@interstellar-tools/equations 1.2.0 → 1.3.0

package/dist/categories/manoeuvres/cw-two-impulse-transfer.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+import type { CwState, Vector3DTupleType } from '@interstellar-tools/types';
+export interface CwTwoImpulseTransferInterface {
+    /** First burn, at the start, in m/s (LVLH). */
+    dv1: Vector3DTupleType;
+    /** Second burn, on arrival, in m/s (LVLH). */
+    dv2: Vector3DTupleType;
+}
+/**
+ * Compute the **two burns of a Clohessy–Wiltshire rendezvous**: from a relative state to a target state in a given time.
+ *
+ * $$
+ * \mathbf v_0^+ = \Phi_{rv}^{-1}\left(\mathbf r_f - \Phi_{rr}\,\mathbf r_0\right), \quad
+ * \Delta\mathbf v_1 = \mathbf v_0^+ - \mathbf v_0, \quad
+ * \Delta\mathbf v_2 = \mathbf v_f - \left(\Phi_{vr}\,\mathbf r_0 + \Phi_{vv}\,\mathbf v_0^+\right)
+ * $$
+ *
+ * with the blocks of $ \Phi(t) $ from {@link cwStateTransition}.
+ *
+ * **Units**
+ * - Inputs: states in **m** and **m/s**, `n` in **rad/s**, `t` in **s**.
+ * - Output: both burns in **m/s**, as vectors in the LVLH frame.
+ *
+ * ::: info Notes
+ *
+ * - The first burn puts the deputy on a path that reaches the target position after `t`; the second matches the target velocity there. For a rendezvous with the chief, the target state is all zeros.
+ * - Some transfer times can't be targeted: in the orbital plane, every whole number of orbits ($ nt = 2\pi k $), and out of plane, every half orbit, where the cross-track motion returns to $ \pm z_0 $ whatever the burn. At a half orbit the cross-track burn is zero if the target is already on that path, and otherwise the function throws.
+ * - Valid near a circular reference orbit, for small separations.
+ *
+ * :::
+ *
+ * @param state0 - Deputy's relative state before the first burn `[x, y, z, xDot, yDot, zDot]` (finite).
+ * @param target - State to arrive at `[x, y, z, xDot, yDot, zDot]` (finite); all zeros to rendezvous with the chief.
+ * @param n - Mean motion of the circular reference orbit in **rad/s** (finite, > 0).
+ * @param t - Transfer time in **s** (finite, > 0).
+ * @returns The two burns `dv1` and `dv2` in **m/s**.
+ * @throws {TypeError} If any input is not a finite number.
+ * @throws {RangeError} If `n <= 0`, `t <= 0`, or the transfer time can't be targeted.
+ * @group Manoeuvres
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import type { CwState } from '@interstellar-tools/types';
+ *
+ * // 1 km behind the chief, at rest: rendezvous in a quarter of an orbit
+ * const n = 0.00113;
+ * const { dv1, dv2 } = cwTwoImpulseTransfer(
+ *   [0, -1000, 0, 0, 0, 0],
+ *   [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
+ *   n,
+ *   Math.PI / 2 / n
+ * );
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link cwPropagate}
+ * @see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clohessy%E2%80%93Wiltshire_equations Clohessy–Wiltshire equations
+ */
+export declare const cwTwoImpulseTransfer: (state0: CwState, target: CwState, n: number, t: number) => CwTwoImpulseTransferInterface;
+//# sourceMappingURL=cw-two-impulse-transfer.d.ts.map

package/dist/categories/manoeuvres/cw-two-impulse-transfer.d.ts.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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package/dist/categories/manoeuvres/cw-two-impulse-transfer.js

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+import { applyMatrix3 } from '../helpers/apply-matrix-3.js';
+import { cwStateTransition } from '../orbits/cw-state-transition.js';
+/**
+ * Compute the **two burns of a Clohessy–Wiltshire rendezvous**: from a relative state to a target state in a given time.
+ *
+ * $$
+ * \mathbf v_0^+ = \Phi_{rv}^{-1}\left(\mathbf r_f - \Phi_{rr}\,\mathbf r_0\right), \quad
+ * \Delta\mathbf v_1 = \mathbf v_0^+ - \mathbf v_0, \quad
+ * \Delta\mathbf v_2 = \mathbf v_f - \left(\Phi_{vr}\,\mathbf r_0 + \Phi_{vv}\,\mathbf v_0^+\right)
+ * $$
+ *
+ * with the blocks of $ \Phi(t) $ from {@link cwStateTransition}.
+ *
+ * **Units**
+ * - Inputs: states in **m** and **m/s**, `n` in **rad/s**, `t` in **s**.
+ * - Output: both burns in **m/s**, as vectors in the LVLH frame.
+ *
+ * ::: info Notes
+ *
+ * - The first burn puts the deputy on a path that reaches the target position after `t`; the second matches the target velocity there. For a rendezvous with the chief, the target state is all zeros.
+ * - Some transfer times can't be targeted: in the orbital plane, every whole number of orbits ($ nt = 2\pi k $), and out of plane, every half orbit, where the cross-track motion returns to $ \pm z_0 $ whatever the burn. At a half orbit the cross-track burn is zero if the target is already on that path, and otherwise the function throws.
+ * - Valid near a circular reference orbit, for small separations.
+ *
+ * :::
+ *
+ * @param state0 - Deputy's relative state before the first burn `[x, y, z, xDot, yDot, zDot]` (finite).
+ * @param target - State to arrive at `[x, y, z, xDot, yDot, zDot]` (finite); all zeros to rendezvous with the chief.
+ * @param n - Mean motion of the circular reference orbit in **rad/s** (finite, > 0).
+ * @param t - Transfer time in **s** (finite, > 0).
+ * @returns The two burns `dv1` and `dv2` in **m/s**.
+ * @throws {TypeError} If any input is not a finite number.
+ * @throws {RangeError} If `n <= 0`, `t <= 0`, or the transfer time can't be targeted.
+ * @group Manoeuvres
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import type { CwState } from '@interstellar-tools/types';
+ *
+ * // 1 km behind the chief, at rest: rendezvous in a quarter of an orbit
+ * const n = 0.00113;
+ * const { dv1, dv2 } = cwTwoImpulseTransfer(
+ *   [0, -1000, 0, 0, 0, 0],
+ *   [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
+ *   n,
+ *   Math.PI / 2 / n
+ * );
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link cwPropagate}
+ * @see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clohessy%E2%80%93Wiltshire_equations Clohessy–Wiltshire equations
+ */
+export const cwTwoImpulseTransfer = (state0, target, n, t) => {
+    for (const [name, state] of [
+        ['state0', state0],
+        ['target', target]
+    ]) {
+        for (const x of state)
+            if (!Number.isFinite(x))
+                throw new TypeError(`${name} must have finite components. Received: ${x}`);
+    }
+    if (!Number.isFinite(t))
+        throw new TypeError(`t must be a finite number. Received: ${t}`);
+    if (t <= 0)
+        throw new RangeError(`t must be > 0. Received: ${t}`);
+    const { rr, rv, vr, vv } = cwStateTransition(n, t);
+    const r0 = [state0[0], state0[1], state0[2]];
+    const v0 = [state0[3], state0[4], state0[5]];
+    const fromR0 = applyMatrix3(rr, r0);
+    // Position the first burn's velocity has to cover
+    const dx = target[0] - fromR0[0];
+    const dy = target[1] - fromR0[1];
+    const dz = target[2] - fromR0[2];
+    // In-plane: invert the 2×2 block of Φrv
+    const [[a, b], [c, d]] = rv;
+    const det = a * d - b * c;
+    if (Math.abs(det) * n * n <= 1e-10)
+        throw new RangeError(`The transfer time is a whole number of orbits (nt = 2πk), which can't be targeted in the orbital plane. Received: nt=${n * t}`);
+    const xDot = (d * dx - b * dy) / det;
+    const yDot = (-c * dx + a * dy) / det;
+    // Out of plane: z(t) = c z0 + (s / n) zDot0
+    const sOverN = rv[2][2];
+    let zDot;
+    if (Math.abs(sOverN) * n > 1e-10) {
+        zDot = dz / sOverN;
+    }
+    else if (Math.abs(dz) <= 1e-9 * Math.max(1, Math.abs(target[2]))) {
+        zDot = v0[2];
+    }
+    else {
+        throw new RangeError(`At a half orbit (nt = πk) the cross-track position can't be changed. Received: nt=${n * t}`);
+    }
+    const v0Plus = [xDot, yDot, zDot];
+    const fromR = applyMatrix3(vr, r0);
+    const fromV = applyMatrix3(vv, v0Plus);
+    return {
+        dv1: [xDot - v0[0], yDot - v0[1], zDot - v0[2]],
+        dv2: [
+            target[3] - (fromR[0] + fromV[0]),
+            target[4] - (fromR[1] + fromV[1]),
+            target[5] - (fromR[2] + fromV[2])
+        ]
+    };
+};
+//# sourceMappingURL=cw-two-impulse-transfer.js.map

package/dist/categories/manoeuvres/cw-two-impulse-transfer.js.map

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package/dist/categories/manoeuvres/phasing-wait-time.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+import type { Radians } from '@interstellar-tools/types';
+/**
+ * Compute how long to **wait for a phase angle**: when a target, leading a chaser on another circular orbit, will be at the angle a manoeuvre needs.
+ *
+ * The phase angle $ \theta $ is how far the target is ahead of the chaser, and it changes at the difference in mean motions:
+ *
+ * $$
+ * \dot\theta = n_\text{target} - n_\text{chaser}, \qquad
+ * t_\text{wait} = \frac{\theta_\text{required} - \theta_\text{now}}{n_\text{target} - n_\text{chaser}} \pmod{T_\text{syn}}
+ * $$
+ *
+ * returning the first time that's not negative.
+ *
+ * **Units**
+ * - Inputs: angles in **radians**, mean motions in **rad/s**.
+ * - Output: $ t_\text{wait} $ in **s**, in $ [0, T_\text{syn}) $.
+ *
+ * ::: info Notes
+ *
+ * - A chaser in a lower, faster orbit closes the gap: the phase angle shrinks.
+ * - For a Hohmann transfer to a target on a circular orbit, the required angle is $ \theta = \pi - n_\text{target}\, t_\text{transfer} $.
+ * - If the required angle is just behind, the wait is almost a whole synodic period; see {@link synodicPeriod}.
+ *
+ * :::
+ *
+ * @param thetaNow - Current phase angle, target ahead of chaser, in **radians** (finite).
+ * @param thetaRequired - Phase angle wanted, in **radians** (finite).
+ * @param nChaser - Chaser's mean motion in **rad/s** (finite, > 0).
+ * @param nTarget - Target's mean motion in **rad/s** (finite, > 0, not equal to `nChaser`).
+ * @returns Waiting time in **s**, in [0, synodic period).
+ * @throws {TypeError} If any input is not a finite number.
+ * @throws {RangeError} If a mean motion is `<= 0`, or both are equal (the phase never changes).
+ * @group Manoeuvres
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import type { Radians } from '@interstellar-tools/types';
+ *
+ * // Chaser 1° per orbit faster, target 10° ahead, burn when it's 4° ahead
+ * const nTarget = 0.00113;
+ * const nChaser = nTarget * (1 + 1 / 360);
+ * const t = phasingWaitTime(
+ *   ((10 * Math.PI) / 180) as Radians,
+ *   ((4 * Math.PI) / 180) as Radians,
+ *   nChaser,
+ *   nTarget
+ * );
+ * // t ≈ 6 orbits of the target
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link synodicPeriod}
+ * @see {@link hohmannTransferTime}
+ */
+export declare const phasingWaitTime: (thetaNow: Radians, thetaRequired: Radians, nChaser: number, nTarget: number) => number;
+//# sourceMappingURL=phasing-wait-time.d.ts.map

package/dist/categories/manoeuvres/phasing-wait-time.d.ts.map

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package/dist/categories/manoeuvres/phasing-wait-time.js

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+/**
+ * Compute how long to **wait for a phase angle**: when a target, leading a chaser on another circular orbit, will be at the angle a manoeuvre needs.
+ *
+ * The phase angle $ \theta $ is how far the target is ahead of the chaser, and it changes at the difference in mean motions:
+ *
+ * $$
+ * \dot\theta = n_\text{target} - n_\text{chaser}, \qquad
+ * t_\text{wait} = \frac{\theta_\text{required} - \theta_\text{now}}{n_\text{target} - n_\text{chaser}} \pmod{T_\text{syn}}
+ * $$
+ *
+ * returning the first time that's not negative.
+ *
+ * **Units**
+ * - Inputs: angles in **radians**, mean motions in **rad/s**.
+ * - Output: $ t_\text{wait} $ in **s**, in $ [0, T_\text{syn}) $.
+ *
+ * ::: info Notes
+ *
+ * - A chaser in a lower, faster orbit closes the gap: the phase angle shrinks.
+ * - For a Hohmann transfer to a target on a circular orbit, the required angle is $ \theta = \pi - n_\text{target}\, t_\text{transfer} $.
+ * - If the required angle is just behind, the wait is almost a whole synodic period; see {@link synodicPeriod}.
+ *
+ * :::
+ *
+ * @param thetaNow - Current phase angle, target ahead of chaser, in **radians** (finite).
+ * @param thetaRequired - Phase angle wanted, in **radians** (finite).
+ * @param nChaser - Chaser's mean motion in **rad/s** (finite, > 0).
+ * @param nTarget - Target's mean motion in **rad/s** (finite, > 0, not equal to `nChaser`).
+ * @returns Waiting time in **s**, in [0, synodic period).
+ * @throws {TypeError} If any input is not a finite number.
+ * @throws {RangeError} If a mean motion is `<= 0`, or both are equal (the phase never changes).
+ * @group Manoeuvres
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import type { Radians } from '@interstellar-tools/types';
+ *
+ * // Chaser 1° per orbit faster, target 10° ahead, burn when it's 4° ahead
+ * const nTarget = 0.00113;
+ * const nChaser = nTarget * (1 + 1 / 360);
+ * const t = phasingWaitTime(
+ *   ((10 * Math.PI) / 180) as Radians,
+ *   ((4 * Math.PI) / 180) as Radians,
+ *   nChaser,
+ *   nTarget
+ * );
+ * // t ≈ 6 orbits of the target
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link synodicPeriod}
+ * @see {@link hohmannTransferTime}
+ */
+export const phasingWaitTime = (thetaNow, thetaRequired, nChaser, nTarget) => {
+    for (const [name, x] of [
+        ['thetaNow', thetaNow],
+        ['thetaRequired', thetaRequired],
+        ['nChaser', nChaser],
+        ['nTarget', nTarget]
+    ]) {
+        if (!Number.isFinite(x))
+            throw new TypeError(`${name} must be a finite number. Received: ${x}`);
+    }
+    for (const [name, x] of [
+        ['nChaser', nChaser],
+        ['nTarget', nTarget]
+    ]) {
+        if (x <= 0)
+            throw new RangeError(`${name} must be > 0. Received: ${x}`);
+    }
+    if (nChaser === nTarget)
+        throw new RangeError(`nChaser and nTarget must differ: the phase angle never changes. Received: ${nChaser}`);
+    const rate = nTarget - nChaser;
+    const synodic = (2 * Math.PI) / Math.abs(rate);
+    const t = (thetaRequired - thetaNow) / rate;
+    return ((t % synodic) + synodic) % synodic;
+};
+//# sourceMappingURL=phasing-wait-time.js.map

package/dist/categories/manoeuvres/phasing-wait-time.js.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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package/dist/categories/orbits/cw-propagate.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+import type { CwState } from '@interstellar-tools/types';
+/**
+ * **Propagate** a Clohessy–Wiltshire / Hill relative state in closed form.
+ *
+ * $$
+ * \begin{pmatrix}\mathbf r \\ \mathbf v\end{pmatrix}(t) =
+ * \begin{bmatrix}\Phi_{rr} & \Phi_{rv} \\ \Phi_{vr} & \Phi_{vv}\end{bmatrix}
+ * \begin{pmatrix}\mathbf r_0 \\ \mathbf v_0\end{pmatrix}
+ * $$
+ *
+ * with $ \Phi(t) $ from {@link cwStateTransition}.
+ *
+ * **Units**
+ * - Inputs: `state` positions in **m** and velocities in **m/s**, `n` in **rad/s**, `t` in **s**.
+ * - Output: the state at `t`, in the same units.
+ *
+ * ::: info Notes
+ *
+ * - The exact solution of the equations {@link cwHillDerivatives} gives to a numerical integrator: no step size, no accumulated error.
+ * - Same LVLH frame and `CwState` layout as `cwHillDerivatives`: `[x, y, z, xDot, yDot, zDot]`, with $ x $ radial, $ y $ along-track, $ z $ cross-track.
+ * - A state with $ \dot y_0 = -2n x_0 $ has no along-track drift: it traces a closed ellipse around the chief.
+ *
+ * :::
+ *
+ * @param state - Relative state `[x, y, z, xDot, yDot, zDot]` (finite).
+ * @param n - Mean motion of the circular reference orbit in **rad/s** (finite, > 0).
+ * @param t - Time to propagate in **s** (finite; negative goes backwards).
+ * @returns The relative state at `t`.
+ * @throws {TypeError} If any input is not a finite number.
+ * @throws {RangeError} If `n <= 0`.
+ * @group Orbits
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import type { CwState } from '@interstellar-tools/types';
+ *
+ * // 100 m below the chief with no drift: back where it started after one orbit
+ * const n = 0.00113;
+ * const start: CwState = [-100, 0, 0, 0, 2 * n * 100, 0];
+ * const later = cwPropagate(start, n, (2 * Math.PI) / n);
+ * // later ≈ start
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link cwStateTransition}
+ * @see {@link cwTwoImpulseTransfer}
+ */
+export declare const cwPropagate: (state: CwState, n: number, t: number) => CwState;
+//# sourceMappingURL=cw-propagate.d.ts.map

package/dist/categories/orbits/cw-propagate.d.ts.map

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package/dist/categories/orbits/cw-propagate.js

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+import { applyMatrix3 } from '../helpers/apply-matrix-3.js';
+import { cwStateTransition } from './cw-state-transition.js';
+/**
+ * **Propagate** a Clohessy–Wiltshire / Hill relative state in closed form.
+ *
+ * $$
+ * \begin{pmatrix}\mathbf r \\ \mathbf v\end{pmatrix}(t) =
+ * \begin{bmatrix}\Phi_{rr} & \Phi_{rv} \\ \Phi_{vr} & \Phi_{vv}\end{bmatrix}
+ * \begin{pmatrix}\mathbf r_0 \\ \mathbf v_0\end{pmatrix}
+ * $$
+ *
+ * with $ \Phi(t) $ from {@link cwStateTransition}.
+ *
+ * **Units**
+ * - Inputs: `state` positions in **m** and velocities in **m/s**, `n` in **rad/s**, `t` in **s**.
+ * - Output: the state at `t`, in the same units.
+ *
+ * ::: info Notes
+ *
+ * - The exact solution of the equations {@link cwHillDerivatives} gives to a numerical integrator: no step size, no accumulated error.
+ * - Same LVLH frame and `CwState` layout as `cwHillDerivatives`: `[x, y, z, xDot, yDot, zDot]`, with $ x $ radial, $ y $ along-track, $ z $ cross-track.
+ * - A state with $ \dot y_0 = -2n x_0 $ has no along-track drift: it traces a closed ellipse around the chief.
+ *
+ * :::
+ *
+ * @param state - Relative state `[x, y, z, xDot, yDot, zDot]` (finite).
+ * @param n - Mean motion of the circular reference orbit in **rad/s** (finite, > 0).
+ * @param t - Time to propagate in **s** (finite; negative goes backwards).
+ * @returns The relative state at `t`.
+ * @throws {TypeError} If any input is not a finite number.
+ * @throws {RangeError} If `n <= 0`.
+ * @group Orbits
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import type { CwState } from '@interstellar-tools/types';
+ *
+ * // 100 m below the chief with no drift: back where it started after one orbit
+ * const n = 0.00113;
+ * const start: CwState = [-100, 0, 0, 0, 2 * n * 100, 0];
+ * const later = cwPropagate(start, n, (2 * Math.PI) / n);
+ * // later ≈ start
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link cwStateTransition}
+ * @see {@link cwTwoImpulseTransfer}
+ */
+export const cwPropagate = (state, n, t) => {
+    for (const x of state)
+        if (!Number.isFinite(x))
+            throw new TypeError(`state must have finite components. Received: ${x}`);
+    const { rr, rv, vr, vv } = cwStateTransition(n, t);
+    const r0 = [state[0], state[1], state[2]];
+    const v0 = [state[3], state[4], state[5]];
+    const rA = applyMatrix3(rr, r0);
+    const rB = applyMatrix3(rv, v0);
+    const vA = applyMatrix3(vr, r0);
+    const vB = applyMatrix3(vv, v0);
+    return [
+        rA[0] + rB[0],
+        rA[1] + rB[1],
+        rA[2] + rB[2],
+        vA[0] + vB[0],
+        vA[1] + vB[1],
+        vA[2] + vB[2]
+    ];
+};
+//# sourceMappingURL=cw-propagate.js.map

package/dist/categories/orbits/cw-propagate.js.map

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package/dist/categories/orbits/cw-state-transition.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+import type { Matrix3x3Type } from '@interstellar-tools/types';
+/**
+ * The Clohessy–Wiltshire state transition matrix $ \Phi(t) $, split into its four 3×3 blocks:
+ * $ \mathbf r(t) = \Phi_{rr}\mathbf r_0 + \Phi_{rv}\mathbf v_0 $ and $ \mathbf v(t) = \Phi_{vr}\mathbf r_0 + \Phi_{vv}\mathbf v_0 $.
+ *
+ * @group Orbits
+ */
+export interface CwStateTransitionInterface {
+    /** Position from initial position. */
+    rr: Matrix3x3Type;
+    /** Position from initial velocity (s). */
+    rv: Matrix3x3Type;
+    /** Velocity from initial position (1/s). */
+    vr: Matrix3x3Type;
+    /** Velocity from initial velocity. */
+    vv: Matrix3x3Type;
+}
+/**
+ * Compute the **Clohessy–Wiltshire state transition matrix**: the closed-form solution of the CW / Hill equations.
+ *
+ * With $ s = \sin nt $ and $ c = \cos nt $, in the LVLH frame of {@link cwHillDerivatives}
+ * ($ x $ radial, $ y $ along-track, $ z $ cross-track):
+ *
+ * $$
+ * \Phi_{rr} = \begin{bmatrix} 4 - 3c & 0 & 0 \\ 6(s - nt) & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & c \end{bmatrix}, \quad
+ * \Phi_{rv} = \frac{1}{n}\begin{bmatrix} s & 2(1 - c) & 0 \\ -2(1 - c) & 4s - 3nt & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & s \end{bmatrix}
+ * $$
+ *
+ * $$
+ * \Phi_{vr} = \begin{bmatrix} 3ns & 0 & 0 \\ 6n(c - 1) & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & -ns \end{bmatrix}, \quad
+ * \Phi_{vv} = \begin{bmatrix} c & 2s & 0 \\ -2s & 4c - 3 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & c \end{bmatrix}
+ * $$
+ *
+ * **Units**
+ * - Inputs: `n` in **rad/s**, `t` in **s**.
+ * - Output: dimensionless blocks, except $ \Phi_{rv} $ in **s** and $ \Phi_{vr} $ in **1/s**.
+ *
+ * ::: info Notes
+ *
+ * - Valid near a **circular** reference orbit, for separations small compared with its radius. Elliptic reference orbits need other solutions (e.g. Yamanaka–Ankersen).
+ * - The $ -3nt $ terms grow without bound: a deputy slightly lower than the chief drifts ahead every orbit.
+ * - $ \Phi(0) $ is the identity, and $ \Phi(t_1 + t_2) = \Phi(t_2)\,\Phi(t_1) $.
+ * - Negative `t` propagates backwards.
+ *
+ * :::
+ *
+ * @param n - Mean motion of the circular reference orbit $ n $ in **rad/s** (finite, > 0).
+ * @param t - Time since the initial state $ t $ in **s** (finite).
+ * @returns The four 3×3 blocks of $ \Phi(t) $.
+ * @throws {TypeError} If any input is not a finite number.
+ * @throws {RangeError} If `n <= 0`.
+ * @group Orbits
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * // ISS-like orbit: n ≈ 0.00113 rad/s, a quarter of an orbit later
+ * const { rr, rv } = cwStateTransition(0.00113, (Math.PI / 2) / 0.00113);
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link cwPropagate}
+ * @see {@link cwTwoImpulseTransfer}
+ * @see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clohessy%E2%80%93Wiltshire_equations Clohessy–Wiltshire equations
+ */
+export declare const cwStateTransition: (n: number, t: number) => CwStateTransitionInterface;
+//# sourceMappingURL=cw-state-transition.d.ts.map

package/dist/categories/orbits/cw-state-transition.d.ts.map

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package/dist/categories/orbits/cw-state-transition.js

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+/**
+ * Compute the **Clohessy–Wiltshire state transition matrix**: the closed-form solution of the CW / Hill equations.
+ *
+ * With $ s = \sin nt $ and $ c = \cos nt $, in the LVLH frame of {@link cwHillDerivatives}
+ * ($ x $ radial, $ y $ along-track, $ z $ cross-track):
+ *
+ * $$
+ * \Phi_{rr} = \begin{bmatrix} 4 - 3c & 0 & 0 \\ 6(s - nt) & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & c \end{bmatrix}, \quad
+ * \Phi_{rv} = \frac{1}{n}\begin{bmatrix} s & 2(1 - c) & 0 \\ -2(1 - c) & 4s - 3nt & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & s \end{bmatrix}
+ * $$
+ *
+ * $$
+ * \Phi_{vr} = \begin{bmatrix} 3ns & 0 & 0 \\ 6n(c - 1) & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & -ns \end{bmatrix}, \quad
+ * \Phi_{vv} = \begin{bmatrix} c & 2s & 0 \\ -2s & 4c - 3 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & c \end{bmatrix}
+ * $$
+ *
+ * **Units**
+ * - Inputs: `n` in **rad/s**, `t` in **s**.
+ * - Output: dimensionless blocks, except $ \Phi_{rv} $ in **s** and $ \Phi_{vr} $ in **1/s**.
+ *
+ * ::: info Notes
+ *
+ * - Valid near a **circular** reference orbit, for separations small compared with its radius. Elliptic reference orbits need other solutions (e.g. Yamanaka–Ankersen).
+ * - The $ -3nt $ terms grow without bound: a deputy slightly lower than the chief drifts ahead every orbit.
+ * - $ \Phi(0) $ is the identity, and $ \Phi(t_1 + t_2) = \Phi(t_2)\,\Phi(t_1) $.
+ * - Negative `t` propagates backwards.
+ *
+ * :::
+ *
+ * @param n - Mean motion of the circular reference orbit $ n $ in **rad/s** (finite, > 0).
+ * @param t - Time since the initial state $ t $ in **s** (finite).
+ * @returns The four 3×3 blocks of $ \Phi(t) $.
+ * @throws {TypeError} If any input is not a finite number.
+ * @throws {RangeError} If `n <= 0`.
+ * @group Orbits
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * // ISS-like orbit: n ≈ 0.00113 rad/s, a quarter of an orbit later
+ * const { rr, rv } = cwStateTransition(0.00113, (Math.PI / 2) / 0.00113);
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link cwPropagate}
+ * @see {@link cwTwoImpulseTransfer}
+ * @see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clohessy%E2%80%93Wiltshire_equations Clohessy–Wiltshire equations
+ */
+export const cwStateTransition = (n, t) => {
+    for (const [name, x] of [
+        ['n', n],
+        ['t', t]
+    ]) {
+        if (!Number.isFinite(x))
+            throw new TypeError(`${name} must be a finite number. Received: ${x}`);
+    }
+    if (n <= 0)
+        throw new RangeError(`n must be > 0. Received: ${n}`);
+    const nt = n * t;
+    const s = Math.sin(nt);
+    const c = Math.cos(nt);
+    return {
+        rr: [
+            [4 - 3 * c, 0, 0],
+            [6 * (s - nt), 1, 0],
+            [0, 0, c]
+        ],
+        rv: [
+            [s / n, (2 * (1 - c)) / n, 0],
+            [(-2 * (1 - c)) / n, (4 * s - 3 * nt) / n, 0],
+            [0, 0, s / n]
+        ],
+        vr: [
+            [3 * n * s, 0, 0],
+            [6 * n * (c - 1), 0, 0],
+            [0, 0, -n * s]
+        ],
+        vv: [
+            [c, 2 * s, 0],
+            [-2 * s, 4 * c - 3, 0],
+            [0, 0, c]
+        ]
+    };
+};
+//# sourceMappingURL=cw-state-transition.js.map

package/dist/categories/orbits/cw-state-transition.js.map

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package/dist/categories/orbits/synodic-period.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+/**
+ * Compute the **synodic period** of two bodies on circular orbits: the time between two alignments.
+ *
+ * $$
+ * T_\text{syn} = \frac{2\pi}{\lvert n_1 - n_2 \rvert}
+ * $$
+ *
+ * Where:
+ * - $ n_1 $, $ n_2 $ are the two mean motions (rad/s)
+ *
+ * **Units**
+ * - Inputs: `n1`, `n2` in **rad/s**.
+ * - Output: $ T_\text{syn} $ in **s**.
+ *
+ * ::: info Notes
+ *
+ * - The faster body gains $ 2\pi $ on the slower one every synodic period.
+ * - The closer the two orbits, the longer it takes: a chaser that's slightly lower gains only a little each orbit.
+ * - For planets, the same formula gives the time between launch windows, e.g. about 26 months for Earth and Mars.
+ *
+ * :::
+ *
+ * ::: practice Apollo 11, after lunar liftoff
+ *
+ * **41.8 h**
+ *
+ * _The LM in its 9.4 × 48.0 n mi orbit against the CSM in 56 × 62 n mi_
+ *
+ * The LM gained only about 16° on the CSM each orbit, so it had to lift off at the right moment: the whole rendezvous took 3 h 41 min.
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * const nLM = meanMotion(1_790_552, 4.902800118e12);
+ * const nCSM = meanMotion(1_846_668, 4.902800118e12);
+ * synodicPeriod(nLM, nCSM) / 3600; // ≈ 41.8 h
+ * ```
+ *
+ * :::
+ *
+ * @param n1 - Mean motion of the first body in **rad/s** (finite, > 0).
+ * @param n2 - Mean motion of the second body in **rad/s** (finite, > 0, not equal to `n1`).
+ * @returns Synodic period in **s**.
+ * @throws {TypeError} If any input is not a finite number.
+ * @throws {RangeError} If `n1 <= 0`, `n2 <= 0`, or `n1 = n2` (the bodies never realign).
+ * @group Orbits
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * // Earth and Mars, from their periods in days
+ * const day = 86_400;
+ * const t = synodicPeriod((2 * Math.PI) / (365.256 * day), (2 * Math.PI) / (686.98 * day));
+ * // t / day ≈ 780 days
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link phasingWaitTime}
+ * @see {@link meanMotion}
+ * @see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_period#Synodic_period Synodic period
+ */
+export declare const synodicPeriod: (n1: number, n2: number) => number;
+//# sourceMappingURL=synodic-period.d.ts.map

package/dist/categories/orbits/synodic-period.d.ts.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"version":3,"file":"synodic-period.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../../../src/categories/orbits/synodic-period.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAAA;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;GAwDG;AACH,eAAO,MAAM,aAAa,GAAI,IAAI,MAAM,EAAE,IAAI,MAAM,KAAG,MAiBtD,CAAC"}

package/dist/categories/orbits/synodic-period.js

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+/**
+ * Compute the **synodic period** of two bodies on circular orbits: the time between two alignments.
+ *
+ * $$
+ * T_\text{syn} = \frac{2\pi}{\lvert n_1 - n_2 \rvert}
+ * $$
+ *
+ * Where:
+ * - $ n_1 $, $ n_2 $ are the two mean motions (rad/s)
+ *
+ * **Units**
+ * - Inputs: `n1`, `n2` in **rad/s**.
+ * - Output: $ T_\text{syn} $ in **s**.
+ *
+ * ::: info Notes
+ *
+ * - The faster body gains $ 2\pi $ on the slower one every synodic period.
+ * - The closer the two orbits, the longer it takes: a chaser that's slightly lower gains only a little each orbit.
+ * - For planets, the same formula gives the time between launch windows, e.g. about 26 months for Earth and Mars.
+ *
+ * :::
+ *
+ * ::: practice Apollo 11, after lunar liftoff
+ *
+ * **41.8 h**
+ *
+ * _The LM in its 9.4 × 48.0 n mi orbit against the CSM in 56 × 62 n mi_
+ *
+ * The LM gained only about 16° on the CSM each orbit, so it had to lift off at the right moment: the whole rendezvous took 3 h 41 min.
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * const nLM = meanMotion(1_790_552, 4.902800118e12);
+ * const nCSM = meanMotion(1_846_668, 4.902800118e12);
+ * synodicPeriod(nLM, nCSM) / 3600; // ≈ 41.8 h
+ * ```
+ *
+ * :::
+ *
+ * @param n1 - Mean motion of the first body in **rad/s** (finite, > 0).
+ * @param n2 - Mean motion of the second body in **rad/s** (finite, > 0, not equal to `n1`).
+ * @returns Synodic period in **s**.
+ * @throws {TypeError} If any input is not a finite number.
+ * @throws {RangeError} If `n1 <= 0`, `n2 <= 0`, or `n1 = n2` (the bodies never realign).
+ * @group Orbits
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * // Earth and Mars, from their periods in days
+ * const day = 86_400;
+ * const t = synodicPeriod((2 * Math.PI) / (365.256 * day), (2 * Math.PI) / (686.98 * day));
+ * // t / day ≈ 780 days
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link phasingWaitTime}
+ * @see {@link meanMotion}
+ * @see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_period#Synodic_period Synodic period
+ */
+export const synodicPeriod = (n1, n2) => {
+    for (const [name, x] of [
+        ['n1', n1],
+        ['n2', n2]
+    ]) {
+        if (!Number.isFinite(x))
+            throw new TypeError(`${name} must be a finite number. Received: ${x}`);
+        if (x <= 0)
+            throw new RangeError(`${name} must be > 0. Received: ${x}`);
+    }
+    if (n1 === n2)
+        throw new RangeError(`n1 and n2 must differ: equal mean motions never realign. Received: ${n1}`);
+    return (2 * Math.PI) / Math.abs(n1 - n2);
+};
+//# sourceMappingURL=synodic-period.js.map

package/dist/categories/orbits/synodic-period.js.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"version":3,"file":"synodic-period.js","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../../../src/categories/orbits/synodic-period.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAAA;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;GAwDG;AACH,MAAM,CAAC,MAAM,aAAa,GAAG,CAAC,EAAU,EAAE,EAAU,EAAU,EAAE;IAC9D,KAAK,MAAM,CAAC,IAAI,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC,IAAI;QACtB,CAAC,IAAI,EAAE,EAAE,CAAC;QACV,CAAC,IAAI,EAAE,EAAE,CAAC;KACF,EAAE,CAAC;QACX,IAAI,CAAC,MAAM,CAAC,QAAQ,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC;YACrB,MAAM,IAAI,SAAS,CAAC,GAAG,IAAI,uCAAuC,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC;QAEzE,IAAI,CAAC,IAAI,CAAC;YAAE,MAAM,IAAI,UAAU,CAAC,GAAG,IAAI,2BAA2B,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC;IAC1E,CAAC;IAED,IAAI,EAAE,KAAK,EAAE;QACX,MAAM,IAAI,UAAU,CAClB,sEAAsE,EAAE,EAAE,CAC3E,CAAC;IAEJ,OAAO,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,IAAI,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,GAAG,IAAI,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC;AAC3C,CAAC,CAAC"}

package/dist/index.d.ts

@@ -41,6 +41,8 @@ export * from './categories/orbits/atmospheric-drag-acceleration.js';
 export * from './categories/orbits/characteristic-energy-c3.js';
 export * from './categories/orbits/circular-speed.js';
 export * from './categories/orbits/cw-hill-derivatives.js';
+export * from './categories/orbits/cw-propagate.js';
+export * from './categories/orbits/cw-state-transition.js';
 export * from './categories/orbits/elements-to-state.js';
 export * from './categories/orbits/escape-speed.js';
 export * from './categories/orbits/flight-path-angle-from-true-anomaly.js';
@@ -62,15 +64,18 @@ export * from './categories/orbits/specific-mechanical-energy.js';
 export * from './categories/orbits/sphere-of-influence-radius.js';
 export * from './categories/orbits/state-to-elements.js';
 export * from './categories/orbits/surface-rotation-speed.js';
+export * from './categories/orbits/synodic-period.js';
 export * from './categories/orbits/vis-viva-speed.js';
 export * from './categories/manoeuvres/burn-time.js';
 export * from './categories/manoeuvres/combine-burns-delta-v.js';
+export * from './categories/manoeuvres/cw-two-impulse-transfer.js';
 export * from './categories/manoeuvres/gravity-assist-turning-angle.js';
 export * from './categories/manoeuvres/gravity-loss.js';
 export * from './categories/manoeuvres/hohmann-transfer.js';
 export * from './categories/manoeuvres/initial-mass-for-delta-v.js';
 export * from './categories/manoeuvres/mass-flow-rate.js';
 export * from './categories/manoeuvres/oberth-energy-gain.js';
+export * from './categories/manoeuvres/phasing-wait-time.js';
 export * from './categories/manoeuvres/plane-change-delta-v.js';
 export * from './categories/manoeuvres/rocket-delta-v-from-isp.js';
 export * from './categories/manoeuvres/rocket-delta-v-from-ve.js';

package/dist/index.d.ts.map

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package/dist/index.js

@@ -48,6 +48,8 @@ export * from './categories/orbits/atmospheric-drag-acceleration.js';
 export * from './categories/orbits/characteristic-energy-c3.js';
 export * from './categories/orbits/circular-speed.js';
 export * from './categories/orbits/cw-hill-derivatives.js';
+export * from './categories/orbits/cw-propagate.js';
+export * from './categories/orbits/cw-state-transition.js';
 export * from './categories/orbits/elements-to-state.js';
 export * from './categories/orbits/escape-speed.js';
 export * from './categories/orbits/flight-path-angle-from-true-anomaly.js';
@@ -69,16 +71,19 @@ export * from './categories/orbits/specific-mechanical-energy.js';
 export * from './categories/orbits/sphere-of-influence-radius.js';
 export * from './categories/orbits/state-to-elements.js';
 export * from './categories/orbits/surface-rotation-speed.js';
+export * from './categories/orbits/synodic-period.js';
 export * from './categories/orbits/vis-viva-speed.js';
 // categories/manoeuvres
 export * from './categories/manoeuvres/burn-time.js';
 export * from './categories/manoeuvres/combine-burns-delta-v.js';
+export * from './categories/manoeuvres/cw-two-impulse-transfer.js';
 export * from './categories/manoeuvres/gravity-assist-turning-angle.js';
 export * from './categories/manoeuvres/gravity-loss.js';
 export * from './categories/manoeuvres/hohmann-transfer.js';
 export * from './categories/manoeuvres/initial-mass-for-delta-v.js';
 export * from './categories/manoeuvres/mass-flow-rate.js';
 export * from './categories/manoeuvres/oberth-energy-gain.js';
+export * from './categories/manoeuvres/phasing-wait-time.js';
 export * from './categories/manoeuvres/plane-change-delta-v.js';
 export * from './categories/manoeuvres/rocket-delta-v-from-isp.js';
 export * from './categories/manoeuvres/rocket-delta-v-from-ve.js';

package/dist/index.js.map

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package/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@interstellar-tools/equations",
-  "version": "1.2.0",
+  "version": "1.3.0",
   "description": "Curated, well-tested orbital mechanics and dynamics formulas (e.g., Newtonian gravity, vis-viva, Kepler's 3rd law, escape/circular speeds, specific energy, specific angular momentum, peri/apoapsis radii).",
   "keywords": [
     "interstellar",