEncoding/contentMediaType (null = auto based on draft)
+   * @param {number} [draftVersion=7] - The JSON Schema draft version (6, 7, 2019, or 2020)
+   * @param {boolean} [vocabValidation=true] - Whether the validation vocabulary is enabled (false when the schema's metaschema omits it via $vocabulary)
+   * @param {boolean|null} [formatAssertion=null] - Whether format asserts (null = auto: asserts below draft 2020-12, annotation-only from 2020-12 on)
+   */
+  constructor(
+    skipErrors = true,
+    useGrapheme = true,
+    collectErrors = false,
+    contentValidation = null,
+    draftVersion = 7,
+    vocabValidation = true,
+    formatAssertion = null
+  ) {
+    /** @type {boolean} Whether to stop at first error or continue */
+    this.skipErrors = skipErrors;
+    /** @type {boolean} Whether to use grapheme cluster counting for string length */
+    this.useGrapheme = useGrapheme;
+    /** @type {boolean} Whether to collect and return detailed errors */
+    this.collectErrors = collectErrors;
+    /** @type {boolean|null} Whether to validate contentEncoding/contentMediaType (null = auto based on draft) */
+    this.contentValidation = contentValidation;
+    /** @type {number} The JSON Schema draft version (6, 7, 2019, or 2020) */
+    this.draftVersion = draftVersion;
+    /** @type {boolean} Whether validation vocabulary keywords (type, minimum, ...) are asserted */
+    this.vocabValidation = vocabValidation;
+    /** @type {boolean|null} Whether the format keyword asserts (null = auto by draft) */
+    this.formatAssertion = formatAssertion;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * ValidationRoot manages the compilation and validation context for a schema.
+ * It holds references to all schemas, formats, options, and compiled ValidationObjects.
+ * @class
+ */
+export class ValidationRoot {
+  /**
+   * Creates a ValidationObject and stores it in the root's object map.
+   * @param {ValidationRoot} self - The ValidationRoot instance
+   * @param {string} path - The URI path for this schema object
+   * @param {object|boolean} schema - The JSON schema
+   * @param {string} baseUri - The base URI for resolving relative refs
+   * @returns {ValidationObject} The created ValidationObject
+   */
+  static #createObject(self, path, schema, baseUri, parentDeclaredDraft = null) {
+    const objects = self.#objects;
+    if (objects.has(path)) {
+      const p = objects.get(path);
+      if (p != null)
+        throw new Error(`Object at '${path}' is already created`);
+    }
+
+    const obj = new ValidationObject(self, path, schema, baseUri, parentDeclaredDraft);
+    objects.set(path, obj);
+    return obj;
+  }
+
+  /** @type {string|null} The root schema origin/URI */
+  #rootOrigin = null;
+  /** @type {Map|null} Map of schema paths to schema objects */
+  #schemas = null;
+  /** @type {object|null} Registered format validators */
+  #formats = null;
+  /** @type {ValidationOptions|null} Validation options */
+  #options = null;
+  /** @type {TraverseOptions|null} Schema traversal options */
+  #traverse = null;
+  /** @type {Map|null} Map of paths to ValidationObjects */
+  #objects = null;
+  /** @type {Array} Array of validation errors */
+  #errors = null;
+  /** @type {ValidationObject|null} The root schema's ValidationObject */
+  #firstSchema = null;
+  /** @type {Map<string, Function[]>} Map of anchor names to stacks of validator functions */
+  #dynamicAnchors = null;
+  /** @type {string|null} Anchor name to register for the root schema on each validation, or null when not needed */
+  #rootAnchorName = null;
+  /** @type {function|null} Cached compiled validator of the root schema */
+  #rootValidator = null;
+  /** @type {Array<{name: string, schema: object, validator: (function|null)}>} $dynamicAnchors of the root resource (excluding the root's own), registered on each validation */
+  #rootDynamicAnchors = [];
+  /** @type {boolean} Whether any schema in this compilation contains a $data reference */
+  #usesDollarData = false;
+  /** @type {boolean} Whether any schema in this compilation contains unevaluatedProperties/unevaluatedItems */
+  #usesUnevaluated = false;
+  /** @type {EvalLog} Log of evaluated properties/items for unevaluated* support */
+  #evalLog = new EvalLog();
+  /** @type {object|null} The JarenValidator instance this compilation belongs to, or null when constructed standalone */
+  #owner = null;
+
+  /** Keywords whose value is a map of arbitrary names to schemas; those
+   * names must not be mistaken for keywords (e.g. a metaschema declaring
+   * a property named 'unevaluatedProperties'). */
+  static #SCAN_MAP_KEYWORDS = new Set([
+    'properties', 'patternProperties', 'dependentSchemas',
+    '$defs', 'definitions',
+  ]);
+
+  /**
+   * Recursively scans a schema (sub)tree for keys that require special
+   * runtime support: '$data' references and 'unevaluatedProperties'/
+   * 'unevaluatedItems'. Keys inside name->schema maps (properties, $defs,
+   * ...) are property/definition names and are not treated as keywords.
+   * @param {any} node - The schema node to scan
+   * @param {Set<object>} seen - Cycle guard
+   * @param {{dollarData: boolean, unevaluated: boolean}} flags - Output flags
+   * @param {boolean} [isSchema=true] - Whether node's keys are schema keywords
+   */
+  static #scanSchemaFeatures(node, seen, flags, isSchema = true) {
+    if (node == null || typeof node !== 'object') return;
+    if (flags.dollarData && flags.unevaluated) return;
+    if (seen.has(node)) return;
+    seen.add(node);
+    if (Array.isArray(node)) {
+      for (let i = 0; i < node.length; ++i) {
+        ValidationRoot.#scanSchemaFeatures(node[i], seen, flags, isSchema);
+      }
+      return;
+    }
+    const keys = Object.keys(node);
+    for (let i = 0; i < keys.length; ++i) {
+      const key = keys[i];
+      if (isSchema) {
+        // The json-everything 'data' keyword resolves relative pointers
+        // against the data path at validation time, just like '$data'.
+        if (key === '$data'
+          || (key === 'data' && node[key] !== null && typeof node[key] === 'object')) flags.dollarData = true;
+        else if (key === '$query') {
+          // The '$query' keyword binds the instance path to its 'path'
+          // external at validation time, so it consumes data paths like
+          // '$data'. Its value is a query document, not a schema - the
+          // keys inside (operators, embedded schema literals) must not
+          // register as keywords of this compilation.
+          flags.dollarData = true;
+          continue;
+        }
+        else if (key === 'unevaluatedProperties' || key === 'unevaluatedItems') flags.unevaluated = true;
+        if (ValidationRoot.#SCAN_MAP_KEYWORDS.has(key)) {
+          // The value is a name->schema map: its keys are names, its values schemas.
+          ValidationRoot.#scanSchemaFeatures(node[key], seen, flags, false);
+          continue;
+        }
+      }
+      ValidationRoot.#scanSchemaFeatures(node[key], seen, flags, true);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a new ValidationRoot.
+   * @param {string} origin - The root schema origin/URI
+   * @param {Map} schemas - Map of schema paths to schema objects
+   * @param {Record<string, FormatCompiler>} formats - Registered format validators
+   * @param {ValidationOptions} [opts] - Validation options
+   * @param {TraverseOptions} [traverse] - Schema traversal options
+   * @param {object|null} [owner] - The owning JarenValidator instance; extension
+   *   keywords ('$query') compile embedded schema literals against it so their
+   *   `$ref`s resolve to the owner's `addSchema` registrations
+   */
+  constructor(origin, schemas, formats, opts = new ValidationOptions(), traverse = new TraverseOptions, owner = null) {
+    const schema = schemas.get(origin);
+    this.#rootOrigin = origin;
+    this.#schemas = schemas;
+    this.#formats = formats;
+
+    this.#options = opts;
+    this.#traverse = traverse;
+    this.#owner = owner;
+
+    this.#objects = new Map();
+    this.#errors = [];
+    this.#dynamicAnchors = new Map();
+
+    // Detect $data references and unevaluated* keywords once, so fast paths
+    // can skip path building / annotation logging when nothing consumes them.
+    // Must run before validators are compiled below.
+    const flags = { dollarData: false, unevaluated: false };
+    const seen = new Set();
+    for (const value of schemas.values()) {
+      ValidationRoot.#scanSchemaFeatures(value, seen, flags);
+      if (flags.dollarData && flags.unevaluated) break;
+    }
+    this.#usesDollarData = flags.dollarData;
+    this.#usesUnevaluated = flags.unevaluated;
+
+    // For the root schema, baseUri is the origin
+    this.#firstSchema = ValidationRoot.#createObject(this, origin, schema, origin);
+
+    // Precompute per-validation constants so validate() stays allocation-free.
+    // The root schema never changes after compilation.
+    const rootSchema = this.#firstSchema.schema;
+    const hasRecAnchor = isObjectClass(rootSchema) && hasRecursiveAnchor(rootSchema);
+    const dynAnchorName = isObjectClass(rootSchema) ? getDynamicAnchorName(rootSchema) : null;
+    this.#rootAnchorName = (hasRecAnchor || dynAnchorName) ? (dynAnchorName || '') : null;
+    this.#rootValidator = this.#firstSchema.validate;
+
+    // Entering the root resource brings ALL of its $dynamicAnchors into the
+    // dynamic scope (the root's own anchor is handled via #rootAnchorName).
+    this.#rootDynamicAnchors = collectDynamicAnchorsDeep(rootSchema)
+      .filter(anchor => anchor.schema !== rootSchema);
+  }
+
+  /** @returns {string} The root schema origin/URI */
+  get rootOrigin() { return this.#rootOrigin; }
+
+  /** @returns {TraverseOptions} Schema traversal options */
+  get traverse() { return this.#traverse; }
+
+  /** @returns {ValidationOptions} Validation options */
+  get options() { return this.#options; }
+
+  /** @returns {object} Registered format validators */
+  get formats() { return this.#formats; }
+
+  /** @returns {Array} Array of validation errors */
+  get errors() { return this.#errors; }
+
+  /** @returns {ValidationObject} The root schema's ValidationObject */
+  get firstSchema() { return this.#firstSchema; }
+
+  /** @returns {boolean} Whether any schema in this compilation contains a $data reference */
+  get usesDollarData() { return this.#usesDollarData; }
+
+  /** @returns {boolean} Whether any schema in this compilation contains unevaluatedProperties/unevaluatedItems */
+  get usesUnevaluated() { return this.#usesUnevaluated; }
+
+  /** @returns {EvalLog} The evaluation log for unevaluated* annotation tracking */
+  get evalLog() { return this.#evalLog; }
+
+  /** @returns {object|null} The owning JarenValidator instance, or null when constructed standalone */
+  get owner() { return this.#owner; }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a new ValidationObject for the given path and schema.
+   * @param {string} path - The URI path for this schema object
+   * @param {object|boolean} schema - The JSON schema
+   * @param {string} baseUri - The base URI for resolving relative refs
+   * @returns {ValidationObject} The created ValidationObject
+   */
+  createObject(path, schema, baseUri, parentDeclaredDraft = null) {
+    return ValidationRoot.#createObject(this, path, schema, baseUri, parentDeclaredDraft);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if an object exists at the given path without creating it.
+   * @param {string} path - The URI path to check
+   * @returns {ValidationObject|null|undefined} The existing object, null if marked unresolved, or undefined if not known
+   */
+  unresolvedObject(path) {
+    const objects = this.#objects;
+    if (objects.has(path))
+      return objects.get(path);
+
+    objects.set(path, null);
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets the raw schema object for a given reference without compiling it.
+   * Used to check schema properties (like $recursiveAnchor) at compile time.
+   * @param {string} ref - The reference URI to resolve
+   * @param {string} path - The current path (for error messages)
+   * @param {object} schema - The schema containing the $ref
+   * @returns {{id: string, schema: object}|null} The resolved schema info or null
+   */
+  getRawSchema(ref, path, schema) {
+    try {
+      const schemas = this.#schemas;
+      const traverse = this.#traverse;
+      return resolveRefSchemaDeep(schemas, path, schema, traverse);
+    } catch (e) {
+      return null;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets the raw schema object by its URI/ID directly from the schemas map.
+   * This performs a direct lookup without following references.
+   * @param {string} uri - The schema URI to look up
+   * @returns {object|undefined} The raw schema object or undefined
+   */
+  getSchemaByUri(uri) {
+    return this.#schemas.get(uri);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Resolves a $ref to a ValidationObject, creating it if necessary.
+   * @param {string} ref - The reference URI to resolve
+   * @param {string} path - The current path (for error messages)
+   * @param {object} schema - The schema containing the $ref
+   * @returns {ValidationObject} The resolved ValidationObject
+   */
+  resolveObject(ref, path, schema) {
+    // Fast path - check if already compiled first
+    const objects = this.#objects;
+    const cached = objects.get(ref);
+    if (cached != null) return cached;
+
+    // Resolve ref chain and check final ID cache
+    const schemas = this.#schemas;
+    const traverse = this.#traverse;
+    const { id, schema: root } = resolveRefSchemaDeep(schemas, path, schema, traverse);
+
+    // Check if final ID is already compiled
+    const finalCached = objects.get(id);
+    if (finalCached != null) return finalCached;
+
+    // Create and cache the validation object
+    return ValidationRoot.#createObject(this, id, root);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Adds an error to the validation errors list.
+   * @param {InternalValidationError} error - The error to add
+   * @returns {boolean} Always returns false for convenience in validators
+   */
+  addError(error /*:InternalValidationError*/) {
+    this.#errors.push(error);
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Validates data against the root schema.
+   * @param {unknown} data - The data to validate
+   * @returns {boolean} True if valid, false otherwise
+   */
+  validate(data /*:unknown*/) {
+    // only clear errors array when we need to collect errors
+    // When skipErrors=true (default), we don't use the errors array
+    if (!this.#options.skipErrors) {
+      this.#errors = [];
+    }
+    // Push/pop pairs are balanced (try/finally), so the anchors map is
+    // normally empty here already; clear defensively without reallocating.
+    if (this.#dynamicAnchors.size !== 0) {
+      this.#dynamicAnchors.clear();
+    }
+    // Clear evaluation annotations from the previous validation
+    if (this.#usesUnevaluated) {
+      this.#evalLog.reset();
+    }
+
+    const rootValidator = this.#rootValidator;
+    const anchorName = this.#rootAnchorName;
+    const rootAnchors = this.#rootDynamicAnchors;
+    if (anchorName !== null || rootAnchors.length !== 0) {
+      if (anchorName !== null)
+        this.pushDynamicAnchorValidator(anchorName, rootValidator);
+      for (let i = 0; i < rootAnchors.length; ++i) {
+        const anchor = rootAnchors[i];
+        if (anchor.validator === null)
+          anchor.validator = this.getOrCreateValidator(anchor.schema, this.#rootOrigin, this.#rootOrigin);
+        this.pushDynamicAnchorValidator(anchor.name, anchor.validator);
+      }
+      try {
+        // call compiled validator with dataRoot as third argument
+        return rootValidator(data, '', data);
+      } finally {
+        for (let i = rootAnchors.length - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
+          this.popDynamicAnchorValidator(rootAnchors[i].name);
+        }
+        if (anchorName !== null)
+          this.popDynamicAnchorValidator(anchorName);
+      }
+    }
+
+    // call compiled validator
+    // Pass dataRoot as the third argument for data keyword support
+    return rootValidator(data, '', data);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the stored validator for a dynamic anchor.
+   * Used by $dynamicRef for runtime resolution.
+   * Per draft 2020-12, $dynamicRef resolves to the FIRST (outermost)
+   * resource in the dynamic scope that defines the anchor.
+   * @param {string} anchorName - The anchor name
+   * @returns {Function|null} The validator function or null if not set
+   */
+  getDynamicAnchorValidator(anchorName) {
+    const stack = this.#dynamicAnchors.get(anchorName);
+    if (!stack || stack.length === 0) return null;
+    return stack[0];
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the outermost validator for a recursive anchor.
+   * Used by $recursiveRef for runtime resolution.
+   * Returns the bottom of the stack (first/outermost registered validator).
+   * @param {string} anchorName - The anchor name (empty string for $recursiveRef)
+   * @returns {Function|null} The validator function or null if not set
+   */
+  getOutermostDynamicAnchorValidator(anchorName) {
+    const stack = this.#dynamicAnchors.get(anchorName);
+    if (!stack || stack.length === 0) return null;
+    return stack[0];
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Push a validator onto the stack for a dynamic anchor.
+   * Called when entering a schema with $recursiveAnchor or $dynamicAnchor.
+   * @param {string} anchorName - The anchor name
+   * @param {Function} validator - The validator function
+   */
+  pushDynamicAnchorValidator(anchorName, validator) {
+    if (!this.#dynamicAnchors.has(anchorName)) {
+      this.#dynamicAnchors.set(anchorName, []);
+    }
+    this.#dynamicAnchors.get(anchorName).push(validator);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Pop a validator from the stack for a dynamic anchor.
+   * Called when exiting a schema with $recursiveAnchor or $dynamicAnchor.
+   * @param {string} anchorName - The anchor name
+   */
+  popDynamicAnchorValidator(anchorName) {
+    const stack = this.#dynamicAnchors.get(anchorName);
+    if (stack && stack.length > 0) {
+      stack.pop();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get or create a validator for a given schema.
+   * This is used when we need a validator for a schema at validation time
+   * (e.g., for dynamic anchors collected from $defs).
+   * @param {object} schema - The schema to create a validator for
+   * @param {string} basePath - The base path for the schema
+   * @param {string} baseUri - The base URI for the schema
+   * @returns {Function} The validator function
+   */
+  getOrCreateValidator(schema, basePath, baseUri) {
+    // Create a unique path for this schema based on its content
+    // We use a simple JSON stringify for now, but this could be improved
+    const path = basePath + '/$def-anchor/' + JSON.stringify(schema).slice(0, 50);
+    
+    // Check if we already have an object for this path
+    let obj = this.#objects.get(path);
+    if (obj != null) {
+      return obj.validate;
+    }
+    
+    // Create a new validation object for this schema
+    obj = ValidationRoot.#createObject(this, path, schema, baseUri);
+    return obj.validate;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * ValidationObject represents a single schema location with its compiled validator.
+ * It handles the compilation of schema validation logic and provides methods for
+ * creating child validators and error handlers.
+ * @class
+ */
+export class ValidationObject {
+  /**
+   * Compiles a validator function for the given schema.
+   * This is the main entry point for schema compilation. It handles:
+   * - Simple schemas (type-only, required-only) via fast paths
+   * - Schemas with $ref by resolving to target validators
+   * - Complex schemas by delegating to compileSchemaObject
+   * @param {ValidationObject} self - The validation object that is compiling this validator
+   * @param {string} path - The path to this schema object (its URI identifier)
+   * @param {any} schema - The schema object to compile
+   * @param {string} baseUri - The base URI for resolving $ref (parent's base, before any sibling $id)
+   * @returns {function(any, any):boolean} A function that validates data against the compiled schema and returns a boolean.
+   */
+  static compileValidator(self, path, schema, baseUri) {
+    if (!hasSchemaRef(schema))
+      return compileSchemaObject(self, schema);
+
+    const root = self.#root;
+
+    // In draft 2019-09+, $ref can have sibling keywords that are applied together.
+    // In draft 7 and earlier, $ref overrides siblings.
+    const draftVersion = root.options.draftVersion || 7;
+
+    // Base URI for resolving $ref:
+    // - Draft 7 and earlier: $ref replaces the schema entirely, so a sibling
+    //   $id does not change the base URI - resolve against the parent's base.
+    // - Draft 2019-09+: $id establishes the base URI for the schema object it
+    //   appears in, INCLUDING a sibling $ref (self.baseUri accounts for $id).
+    const refBase = draftVersion >= 2019
+      ? (self.baseUri || baseUri || path)
+      : (baseUri || path);
+    const { id: ref } = createJsonPointer(schema.$ref, refBase, root.traverse);
+    // Only check for sibling validators in draft 2019-09+
+    const siblingValidator = draftVersion >= 2019 ? compileSchemaObject(self, schema) : null;
+
+    // Collect dynamic anchors from the current schema's $defs/definitions.
+    // When following a $ref, dynamic anchors defined in the source schema's $defs
+    // should be in scope for $dynamicRef in the target schema.
+    // This handles cases like: root has $defs.foo with $dynamicAnchor, root.$ref points to list,
+    // and list.items has $dynamicRef that should resolve to root.$defs.foo's anchor.
+    const sourceDynamicAnchors = draftVersion >= 2020 ? collectDynamicAnchors(schema) : [];
+
+    // Since refs are now pre-compiled at compile time,
+    // we should always find the target immediately
+    const resolved = root.unresolvedObject(ref);
+    if (resolved != null) {
+      const refValidator = resolved.validate;
+      const resolvedSchema = resolved.schema;
+      
+      // Check if the target schema has a dynamic anchor ($recursiveAnchor or $dynamicAnchor)
+      // If so, we need to wrap the call to register the anchor at validation time
+      const hasRecAnchor = isObjectClass(resolvedSchema) && hasRecursiveAnchor(resolvedSchema);
+      const dynAnchorName = isObjectClass(resolvedSchema) ? getDynamicAnchorName(resolvedSchema) : null;
+
+      // Entering the target resource brings ALL of its $dynamicAnchors into
+      // the dynamic scope (the target root's own anchor is pushed separately
+      // as refValidator below). Source $defs anchors are kept for schemas
+      // whose resource entry point is the $ref itself.
+      const enterAnchors = sourceDynamicAnchors.slice();
+      const targetDeepAnchors = collectDynamicAnchorsDeep(resolvedSchema);
+      for (let i = 0; i < targetDeepAnchors.length; i++) {
+        const anchor = targetDeepAnchors[i];
+        if (anchor.schema === resolvedSchema) continue;
+        anchor.base = resolved.baseUri;
+        enterAnchors.push(anchor);
+      }
+
+      if (hasRecAnchor || dynAnchorName || enterAnchors.length > 0) {
+        const anchorName = dynAnchorName || ''; // empty string for $recursiveAnchor
+
+        // Wrap the ref validator to register dynamic anchor at call time (validation time)
+        if (siblingValidator) {
+          // unevaluated* keywords must see annotations produced by the $ref
+          // target, so the wrapper goes around the combined validator.
+          return wrapUnevaluated(self, schema, function validateRefWithDynamicAnchorAndSiblings(data, dataPath, dataRoot) {
+            // Register the entered resource's dynamic anchors first
+            for (let i = 0; i < enterAnchors.length; i++) {
+              const anchor = enterAnchors[i];
+              if (anchor.validator == null)
+                anchor.validator = root.getOrCreateValidator(anchor.schema, path, anchor.base || baseUri);
+              root.pushDynamicAnchorValidator(anchor.name, anchor.validator);
+            }
+            // Then register target's dynamic anchor if any
+            if (hasRecAnchor || dynAnchorName) {
+              root.pushDynamicAnchorValidator(anchorName, refValidator);
+            }
+            try {
+              return refValidator(data, dataPath, dataRoot) && siblingValidator(data, dataPath, dataRoot);
+            } finally {
+              // Pop in reverse order
+              if (hasRecAnchor || dynAnchorName) {
+                root.popDynamicAnchorValidator(anchorName);
+              }
+              for (let i = enterAnchors.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+                root.popDynamicAnchorValidator(enterAnchors[i].name);
+              }
+            }
+          });
+        } else {
+          return function validateRefWithDynamicAnchor(data, dataPath, dataRoot) {
+            // Register the entered resource's dynamic anchors first
+            for (let i = 0; i < enterAnchors.length; i++) {
+              const anchor = enterAnchors[i];
+              if (anchor.validator == null)
+                anchor.validator = root.getOrCreateValidator(anchor.schema, path, anchor.base || baseUri);
+              root.pushDynamicAnchorValidator(anchor.name, anchor.validator);
+            }
+            // Then register target's dynamic anchor if any
+            if (hasRecAnchor || dynAnchorName) {
+              root.pushDynamicAnchorValidator(anchorName, refValidator);
+            }
+            try {
+              return refValidator(data, dataPath, dataRoot);
+            } finally {
+              // Pop in reverse order
+              if (hasRecAnchor || dynAnchorName) {
+                root.popDynamicAnchorValidator(anchorName);
+              }
+              for (let i = enterAnchors.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+                root.popDynamicAnchorValidator(enterAnchors[i].name);
+              }
+            }
+          };
+        }
+      }
+      
+      // If there are sibling validators (draft 2019-09+), combine them with the ref validator
+      if (siblingValidator) {
+        // unevaluated* keywords must see annotations produced by the $ref
+        // target, so the wrapper goes around the combined validator.
+        return wrapUnevaluated(self, schema, function validateRefWithSiblings(data, dataPath, dataRoot) {
+          return refValidator(data, dataPath, dataRoot) && siblingValidator(data, dataPath, dataRoot);
+        });
+      }
+      
+      self.#validator = refValidator;
+      return refValidator;
+    }
+
+    // Fallback for edge cases (e.g., recursive refs that weren't pre-compiled)
+    // Pre-bind values to avoid closure overhead in hot path
+    const rootRef = root;
+    const boundRef = ref;
+    const boundRefBase = refBase;
+    const boundSchema = schema;
+    const boundSiblingValidator = siblingValidator;
+    const boundSourceAnchors = sourceDynamicAnchors;
+
+    // Memoized state of the first resolution - the target never changes.
+    let resolvedState = null;
+
+    return wrapUnevaluated(self, schema, function resolveSchemaCompiler(data, dataPath, dataRoot) {
+      if (resolvedState === null) {
+        const obj = rootRef.resolveObject(boundRef, boundRefBase, boundSchema);
+        const resolvedSchema = obj.schema;
+
+        // Entering the target resource brings ALL of its $dynamicAnchors into
+        // the dynamic scope, exactly like the pre-compiled path above.
+        const enterAnchors = boundSourceAnchors.slice();
+        const targetDeepAnchors = collectDynamicAnchorsDeep(resolvedSchema);
+        for (let i = 0; i < targetDeepAnchors.length; i++) {
+          const anchor = targetDeepAnchors[i];
+          if (anchor.schema === resolvedSchema) continue;
+          anchor.base = obj.baseUri;
+          enterAnchors.push(anchor);
+        }
+
+        resolvedState = {
+          refValidator: obj.validate,
+          enterAnchors,
+          hasRecAnchor: isObjectClass(resolvedSchema) && hasRecursiveAnchor(resolvedSchema),
+          dynAnchorName: isObjectClass(resolvedSchema) ? getDynamicAnchorName(resolvedSchema) : null,
+        };
+      }
+      const { refValidator, enterAnchors, hasRecAnchor, dynAnchorName } = resolvedState;
+
+      for (let i = 0; i < enterAnchors.length; i++) {
+        const anchor = enterAnchors[i];
+        if (anchor.validator == null)
+          anchor.validator = rootRef.getOrCreateValidator(anchor.schema, path, anchor.base || baseUri);
+        rootRef.pushDynamicAnchorValidator(anchor.name, anchor.validator);
+      }
+
+      try {
+        if (hasRecAnchor || dynAnchorName) {
+          const anchorName = dynAnchorName || '';
+          rootRef.pushDynamicAnchorValidator(anchorName, refValidator);
+          try {
+            // If there are sibling validators (draft 2019-09+), combine them with the ref validator
+            if (boundSiblingValidator) {
+              return refValidator(data, dataPath, dataRoot) && boundSiblingValidator(data, dataPath, dataRoot);
+            }
+            return refValidator(data, dataPath, dataRoot);
+          } finally {
+            rootRef.popDynamicAnchorValidator(anchorName);
+          }
+        }
+
+        // If there are sibling validators (draft 2019-09+), combine them with the ref validator
+        if (boundSiblingValidator) {
+          return refValidator(data, dataPath, dataRoot) && boundSiblingValidator(data, dataPath, dataRoot);
+        }
+
+        // Cache the validator directly (skipping this resolver) only when
+        // this ref registers no dynamic anchors - otherwise later calls
+        // would lose the registrations.
+        if (enterAnchors.length === 0) {
+          self.#validator = refValidator;
+        }
+        return refValidator(data, dataPath, dataRoot);
+      } finally {
+        // Pop anchors in reverse order
+        for (let i = enterAnchors.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+          rootRef.popDynamicAnchorValidator(enterAnchors[i].name);
+        }
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  /** @type {ValidationRoot} The root validation context */
+  #root = null;
+  /** @type {string} The URI path identifying this schema object */
+  #path = null;
+  /** @type {ValidationObject[]} Child validation objects created by this object */
+  #members = null;
+  /** @type {any} The schema object being validated */
+  #schema = null;
+  /** @type {function|null} The compiled validator function */
+  #validator = null;
+  /** @type {string} The base URI passed during construction */
+  #baseUri = null;
+  /** @type {string} The effective base URI for child $ref resolution */
+  #effectiveBaseUri = null;
+  /** @type {number|null} Draft version declared by this schema's document ($schema), inherited by subschemas; null when never declared */
+  #declaredDraft = null;
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a new ValidationObject.
+   * @param {ValidationRoot} root - The root validation context
+   * @param {string} path - The URI path identifying this schema object
+   * @param {any} schema - The schema object to compile
+   * @param {string} baseUri - The base URI for resolving $ref
+   * @param {number|null} [parentDeclaredDraft] - The declared draft inherited from the parent schema object
+   */
+  constructor(root, path, schema, baseUri, parentDeclaredDraft = null) {
+    this.#root = root;
+    this.#path = path;
+    this.#members = [];
+    this.#schema = schema;
+    this.#validator = null;
+
+    // A document that declares its own $schema is processed per that draft
+    // (cross-draft references); subschemas inherit the document's draft.
+    this.#declaredDraft = (isObjectClass(schema) && isStringType(schema.$schema))
+      ? detectSchemaDraft(schema)
+      : parentDeclaredDraft;
+
+    // Calculate the effective base URI for this schema.
+    // The effective base is what children should use for resolving relative $refs.
+    // If this schema has an $id, it becomes the new base for children.
+    if (isObjectClass(schema) && schema.$id) {
+      // This schema has its own $id - resolve it against the parent's baseUri
+      // to get the absolute base for children
+      const { id: resolvedId } = createJsonPointer(schema.$id, baseUri);
+      this.#effectiveBaseUri = resolvedId.endsWith('#') ? resolvedId.slice(0, -1) : resolvedId;
+    } else {
+      // No $id - inherit parent's base
+      this.#effectiveBaseUri = baseUri;
+    }
+    this.#baseUri = baseUri;
+
+    this.#validator = ValidationObject.compileValidator(this, path, schema, baseUri);
+  }
+
+  /** @returns {string} The URI path identifying this schema object */
+  get path() {
+    return this.#path;
+  }
+
+  /** @returns {string} The effective base URI for resolving relative $refs */
+  get baseUri() {
+    return this.#effectiveBaseUri;
+  }
+
+  /** @returns {Array} The current validation errors from the root */
+  get errors() {
+    return this.#root.errors;
+  }
+
+  /** @returns {function} The compiled validator function */
+  get validate() {
+    return this.#validator;
+  }
+
+  /** @returns {ValidationOptions} The validation options */
+  get options() {
+    return this.#root.options;
+  }
+
+  /** @returns {object} The registered format validators */
+  get formats() {
+    return this.#root.formats;
+  }
+
+  /** @returns {ValidationRoot} The root validation context */
+  get root() {
+    return this.#root;
+  }
+
+  /** @returns {object} The schema object */
+  get schema() {
+    return this.#schema;
+  }
+
+  /** @returns {number|null} Draft version declared by this schema's document via $schema, or null when never declared */
+  get declaredDraft() {
+    return this.#declaredDraft;
+  }
+
+/**
+   * Creates an error handler function for validation failures.
+   * @param {any} expected - The expected value that failed validation
+   * @param {string | string[]} key - The keyword or keywords that failed
+   * @returns {(data: unknown, ...meta: any[]) => boolean} A function that adds an error and returns false
+   */
+  createErrorHandler(expected, key) {
+    const self = this;
+
+    // when skipErrors is true, we don't need to create error objects
+    // Just return false immediately to avoid the overhead of error creation
+    if (self.#root.options.skipErrors) {
+      if (!Array.isArray(key)) {
+        return function addNormalErrorFast(data, ...meta) {
+          // Just return false without creating error object
+          return false;
+        };
+      }
+      else {
+        return function addKeyedErrorFast(dataKey, data, ...meta) {
+          // Just return false without creating error object
+          return false;
+        };
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (!Array.isArray(key)) {
+      return function addNormalError(data, ...meta) {
+        const error = new InternalValidationError(self, key, expected, null, data, meta);
+        return self.#root.addError(error);
+      };
+    }
+    else {
+      return function addKeyedError(dataKey, data, ...meta) {
+        const error = new InternalValidationError(self, key, expected, dataKey, data, meta);
+        return self.#root.addError(error);
+      };
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a validator function for a child schema.
+   * This is used when compiling nested schemas (e.g., array items, object properties).
+   * @param {JSONSchema | boolean} schema - The child schema to compile
+   * @param {string} key - The property key where the schema is located
+   * @param {number} [index] - Optional array index for tuple items
+   * @returns {function|undefined} The compiled validator function, or undefined if schema is invalid
+   */
+  createValidator(schema, key, index) {
+    if (!isBoolOrObjectClass(schema))
+      return undefined;
+
+    const root = this.#root;
+    // Use the effective base URI for resolving relative $refs
+    // This is either: (a) the resolved $id of this schema, or (b) the inherited base from parent
+    let basePath = this.#effectiveBaseUri;
+    // Strip trailing '#' for URL resolution - a base URL ending with '#' breaks relative ref resolution
+    if (basePath && basePath.endsWith('#')) {
+      basePath = basePath.slice(0, -1);
+    }
+
+    // Check if schema has $id - this affects how we calculate the path
+    const hasId = isObjectClass(schema) && schema.$id;
+
+    // If schema has $id, resolve it against basePath to get the new base URI
+    // Otherwise, use the current path
+    const id = hasId
+      ? createJsonPointer(schema.$id, basePath || this.#path).id
+      : this.#path;
+
+    // If schema has $id, use the resolved ID as the path (it defines the schema's location)
+    // Otherwise, append key/index to create a JSON pointer path
+    const path = hasId
+      ? id
+      : index == null
+        ? encodeJsonPointerPath(id, key)
+        : encodeJsonPointerPath(id, key, String(index));
+
+
+
+    // Pass basePath as the baseUri for the child object.
+    // This ensures that $ref in the child will be resolved against basePath,
+    // not against any sibling $id that the child might have.
+    // The child inherits this document's declared draft version.
+    const child = root.createObject(path, schema, basePath, this.#declaredDraft);
+    this.#members.push(child);
+
+    return child.#validator;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * ValidatorOptions configures the JarenValidator instance.
+ * Can be created with positional arguments or an options object.
+ * @class
+ * @example
+ * // Positional arguments
+ * const options = new ValidatorOptions(formats, schemas, validation, traverse);
+ *
+ * // Options object (recommended)
+ * const options = new ValidatorOptions({
+ *   formats: { custom: validator },
+ *   collectErrors: true,
+ *   useGrapheme: false
+ * });
+ */
+export class ValidatorOptions {
+  /**
+   * Creates validator options.
+   * @param {object|object[]} [formats={}] - Format validators or options object
+   * @param {object[]} [schemas=[]] - Initial schemas to register
+   * @param {ValidationOptions} [validation] - Validation behavior options
+   * @param {TraverseOptions} [traverse] - Schema traversal options
+   */
+  constructor(
+    formats = {},
+    schemas = [],
+    validation = new ValidationOptions(),
+    traverse = new TraverseOptions(),
+  ) {
+    // Support object destructuring: new ValidatorOptions({ collectErrors: true })
+    if (formats && typeof formats === 'object' && !Array.isArray(formats) &&
+        !(formats instanceof Map)) {
+      const opts = formats;
+      /** @type {object} Registered format validators */
+      this.formats = opts.formats || {};
+      /** @type {object[]} Initial schemas to register */
+      this.schemas = opts.schemas || [];
+      // If collectErrors is passed directly, create ValidationOptions with it
+      if (opts.collectErrors != null || opts.skipErrors != null || opts.useGrapheme != null || opts.contentValidation != null || opts.draftVersion != null || opts.formatAssertion != null) {
+        const collectErrors = opts.collectErrors ?? false;
+        this.validation = new ValidationOptions(
+          // collecting errors implies actually recording them
+          opts.skipErrors ?? !collectErrors,
+          opts.useGrapheme ?? true,
+          collectErrors,
+          opts.contentValidation ?? false,
+          opts.draftVersion ?? 7,
+          true,
+          opts.formatAssertion ?? null
+        );
+      } else {
+        /** @type {ValidationOptions} Validation behavior options */
+        this.validation = opts.validation || new ValidationOptions();
+      }
+      /** @type {TraverseOptions} Schema traversal options */
+      this.traverse = opts.traverse || new TraverseOptions();
+    } else {
+      this.formats = formats;
+      this.schemas = schemas;
+      this.validation = validation;
+      this.traverse = traverse;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * JarenValidator is the main entry point for JSON Schema validation.
+ * It manages schema registration, format registration, and compilation.
+ * @class
+ * @example
+ * const validator = new JarenValidator();
+ * validator.addSchema({ $id: 'http://example.com/schema', type: 'object' });
+ * const validate = validator.compile({ $ref: 'http://example.com/schema' });
+ * const valid = validate({ foo: 'bar' }); // true
+ */
+export class JarenValidator {
+  /** @type {object} Registered format validators */
+  #formats = {}
+  /** @type {Map} Map of schema URIs to schema objects */
+  #schemas = new Map();
+  /** @type {Map} Map of meta-schema URIs to compiled validators */
+  #metaSchemas = new Map();
+  /** @type {ValidatorOptions} Validator options */
+  #options = new ValidatorOptions();
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a new JarenValidator instance.
+   * @param {ValidatorOptions} [options] - Validator options including formats, schemas, validation options, and traverse options
+   */
+  constructor(options = new ValidatorOptions()) {
+    // Accept a plain options object ({ skipErrors, collectErrors, ... })
+    // as well as a ValidatorOptions instance.
+    if (!(options instanceof ValidatorOptions)) {
+      options = new ValidatorOptions(options);
+    }
+    this.#formats = options.formats || {};
+    this.#schemas = new Map();
+    this.#metaSchemas = new Map();
+    this.#options = options;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Adds a format validator.
+   * @param {string} name - The format name (e.g., 'email', 'uri', 'date-time')
+   * @param {FormatCompiler} formatCompiler - A function that compiles format validators
+   * @returns {JarenValidator} This validator instance for chaining
+   * @example
+   * validator.addFormat('custom', (schemaObj, schema) => {
+   *   return (data) => data.startsWith('custom:');
+   * });
+   */
+  addFormat(name, formatCompiler) {
+    registerFormatCompiler(
+      this.#formats,
+      name,
+      formatCompiler);
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Adds multiple format validators at once.
+   * @param {Record<string, FormatCompiler>} formatCompilers - Object mapping format names to compiler functions
+   * @returns {JarenValidator} This validator instance for chaining
+   */
+  addFormats(formatCompilers) {
+    registerFormatCompilers(
+      this.#formats,
+      formatCompilers);
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *
+   * @param {boolean | object} schema
+   * @param {object[] | undefined} schemas
+   * @param {TraverseOptions} opts
+   * @returns {{origin:string, map: Map}}
+   */
+  static #traverseSchema(schema, schemas = undefined, fromMap = undefined, opts = new TraverseOptions()) {
+    // initialize schema map for all ids and refs
+    const schemaMap = new Map(fromMap);
+    const origin = storeSchemaIdsInMap(
+      schemaMap,
+      opts.origin,
+      schema,
+      opts);
+
+    // Then add the other reference schemas
+    if (Array.isArray(schemas) && schemas.length > 0) {
+      schemas.forEach(ref => storeSchemaIdsInMap(
+        schemaMap,
+        origin,
+        ref,
+        opts));
+    }
+
+    // make sure all schemas are connected
+    restoreSchemaRefsInMap(schemaMap, opts);
+
+    return { origin: origin, map: schemaMap };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Adds schema(s) to the validator instance.
+   * This method does not compile schemas - it only registers them for reference.
+   * Dependencies can be added in any order, and circular dependencies are supported.
+   * @param {JSONSchema | boolean | (JSONSchema | boolean)[]} schema - The schema(s) to add
+   * @param {string} [key] - Optional key/URI to register the schema under
+   * @returns {JarenValidator} This validator instance for chaining
+   * @example
+   * // Add a single schema
+   * validator.addSchema({ $id: 'http://example.com/user', type: 'object' });
+   *
+   * // Add multiple schemas
+   * validator.addSchema([schema1, schema2]);
+   *
+   * // Add with explicit key
+   * validator.addSchema({ type: 'string' }, 'http://example.com/name');
+   */
+  addSchema(schema, key = undefined) {
+    if (Array.isArray(schema)) {
+      schema.forEach((s, index) => this.addSchema(s, key ? `${key}[${index}]` : undefined));
+    }
+    else if (typeof schema === 'object') {
+      const schemaKey = key || schema.$id;
+      if (schemaKey) {
+        this.#schemas.set(schemaKey, schema);
+        // CHECK: Also store with alternate key (with/without #) for absolute URIs
+        if (!schemaKey.startsWith('#')) {
+          const altKey = schemaKey.endsWith('#') ? schemaKey.slice(0, -1) : schemaKey + '#';
+          if (!this.#schemas.has(altKey)) {
+            this.#schemas.set(altKey, schema);
+          }
+        }
+
+        // Also traverse the schema to find and store all internal $id anchors
+        // This is important for remote schemas that may have location-independent identifiers
+        // We use a wrapper that skips already-existing keys instead of throwing
+        this.#traverseAndStoreIds(schemaKey, schema);
+      }
+    }
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Traverse a schema and store all $id anchors in the schemas map.
+   * This is a wrapper around storeSchemaIdsInMap that skips already-existing keys.
+   * Anchors are scoped to their document context (anchorsGlobal: false) to prevent
+   * conflicts between different schemas that may use the same anchor names.
+   * @param {string} baseUri - The base URI for the schema
+   * @param {object} schema - The schema to traverse
+   */
+  #traverseAndStoreIds(baseUri, schema) {
+    const traverseOpts = this.#options.traverse;
+
+    // Create options with anchorsGlobal: false to scope anchors to their document.
+    // This prevents conflicts when multiple schemas use the same anchor names (e.g., '#foo').
+    // Anchors will be stored as 'baseUri#anchor' instead of just '#anchor'.
+    const scopedOpts = new TraverseOptions(
+      traverseOpts.origin,
+      traverseOpts.mergeSchemas,
+      false, // anchorsGlobal: false - scope anchors to document
+      traverseOpts.anchorsAllowed,
+      traverseOpts.skipErrors
+    );
+
+    // Use a wrapper map to collect new entries, then merge them
+    const newSchemas = new Map();
+    try {
+      storeSchemaIdsInMap(newSchemas, baseUri, schema, scopedOpts);
+    } catch (e) {
+      // Ignore errors for already-existing schemas at the root level
+    }
+
+    // Merge new entries into the main schemas map, skipping existing keys
+    for (const [id, value] of newSchemas.entries()) {
+      if (!this.#schemas.has(id)) {
+        this.#schemas.set(id, value);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Convert internal validation errors to public ValidationError format
+   * @param {InternalValidationError[]} internalErrors
+   * @returns {ValidationError[]}
+   */
+  static #convertErrors(internalErrors) {
+    return internalErrors.map(err => {
+      const keyword = Array.isArray(err.key) ? err.key[err.key.length - 1] : err.key;
+
+      // Build params based on error type
+      const params = {};
+      if (keyword === 'required') {
+        params.missingProperty = err.dataKey;
+      } else if (keyword === 'type') {
+        if (Array.isArray(err.expected)) {
+          params.types = err.expected;
+        } else {
+          params.type = err.expected;
+        }
+      } else if (['minimum', 'maximum', 'exclusiveMinimum', 'exclusiveMaximum', 'minLength', 'maxLength', 'minProperties', 'maxProperties', 'minItems', 'maxItems'].includes(keyword)) {
+        params.limit = err.expected;
+        if (keyword === 'minimum' || keyword === 'maximum') {
+          params.comparison = keyword === 'minimum' ? '>=' : '<=';
+        } else if (keyword === 'exclusiveMinimum' || keyword === 'exclusiveMaximum') {
+          params.comparison = keyword === 'exclusiveMinimum' ? '>' : '<';
+        }
+      } else if (keyword === 'multipleOf') {
+        params.multipleOf = err.expected;
+      } else if (keyword === 'pattern') {
+        params.pattern = err.expected?.source || err.expected;
+      } else if (keyword === 'additionalProperties') {
+        params.additionalProperty = err.dataKey;
+      } else if (keyword === '$query') {
+        // A '$query' runtime failure passes the JQ2xxx code and the query
+        // document pointer as extra meta arguments after the data path;
+        // a plain EBV-false failure passes neither.
+        if (err.rest != null && err.rest.length > 1) {
+          params.code = err.rest[1];
+          params.docPath = err.rest[2];
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Generate message
+      let message = `validation failed for keyword '${keyword}'`;
+      if (keyword === 'required') {
+        message = params.missingProperty
+          ? `must have required property '${params.missingProperty}'`
+          : 'must have required properties';
+      } else if (keyword === 'type') {
+        message = params.types
+          ? `must be one of the following types: ${params.types.join(', ')}`
+          : `must be ${params.type === 'integer' ? 'an' : 'a'} ${params.type}`;
+      } else if (keyword === 'minimum' || keyword === 'maximum') {
+        message = `must be ${params.comparison} ${params.limit}`;
+      } else if (keyword === 'exclusiveMinimum' || keyword === 'exclusiveMaximum') {
+        message = `must be ${params.comparison} ${params.limit}`;
+      } else if (keyword === 'multipleOf') {
+        message = `must be multiple of ${params.multipleOf}`;
+      } else if (keyword === 'minLength') {
+        message = `must NOT have fewer than ${params.limit} characters`;
+      } else if (keyword === 'maxLength') {
+        message = `must NOT have more than ${params.limit} characters`;
+      } else if (keyword === 'pattern') {
+        message = `must match pattern "${params.pattern}"`;
+      } else if (keyword === 'additionalProperties') {
+        message = params.additionalProperty
+          ? `must NOT have additional property '${params.additionalProperty}'`
+          : 'must NOT have additional properties';
+      } else if (keyword === 'minProperties') {
+        message = `must NOT have fewer than ${params.limit} properties`;
+      } else if (keyword === 'maxProperties') {
+        message = `must NOT have more than ${params.limit} properties`;
+      } else if (keyword === 'minItems') {
+        message = `must NOT have fewer than ${params.limit} items`;
+      } else if (keyword === 'maxItems') {
+        message = `must NOT have more than ${params.limit} items`;
+      } else if (keyword === 'uniqueItems') {
+        message = 'must NOT have duplicate items';
+      } else if (keyword === 'contains') {
+        message = 'must contain at least one valid item';
+      } else if (keyword === 'items') {
+        message = 'array items are invalid';
+      } else if (keyword === 'allOf') {
+        message = 'must match all of the subschemas';
+      } else if (keyword === 'anyOf') {
+        message = 'must match a subschema in anyOf';
+      } else if (keyword === 'oneOf') {
+        message = 'must match exactly one subschema in oneOf';
+      } else if (keyword === 'not') {
+        message = 'must NOT match the subschema';
+      } else if (keyword === 'format') {
+        const formatName = err.expected || err.value;
+        params.format = formatName;
+        message = `must match format "${formatName}"`;
+      } else if (keyword === 'if') {
+        message = 'must match "if" schema';
+      } else if (keyword === 'then') {
+        message = 'must match "then" schema';
+      } else if (keyword === 'else') {
+        message = 'must match "else" schema';
+      } else if (keyword === 'false schema') {
+        message = 'boolean schema false is always invalid';
+      } else if (keyword === '$query') {
+        message = params.code
+          ? `'$query' assertion raised ${params.code} at '${params.docPath}'`
+          : "must satisfy the '$query' assertion";
+      }
+
+      // Validators pass the data path as the first meta argument to the
+      // error handler; use it when it looks like a JSON pointer.
+      const meta0 = err.rest?.[0];
+      const instancePath = (typeof meta0 === 'string' && (meta0 === '' || meta0.charCodeAt(0) === 0x2f))
+        ? meta0
+        : '';
+
+      return new ValidationError({
+        keyword,
+        instancePath,
+        schemaPath: err.object?.path || '',
+        params,
+        message,
+      });
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *
+   * @param {JarenValidator} self
+   * @param {string} origin
+   * @param {Map} schemas
+   * @returns {(data) => boolean | {valid: boolean, errors: ValidationError[]}}
+   */
+  static #compileSchema(self, origin, schemas) {
+    const root = new ValidationRoot(
+      origin,
+      schemas,
+      self.#formats,
+      self.#options.validation,
+      self.#options.traverse,
+      self);
+
+    const collectErrors = self.#options.validation?.collectErrors || false;
+
+    function jarenValidateSchema(data) {
+      const valid = root.validate(data);
+      if (collectErrors) {
+        return {
+          valid,
+          errors: valid ? [] : JarenValidator.#convertErrors(root.errors)
+        };
+      }
+      return valid;
+    }
+
+    Object.defineProperty(jarenValidateSchema, "errors", {
+      get: function () { return root.errors }
+    })
+
+    return jarenValidateSchema;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Compile schema using a pre-created ValidationRoot (with pre-compiled refs).
+   * @param {JarenValidator} self
+   * @param {string} origin
+   * @param {Map} schemas
+   * @param {ValidationRoot} root - Pre-created root with pre-compiled refs
+   * @returns {(data) => boolean | {valid: boolean, errors: ValidationError[]}}
+   */
+  static #compileSchemaWithRoot(self, origin, schemas, root) {
+    const collectErrors = self.#options.validation?.collectErrors || false;
+
+    function jarenValidateSchema(data) {
+      const valid = root.validate(data);
+      if (collectErrors) {
+        return {
+          valid,
+          errors: valid ? [] : JarenValidator.#convertErrors(root.errors)
+        };
+      }
+      return valid;
+    }
+
+    Object.defineProperty(jarenValidateSchema, "errors", {
+      get: function () { return root.errors }
+    })
+
+    return jarenValidateSchema;
+  }
+
+  static normalizeUriKey(key) {
+    return key;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Adds meta-schema(s) that can be used to validate schemas.
+   * Meta-schemas are schemas that describe the structure of valid JSON schemas.
+   * @param {JSONSchema | boolean | (JSONSchema | boolean)[]} schema - The meta-schema(s) to add
+   * @param {string} [key] - Optional key/URI for the meta-schema
+   * @returns {JarenValidator} This validator instance for chaining
+   * @example
+   * validator.addMetaSchema(draft7MetaSchema, 'http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema');
+   */
+  addMetaSchema(schema, key = undefined) {
+    key = JarenValidator.normalizeUriKey(key)
+    if (Array.isArray(schema)) {
+      const first = schema.shift();
+      const { origin, map } = JarenValidator.#traverseSchema(first, schema, undefined, new TraverseOptions(key));
+      const compiled = JarenValidator.#compileSchema(this, origin, map);
+      this.#metaSchemas.set(origin, compiled);
+      mergeMap(this.#schemas, map);
+    }
+    else if (isBoolOrObjectClass(schema)) {
+      const { origin, map } = JarenValidator.#traverseSchema(schema, undefined, undefined, new TraverseOptions(key));
+      const compiled = JarenValidator.#compileSchema(this, origin, map);
+      this.#metaSchemas.set(origin, compiled);
+      mergeMap(this.#schemas, map);
+    }
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Retrieves a registered schema by its key/URI.
+   * @param {string} key - The schema URI/key
+   * @returns {JSONSchema | boolean | null} The registered schema, or null if not found
+   */
+  getSchema(key) {
+    key = JarenValidator.normalizeUriKey(key)
+    return this.#schemas.get(key) || null;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Validates a schema against a registered meta-schema.
+   * This is used to ensure schemas are valid according to the JSON Schema specification.
+   * @param {JSONSchema | boolean} schema - The schema to validate
+   * @returns {boolean} True if the schema is valid
+   * @example
+   * validator.addMetaSchema(draft7MetaSchema);
+   * const isValid = validator.validateSchema({ type: 'string' }); // true
+   */
+  validateSchema(schema) {
+    // if no meta schema is present, just return true;
+    if (this.#metaSchemas.size == 0)
+      return true;
+
+    const schemaId = JarenValidator.normalizeUriKey(schema.$schema || DEFAULT_SCHEMA_DRAFT);
+    const metaSchema = this.#metaSchemas.get(schemaId);
+    // if the metaSchema is not present, we fail the validation
+    if (!metaSchema)
+      return false;
+
+    // otherwise, validate the schema
+    return metaSchema(schema);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Pre-compile refs to eliminate validation-time overhead.
+   * Creates ValidationObjects for all refs in the schemas map during compile time.
+   * @param {ValidationRoot} root - The validation root
+   * @param {Map} schemas - The schemas map
+   * @param {string} origin - The origin schema ID
+   */
+  static #precompileRefs(root, schemas, origin) {
+    // Pre-create validation objects for all refs in the schemas map
+    // This moves ref resolution from validation time to compile time
+
+    // First pass: Create objects for schemas with $id (canonical paths)
+    // These establish the base URIs for their descendants
+    for (const [id, schema] of schemas.entries()) {
+      // Skip if already compiled
+      if (root.unresolvedObject(id) !== null) continue;
+
+      // Skip null placeholders
+      if (schema == null) continue;
+
+      // Only process schemas with $id that are stored under their $id path
+      // (not JSON pointer paths)
+      if (!isObjectClass(schema) || !schema.$id) continue;
+
+      // Check if this id matches the resolved $id
+      const { id: resolvedId } = createJsonPointer(schema.$id, origin);
+      if (id === resolvedId || id === resolvedId + '#') {
+        // This is a canonical $id path - create with origin as base
+        try {
+          root.createObject(id, schema, origin);
+        } catch (e) {
+          // May fail if dependencies not resolved yet
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Second pass: Create objects for remaining schemas
+    // This includes:
+    // 1. JSON pointer paths (e.g., #/definitions/x) - calculate baseUri by finding nearest ancestor $id
+    // 2. Canonical $id paths with relative $ids that weren't matched in first pass
+    for (const [id, schema] of schemas.entries()) {
+      // Skip if already compiled
+      if (root.unresolvedObject(id) !== null) continue;
+
+      // Skip null placeholders
+      if (schema == null) continue;
+
+      // Skip schemas without $id that aren't refs - they're subschemas
+      // that will be reached through traversal from a parent
+      const hasId = isObjectClass(schema) && schema.$id;
+      const isJsonPointerPath = id.includes('#/');
+      const isCanonicalPath = !isJsonPointerPath && id.endsWith('#');
+
+      if (!hasId && !isJsonPointerPath) continue;
+
+      // Calculate baseUri for this schema
+      let baseUri = origin;
+
+      if (isJsonPointerPath) {
+        // JSON pointer path - traverse from root to find nearest $id ancestor
+        const hashIndex = id.indexOf('#/');
+        const baseDoc = id.substring(0, hashIndex);
+        const pointer = id.substring(hashIndex + 1);
+        const pointerParts = pointer.split('/').filter(p => p);
+
+        const rootId = baseDoc + '#';
+        const rootSchema = schemas.get(rootId);
+
+        // Check if the root schema has an $id that matches the baseDoc.
+        // If so, the baseDoc is already the resolved $id and we shouldn't
+        // apply $id resolution during traversal (that would double-resolve).
+        let rootIdMatchesBaseDoc = false;
+        if (rootSchema && isObjectClass(rootSchema) && rootSchema.$id) {
+          const { id: resolvedRootId } = createJsonPointer(rootSchema.$id, origin);
+          const resolvedRootBase = resolvedRootId.endsWith('#') ? resolvedRootId.slice(0, -1) : resolvedRootId;
+          if (baseDoc === resolvedRootBase) {
+            rootIdMatchesBaseDoc = true;
+          }
+        }
+
+        let currentSchema = rootSchema;
+        let currentBaseUri = baseDoc;
+
+        // Traverse and find the nearest $id ancestor
+        for (let i = 0; i < pointerParts.length && currentSchema; i++) {
+          const part = pointerParts[i];
+
+          // Check if current schema has $id (before moving to child)
+          if (isObjectClass(currentSchema) && currentSchema.$id) {
+            const isRootSchema = (i === 0);
+            const shouldApplyId = !isRootSchema || !rootIdMatchesBaseDoc;
+
+            if (shouldApplyId) {
+              const { id: resolvedId } = createJsonPointer(currentSchema.$id, currentBaseUri);
+              currentBaseUri = resolvedId.endsWith('#') ? resolvedId.slice(0, -1) : resolvedId;
+            }
+          }
+
+          // Move to next level - handle both direct properties and definitions/$defs
+          const nextSchema = currentSchema[part] ||
+                            currentSchema.$defs?.[part] ||
+                            currentSchema.definitions?.[part];
+          currentSchema = nextSchema;
+        }
+
+        baseUri = currentBaseUri;
+      } else if (hasId && isCanonicalPath) {
+        // Canonical $id path that wasn't handled in first pass
+        // This happens when the $id is relative and resolves differently
+        // than against the origin. We need to find the correct base URI.
+
+        // Find any schema in the map that has this schema as a descendant
+        // and use its $id as the base
+        for (const [candidateId, candidateSchema] of schemas.entries()) {
+          if (!candidateSchema || candidateSchema === schema) continue;
+
+          // Check if candidate is an ancestor by checking if our id starts with candidate's path
+          if (isJsonPointerPath && id.startsWith(candidateId.replace('#', '#/') + '/')) {
+            // This is a descendant of a JSON pointer path - skip for now
+            continue;
+          }
+
+          // If candidate has an $id, it could be our base
+          if (isObjectClass(candidateSchema) && candidateSchema.$id) {
+            // Try resolving our $id against this candidate's resolved $id
+            const { id: candidateResolvedId } = createJsonPointer(candidateSchema.$id, origin);
+            const candidateBase = candidateResolvedId.endsWith('#') ? candidateResolvedId.slice(0, -1) : candidateResolvedId;
+
+            try {
+              const { id: testResolvedId } = createJsonPointer(schema.$id, candidateBase);
+              const testResolvedIdWithHash = testResolvedId.endsWith('#') ? testResolvedId : testResolvedId + '#';
+
+              if (id === testResolvedIdWithHash || id === testResolvedId) {
+                baseUri = candidateBase;
+                break;
+              }
+            } catch (e) {
+              // Invalid URL, skip this candidate
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      try {
+        root.createObject(id, schema, baseUri);
+      } catch (e) {
+        // Ref may not be resolvable yet, that's ok
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Compiles a schema into a validation function.
+   * This is the main method for creating validators. It resolves all $ref references,
+   * compiles the schema structure, and returns a function that validates data.
+   * @param {JSONSchema | boolean} schema - The schema to compile
+   * @param {(JSONSchema | boolean)[]} [schemas] - Additional schemas to reference during compilation
+   * @returns {(data: any) => boolean | {valid: boolean, errors: ValidationError[]}} A validation function
+   * @example
+   * const validate = validator.compile({
+   *   type: 'object',
+   *   properties: {
+   *     name: { type: 'string' }
+   *   }
+   * });
+   *
+   * const valid = validate({ name: 'John' }); // true
+   * const invalid = validate({ name: 123 }); // false
+   *
+   * // With error collection
+   * validator = new JarenValidator({ collectErrors: true });
+   * const result = validate({ name: 123 });
+   * // result = { valid: false, errors: [...] }
+   */
+  compile(schema, schemas = undefined) {
+    const { origin, map } = JarenValidator.#traverseSchema(schema, schemas, this.#schemas, this.#options.traverse);
+
+    // Detect draft version from schema and update validation options
+    const draftVersion = detectSchemaDraft(schema);
+    const existingValidation = this.#options.validation || new ValidationOptions();
+    // For draft7, contentValidation defaults to true; for 2019-09+, defaults to false
+    const contentValidationDefault = draftVersion < 2019;
+
+    // When the schema declares a custom metaschema via $schema, its
+    // $vocabulary decides which keyword vocabularies are asserted. A
+    // metaschema that omits the validation vocabulary turns keywords like
+    // 'type' and 'minimum' into annotations that assert nothing.
+    let vocabValidation = true;
+    // In draft 2020-12 the format keyword is annotation-only unless the
+    // metaschema opts into the format-assertion vocabulary (or the user
+    // sets the formatAssertion option explicitly).
+    let formatAssertion = existingValidation.formatAssertion ?? null;
+    if (isObjectClass(schema) && isStringType(schema.$schema)) {
+      const metaKey = JarenValidator.normalizeUriKey(schema.$schema);
+      const metaSchema = map.get(metaKey)
+        || map.get(metaKey.endsWith('#') ? metaKey.slice(0, -1) : metaKey + '#');
+      if (isObjectClass(metaSchema) && isObjectClass(metaSchema.$vocabulary)) {
+        vocabValidation = Object.keys(metaSchema.$vocabulary)
+          .some(uri => uri.includes('/vocab/validation'));
+        if (formatAssertion == null
+          && Object.keys(metaSchema.$vocabulary).some(uri => uri.includes('/vocab/format-assertion'))) {
+          formatAssertion = true;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (formatAssertion == null) {
+      formatAssertion = draftVersion < 2020;
+    }
+
+    const validationOptions = new ValidationOptions(
+      existingValidation.skipErrors ?? true,
+      existingValidation.useGrapheme ?? true,
+      existingValidation.collectErrors ?? false,
+      existingValidation.contentValidation ?? contentValidationDefault,
+      draftVersion,
+      vocabValidation,
+      formatAssertion
+    );
+
+    // Pre-compile all refs before returning the validator
+    // This ensures all ref chains are resolved at compile time
+    const root = new ValidationRoot(
+      origin,
+      map,
+      this.#formats,
+      validationOptions,
+      this.#options.traverse,
+      this
+    );
+
+    // Pre-create validation objects for all refs
+    JarenValidator.#precompileRefs(root, map, origin);
+
+    // Re-compile with the pre-populated root
+    return JarenValidator.#compileSchemaWithRoot(this, origin, map, root);
+  }
+}