@interstellar-tools/equations 0.64.2 → 1.1.0

package/dist/categories/helpers/misc.d.ts

@@ -69,6 +69,24 @@ export declare const sub: (a: Vector3DTupleType, b: Vector3DTupleType) => Vector
  * ```
  */
 export declare const dot: (a: Vector3DTupleType, b: Vector3DTupleType) => number;
+/**
+ * Compute the **cross product** of two 3D vectors.
+ *
+ * $$
+ * \mathbf{a}\times\mathbf{b} = \begin{pmatrix} a_y b_z - a_z b_y \\ a_z b_x - a_x b_z \\ a_x b_y - a_y b_x \end{pmatrix}
+ * $$
+ *
+ * @param a - First vector.
+ * @param b - Second vector.
+ * @returns Cross product, perpendicular to both (units: product of the input component units).
+ * @group Helpers
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * cross([1, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0]); // [0, 0, 1]
+ * ```
+ */
+export declare const cross: (a: Vector3DTupleType, b: Vector3DTupleType) => Vector3DTupleType;
 /**
  * Normalize an angle to the range **[0, 2π)**.
  *

package/dist/categories/helpers/misc.d.ts.map

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package/dist/categories/helpers/misc.js

@@ -77,6 +77,30 @@ export const sub = (a, b) => {
 export const dot = (a, b) => {
     return a[0] * b[0] + a[1] * b[1] + a[2] * b[2];
 };
+/**
+ * Compute the **cross product** of two 3D vectors.
+ *
+ * $$
+ * \mathbf{a}\times\mathbf{b} = \begin{pmatrix} a_y b_z - a_z b_y \\ a_z b_x - a_x b_z \\ a_x b_y - a_y b_x \end{pmatrix}
+ * $$
+ *
+ * @param a - First vector.
+ * @param b - Second vector.
+ * @returns Cross product, perpendicular to both (units: product of the input component units).
+ * @group Helpers
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * cross([1, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0]); // [0, 0, 1]
+ * ```
+ */
+export const cross = (a, b) => {
+    return [
+        a[1] * b[2] - a[2] * b[1],
+        a[2] * b[0] - a[0] * b[2],
+        a[0] * b[1] - a[1] * b[0]
+    ];
+};
 /**
  * Normalize an angle to the range **[0, 2π)**.
  *

package/dist/categories/helpers/misc.js.map

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package/dist/categories/manoeuvres/burn-time.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+/**
+ * Compute the **burn time** needed for a given delta-v, at constant thrust and mass flow.
+ *
+ * $$
+ * t_b = \frac{m_0 - m_f}{\dot m} = \frac{m_0\, I_{sp}\, g_0}{F}\left(1 - e^{-\Delta v/(I_{sp} g_0)}\right)
+ * $$
+ *
+ * Where:
+ * - $ m_0 $ is the mass at ignition (kg)
+ * - $ \Delta v $ is the delta-v of the burn (m/s)
+ * - $ F $ is the thrust (N)
+ * - $ I_{sp} $ is the specific impulse (s)
+ * - $ g_0 $ is standard gravity (m/s²)
+ *
+ * **Units**
+ * - Inputs: `m0` in **kg**, `dv` in **m/s**, `F` in **N**, `Isp` in **s**, `g0` in **m/s²**.
+ * - Output: $ t_b $ in **s**.
+ *
+ * ::: info Notes
+ *
+ * - The propellant used, $ m_0 - m_f $, comes from the rocket equation; the burn time is that mass divided by the {@link massFlowRate}.
+ * - Assumes constant thrust and specific impulse. A throttled engine, like Apollo's descent engine, needs the burn split into steps.
+ * - `dv = 0` gives a burn time of 0.
+ *
+ * :::
+ *
+ * ::: practice Apollo 11's lunar module, leaving the Moon
+ *
+ * **439 s**
+ *
+ * _Ascent stage, 4 888 kg, for 1 850.2 m/s_
+ *
+ * The flown burn took 434.9 s, 1% less: the thrust and specific impulse used here are the pre-flight predictions.
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * burnTime(4888, 1850.2, 15_409, 309); // ≈ 439.3 s
+ * ```
+ *
+ * :::
+ *
+ * @param m0 - Mass at ignition $ m_0 $ in **kg** (finite, > 0).
+ * @param dv - Delta-v of the burn $ \Delta v $ in **m/s** (finite, >= 0).
+ * @param F - Thrust $ F $ in **N** (finite, > 0).
+ * @param Isp - Specific impulse $ I_{sp} $ in **seconds** (finite, > 0).
+ * @param g0 - Standard gravity $ g_0 $ in **m/s²** (finite, > 0). Defaults to `9.80665`.
+ * @returns Burn time $ t_b $ in **s**.
+ * @throws {TypeError} If any input is not a finite number.
+ * @throws {RangeError} If `m0 <= 0`, `dv < 0`, `F <= 0`, `Isp <= 0` or `g0 <= 0`.
+ * @group Manoeuvres
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * // A 1200 kg spacecraft, 500 m/s with a 400 N engine at Isp = 320 s
+ * const t = burnTime(1200, 500, 400, 320);
+ * // t ≈ 1200 * 3138.1 / 400 * (1 - e^(-500/3138.1)) ≈ 1387 s
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link massFlowRate}
+ * @see {@link rocketDeltaVFromIsp}
+ * @see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsiolkovsky_rocket_equation Tsiolkovsky rocket equation
+ */
+export declare const burnTime: (m0: number, dv: number, F: number, Isp: number, g0?: number) => number;
+//# sourceMappingURL=burn-time.d.ts.map

package/dist/categories/manoeuvres/burn-time.d.ts.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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package/dist/categories/manoeuvres/burn-time.js

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+/**
+ * Compute the **burn time** needed for a given delta-v, at constant thrust and mass flow.
+ *
+ * $$
+ * t_b = \frac{m_0 - m_f}{\dot m} = \frac{m_0\, I_{sp}\, g_0}{F}\left(1 - e^{-\Delta v/(I_{sp} g_0)}\right)
+ * $$
+ *
+ * Where:
+ * - $ m_0 $ is the mass at ignition (kg)
+ * - $ \Delta v $ is the delta-v of the burn (m/s)
+ * - $ F $ is the thrust (N)
+ * - $ I_{sp} $ is the specific impulse (s)
+ * - $ g_0 $ is standard gravity (m/s²)
+ *
+ * **Units**
+ * - Inputs: `m0` in **kg**, `dv` in **m/s**, `F` in **N**, `Isp` in **s**, `g0` in **m/s²**.
+ * - Output: $ t_b $ in **s**.
+ *
+ * ::: info Notes
+ *
+ * - The propellant used, $ m_0 - m_f $, comes from the rocket equation; the burn time is that mass divided by the {@link massFlowRate}.
+ * - Assumes constant thrust and specific impulse. A throttled engine, like Apollo's descent engine, needs the burn split into steps.
+ * - `dv = 0` gives a burn time of 0.
+ *
+ * :::
+ *
+ * ::: practice Apollo 11's lunar module, leaving the Moon
+ *
+ * **439 s**
+ *
+ * _Ascent stage, 4 888 kg, for 1 850.2 m/s_
+ *
+ * The flown burn took 434.9 s, 1% less: the thrust and specific impulse used here are the pre-flight predictions.
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * burnTime(4888, 1850.2, 15_409, 309); // ≈ 439.3 s
+ * ```
+ *
+ * :::
+ *
+ * @param m0 - Mass at ignition $ m_0 $ in **kg** (finite, > 0).
+ * @param dv - Delta-v of the burn $ \Delta v $ in **m/s** (finite, >= 0).
+ * @param F - Thrust $ F $ in **N** (finite, > 0).
+ * @param Isp - Specific impulse $ I_{sp} $ in **seconds** (finite, > 0).
+ * @param g0 - Standard gravity $ g_0 $ in **m/s²** (finite, > 0). Defaults to `9.80665`.
+ * @returns Burn time $ t_b $ in **s**.
+ * @throws {TypeError} If any input is not a finite number.
+ * @throws {RangeError} If `m0 <= 0`, `dv < 0`, `F <= 0`, `Isp <= 0` or `g0 <= 0`.
+ * @group Manoeuvres
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * // A 1200 kg spacecraft, 500 m/s with a 400 N engine at Isp = 320 s
+ * const t = burnTime(1200, 500, 400, 320);
+ * // t ≈ 1200 * 3138.1 / 400 * (1 - e^(-500/3138.1)) ≈ 1387 s
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link massFlowRate}
+ * @see {@link rocketDeltaVFromIsp}
+ * @see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsiolkovsky_rocket_equation Tsiolkovsky rocket equation
+ */
+export const burnTime = (m0, dv, F, Isp, g0 = 9.80665) => {
+    for (const [name, v] of [
+        ['m0', m0],
+        ['dv', dv],
+        ['F', F],
+        ['Isp', Isp],
+        ['g0', g0]
+    ]) {
+        if (!Number.isFinite(v))
+            throw new TypeError(`${name} must be a finite number. Received: ${v}`);
+    }
+    if (m0 <= 0)
+        throw new RangeError(`m0 must be > 0. Received: ${m0}`);
+    if (dv < 0)
+        throw new RangeError(`dv must be >= 0. Received: ${dv}`);
+    if (F <= 0)
+        throw new RangeError(`F must be > 0. Received: ${F}`);
+    if (Isp <= 0)
+        throw new RangeError(`Isp must be > 0. Received: ${Isp}`);
+    if (g0 <= 0)
+        throw new RangeError(`g0 must be > 0. Received: ${g0}`);
+    const ve = Isp * g0;
+    // -expm1(-x) = 1 - e^(-x), accurate for small burns
+    return ((m0 * ve) / F) * -Math.expm1(-dv / ve);
+};
+//# sourceMappingURL=burn-time.js.map

package/dist/categories/manoeuvres/burn-time.js.map

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package/dist/categories/manoeuvres/gravity-loss.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+import type { Radians } from '@interstellar-tools/types';
+/**
+ * Compute the **gravity loss** of a burn from samples of gravity and flight-path angle.
+ *
+ * $$
+ * \Delta v_g = \int_0^{t_b} g \sin\gamma \, dt
+ * $$
+ *
+ * integrated with the trapezoidal rule over equally spaced samples.
+ *
+ * Where:
+ * - $ g $ is the local gravitational acceleration (m/s²)
+ * - $ \gamma $ is the flight-path angle above the local horizontal (rad)
+ * - $ t_b $ is the burn time (s)
+ *
+ * **Units**
+ * - Inputs: `g` in **m/s²**, `gamma` in **radians**, `dt` in **s**.
+ * - Output: $ \Delta v_g $ in **m/s**.
+ *
+ * ::: info Notes
+ *
+ * - Thrust spent holding a rocket up against gravity doesn't speed it up. The loss is largest for a vertical climb ($ \gamma = 90° $) and zero for a horizontal burn ($ \gamma = 0 $).
+ * - The delta-v a rocket must carry is its orbital delta-v plus its gravity, drag and steering losses.
+ * - Pass `g` as one number when it's constant over the burn, or as samples matching `gamma`.
+ *
+ * :::
+ *
+ * @param g - Gravitational acceleration in **m/s²**: one value, or one sample per entry of `gamma` (finite, >= 0).
+ * @param gamma - Flight-path angles $ \gamma $ in **radians**, sampled every `dt` seconds (at least 2 samples, each finite).
+ * @param dt - Time between samples in **s** (finite, > 0).
+ * @returns Gravity loss $ \Delta v_g $ in **m/s**. Negative when the vehicle is mostly descending.
+ * @throws {TypeError} If any input is not a finite number, or `g` and `gamma` have different lengths.
+ * @throws {RangeError} If `gamma` has fewer than 2 samples, `dt <= 0` or any `g < 0`.
+ * @group Manoeuvres
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import type { Radians } from '@interstellar-tools/types';
+ *
+ * // A 10 s vertical climb in constant Earth gravity
+ * const vertical = Array.from({ length: 11 }, () => (Math.PI / 2) as Radians);
+ * gravityLoss(9.80665, vertical, 1); // ≈ 98.07 m/s
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_drag Gravity drag
+ */
+export declare const gravityLoss: (g: number | readonly number[], gamma: readonly Radians[], dt: number) => number;
+//# sourceMappingURL=gravity-loss.d.ts.map

package/dist/categories/manoeuvres/gravity-loss.d.ts.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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package/dist/categories/manoeuvres/gravity-loss.js

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+/**
+ * Compute the **gravity loss** of a burn from samples of gravity and flight-path angle.
+ *
+ * $$
+ * \Delta v_g = \int_0^{t_b} g \sin\gamma \, dt
+ * $$
+ *
+ * integrated with the trapezoidal rule over equally spaced samples.
+ *
+ * Where:
+ * - $ g $ is the local gravitational acceleration (m/s²)
+ * - $ \gamma $ is the flight-path angle above the local horizontal (rad)
+ * - $ t_b $ is the burn time (s)
+ *
+ * **Units**
+ * - Inputs: `g` in **m/s²**, `gamma` in **radians**, `dt` in **s**.
+ * - Output: $ \Delta v_g $ in **m/s**.
+ *
+ * ::: info Notes
+ *
+ * - Thrust spent holding a rocket up against gravity doesn't speed it up. The loss is largest for a vertical climb ($ \gamma = 90° $) and zero for a horizontal burn ($ \gamma = 0 $).
+ * - The delta-v a rocket must carry is its orbital delta-v plus its gravity, drag and steering losses.
+ * - Pass `g` as one number when it's constant over the burn, or as samples matching `gamma`.
+ *
+ * :::
+ *
+ * @param g - Gravitational acceleration in **m/s²**: one value, or one sample per entry of `gamma` (finite, >= 0).
+ * @param gamma - Flight-path angles $ \gamma $ in **radians**, sampled every `dt` seconds (at least 2 samples, each finite).
+ * @param dt - Time between samples in **s** (finite, > 0).
+ * @returns Gravity loss $ \Delta v_g $ in **m/s**. Negative when the vehicle is mostly descending.
+ * @throws {TypeError} If any input is not a finite number, or `g` and `gamma` have different lengths.
+ * @throws {RangeError} If `gamma` has fewer than 2 samples, `dt <= 0` or any `g < 0`.
+ * @group Manoeuvres
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import type { Radians } from '@interstellar-tools/types';
+ *
+ * // A 10 s vertical climb in constant Earth gravity
+ * const vertical = Array.from({ length: 11 }, () => (Math.PI / 2) as Radians);
+ * gravityLoss(9.80665, vertical, 1); // ≈ 98.07 m/s
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_drag Gravity drag
+ */
+export const gravityLoss = (g, gamma, dt) => {
+    if (!Number.isFinite(dt))
+        throw new TypeError(`dt must be a finite number. Received: ${dt}`);
+    if (dt <= 0)
+        throw new RangeError(`dt must be > 0. Received: ${dt}`);
+    if (gamma.length < 2)
+        throw new RangeError(`gamma must have at least 2 samples. Received: ${gamma.length}`);
+    if (typeof g !== 'number' && g.length !== gamma.length)
+        throw new TypeError(`g must be a number or have one sample per gamma. Received: ${g.length} for ${gamma.length}`);
+    const at = (i) => {
+        const gi = typeof g === 'number' ? g : g[i];
+        if (!Number.isFinite(gi))
+            throw new TypeError(`g must be finite. Received: ${gi} at ${i}`);
+        if (gi < 0)
+            throw new RangeError(`g must be >= 0. Received: ${gi} at ${i}`);
+        if (!Number.isFinite(gamma[i]))
+            throw new TypeError(`gamma must be finite. Received: ${gamma[i]} at ${i}`);
+        return gi * Math.sin(gamma[i]);
+    };
+    let loss = 0;
+    let previous = at(0);
+    for (let i = 1; i < gamma.length; i++) {
+        const current = at(i);
+        loss += ((previous + current) / 2) * dt;
+        previous = current;
+    }
+    return loss;
+};
+//# sourceMappingURL=gravity-loss.js.map

package/dist/categories/manoeuvres/gravity-loss.js.map

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package/dist/categories/manoeuvres/initial-mass-for-delta-v.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+/**
+ * Compute the **mass needed at ignition** to give a final mass a delta-v: the rocket equation solved for $ m_0 $.
+ *
+ * $$
+ * m_0 = m_f\, e^{\Delta v/(I_{sp}\, g_0)}
+ * $$
+ *
+ * Where:
+ * - $ m_f $ is the mass left after the burn (kg)
+ * - $ \Delta v $ is the delta-v of the burn (m/s)
+ * - $ I_{sp} $ is the specific impulse (s)
+ * - $ g_0 $ is standard gravity (m/s²)
+ *
+ * **Units**
+ * - Inputs: `mf` in **kg**, `dv` in **m/s**, `Isp` in **s**, `g0` in **m/s²**.
+ * - Output: $ m_0 $ in **kg**.
+ *
+ * ::: info Notes
+ *
+ * - The factor $ e^{\Delta v/(I_{sp} g_0)} $ is the price of the burn: every kilogram left after it costs that many kilograms before it.
+ * - For a sequence of burns, work backwards from the last one: each burn's $ m_0 $ is the previous burn's $ m_f $.
+ * - This is the ideal rocket equation: the result counts propellant, not the tanks and engines that hold and burn it.
+ *
+ * :::
+ *
+ * ::: practice Apollo 11's lunar module, before landing
+ *
+ * **9 905 kg**
+ *
+ * _To land with a 4 888 kg ascent stage, for 2 112.3 m/s at 305 s_
+ *
+ * The real lunar module weighed 15 279 kg at undocking: the rest is the descent stage's own structure, engine and legs.
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * initialMassForDeltaV(4888, 2112.3, 305); // ≈ 9905 kg
+ * ```
+ *
+ * :::
+ *
+ * @param mf - Mass after the burn $ m_f $ in **kg** (finite, > 0).
+ * @param dv - Delta-v of the burn $ \Delta v $ in **m/s** (finite, >= 0).
+ * @param Isp - Specific impulse $ I_{sp} $ in **seconds** (finite, > 0).
+ * @param g0 - Standard gravity $ g_0 $ in **m/s²** (finite, > 0). Defaults to `9.80665`.
+ * @returns Mass at ignition $ m_0 $ in **kg**.
+ * @throws {TypeError} If any input is not a finite number.
+ * @throws {RangeError} If `mf <= 0`, `dv < 0`, `Isp <= 0` or `g0 <= 0`.
+ * @group Manoeuvres
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * // 800 kg left after a 1270 m/s burn at Isp = 320 s
+ * const m0 = initialMassForDeltaV(800, 1270, 320);
+ * // m0 ≈ 800 * e^(1270 / 3138.1) ≈ 1200 kg
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link rocketDeltaVFromIsp}
+ * @see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsiolkovsky_rocket_equation Tsiolkovsky rocket equation
+ */
+export declare const initialMassForDeltaV: (mf: number, dv: number, Isp: number, g0?: number) => number;
+//# sourceMappingURL=initial-mass-for-delta-v.d.ts.map

package/dist/categories/manoeuvres/initial-mass-for-delta-v.d.ts.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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package/dist/categories/manoeuvres/initial-mass-for-delta-v.js

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+/**
+ * Compute the **mass needed at ignition** to give a final mass a delta-v: the rocket equation solved for $ m_0 $.
+ *
+ * $$
+ * m_0 = m_f\, e^{\Delta v/(I_{sp}\, g_0)}
+ * $$
+ *
+ * Where:
+ * - $ m_f $ is the mass left after the burn (kg)
+ * - $ \Delta v $ is the delta-v of the burn (m/s)
+ * - $ I_{sp} $ is the specific impulse (s)
+ * - $ g_0 $ is standard gravity (m/s²)
+ *
+ * **Units**
+ * - Inputs: `mf` in **kg**, `dv` in **m/s**, `Isp` in **s**, `g0` in **m/s²**.
+ * - Output: $ m_0 $ in **kg**.
+ *
+ * ::: info Notes
+ *
+ * - The factor $ e^{\Delta v/(I_{sp} g_0)} $ is the price of the burn: every kilogram left after it costs that many kilograms before it.
+ * - For a sequence of burns, work backwards from the last one: each burn's $ m_0 $ is the previous burn's $ m_f $.
+ * - This is the ideal rocket equation: the result counts propellant, not the tanks and engines that hold and burn it.
+ *
+ * :::
+ *
+ * ::: practice Apollo 11's lunar module, before landing
+ *
+ * **9 905 kg**
+ *
+ * _To land with a 4 888 kg ascent stage, for 2 112.3 m/s at 305 s_
+ *
+ * The real lunar module weighed 15 279 kg at undocking: the rest is the descent stage's own structure, engine and legs.
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * initialMassForDeltaV(4888, 2112.3, 305); // ≈ 9905 kg
+ * ```
+ *
+ * :::
+ *
+ * @param mf - Mass after the burn $ m_f $ in **kg** (finite, > 0).
+ * @param dv - Delta-v of the burn $ \Delta v $ in **m/s** (finite, >= 0).
+ * @param Isp - Specific impulse $ I_{sp} $ in **seconds** (finite, > 0).
+ * @param g0 - Standard gravity $ g_0 $ in **m/s²** (finite, > 0). Defaults to `9.80665`.
+ * @returns Mass at ignition $ m_0 $ in **kg**.
+ * @throws {TypeError} If any input is not a finite number.
+ * @throws {RangeError} If `mf <= 0`, `dv < 0`, `Isp <= 0` or `g0 <= 0`.
+ * @group Manoeuvres
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * // 800 kg left after a 1270 m/s burn at Isp = 320 s
+ * const m0 = initialMassForDeltaV(800, 1270, 320);
+ * // m0 ≈ 800 * e^(1270 / 3138.1) ≈ 1200 kg
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link rocketDeltaVFromIsp}
+ * @see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsiolkovsky_rocket_equation Tsiolkovsky rocket equation
+ */
+export const initialMassForDeltaV = (mf, dv, Isp, g0 = 9.80665) => {
+    for (const [name, v] of [
+        ['mf', mf],
+        ['dv', dv],
+        ['Isp', Isp],
+        ['g0', g0]
+    ]) {
+        if (!Number.isFinite(v))
+            throw new TypeError(`${name} must be a finite number. Received: ${v}`);
+    }
+    if (mf <= 0)
+        throw new RangeError(`mf must be > 0. Received: ${mf}`);
+    if (dv < 0)
+        throw new RangeError(`dv must be >= 0. Received: ${dv}`);
+    if (Isp <= 0)
+        throw new RangeError(`Isp must be > 0. Received: ${Isp}`);
+    if (g0 <= 0)
+        throw new RangeError(`g0 must be > 0. Received: ${g0}`);
+    return mf * Math.exp(dv / (Isp * g0));
+};
+//# sourceMappingURL=initial-mass-for-delta-v.js.map

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package/dist/categories/manoeuvres/mass-flow-rate.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+/**
+ * Compute the **mass flow rate** of a rocket engine from its thrust and specific impulse.
+ *
+ * $$
+ * \dot m = \frac{F}{I_{sp}\, g_0}
+ * $$
+ *
+ * Where:
+ * - $ F $ is the thrust (N)
+ * - $ I_{sp} $ is the specific impulse (s)
+ * - $ g_0 $ is standard gravity (m/s²)
+ *
+ * **Units**
+ * - Inputs: `F` in **N**, `Isp` in **s**, `g0` in **m/s²**.
+ * - Output: $ \dot m $ in **kg/s**.
+ *
+ * ::: info Notes
+ *
+ * - $ I_{sp}\, g_0 $ is the effective exhaust velocity $ v_e $, so this is $ F = \dot m\, v_e $ solved for $ \dot m $.
+ * - `g0` defaults to **9.80665 m/s²** (standard gravity). It converts the units of $ I_{sp} $; it is not the local gravity.
+ *
+ * :::
+ *
+ * ::: practice Apollo 11's lunar module, leaving the Moon
+ *
+ * **5.09 kg/s**
+ *
+ * _Ascent engine, 15 409 N at 309 s_
+ *
+ * The ascent stage burned about 5 kg of propellant a second for its 7-minute climb to lunar orbit.
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * massFlowRate(15_409, 309); // ≈ 5.085 kg/s
+ * ```
+ *
+ * :::
+ *
+ * @param F - Thrust $ F $ in **N** (finite, > 0).
+ * @param Isp - Specific impulse $ I_{sp} $ in **seconds** (finite, > 0).
+ * @param g0 - Standard gravity $ g_0 $ in **m/s²** (finite, > 0). Defaults to `9.80665`.
+ * @returns Mass flow rate $ \dot m $ in **kg/s**.
+ * @throws {TypeError} If any input is not a finite number.
+ * @throws {RangeError} If `F <= 0`, `Isp <= 0` or `g0 <= 0`.
+ * @group Manoeuvres
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * // A 1 kN thruster with Isp = 300 s
+ * const mDot = massFlowRate(1000, 300);
+ * // mDot ≈ 1000 / (300 * 9.80665) ≈ 0.340 kg/s
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link burnTime}
+ * @see {@link rocketThrust}
+ */
+export declare const massFlowRate: (F: number, Isp: number, g0?: number) => number;
+//# sourceMappingURL=mass-flow-rate.d.ts.map

package/dist/categories/manoeuvres/mass-flow-rate.d.ts.map

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package/dist/categories/manoeuvres/mass-flow-rate.js

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+/**
+ * Compute the **mass flow rate** of a rocket engine from its thrust and specific impulse.
+ *
+ * $$
+ * \dot m = \frac{F}{I_{sp}\, g_0}
+ * $$
+ *
+ * Where:
+ * - $ F $ is the thrust (N)
+ * - $ I_{sp} $ is the specific impulse (s)
+ * - $ g_0 $ is standard gravity (m/s²)
+ *
+ * **Units**
+ * - Inputs: `F` in **N**, `Isp` in **s**, `g0` in **m/s²**.
+ * - Output: $ \dot m $ in **kg/s**.
+ *
+ * ::: info Notes
+ *
+ * - $ I_{sp}\, g_0 $ is the effective exhaust velocity $ v_e $, so this is $ F = \dot m\, v_e $ solved for $ \dot m $.
+ * - `g0` defaults to **9.80665 m/s²** (standard gravity). It converts the units of $ I_{sp} $; it is not the local gravity.
+ *
+ * :::
+ *
+ * ::: practice Apollo 11's lunar module, leaving the Moon
+ *
+ * **5.09 kg/s**
+ *
+ * _Ascent engine, 15 409 N at 309 s_
+ *
+ * The ascent stage burned about 5 kg of propellant a second for its 7-minute climb to lunar orbit.
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * massFlowRate(15_409, 309); // ≈ 5.085 kg/s
+ * ```
+ *
+ * :::
+ *
+ * @param F - Thrust $ F $ in **N** (finite, > 0).
+ * @param Isp - Specific impulse $ I_{sp} $ in **seconds** (finite, > 0).
+ * @param g0 - Standard gravity $ g_0 $ in **m/s²** (finite, > 0). Defaults to `9.80665`.
+ * @returns Mass flow rate $ \dot m $ in **kg/s**.
+ * @throws {TypeError} If any input is not a finite number.
+ * @throws {RangeError} If `F <= 0`, `Isp <= 0` or `g0 <= 0`.
+ * @group Manoeuvres
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * // A 1 kN thruster with Isp = 300 s
+ * const mDot = massFlowRate(1000, 300);
+ * // mDot ≈ 1000 / (300 * 9.80665) ≈ 0.340 kg/s
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link burnTime}
+ * @see {@link rocketThrust}
+ */
+export const massFlowRate = (F, Isp, g0 = 9.80665) => {
+    for (const [name, v] of [
+        ['F', F],
+        ['Isp', Isp],
+        ['g0', g0]
+    ]) {
+        if (!Number.isFinite(v))
+            throw new TypeError(`${name} must be a finite number. Received: ${v}`);
+    }
+    if (F <= 0)
+        throw new RangeError(`F must be > 0. Received: ${F}`);
+    if (Isp <= 0)
+        throw new RangeError(`Isp must be > 0. Received: ${Isp}`);
+    if (g0 <= 0)
+        throw new RangeError(`g0 must be > 0. Received: ${g0}`);
+    return F / (Isp * g0);
+};
+//# sourceMappingURL=mass-flow-rate.js.map

package/dist/categories/manoeuvres/mass-flow-rate.js.map

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