@interstellar-tools/equations 1.4.0 → 1.5.0

package/dist/categories/cartography/body-fixed-to-geodetic.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+import type { GeodeticCoordinatesInterface } from '@interstellar-tools/types';
+/**
+ * Convert a **body-fixed Cartesian** position (ECEF for Earth) to **geodetic coordinates**: latitude, longitude and height.
+ *
+ * There's no closed form for the latitude. This uses Bowring's iteration on the parametric latitude $ \beta $:
+ *
+ * $$
+ * \tan\varphi = \frac{z + e'^2 b \sin^3\beta}{p - e^2 a \cos^3\beta},
+ * \qquad
+ * \tan\beta = \frac{b}{a}\tan\varphi
+ * $$
+ *
+ * and then
+ *
+ * $$
+ * \lambda = \operatorname{atan2}(y, x), \qquad
+ * h = p\cos\varphi + z\sin\varphi - a\sqrt{1 - e^2\sin^2\varphi}
+ * $$
+ *
+ * Where:
+ * - $ p = \sqrt{x^2 + y^2} $ is the distance from the rotation axis (m)
+ * - $ a $ is the equatorial radius, $ b = a\sqrt{1 - e^2} $ the polar radius (m)
+ * - $ e^2 $ is the first eccentricity squared, $ e'^2 = e^2 / (1 - e^2) $ the second
+ *
+ * **Units**
+ * - Inputs: `x`, `y`, `z` and `a` in **m**, `eSquared` dimensionless.
+ * - Output: `phi` and `lambda` in **radians**, `h` in **m**.
+ *
+ * ::: info Notes
+ *
+ * - Starting from $ \tan\beta = a z / (b p) $, two iterations reach sub-millimetre accuracy for points near Earth's surface; the loop runs until $ \beta $ stops changing, to at most 10 iterations.
+ * - The height formula is stable everywhere, the poles included. On the rotation axis, `phi` is ±π/2 and `lambda` is 0.
+ * - For a point on the surface, `phi` equals {@link planetographicLatitudeOblate}; this one also handles points above and below it.
+ * - {@link geodeticToBodyFixed} goes the other way.
+ *
+ * :::
+ *
+ * ::: practice Apollo 11, in Earth orbit
+ *
+ * **32.672° N, 191.1 km up**
+ *
+ * _At orbit insertion: 6 563.0 km from Earth's centre, at 32.502° N geocentric_
+ *
+ * Seen from Earth's centre, the insertion point was at 32.502°, the latitude that fixes the orbit's inclination. On a map it was 0.170° further north, the latitude the flight evaluation report gives.
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * const lat = toRad(32.502);
+ * const r = 6_563_041;
+ * bodyFixedToGeodetic(r * Math.cos(lat), 0, r * Math.sin(lat), 6_378_137, 0.00669437999014);
+ * // phi ≈ 32.672°, h ≈ 191.1 km
+ * ```
+ *
+ * :::
+ *
+ * @param x - Body-fixed $ x $ in **m** (finite), through the prime meridian.
+ * @param y - Body-fixed $ y $ in **m** (finite), through 90° east.
+ * @param z - Body-fixed $ z $ in **m** (finite), along the rotation axis.
+ * @param a - Equatorial radius $ a $ in **m** (finite, > 0).
+ * @param eSquared - First eccentricity squared $ e^2 $ (finite, in [0, 1)).
+ * @returns The geodetic latitude, longitude and height.
+ * @throws {TypeError} If any input is not a finite number.
+ * @throws {RangeError} If `a <= 0`, `eSquared` is outside [0, 1), or the point is at the centre.
+ * @group Cartography
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * // 1 km above the North Pole on WGS84
+ * const { phi, h } = bodyFixedToGeodetic(0, 0, 6_357_752.314, 6_378_137, 0.00669437999014);
+ * // phi = π/2, h ≈ 1 000 m
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link geodeticToBodyFixed}
+ * @see {@link planetographicLatitudeOblate}
+ * @see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_conversion Geographic coordinate conversion
+ */
+export declare const bodyFixedToGeodetic: (x: number, y: number, z: number, a: number, eSquared: number) => GeodeticCoordinatesInterface;
+//# sourceMappingURL=body-fixed-to-geodetic.d.ts.map

package/dist/categories/cartography/body-fixed-to-geodetic.d.ts.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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package/dist/categories/cartography/body-fixed-to-geodetic.js

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+/**
+ * Convert a **body-fixed Cartesian** position (ECEF for Earth) to **geodetic coordinates**: latitude, longitude and height.
+ *
+ * There's no closed form for the latitude. This uses Bowring's iteration on the parametric latitude $ \beta $:
+ *
+ * $$
+ * \tan\varphi = \frac{z + e'^2 b \sin^3\beta}{p - e^2 a \cos^3\beta},
+ * \qquad
+ * \tan\beta = \frac{b}{a}\tan\varphi
+ * $$
+ *
+ * and then
+ *
+ * $$
+ * \lambda = \operatorname{atan2}(y, x), \qquad
+ * h = p\cos\varphi + z\sin\varphi - a\sqrt{1 - e^2\sin^2\varphi}
+ * $$
+ *
+ * Where:
+ * - $ p = \sqrt{x^2 + y^2} $ is the distance from the rotation axis (m)
+ * - $ a $ is the equatorial radius, $ b = a\sqrt{1 - e^2} $ the polar radius (m)
+ * - $ e^2 $ is the first eccentricity squared, $ e'^2 = e^2 / (1 - e^2) $ the second
+ *
+ * **Units**
+ * - Inputs: `x`, `y`, `z` and `a` in **m**, `eSquared` dimensionless.
+ * - Output: `phi` and `lambda` in **radians**, `h` in **m**.
+ *
+ * ::: info Notes
+ *
+ * - Starting from $ \tan\beta = a z / (b p) $, two iterations reach sub-millimetre accuracy for points near Earth's surface; the loop runs until $ \beta $ stops changing, to at most 10 iterations.
+ * - The height formula is stable everywhere, the poles included. On the rotation axis, `phi` is ±π/2 and `lambda` is 0.
+ * - For a point on the surface, `phi` equals {@link planetographicLatitudeOblate}; this one also handles points above and below it.
+ * - {@link geodeticToBodyFixed} goes the other way.
+ *
+ * :::
+ *
+ * ::: practice Apollo 11, in Earth orbit
+ *
+ * **32.672° N, 191.1 km up**
+ *
+ * _At orbit insertion: 6 563.0 km from Earth's centre, at 32.502° N geocentric_
+ *
+ * Seen from Earth's centre, the insertion point was at 32.502°, the latitude that fixes the orbit's inclination. On a map it was 0.170° further north, the latitude the flight evaluation report gives.
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * const lat = toRad(32.502);
+ * const r = 6_563_041;
+ * bodyFixedToGeodetic(r * Math.cos(lat), 0, r * Math.sin(lat), 6_378_137, 0.00669437999014);
+ * // phi ≈ 32.672°, h ≈ 191.1 km
+ * ```
+ *
+ * :::
+ *
+ * @param x - Body-fixed $ x $ in **m** (finite), through the prime meridian.
+ * @param y - Body-fixed $ y $ in **m** (finite), through 90° east.
+ * @param z - Body-fixed $ z $ in **m** (finite), along the rotation axis.
+ * @param a - Equatorial radius $ a $ in **m** (finite, > 0).
+ * @param eSquared - First eccentricity squared $ e^2 $ (finite, in [0, 1)).
+ * @returns The geodetic latitude, longitude and height.
+ * @throws {TypeError} If any input is not a finite number.
+ * @throws {RangeError} If `a <= 0`, `eSquared` is outside [0, 1), or the point is at the centre.
+ * @group Cartography
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * // 1 km above the North Pole on WGS84
+ * const { phi, h } = bodyFixedToGeodetic(0, 0, 6_357_752.314, 6_378_137, 0.00669437999014);
+ * // phi = π/2, h ≈ 1 000 m
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link geodeticToBodyFixed}
+ * @see {@link planetographicLatitudeOblate}
+ * @see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_conversion Geographic coordinate conversion
+ */
+export const bodyFixedToGeodetic = (x, y, z, a, eSquared) => {
+    for (const [name, v] of [
+        ['x', x],
+        ['y', y],
+        ['z', z],
+        ['a', a],
+        ['eSquared', eSquared]
+    ]) {
+        if (!Number.isFinite(v))
+            throw new TypeError(`${name} must be a finite number. Received: ${v}`);
+    }
+    if (a <= 0)
+        throw new RangeError(`a must be > 0. Received: ${a}`);
+    if (eSquared < 0 || eSquared >= 1)
+        throw new RangeError(`eSquared must be in [0, 1). Received: ${eSquared}`);
+    const p = Math.hypot(x, y);
+    if (p === 0 && z === 0)
+        throw new RangeError('The point must not be at the centre of the body.');
+    const lambda = (p === 0 ? 0 : Math.atan2(y, x));
+    const b = a * Math.sqrt(1 - eSquared);
+    const ePrimeSquared = eSquared / (1 - eSquared);
+    let beta = Math.atan2(a * z, b * p);
+    let phi = 0;
+    for (let k = 0; k < 10; k++) {
+        phi = Math.atan2(z + ePrimeSquared * b * Math.sin(beta) ** 3, p - eSquared * a * Math.cos(beta) ** 3);
+        const next = Math.atan2(b * Math.sin(phi), a * Math.cos(phi));
+        if (Math.abs(next - beta) < 1e-15)
+            break;
+        beta = next;
+    }
+    const sinPhi = Math.sin(phi);
+    const h = p * Math.cos(phi) +
+        z * sinPhi -
+        a * Math.sqrt(1 - eSquared * sinPhi * sinPhi);
+    return { phi: phi, lambda, h };
+};
+//# sourceMappingURL=body-fixed-to-geodetic.js.map

package/dist/categories/cartography/body-fixed-to-geodetic.js.map

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package/dist/categories/cartography/geodetic-to-body-fixed.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+import type { Radians, Vector3DTupleType } from '@interstellar-tools/types';
+/**
+ * Convert **geodetic coordinates** (latitude, longitude, height) to a **body-fixed Cartesian** position, ECEF for Earth.
+ *
+ * $$
+ * \begin{aligned}
+ * x &= (N + h)\cos\varphi\cos\lambda \\
+ * y &= (N + h)\cos\varphi\sin\lambda \\
+ * z &= \big(N(1 - e^2) + h\big)\sin\varphi
+ * \end{aligned}
+ * \qquad
+ * N = \frac{a}{\sqrt{1 - e^2\sin^2\varphi}}
+ * $$
+ *
+ * Where:
+ * - $ \varphi $ is the geodetic latitude and $ \lambda $ the longitude (rad)
+ * - $ h $ is the height above the ellipsoid, along its normal (m)
+ * - $ a $ is the equatorial radius (m) and $ e^2 $ the first eccentricity squared
+ * - $ N $ is the prime vertical radius of curvature (m)
+ *
+ * **Units**
+ * - Inputs: `phi` and `lambda` in **radians**, `h` and `a` in **m**, `eSquared` dimensionless.
+ * - Output: `[x, y, z]` in **m**, with $ z $ along the rotation axis and $ x $ through the prime meridian.
+ *
+ * ::: info Notes
+ *
+ * - Geodetic latitude is the angle of the ellipsoid's normal, the latitude on maps. The geocentric latitude, the angle seen from the centre, is `atan2(z, hypot(x, y))` of the result, and is smaller everywhere but the equator and the poles.
+ * - WGS84: $ a = 6\,378\,137 $ m, $ e^2 = 0.00669437999014 $. Get $ e^2 $ from the radii with {@link eccentricitySquaredOblateSpheroid}.
+ * - {@link bodyFixedToGeodetic} goes the other way.
+ *
+ * :::
+ *
+ * ::: practice Apollo 11, on Pad 39A
+ *
+ * **6 373.3 km**
+ *
+ * _From Earth's centre, at 28.608° N geodetic, 80.604° W on the WGS84 ellipsoid_
+ *
+ * The geocentric latitude is 28.447°, 0.161° less than on the map. That's the latitude the launch-site formulas such as `surfaceRotationSpeed` need.
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * const [x, y, z] = geodeticToBodyFixed(toRad(28.608422), toRad(-80.604133), 0, 6_378_137, 0.00669437999014);
+ * Math.hypot(x, y, z); // ≈ 6 373 266 m
+ * toDeg(Math.atan2(z, Math.hypot(x, y))); // ≈ 28.447°
+ * ```
+ *
+ * :::
+ *
+ * @param phi - Geodetic latitude $ \varphi $ in **radians** (finite, in [-π/2, π/2]).
+ * @param lambda - Longitude $ \lambda $ in **radians**, east positive (finite).
+ * @param h - Height $ h $ above the ellipsoid in **m** (finite; negative below it).
+ * @param a - Equatorial radius $ a $ in **m** (finite, > 0).
+ * @param eSquared - First eccentricity squared $ e^2 $ (finite, in [0, 1)).
+ * @returns Body-fixed position `[x, y, z]` in **m**.
+ * @throws {TypeError} If any input is not a finite number.
+ * @throws {RangeError} If `phi` is outside [-π/2, π/2], `a <= 0`, or `eSquared` is outside [0, 1).
+ * @group Cartography
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import type { Radians } from '@interstellar-tools/types';
+ *
+ * // On the equator at the prime meridian, 100 m up
+ * geodeticToBodyFixed(0 as Radians, 0 as Radians, 100, 6_378_137, 0.00669437999014);
+ * // [6 378 237, 0, 0]
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link bodyFixedToGeodetic}
+ * @see {@link eccentricitySquaredOblateSpheroid}
+ * @see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_conversion Geographic coordinate conversion
+ */
+export declare const geodeticToBodyFixed: (phi: Radians, lambda: Radians, h: number, a: number, eSquared: number) => Vector3DTupleType;
+//# sourceMappingURL=geodetic-to-body-fixed.d.ts.map

package/dist/categories/cartography/geodetic-to-body-fixed.d.ts.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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package/dist/categories/cartography/geodetic-to-body-fixed.js

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+/**
+ * Convert **geodetic coordinates** (latitude, longitude, height) to a **body-fixed Cartesian** position, ECEF for Earth.
+ *
+ * $$
+ * \begin{aligned}
+ * x &= (N + h)\cos\varphi\cos\lambda \\
+ * y &= (N + h)\cos\varphi\sin\lambda \\
+ * z &= \big(N(1 - e^2) + h\big)\sin\varphi
+ * \end{aligned}
+ * \qquad
+ * N = \frac{a}{\sqrt{1 - e^2\sin^2\varphi}}
+ * $$
+ *
+ * Where:
+ * - $ \varphi $ is the geodetic latitude and $ \lambda $ the longitude (rad)
+ * - $ h $ is the height above the ellipsoid, along its normal (m)
+ * - $ a $ is the equatorial radius (m) and $ e^2 $ the first eccentricity squared
+ * - $ N $ is the prime vertical radius of curvature (m)
+ *
+ * **Units**
+ * - Inputs: `phi` and `lambda` in **radians**, `h` and `a` in **m**, `eSquared` dimensionless.
+ * - Output: `[x, y, z]` in **m**, with $ z $ along the rotation axis and $ x $ through the prime meridian.
+ *
+ * ::: info Notes
+ *
+ * - Geodetic latitude is the angle of the ellipsoid's normal, the latitude on maps. The geocentric latitude, the angle seen from the centre, is `atan2(z, hypot(x, y))` of the result, and is smaller everywhere but the equator and the poles.
+ * - WGS84: $ a = 6\,378\,137 $ m, $ e^2 = 0.00669437999014 $. Get $ e^2 $ from the radii with {@link eccentricitySquaredOblateSpheroid}.
+ * - {@link bodyFixedToGeodetic} goes the other way.
+ *
+ * :::
+ *
+ * ::: practice Apollo 11, on Pad 39A
+ *
+ * **6 373.3 km**
+ *
+ * _From Earth's centre, at 28.608° N geodetic, 80.604° W on the WGS84 ellipsoid_
+ *
+ * The geocentric latitude is 28.447°, 0.161° less than on the map. That's the latitude the launch-site formulas such as `surfaceRotationSpeed` need.
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * const [x, y, z] = geodeticToBodyFixed(toRad(28.608422), toRad(-80.604133), 0, 6_378_137, 0.00669437999014);
+ * Math.hypot(x, y, z); // ≈ 6 373 266 m
+ * toDeg(Math.atan2(z, Math.hypot(x, y))); // ≈ 28.447°
+ * ```
+ *
+ * :::
+ *
+ * @param phi - Geodetic latitude $ \varphi $ in **radians** (finite, in [-π/2, π/2]).
+ * @param lambda - Longitude $ \lambda $ in **radians**, east positive (finite).
+ * @param h - Height $ h $ above the ellipsoid in **m** (finite; negative below it).
+ * @param a - Equatorial radius $ a $ in **m** (finite, > 0).
+ * @param eSquared - First eccentricity squared $ e^2 $ (finite, in [0, 1)).
+ * @returns Body-fixed position `[x, y, z]` in **m**.
+ * @throws {TypeError} If any input is not a finite number.
+ * @throws {RangeError} If `phi` is outside [-π/2, π/2], `a <= 0`, or `eSquared` is outside [0, 1).
+ * @group Cartography
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import type { Radians } from '@interstellar-tools/types';
+ *
+ * // On the equator at the prime meridian, 100 m up
+ * geodeticToBodyFixed(0 as Radians, 0 as Radians, 100, 6_378_137, 0.00669437999014);
+ * // [6 378 237, 0, 0]
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link bodyFixedToGeodetic}
+ * @see {@link eccentricitySquaredOblateSpheroid}
+ * @see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_conversion Geographic coordinate conversion
+ */
+export const geodeticToBodyFixed = (phi, lambda, h, a, eSquared) => {
+    for (const [name, x] of [
+        ['phi', phi],
+        ['lambda', lambda],
+        ['h', h],
+        ['a', a],
+        ['eSquared', eSquared]
+    ]) {
+        if (!Number.isFinite(x))
+            throw new TypeError(`${name} must be a finite number. Received: ${x}`);
+    }
+    if (Math.abs(phi) > Math.PI / 2)
+        throw new RangeError(`phi must be in [-π/2, π/2]. Received: ${phi}`);
+    if (a <= 0)
+        throw new RangeError(`a must be > 0. Received: ${a}`);
+    if (eSquared < 0 || eSquared >= 1)
+        throw new RangeError(`eSquared must be in [0, 1). Received: ${eSquared}`);
+    const sinPhi = Math.sin(phi);
+    const cosPhi = Math.cos(phi);
+    const N = a / Math.sqrt(1 - eSquared * sinPhi * sinPhi);
+    return [
+        (N + h) * cosPhi * Math.cos(lambda),
+        (N + h) * cosPhi * Math.sin(lambda),
+        (N * (1 - eSquared) + h) * sinPhi
+    ];
+};
+//# sourceMappingURL=geodetic-to-body-fixed.js.map

package/dist/categories/cartography/geodetic-to-body-fixed.js.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"version":3,"file":"geodetic-to-body-fixed.js","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../../../src/categories/cartography/geodetic-to-body-fixed.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAEA;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;GAqEG;AACH,MAAM,CAAC,MAAM,mBAAmB,GAAG,CACjC,GAAY,EACZ,MAAe,EACf,CAAS,EACT,CAAS,EACT,QAAgB,EACG,EAAE;IACrB,KAAK,MAAM,CAAC,IAAI,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC,IAAI;QACtB,CAAC,KAAK,EAAE,GAAG,CAAC;QACZ,CAAC,QAAQ,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;QAClB,CAAC,GAAG,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC;QACR,CAAC,GAAG,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC;QACR,CAAC,UAAU,EAAE,QAAQ,CAAC;KACd,EAAE,CAAC;QACX,IAAI,CAAC,MAAM,CAAC,QAAQ,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC;YACrB,MAAM,IAAI,SAAS,CAAC,GAAG,IAAI,uCAAuC,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC;IAC3E,CAAC;IAED,IAAI,IAAI,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,GAAG,IAAI,CAAC,EAAE,GAAG,CAAC;QAC7B,MAAM,IAAI,UAAU,CAAC,yCAAyC,GAAG,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC;IAEvE,IAAI,CAAC,IAAI,CAAC;QAAE,MAAM,IAAI,UAAU,CAAC,4BAA4B,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC;IAElE,IAAI,QAAQ,GAAG,CAAC,IAAI,QAAQ,IAAI,CAAC;QAC/B,MAAM,IAAI,UAAU,CAAC,yCAAyC,QAAQ,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC;IAE5E,MAAM,MAAM,GAAG,IAAI,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC;IAC7B,MAAM,MAAM,GAAG,IAAI,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC;IAC7B,MAAM,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,GAAG,IAAI,CAAC,IAAI,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,QAAQ,GAAG,MAAM,GAAG,MAAM,CAAC,CAAC;IAExD,OAAO;QACL,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,MAAM,GAAG,IAAI,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,MAAM,CAAC;QACnC,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,MAAM,GAAG,IAAI,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,MAAM,CAAC;QACnC,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,QAAQ,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,MAAM;KAClC,CAAC;AACJ,CAAC,CAAC"}

package/dist/categories/orbits/inclination-from-launch-azimuth.d.ts

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ import type { Radians } from '@interstellar-tools/types';
  *
  * ::: info Notes
  *
- * - `lat` is the **geocentric** latitude. Published latitudes are usually geodetic, which on Earth differ by up to 0.19°, and the inclination by about as much. Convert first (see [#186](https://github.com/phun-ky/interstellar-tools/issues/186)).
+ * - `lat` is the **geocentric** latitude. Published latitudes are usually geodetic, which on Earth differ by up to 0.19°, and the inclination by about as much. Convert first with {@link geodeticToBodyFixed}, at the point's height.
  * - The relation holds at every point of the ground track, not only at launch: an orbit never reaches a latitude higher than its inclination.
  * - Launching due east ($ \beta = 90° $) gives the lowest inclination a site can reach without a plane change: its own latitude.
  * - Azimuths between 180° and 360° head west, into retrograde orbits ($ i > 90° $).
@@ -27,14 +27,16 @@ import type { Radians } from '@interstellar-tools/types';
  *
  * ::: practice Apollo 11, entering Earth orbit
  *
- * **32.52°**
+ * **32.521°**
  *
- * _At orbit insertion: 32.497° N geocentric, heading 88.848°_
+ * _At orbit insertion: 32.502° N geocentric (32.672° geodetic, 191.1 km up), heading 88.848°_
  *
  * The flown parking orbit was inclined 32.521°. Apollo 11 entered orbit near the northernmost point of its track, heading almost due east. With the published geodetic latitude, 32.672°, the result would be 32.69°.
  *
  * ```ts
- * inclinationFromLaunchAzimuth(toRad(32.497), toRad(88.848)); // ≈ 32.52°
+ * const [x, y, z] = geodeticToBodyFixed(toRad(32.672), toRad(-52.694), 191_100, 6_378_137, 0.00669437999014);
+ * const lat = Math.atan2(z, Math.hypot(x, y)); // 32.502°
+ * inclinationFromLaunchAzimuth(lat, toRad(88.848)); // ≈ 32.521°
  * ```
  *
  * :::

package/dist/categories/orbits/inclination-from-launch-azimuth.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"version":3,"file":"inclination-from-launch-azimuth.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../../../src/categories/orbits/inclination-from-launch-azimuth.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAAA,OAAO,KAAK,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,MAAM,2BAA2B,CAAC;AAEzD;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;GA4DG;AACH,eAAO,MAAM,4BAA4B,GACvC,KAAK,OAAO,EACZ,SAAS,OAAO,KACf,OAgBF,CAAC"}
+{"version":3,"file":"inclination-from-launch-azimuth.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../../../src/categories/orbits/inclination-from-launch-azimuth.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAAA,OAAO,KAAK,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,MAAM,2BAA2B,CAAC;AAEzD;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;GA8DG;AACH,eAAO,MAAM,4BAA4B,GACvC,KAAK,OAAO,EACZ,SAAS,OAAO,KACf,OAgBF,CAAC"}

package/dist/categories/orbits/inclination-from-launch-azimuth.js

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
  *
  * ::: info Notes
  *
- * - `lat` is the **geocentric** latitude. Published latitudes are usually geodetic, which on Earth differ by up to 0.19°, and the inclination by about as much. Convert first (see [#186](https://github.com/phun-ky/interstellar-tools/issues/186)).
+ * - `lat` is the **geocentric** latitude. Published latitudes are usually geodetic, which on Earth differ by up to 0.19°, and the inclination by about as much. Convert first with {@link geodeticToBodyFixed}, at the point's height.
  * - The relation holds at every point of the ground track, not only at launch: an orbit never reaches a latitude higher than its inclination.
  * - Launching due east ($ \beta = 90° $) gives the lowest inclination a site can reach without a plane change: its own latitude.
  * - Azimuths between 180° and 360° head west, into retrograde orbits ($ i > 90° $).
@@ -26,14 +26,16 @@
  *
  * ::: practice Apollo 11, entering Earth orbit
  *
- * **32.52°**
+ * **32.521°**
  *
- * _At orbit insertion: 32.497° N geocentric, heading 88.848°_
+ * _At orbit insertion: 32.502° N geocentric (32.672° geodetic, 191.1 km up), heading 88.848°_
  *
  * The flown parking orbit was inclined 32.521°. Apollo 11 entered orbit near the northernmost point of its track, heading almost due east. With the published geodetic latitude, 32.672°, the result would be 32.69°.
  *
  * ```ts
- * inclinationFromLaunchAzimuth(toRad(32.497), toRad(88.848)); // ≈ 32.52°
+ * const [x, y, z] = geodeticToBodyFixed(toRad(32.672), toRad(-52.694), 191_100, 6_378_137, 0.00669437999014);
+ * const lat = Math.atan2(z, Math.hypot(x, y)); // 32.502°
+ * inclinationFromLaunchAzimuth(lat, toRad(88.848)); // ≈ 32.521°
  * ```
  *
  * :::

package/dist/categories/orbits/inclination-from-launch-azimuth.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"version":3,"file":"inclination-from-launch-azimuth.js","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../../../src/categories/orbits/inclination-from-launch-azimuth.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAEA;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;GA4DG;AACH,MAAM,CAAC,MAAM,4BAA4B,GAAG,CAC1C,GAAY,EACZ,OAAgB,EACP,EAAE;IACX,KAAK,MAAM,CAAC,IAAI,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC,IAAI;QACtB,CAAC,KAAK,EAAE,GAAG,CAAC;QACZ,CAAC,SAAS,EAAE,OAAO,CAAC;KACZ,EAAE,CAAC;QACX,IAAI,CAAC,MAAM,CAAC,QAAQ,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC;YACrB,MAAM,IAAI,SAAS,CAAC,GAAG,IAAI,uCAAuC,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC;IAC3E,CAAC;IAED,IAAI,IAAI,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,GAAG,IAAI,CAAC,EAAE,GAAG,CAAC;QAC7B,MAAM,IAAI,UAAU,CAAC,yCAAyC,GAAG,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC;IAEvE,8CAA8C;IAC9C,MAAM,IAAI,GAAG,IAAI,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,IAAI,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,IAAI,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,GAAG,IAAI,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,OAAO,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC;IAE1E,OAAO,IAAI,CAAC,IAAI,CAAC,IAAI,CAAY,CAAC;AACpC,CAAC,CAAC"}
+{"version":3,"file":"inclination-from-launch-azimuth.js","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../../../src/categories/orbits/inclination-from-launch-azimuth.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAEA;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;GA8DG;AACH,MAAM,CAAC,MAAM,4BAA4B,GAAG,CAC1C,GAAY,EACZ,OAAgB,EACP,EAAE;IACX,KAAK,MAAM,CAAC,IAAI,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC,IAAI;QACtB,CAAC,KAAK,EAAE,GAAG,CAAC;QACZ,CAAC,SAAS,EAAE,OAAO,CAAC;KACZ,EAAE,CAAC;QACX,IAAI,CAAC,MAAM,CAAC,QAAQ,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC;YACrB,MAAM,IAAI,SAAS,CAAC,GAAG,IAAI,uCAAuC,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC;IAC3E,CAAC;IAED,IAAI,IAAI,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,GAAG,IAAI,CAAC,EAAE,GAAG,CAAC;QAC7B,MAAM,IAAI,UAAU,CAAC,yCAAyC,GAAG,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC;IAEvE,8CAA8C;IAC9C,MAAM,IAAI,GAAG,IAAI,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,IAAI,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,IAAI,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,GAAG,IAAI,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,OAAO,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC;IAE1E,OAAO,IAAI,CAAC,IAAI,CAAC,IAAI,CAAY,CAAC;AACpC,CAAC,CAAC"}

package/dist/categories/orbits/surface-rotation-speed.d.ts

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ import type { Radians } from '@interstellar-tools/types';
  * - A rocket launched eastward gets this speed for free; one launched westward has to cancel it first.
  * - Earth's sidereal rotation rate is about 7.2921150 × 10⁻⁵ rad/s.
  * - A body that rotates backwards (Venus, Uranus) has a negative `omega`, and the result is negative: westward.
- * - $ R\cos\varphi $ is the distance from the rotation axis. On an oblate body, pass the geocentric latitude and the point's distance from the body's centre, not the equatorial radius with a geodetic latitude (see [#186](https://github.com/phun-ky/interstellar-tools/issues/186)).
+ * - $ R\cos\varphi $ is the distance from the rotation axis. On an oblate body, pass the geocentric latitude and the point's distance from the body's centre, not the equatorial radius with a geodetic latitude; {@link geodeticToBodyFixed} gives both.
  *
  * :::
  *

package/dist/categories/orbits/surface-rotation-speed.js

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
  * - A rocket launched eastward gets this speed for free; one launched westward has to cancel it first.
  * - Earth's sidereal rotation rate is about 7.2921150 × 10⁻⁵ rad/s.
  * - A body that rotates backwards (Venus, Uranus) has a negative `omega`, and the result is negative: westward.
- * - $ R\cos\varphi $ is the distance from the rotation axis. On an oblate body, pass the geocentric latitude and the point's distance from the body's centre, not the equatorial radius with a geodetic latitude (see [#186](https://github.com/phun-ky/interstellar-tools/issues/186)).
+ * - $ R\cos\varphi $ is the distance from the rotation axis. On an oblate body, pass the geocentric latitude and the point's distance from the body's centre, not the equatorial radius with a geodetic latitude; {@link geodeticToBodyFixed} gives both.
  *
  * :::
  *

package/dist/index.d.ts

@@ -6,8 +6,10 @@
 export * from './categories/angle/compute-angle.js';
 export * from './categories/angle/wrap-angle.js';
 export * from './categories/cartography/body-fixed-from-inertial-dcm-iau.js';
+export * from './categories/cartography/body-fixed-to-geodetic.js';
 export * from './categories/cartography/eccentricity-squared-oblate-spheroid.js';
 export * from './categories/cartography/flattening-oblate-spheroid.js';
+export * from './categories/cartography/geodetic-to-body-fixed.js';
 export * from './categories/cartography/is-on-triaxial-ellipsoid-surface.js';
 export * from './categories/cartography/planetocentric-latitude.js';
 export * from './categories/cartography/planetographic-latitude-oblate.js';

package/dist/index.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"version":3,"file":"index.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../src/index.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAAA;;;;GAIG;AAGH,cAAc,qCAAqC,CAAC;AAEpD,cAAc,kCAAkC,CAAC;AAIjD,cAAc,8DAA8D,CAAC;AAE7E,cAAc,kEAAkE,CAAC;AAEjF,cAAc,wDAAwD,CAAC;AAEvE,cAAc,8DAA8D,CAAC;AAE7E,cAAc,qDAAqD,CAAC;AAEpE,cAAc,4DAA4D,CAAC;AAI3E,cAAc,6CAA6C,CAAC;AAE5D,cAAc,6CAA6C,CAAC;AAE5D,cAAc,4DAA4D,CAAC;AAE3E,cAAc,mDAAmD,CAAC;AAElE,cAAc,4CAA4C,CAAC;AAE3D,cAAc,yCAAyC,CAAC;AAIxD,cAAc,wCAAwC,CAAC;AAEvD,cAAc,+CAA+C,CAAC;AAE9D,cAAc,+BAA+B,CAAC;AAE9C,cAAc,kCAAkC,CAAC;AAEjD,cAAc,8BAA8B,CAAC;AAE7C,cAAc,iDAAiD,CAAC;AAEhE,cAAc,iCAAiC,CAAC;AAEhD,cAAc,+BAA+B,CAAC;AAE9C,cAAc,+BAA+B,CAAC;AAE9C,cAAc,qCAAqC,CAAC;AAIpD,cAAc,gDAAgD,CAAC;AAE/D,cAAc,sCAAsC,CAAC;AAErD,cAAc,kDAAkD,CAAC;AAEjE,cAAc,qDAAqD,CAAC;AAEpE,cAAc,sDAAsD,CAAC;AAErE,cAAc,gDAAgD,CAAC;AAE/D,cAAc,sDAAsD,CAAC;AAIrE,cAAc,+CAA+C,CAAC;AAE9D,cAAc,uDAAuD,CAAC;AAEtE,cAAc,gDAAgD,CAAC;AAE/D,cAAc,oDAAoD,CAAC;AAEnE,cAAc,qCAAqC,CAAC;AAIpD,cAAc,8CAA8C,CAAC;AAE7D,cAAc,uCAAuC,CAAC;AAEtD,cAAc,6CAA6C,CAAC;AAE5D,cAAc,iDAAiD,CAAC;AAIhE,cAAc,sDAAsD,CAAC;AAErE,cAAc,iDAAiD,CAAC;AAEhE,cAAc,uCAAuC,CAAC;AAEtD,cAAc,4CAA4C,CAAC;AAE3D,cAAc,qCAAqC,CAAC;AAEpD,cAAc,4CAA4C,CAAC;AAE3D,cAAc,0CAA0C,CAAC;AAEzD,cAAc,qCAAqC,CAAC;AAEpD,cAAc,4DAA4D,CAAC;AAE3E,cAAc,gDAAgD,CAAC;AAE/D,cAAc,mDAAmD,CAAC;AAElE,cAAc,mDAAmD,CAAC;AAElE,cAAc,kDAAkD,CAAC;AAEjE,cAAc,wDAAwD,CAAC;AAEvE,cAAc,oDAAoD,CAAC;AAEnE,cAAc,iDAAiD,CAAC;AAEhE,cAAc,sCAAsC,CAAC;AAErD,cAAc,uDAAuD,CAAC;AAEtE,cAAc,oCAAoC,CAAC;AAEnD,cAAc,4CAA4C,CAAC;AAE3D,cAAc,gDAAgD,CAAC;AAE/D,cAAc,gEAAgE,CAAC;AAE/E,cAAc,kDAAkD,CAAC;AAEjE,cAAc,mDAAmD,CAAC;AAElE,cAAc,mDAAmD,CAAC;AAElE,cAAc,0CAA0C,CAAC;AAEzD,cAAc,+CAA+C,CAAC;AAE9D,cAAc,uCAAuC,CAAC;AAEtD,cAAc,uCAAuC,CAAC;AAItD,cAAc,sCAAsC,CAAC;AAErD,cAAc,kDAAkD,CAAC;AAEjE,cAAc,oDAAoD,CAAC;AAEnE,cAAc,yDAAyD,CAAC;AAExE,cAAc,yCAAyC,CAAC;AAExD,cAAc,6CAA6C,CAAC;AAE5D,cAAc,qDAAqD,CAAC;AAEpE,cAAc,2CAA2C,CAAC;AAE1D,cAAc,+CAA+C,CAAC;AAE9D,cAAc,8CAA8C,CAAC;AAE7D,cAAc,iDAAiD,CAAC;AAEhE,cAAc,oDAAoD,CAAC;AAEnE,cAAc,mDAAmD,CAAC;AAElE,cAAc,0CAA0C,CAAC;AAEzD,cAAc,6CAA6C,CAAC"}
+{"version":3,"file":"index.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../src/index.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAAA;;;;GAIG;AAGH,cAAc,qCAAqC,CAAC;AAEpD,cAAc,kCAAkC,CAAC;AAIjD,cAAc,8DAA8D,CAAC;AAE7E,cAAc,oDAAoD,CAAC;AAEnE,cAAc,kEAAkE,CAAC;AAEjF,cAAc,wDAAwD,CAAC;AAEvE,cAAc,oDAAoD,CAAC;AAEnE,cAAc,8DAA8D,CAAC;AAE7E,cAAc,qDAAqD,CAAC;AAEpE,cAAc,4DAA4D,CAAC;AAI3E,cAAc,6CAA6C,CAAC;AAE5D,cAAc,6CAA6C,CAAC;AAE5D,cAAc,4DAA4D,CAAC;AAE3E,cAAc,mDAAmD,CAAC;AAElE,cAAc,4CAA4C,CAAC;AAE3D,cAAc,yCAAyC,CAAC;AAIxD,cAAc,wCAAwC,CAAC;AAEvD,cAAc,+CAA+C,CAAC;AAE9D,cAAc,+BAA+B,CAAC;AAE9C,cAAc,kCAAkC,CAAC;AAEjD,cAAc,8BAA8B,CAAC;AAE7C,cAAc,iDAAiD,CAAC;AAEhE,cAAc,iCAAiC,CAAC;AAEhD,cAAc,+BAA+B,CAAC;AAE9C,cAAc,+BAA+B,CAAC;AAE9C,cAAc,qCAAqC,CAAC;AAIpD,cAAc,gDAAgD,CAAC;AAE/D,cAAc,sCAAsC,CAAC;AAErD,cAAc,kDAAkD,CAAC;AAEjE,cAAc,qDAAqD,CAAC;AAEpE,cAAc,sDAAsD,CAAC;AAErE,cAAc,gDAAgD,CAAC;AAE/D,cAAc,sDAAsD,CAAC;AAIrE,cAAc,+CAA+C,CAAC;AAE9D,cAAc,uDAAuD,CAAC;AAEtE,cAAc,gDAAgD,CAAC;AAE/D,cAAc,oDAAoD,CAAC;AAEnE,cAAc,qCAAqC,CAAC;AAIpD,cAAc,8CAA8C,CAAC;AAE7D,cAAc,uCAAuC,CAAC;AAEtD,cAAc,6CAA6C,CAAC;AAE5D,cAAc,iDAAiD,CAAC;AAIhE,cAAc,sDAAsD,CAAC;AAErE,cAAc,iDAAiD,CAAC;AAEhE,cAAc,uCAAuC,CAAC;AAEtD,cAAc,4CAA4C,CAAC;AAE3D,cAAc,qCAAqC,CAAC;AAEpD,cAAc,4CAA4C,CAAC;AAE3D,cAAc,0CAA0C,CAAC;AAEzD,cAAc,qCAAqC,CAAC;AAEpD,cAAc,4DAA4D,CAAC;AAE3E,cAAc,gDAAgD,CAAC;AAE/D,cAAc,mDAAmD,CAAC;AAElE,cAAc,mDAAmD,CAAC;AAElE,cAAc,kDAAkD,CAAC;AAEjE,cAAc,wDAAwD,CAAC;AAEvE,cAAc,oDAAoD,CAAC;AAEnE,cAAc,iDAAiD,CAAC;AAEhE,cAAc,sCAAsC,CAAC;AAErD,cAAc,uDAAuD,CAAC;AAEtE,cAAc,oCAAoC,CAAC;AAEnD,cAAc,4CAA4C,CAAC;AAE3D,cAAc,gDAAgD,CAAC;AAE/D,cAAc,gEAAgE,CAAC;AAE/E,cAAc,kDAAkD,CAAC;AAEjE,cAAc,mDAAmD,CAAC;AAElE,cAAc,mDAAmD,CAAC;AAElE,cAAc,0CAA0C,CAAC;AAEzD,cAAc,+CAA+C,CAAC;AAE9D,cAAc,uCAAuC,CAAC;AAEtD,cAAc,uCAAuC,CAAC;AAItD,cAAc,sCAAsC,CAAC;AAErD,cAAc,kDAAkD,CAAC;AAEjE,cAAc,oDAAoD,CAAC;AAEnE,cAAc,yDAAyD,CAAC;AAExE,cAAc,yCAAyC,CAAC;AAExD,cAAc,6CAA6C,CAAC;AAE5D,cAAc,qDAAqD,CAAC;AAEpE,cAAc,2CAA2C,CAAC;AAE1D,cAAc,+CAA+C,CAAC;AAE9D,cAAc,8CAA8C,CAAC;AAE7D,cAAc,iDAAiD,CAAC;AAEhE,cAAc,oDAAoD,CAAC;AAEnE,cAAc,mDAAmD,CAAC;AAElE,cAAc,0CAA0C,CAAC;AAEzD,cAAc,6CAA6C,CAAC"}

package/dist/index.js

@@ -8,8 +8,10 @@ export * from './categories/angle/compute-angle.js';
 export * from './categories/angle/wrap-angle.js';
 // categories/cartography
 export * from './categories/cartography/body-fixed-from-inertial-dcm-iau.js';
+export * from './categories/cartography/body-fixed-to-geodetic.js';
 export * from './categories/cartography/eccentricity-squared-oblate-spheroid.js';
 export * from './categories/cartography/flattening-oblate-spheroid.js';
+export * from './categories/cartography/geodetic-to-body-fixed.js';
 export * from './categories/cartography/is-on-triaxial-ellipsoid-surface.js';
 export * from './categories/cartography/planetocentric-latitude.js';
 export * from './categories/cartography/planetographic-latitude-oblate.js';

package/dist/index.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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package/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@interstellar-tools/equations",
-  "version": "1.4.0",
+  "version": "1.5.0",
   "description": "Curated, well-tested orbital mechanics and dynamics formulas (e.g., Newtonian gravity, vis-viva, Kepler's 3rd law, escape/circular speeds, specific energy, specific angular momentum, peri/apoapsis radii).",
   "keywords": [
     "interstellar",