@interstellar-tools/equations 0.10.0 → 0.12.0

package/dist/__tests__/combine-burns-delta-v.spec.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+export {};
+//# sourceMappingURL=combine-burns-delta-v.spec.d.ts.map

package/dist/__tests__/combine-burns-delta-v.spec.d.ts.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"version":3,"file":"combine-burns-delta-v.spec.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../../src/__tests__/combine-burns-delta-v.spec.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":""}

package/dist/__tests__/combine-burns-delta-v.spec.js

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import test, { describe } from 'node:test';
+import { combineBurnsDeltaV } from '../categories/manoeuvres/combine-burns-delta-v';
+import { absClose, toRad } from './helpers';
+const PI = Math.PI;
+const relClose = (a, b, rel = 1e-12, abs = 1e-12, msg) => {
+    const denom = Math.max(1, Math.abs(a), Math.abs(b));
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(a - b) <= Math.max(abs, rel * denom), msg);
+};
+describe('combineBurnsDeltaV', () => {
+    test('collinear same direction (Δθ=0): Δv = |v1 - v2|', () => {
+        const v1 = 3000;
+        const v2 = 800;
+        const dv = combineBurnsDeltaV(v1, v2, 0);
+        absClose(dv, Math.abs(v1 - v2));
+    });
+    test('collinear opposite (Δθ=π): Δv = v1 + v2', () => {
+        const v1 = 2500;
+        const v2 = 900;
+        const dv = combineBurnsDeltaV(v1, v2, PI);
+        absClose(dv, v1 + v2);
+    });
+    test('quadrature (Δθ=90°): Δv = sqrt(v1^2 + v2^2)', () => {
+        const v1 = 2100;
+        const v2 = 1400;
+        const dv = combineBurnsDeltaV(v1, v2, toRad(90));
+        absClose(dv, Math.hypot(v1, v2));
+    });
+    test('general case matches law of cosines', () => {
+        const cases = [
+            { v1: 1000, v2: 500, deg: 35 },
+            { v1: 2800, v2: 1200, deg: 60 },
+            { v1: 750, v2: 750, deg: 123 }
+        ];
+        for (const { v1, v2, deg } of cases) {
+            const th = toRad(deg);
+            const expected = Math.sqrt(v1 * v1 + v2 * v2 - 2 * v1 * v2 * Math.cos(th));
+            const dv = combineBurnsDeltaV(v1, v2, th);
+            relClose(dv, expected, 1e-12, 1e-12, `mismatch for v1=${v1}, v2=${v2}, Δθ=${deg}°`);
+        }
+    });
+    test('symmetry: swapping v1 and v2 gives same Δv', () => {
+        const v1 = 1900;
+        const v2 = 1300;
+        const th = toRad(47);
+        const a = combineBurnsDeltaV(v1, v2, th);
+        const b = combineBurnsDeltaV(v2, v1, th);
+        absClose(a, b);
+    });
+    test('zero burn in either vector returns the other magnitude (Δθ arbitrary)', () => {
+        const v = 1234;
+        const angles = [0, 0.4, 1.2, Math.PI];
+        for (const th of angles) {
+            absClose(combineBurnsDeltaV(0, v, th), v);
+            absClose(combineBurnsDeltaV(v, 0, th), v);
+        }
+    });
+    // ---------------- monotonic / bounds ----------------
+    test('for fixed v1 = v2 = v, Δv increases monotonically with Δθ on [0, π]', () => {
+        const v = 1500;
+        const seq = [0, 15, 30, 60, 90, 135, 180].map(toRad);
+        let last = -1;
+        for (const th of seq) {
+            const dv = combineBurnsDeltaV(v, v, th);
+            assert.ok(dv >= last - 1e-12, `not monotone at Δθ=${(th * 180) / PI}°`);
+            last = dv;
+        }
+    });
+    test('bounds: result in [|v1-v2|, v1+v2]', () => {
+        const v1 = 2600, v2 = 900;
+        for (const deg of [0, 20, 45, 100, 150, 180]) {
+            const dv = combineBurnsDeltaV(v1, v2, toRad(deg));
+            assert.ok(dv >= Math.abs(v1 - v2) - 1e-12, 'below lower bound');
+            assert.ok(dv <= v1 + v2 + 1e-12, 'above upper bound');
+        }
+    });
+    // ---------------- numerical guard ----------------
+    test('FP guard: tiny negative radicand clamps to 0 near Δθ=0 with equal burns', () => {
+        const v = 2000;
+        // angle so small that theoretical Δv ≈ 0; numerical should return ~0 (not throw)
+        const th = 1e-12;
+        const dv = combineBurnsDeltaV(v, v, th);
+        assert.ok(dv >= 0, 'Δv should be non-negative');
+        assert.ok(dv < 1e-6, `Δv should be ~0, got ${dv}`);
+    });
+    // ---------------- validation ----------------
+    test('TypeError on non-number inputs', () => {
+        assert.throws(() => combineBurnsDeltaV('1000', 200, 0), TypeError);
+        assert.throws(() => combineBurnsDeltaV(1000, '200', 0), TypeError);
+        assert.throws(() => combineBurnsDeltaV(1000, 200, '0'), TypeError);
+    });
+    test('RangeError on non-finite or out-of-domain values', () => {
+        assert.throws(() => combineBurnsDeltaV(NaN, 200, 0), RangeError);
+        assert.throws(() => combineBurnsDeltaV(1000, Infinity, 0), RangeError);
+        assert.throws(() => combineBurnsDeltaV(-1, 200, 0), RangeError);
+        assert.throws(() => combineBurnsDeltaV(1000, -1, 0), RangeError);
+        assert.throws(() => combineBurnsDeltaV(1000, 200, NaN), RangeError);
+        assert.throws(() => combineBurnsDeltaV(1000, 200, -1e-6), RangeError);
+        assert.throws(() => combineBurnsDeltaV(1000, 200, (PI + 1e-6)), RangeError);
+    });
+});
+//# sourceMappingURL=combine-burns-delta-v.spec.js.map

package/dist/__tests__/combine-burns-delta-v.spec.js.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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package/dist/__tests__/helpers/index.d.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Vector3DTupleType } from '@interstellar-tools/types';
+import { Radians, Vector3DTupleType } from '@interstellar-tools/types';
 export declare const relClose: (a: number | null, b: number, eps?: number, msg?: string) => void;
 export declare const vecRelClose: (a: Vector3DTupleType, b: Vector3DTupleType, eps?: number, msg?: string) => void;
 export declare const norm: (v: Vector3DTupleType) => number;
@@ -9,4 +9,5 @@ export declare const dot: (a: Vector3DTupleType, b: Vector3DTupleType) => number
 export declare const norm2pi: (x: number) => number;
 export declare const angleClose: (a: number, b: number, eps?: number) => void;
 export declare const residual: (E: number, e: number, M: number) => number;
+export declare const toRad: (deg: number) => Radians;
 //# sourceMappingURL=index.d.ts.map

package/dist/__tests__/helpers/index.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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package/dist/__tests__/helpers/index.js

@@ -41,4 +41,5 @@ export const residual = (E, e, M) => {
     const Mm = norm2pi(M);
     return E - e * Math.sin(E) - Mm;
 };
+export const toRad = (deg) => ((deg * Math.PI) / 180);
 //# sourceMappingURL=index.js.map

package/dist/__tests__/helpers/index.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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package/dist/__tests__/oberth-energy-gain.spec.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+export {};
+//# sourceMappingURL=oberth-energy-gain.spec.d.ts.map

package/dist/__tests__/oberth-energy-gain.spec.d.ts.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"version":3,"file":"oberth-energy-gain.spec.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../../src/__tests__/oberth-energy-gain.spec.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":""}

package/dist/__tests__/oberth-energy-gain.spec.js

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import test, { describe } from 'node:test';
+import { oberthEnergyGain } from '../categories/manoeuvres/oberth-energy-gain';
+import { absClose } from './helpers';
+const relClose = (a, b, rel = 1e-12, abs = 1e-12, msg) => {
+    const denom = Math.max(1, Math.abs(a), Math.abs(b));
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(a - b) <= Math.max(abs, rel * denom), msg);
+};
+describe('oberthEnergyGain', () => {
+    test('basic: Δε ≈ v·Δv', () => {
+        const v = 7800; // m/s (LEO-ish)
+        const dv = 100; // m/s
+        const dE = oberthEnergyGain(v, dv);
+        absClose(dE, v * dv);
+    });
+    test('zeros: dv=0 → 0; v=0 → 0', () => {
+        absClose(oberthEnergyGain(7500, 0), 0);
+        absClose(oberthEnergyGain(0, 25), 0);
+    });
+    test('scaling: scale v and dv by k ⇒ Δε scales by k^2', () => {
+        const v = 5000, dv = 20;
+        const k = 3.5;
+        const base = oberthEnergyGain(v, dv);
+        const scaled = oberthEnergyGain(k * v, k * dv);
+        relClose(scaled, k * k * base, 1e-12, 1e-12);
+    });
+    test('monotonicity: Δε increases with v for fixed dv', () => {
+        const dv = 15;
+        const values = [2000, 4000, 8000, 12000].map((v) => oberthEnergyGain(v, dv));
+        for (let i = 1; i < values.length; i++) {
+            assert.ok(values[i] > values[i - 1]);
+        }
+    });
+    test('monotonicity: Δε increases with dv for fixed v', () => {
+        const v = 9000;
+        const values = [1, 5, 25, 50, 100].map((dv) => oberthEnergyGain(v, dv));
+        for (let i = 1; i < values.length; i++) {
+            assert.ok(values[i] > values[i - 1]);
+        }
+    });
+    // ---------------- approximation sanity vs. exact small-impulse energy change ----------------
+    test('approximation check vs. exact Δε = v·Δv + 0.5·Δv² (prograde)', () => {
+        const v = 9000; // m/s
+        const dv = 10; // small impulse
+        const approx = oberthEnergyGain(v, dv);
+        const exact = v * dv + 0.5 * dv * dv; // neglecting gravity/curvature during the burn
+        // The approximation should be lower than exact by ~0.5*dv^2
+        absClose(exact - approx, 0.5 * dv * dv);
+    });
+    // ---------------- validation ----------------
+    test('TypeError on non-number inputs', () => {
+        assert.throws(() => oberthEnergyGain('7800', 50), TypeError);
+        assert.throws(() => oberthEnergyGain(7800, '50'), TypeError);
+    });
+    test('RangeError on non-finite/negative v or dv', () => {
+        assert.throws(() => oberthEnergyGain(NaN, 10), RangeError);
+        assert.throws(() => oberthEnergyGain(7500, NaN), RangeError);
+        assert.throws(() => oberthEnergyGain(Infinity, 10), RangeError);
+        assert.throws(() => oberthEnergyGain(7500, Infinity), RangeError);
+        assert.throws(() => oberthEnergyGain(-1, 10), RangeError);
+        assert.throws(() => oberthEnergyGain(7500, -0.1), RangeError);
+    });
+    // ---------------- large but finite values ----------------
+    test('handles large finite numbers without overflow', () => {
+        const v = 1e6; // m/s (synthetic test)
+        const dv = 1e3; // m/s
+        const dE = oberthEnergyGain(v, dv);
+        absClose(dE, v * dv);
+    });
+});
+//# sourceMappingURL=oberth-energy-gain.spec.js.map

package/dist/__tests__/oberth-energy-gain.spec.js.map

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package/dist/__tests__/plane-change-delta-v.spec.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+export {};
+//# sourceMappingURL=plane-change-delta-v.spec.d.ts.map

package/dist/__tests__/plane-change-delta-v.spec.d.ts.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"version":3,"file":"plane-change-delta-v.spec.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../../src/__tests__/plane-change-delta-v.spec.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":""}

package/dist/__tests__/plane-change-delta-v.spec.js

@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import test, { describe } from 'node:test';
+import { planeChangeDeltaV } from '../categories/manoeuvres/plane-change-delta-v';
+import { absClose, relClose, toRad } from './helpers';
+const PI = Math.PI;
+describe('planeChangeDeltaV', () => {
+    test('Δi = 0 → Δv = 0', () => {
+        const v = 7600; // m/s
+        const dv = planeChangeDeltaV(v, 0);
+        absClose(dv, 0);
+    });
+    test('Δi = π (180°) → Δv = 2v', () => {
+        const v = 7600;
+        const dv = planeChangeDeltaV(v, PI);
+        absClose(dv, 2 * v);
+    });
+    test('Δi = 90° → Δv = 2 v sin(45°) = √2 v', () => {
+        const v = 7600;
+        const dv = planeChangeDeltaV(v, toRad(90));
+        relClose(dv, Math.SQRT2 * v, 1e-12);
+    });
+    test('correctness for several angles (equality with formula)', () => {
+        const v = 7500;
+        const angles = [
+            toRad(5),
+            toRad(10),
+            toRad(30),
+            toRad(60),
+            toRad(120)
+        ];
+        for (const di of angles) {
+            const expected = 2 * v * Math.sin(di / 2);
+            const dv = planeChangeDeltaV(v, di);
+            absClose(dv, expected, 1e-12, `mismatch for Δi=${di}`);
+        }
+    });
+    test('monotonicity: Δv increases with Δi on [0, π]', () => {
+        const v = 8000;
+        const seq = [
+            toRad(0),
+            toRad(10),
+            toRad(30),
+            toRad(60),
+            toRad(120),
+            toRad(180)
+        ];
+        let last = -1;
+        for (const di of seq) {
+            const dv = planeChangeDeltaV(v, di);
+            assert.ok(dv >= last - 1e-12, `not monotone at Δi=${di}: ${dv} < ${last}`);
+            last = dv;
+        }
+    });
+    test('scales linearly with speed v', () => {
+        const di = toRad(25);
+        const v1 = 6000;
+        const v2 = 9000;
+        const dv1 = planeChangeDeltaV(v1, di);
+        const dv2 = planeChangeDeltaV(v2, di);
+        absClose(dv2 / dv1, v2 / v1, 1e-12);
+    });
+    test('input validation: TypeError for non-number v', () => {
+        assert.throws(() => planeChangeDeltaV('7600', toRad(10)), TypeError);
+    });
+    test('input validation: RangeError for v non-finite or negative', () => {
+        assert.throws(() => planeChangeDeltaV(NaN, toRad(10)), RangeError);
+        assert.throws(() => planeChangeDeltaV(Infinity, toRad(10)), RangeError);
+        assert.throws(() => planeChangeDeltaV(-1, toRad(10)), RangeError);
+    });
+    test('input validation: TypeError for non-number deltaI', () => {
+        assert.throws(() => planeChangeDeltaV(7600, '0.1'), TypeError);
+    });
+    test('input validation: RangeError for deltaI non-finite', () => {
+        assert.throws(() => planeChangeDeltaV(7600, NaN), RangeError);
+        assert.throws(() => planeChangeDeltaV(7600, Infinity), RangeError);
+    });
+    test('input validation: RangeError for deltaI out of [0, π]', () => {
+        assert.throws(() => planeChangeDeltaV(7600, -1e-6), RangeError);
+        assert.throws(() => planeChangeDeltaV(7600, (PI + 1e-6)), RangeError);
+    });
+    test('edge tolerances: very small Δi returns ≈ 2 v * (Δi/2) = v*Δi', () => {
+        const v = 7800;
+        const di = 1e-9;
+        const dv = planeChangeDeltaV(v, di);
+        const smallAngleApprox = v * di;
+        absClose(dv, smallAngleApprox, 1e-12);
+    });
+});
+//# sourceMappingURL=plane-change-delta-v.spec.js.map

package/dist/__tests__/plane-change-delta-v.spec.js.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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package/dist/categories/manoeuvres/combine-burns-delta-v.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+import type { Radians } from '@interstellar-tools/types';
+/**
+ * **Combine non-collinear burns** (vector law / law of cosines for velocities).
+ *
+ * **Definition**
+ *
+ * $$
+ * \Delta v=\sqrt{v_1^2+v_2^2-2\,v_1 v_2\cos\Delta\theta}
+ * $$
+ *
+ * where:
+ * - ($ v_1 $) and ($ v_2 $) are the **magnitudes** of two impulsive burns, and
+ * - ($ \Delta\theta $) is the **angle between their directions** (radians).
+ *
+ * **Units**
+ * - Inputs: ($ v_1,v_2 $) in **m/s**, ($ \Delta\theta $) in **radians**.
+ * - Output: ($ \Delta v $) in **m/s**.
+ *
+ * **Domain**
+ * - ($ v_1 \ge 0,\ v_2 \ge 0,\ \Delta\theta \in [0,\pi] $).
+ *
+ * ::: info Notes
+ *
+ * - Special cases:
+ *   - ($ \Delta\theta=0 $) (same direction) → ($ \Delta v = |v_1 - v_2| $).
+ *   - ($ \Delta\theta=\pi $) (opposite) → ($ \Delta v = v_1 + v_2 $).
+ * - This computes the **single equivalent impulse** from two burns applied
+ *   with mutual angle ($ \Delta\theta $) (i.e., magnitude of the vector sum).
+ *
+ * :::
+ *
+ * @param {number} v1 Magnitude of burn 1 (m/s). Must be finite and ≥ 0.
+ * @param {number} v2 Magnitude of burn 2 (m/s). Must be finite and ≥ 0.
+ * @param {Radians} deltaTheta Angle between burn directions (radians), in [0, π].
+ * @returns {number} Equivalent single ($ \Delta v $) (m/s).
+ * @throws {TypeError}  If any input is not a number.
+ * @throws {RangeError} If inputs are non-finite or out of domain.
+ * @group Manoeuvres
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { combineBurnsDeltaV } from "@interstellar-tools/equations";
+ * import type { Radians } from "@interstellar-tools/types";
+ *
+ * // Helper: degrees → branded radians
+ * const toRadians = (deg: number): Radians => ((deg * Math.PI) / 180) as Radians;
+ *
+ * // Two burns (magnitudes in m/s)
+ * const v1 = 500;   // first impulse
+ * const v2 = 300;   // second impulse
+ *
+ * // 1) Same direction (Δθ = 0°) → Δv = |v1 - v2|
+ * const dv_same = combineBurnsDeltaV(v1, v2, toRadians(0));
+ * console.log("Δθ = 0°   → Δv =", dv_same.toFixed(3), "m/s");
+ *
+ * // 2) Opposite directions (Δθ = 180°) → Δv = v1 + v2
+ * const dv_opp = combineBurnsDeltaV(v1, v2, toRadians(180));
+ * console.log("Δθ = 180° → Δv =", dv_opp.toFixed(3), "m/s");
+ *
+ * // 3) General non-collinear case (e.g., Δθ = 60°)
+ * const dv_60 = combineBurnsDeltaV(v1, v2, toRadians(60));
+ * console.log("Δθ = 60°  → Δv =", dv_60.toFixed(3), "m/s");
+ *
+ * // 4) Another example (Δθ = 25°)
+ * const dv_25 = combineBurnsDeltaV(1200, 800, toRadians(25));
+ * console.log("Δθ = 25°  → Δv =", dv_25.toFixed(3), "m/s");
+ * ```
+ */
+export declare const combineBurnsDeltaV: (v1: number, v2: number, deltaTheta: Radians) => number;
+//# sourceMappingURL=combine-burns-delta-v.d.ts.map

package/dist/categories/manoeuvres/combine-burns-delta-v.d.ts.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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package/dist/categories/manoeuvres/combine-burns-delta-v.js

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+/* node:coverage disable */
+/**
+ * **Combine non-collinear burns** (vector law / law of cosines for velocities).
+ *
+ * **Definition**
+ *
+ * $$
+ * \Delta v=\sqrt{v_1^2+v_2^2-2\,v_1 v_2\cos\Delta\theta}
+ * $$
+ *
+ * where:
+ * - ($ v_1 $) and ($ v_2 $) are the **magnitudes** of two impulsive burns, and
+ * - ($ \Delta\theta $) is the **angle between their directions** (radians).
+ *
+ * **Units**
+ * - Inputs: ($ v_1,v_2 $) in **m/s**, ($ \Delta\theta $) in **radians**.
+ * - Output: ($ \Delta v $) in **m/s**.
+ *
+ * **Domain**
+ * - ($ v_1 \ge 0,\ v_2 \ge 0,\ \Delta\theta \in [0,\pi] $).
+ *
+ * ::: info Notes
+ *
+ * - Special cases:
+ *   - ($ \Delta\theta=0 $) (same direction) → ($ \Delta v = |v_1 - v_2| $).
+ *   - ($ \Delta\theta=\pi $) (opposite) → ($ \Delta v = v_1 + v_2 $).
+ * - This computes the **single equivalent impulse** from two burns applied
+ *   with mutual angle ($ \Delta\theta $) (i.e., magnitude of the vector sum).
+ *
+ * :::
+ *
+ * @param {number} v1 Magnitude of burn 1 (m/s). Must be finite and ≥ 0.
+ * @param {number} v2 Magnitude of burn 2 (m/s). Must be finite and ≥ 0.
+ * @param {Radians} deltaTheta Angle between burn directions (radians), in [0, π].
+ * @returns {number} Equivalent single ($ \Delta v $) (m/s).
+ * @throws {TypeError}  If any input is not a number.
+ * @throws {RangeError} If inputs are non-finite or out of domain.
+ * @group Manoeuvres
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { combineBurnsDeltaV } from "@interstellar-tools/equations";
+ * import type { Radians } from "@interstellar-tools/types";
+ *
+ * // Helper: degrees → branded radians
+ * const toRadians = (deg: number): Radians => ((deg * Math.PI) / 180) as Radians;
+ *
+ * // Two burns (magnitudes in m/s)
+ * const v1 = 500;   // first impulse
+ * const v2 = 300;   // second impulse
+ *
+ * // 1) Same direction (Δθ = 0°) → Δv = |v1 - v2|
+ * const dv_same = combineBurnsDeltaV(v1, v2, toRadians(0));
+ * console.log("Δθ = 0°   → Δv =", dv_same.toFixed(3), "m/s");
+ *
+ * // 2) Opposite directions (Δθ = 180°) → Δv = v1 + v2
+ * const dv_opp = combineBurnsDeltaV(v1, v2, toRadians(180));
+ * console.log("Δθ = 180° → Δv =", dv_opp.toFixed(3), "m/s");
+ *
+ * // 3) General non-collinear case (e.g., Δθ = 60°)
+ * const dv_60 = combineBurnsDeltaV(v1, v2, toRadians(60));
+ * console.log("Δθ = 60°  → Δv =", dv_60.toFixed(3), "m/s");
+ *
+ * // 4) Another example (Δθ = 25°)
+ * const dv_25 = combineBurnsDeltaV(1200, 800, toRadians(25));
+ * console.log("Δθ = 25°  → Δv =", dv_25.toFixed(3), "m/s");
+ * ```
+ */
+/* node:coverage enable */
+export const combineBurnsDeltaV = (v1, v2, deltaTheta) => {
+    if (typeof v1 !== 'number' || typeof v2 !== 'number')
+        throw new TypeError('v1 and v2 must be numbers (m/s).');
+    if (typeof deltaTheta !== 'number')
+        throw new TypeError('deltaTheta must be a number (radians).');
+    if (!Number.isFinite(v1) || v1 < 0)
+        throw new RangeError('v1 must be finite and ≥ 0 (m/s).');
+    if (!Number.isFinite(v2) || v2 < 0)
+        throw new RangeError('v2 must be finite and ≥ 0 (m/s).');
+    if (!Number.isFinite(deltaTheta))
+        throw new RangeError('deltaTheta must be finite (radians).');
+    if (deltaTheta < 0 || deltaTheta > Math.PI)
+        throw new RangeError('deltaTheta must be in [0, π] radians.');
+    const c = Math.cos(deltaTheta);
+    const radicand = v1 * v1 + v2 * v2 - 2 * v1 * v2 * c;
+    // FP guard: clamp tiny negative to zero
+    if (radicand < 0) {
+        const tol = 1e-12 * (v1 * v1 + v2 * v2);
+        if (radicand > -tol)
+            return 0;
+        throw new RangeError(`Numerically invalid radicand for given inputs (v1=${v1}, v2=${v2}, Δθ=${deltaTheta}).`);
+    }
+    return Math.sqrt(radicand);
+};
+//# sourceMappingURL=combine-burns-delta-v.js.map

package/dist/categories/manoeuvres/combine-burns-delta-v.js.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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package/dist/categories/manoeuvres/hohmann-transfer.d.ts

@@ -43,11 +43,6 @@ export type HohmannTransferReturnType = {
  * @throws {TypeError}  If an input is not a number.
  * @throws {RangeError} If ($ r_1\le 0 $), ($ r_2\le 0 $), or ($ \mu\le 0 $), or a value is non-finite.
  *
- * @example
- * ```ts
- * // No code example here by request; see package docs for usage.
- * ```
- *
  * @group Manoeuvres
  */
 export declare const hohmannTransfer: (r1: number, r2: number, mu: number) => HohmannTransferReturnType;

package/dist/categories/manoeuvres/hohmann-transfer.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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package/dist/categories/manoeuvres/hohmann-transfer.js

@@ -34,11 +34,6 @@
  * @throws {TypeError}  If an input is not a number.
  * @throws {RangeError} If ($ r_1\le 0 $), ($ r_2\le 0 $), or ($ \mu\le 0 $), or a value is non-finite.
  *
- * @example
- * ```ts
- * // No code example here by request; see package docs for usage.
- * ```
- *
  * @group Manoeuvres
  */
 export const hohmannTransfer = (r1, r2, mu) => {

package/dist/categories/manoeuvres/hohmann-transfer.js.map

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package/dist/categories/manoeuvres/oberth-energy-gain.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+/**
+ * **Oberth effect (specific energy gain near periapsis)**.
+ *
+ * **Approximation**
+ *
+ * $$
+ * \Delta \varepsilon \;\approx\; v\,\Delta v
+ * $$
+ *
+ * where:
+ * - ($ v $) is the instantaneous **speed** at the burn point (typically periapsis),
+ * - ($ \Delta v $) is the **impulsive** prograde burn magnitude,
+ * - ($ \Delta \varepsilon $) is the change in **specific mechanical energy** (J/kg ≡ m²/s²).
+ *
+ * **Units**
+ * - Inputs: ($ v $) in **m/s**, ($ \Delta v $) in **m/s**.
+ * - Output: ($ \Delta \varepsilon $) in **J/kg** (m²/s²).
+ *
+ * ::: info Notes
+ *
+ * - This approximation assumes a **small**, **prograde** impulse (aligned with velocity) and
+ *   neglects higher-order terms ($ \tfrac{1}{2}(\Delta v)^2 $).
+ * - A more general small-angle form is ($ \Delta \varepsilon \approx v\,\Delta v\cos\phi $),
+ *   where ($ \phi $) is the angle between the velocity vector and the burn direction.
+ *
+ * :::
+ *
+ * @param {number} v  Instantaneous speed at burn point (m/s). Must be finite and ≥ 0.
+ * @param {number} dv Impulsive prograde Δv magnitude (m/s). Must be finite and ≥ 0.
+ * @returns {number} Specific energy gain ($ \Delta \varepsilon $) (J/kg).
+ * @throws {TypeError}  If inputs are not numbers.
+ * @throws {RangeError} If inputs are non-finite or negative.
+ * @group Manoeuvres
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { oberthEnergyGain, circularSpeed } from "@interstellar-tools/equations";
+ *
+ * // Earth's GM (μ) in m^3/s^2
+ * const muEarth = 3.986004418e14;
+ *
+ * // Example: small prograde burn at LEO periapsis (~400 km altitude)
+ * const rLEO = 6378e3 + 400e3;      // m
+ * const vLEO = circularSpeed(rLEO, muEarth); // m/s ≈ 7670
+ *
+ * // Suppose guidance commands a small impulsive burn Δv = 50 m/s at periapsis
+ * const dv = 50; // m/s
+ *
+ * // Oberth approximation: Δε ≈ v · Δv  (specific energy gain, J/kg ≡ m^2/s^2)
+ * const deltaEps = oberthEnergyGain(vLEO, dv);
+ *
+ * // For intuition, translate Δε to an approximate change in semi-major axis (elliptic case):
+ * // ε = -μ/(2a)  ⇒  Δa ≈ (a^2 / μ) · Δε (valid for small changes around circular LEO)
+ * const aLEO = rLEO; // circular → a = r
+ * const deltaA = (aLEO * aLEO / muEarth) * deltaEps; // meters
+ *
+ * console.log(`LEO speed v ≈ ${vLEO.toFixed(1)} m/s`);
+ * console.log(`Prograde Δv  = ${dv.toFixed(1)} m/s`);
+ * console.log(`Specific energy gain Δε ≈ ${deltaEps.toFixed(0)} J/kg`);
+ * console.log(`Approx. semi-major axis change Δa ≈ ${deltaA.toFixed(0)} m`);
+ *
+ * // Tip: If the burn is not perfectly prograde by angle φ (in radians),
+ * // scale by cos φ: Δε ≈ v · Δv · cos φ  (small-angle approximation).
+ * ```
+ */
+export declare const oberthEnergyGain: (v: number, dv: number) => number;
+//# sourceMappingURL=oberth-energy-gain.d.ts.map

package/dist/categories/manoeuvres/oberth-energy-gain.d.ts.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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package/dist/categories/manoeuvres/oberth-energy-gain.js

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+/**
+ * **Oberth effect (specific energy gain near periapsis)**.
+ *
+ * **Approximation**
+ *
+ * $$
+ * \Delta \varepsilon \;\approx\; v\,\Delta v
+ * $$
+ *
+ * where:
+ * - ($ v $) is the instantaneous **speed** at the burn point (typically periapsis),
+ * - ($ \Delta v $) is the **impulsive** prograde burn magnitude,
+ * - ($ \Delta \varepsilon $) is the change in **specific mechanical energy** (J/kg ≡ m²/s²).
+ *
+ * **Units**
+ * - Inputs: ($ v $) in **m/s**, ($ \Delta v $) in **m/s**.
+ * - Output: ($ \Delta \varepsilon $) in **J/kg** (m²/s²).
+ *
+ * ::: info Notes
+ *
+ * - This approximation assumes a **small**, **prograde** impulse (aligned with velocity) and
+ *   neglects higher-order terms ($ \tfrac{1}{2}(\Delta v)^2 $).
+ * - A more general small-angle form is ($ \Delta \varepsilon \approx v\,\Delta v\cos\phi $),
+ *   where ($ \phi $) is the angle between the velocity vector and the burn direction.
+ *
+ * :::
+ *
+ * @param {number} v  Instantaneous speed at burn point (m/s). Must be finite and ≥ 0.
+ * @param {number} dv Impulsive prograde Δv magnitude (m/s). Must be finite and ≥ 0.
+ * @returns {number} Specific energy gain ($ \Delta \varepsilon $) (J/kg).
+ * @throws {TypeError}  If inputs are not numbers.
+ * @throws {RangeError} If inputs are non-finite or negative.
+ * @group Manoeuvres
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { oberthEnergyGain, circularSpeed } from "@interstellar-tools/equations";
+ *
+ * // Earth's GM (μ) in m^3/s^2
+ * const muEarth = 3.986004418e14;
+ *
+ * // Example: small prograde burn at LEO periapsis (~400 km altitude)
+ * const rLEO = 6378e3 + 400e3;      // m
+ * const vLEO = circularSpeed(rLEO, muEarth); // m/s ≈ 7670
+ *
+ * // Suppose guidance commands a small impulsive burn Δv = 50 m/s at periapsis
+ * const dv = 50; // m/s
+ *
+ * // Oberth approximation: Δε ≈ v · Δv  (specific energy gain, J/kg ≡ m^2/s^2)
+ * const deltaEps = oberthEnergyGain(vLEO, dv);
+ *
+ * // For intuition, translate Δε to an approximate change in semi-major axis (elliptic case):
+ * // ε = -μ/(2a)  ⇒  Δa ≈ (a^2 / μ) · Δε (valid for small changes around circular LEO)
+ * const aLEO = rLEO; // circular → a = r
+ * const deltaA = (aLEO * aLEO / muEarth) * deltaEps; // meters
+ *
+ * console.log(`LEO speed v ≈ ${vLEO.toFixed(1)} m/s`);
+ * console.log(`Prograde Δv  = ${dv.toFixed(1)} m/s`);
+ * console.log(`Specific energy gain Δε ≈ ${deltaEps.toFixed(0)} J/kg`);
+ * console.log(`Approx. semi-major axis change Δa ≈ ${deltaA.toFixed(0)} m`);
+ *
+ * // Tip: If the burn is not perfectly prograde by angle φ (in radians),
+ * // scale by cos φ: Δε ≈ v · Δv · cos φ  (small-angle approximation).
+ * ```
+ */
+export const oberthEnergyGain = (v, dv) => {
+    if (typeof v !== 'number' || typeof dv !== 'number') {
+        throw new TypeError('v and dv must be numbers (m/s).');
+    }
+    if (!Number.isFinite(v) || v < 0) {
+        throw new RangeError('v must be finite and ≥ 0 (m/s).');
+    }
+    if (!Number.isFinite(dv) || dv < 0) {
+        throw new RangeError('dv must be finite and ≥ 0 (m/s).');
+    }
+    // Δε ≈ v · Δv  (prograde, small-Δv approximation)
+    return v * dv;
+};
+//# sourceMappingURL=oberth-energy-gain.js.map

package/dist/categories/manoeuvres/oberth-energy-gain.js.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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package/dist/categories/manoeuvres/plane-change-delta-v.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+import type { Radians } from '@interstellar-tools/types';
+/**
+ * **Inclination (plane) change** Δv at speed ($ v $).
+ *
+ * **Definition**
+ *
+ * $$
+ * \Delta v = 2\,v\,\sin\!\left(\frac{\Delta i}{2}\right)
+ * $$
+ *
+ * **Units**
+ * - Inputs: ($ v $) in **m/s**, ($ \Delta i $) in **radians**.
+ * - Output: ($ \Delta v $) in **m/s**.
+ *
+ * ::: info Notes
+ *
+ * - Valid for an **instantaneous** plane change (impulsive) performed at speed ($ v $)
+ *   (e.g., at a node). For best efficiency, perform at **apogee** (lowest speed) when possible.
+ * - Domain for ($ \Delta i $) is ( $[0,\pi] $) (0–180°). Larger angles can be reduced modulo ($ 2\pi $).
+ *
+ * :::
+ *
+ * @param {number} v  Current speed magnitude (m/s). Must be finite and ≥ 0.
+ * @param {Radians} deltaI  Inclination change angle Δi (radians). Must be finite and 0 ≤ Δi ≤ π.
+ * @returns {number} Required impulsive Δv (m/s).
+ * @throws {TypeError}  If `v` is not a number or `deltaI` not a number (radians).
+ * @throws {RangeError} If `v` is non-finite or < 0; if `deltaI` is non-finite or outside [0, π].
+ * @group Manoeuvres
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { planeChangeDeltaV, circularSpeed } from "@interstellar-tools/equations";
+ * import type { Radians } from "@interstellar-tools/types";
+ *
+ * // Helper: degrees → radians (branded)
+ * const toRadians = (deg: number): Radians => ((deg * Math.PI) / 180) as Radians;
+ *
+ * // Earth’s GM (μ) in m^3/s^2
+ * const muEarth = 3.986004418e14;
+ *
+ * // Example: instantaneous plane change at LEO (~400 km altitude)
+ * const rLEO = 6378e3 + 400e3; // meters
+ * const vLEO = circularSpeed(rLEO, muEarth); // m/s
+ *
+ * // Change from 28.5° (Kennedy inclination) to equatorial (0°) → Δi = 28.5°
+ * const deltaI = toRadians(28.5);
+ * const dv_LEO = planeChangeDeltaV(vLEO, deltaI);
+ *
+ * console.log(`LEO speed: ${vLEO.toFixed(1)} m/s`);
+ * console.log(`Δi: 28.5°  →  Δv ≈ ${dv_LEO.toFixed(1)} m/s`);
+ *
+ * // Another quick check: a modest 10° plane change at the same altitude
+ * const dv_10deg = planeChangeDeltaV(vLEO, toRadians(10));
+ * console.log(`Δi: 10°    →  Δv ≈ ${dv_10deg.toFixed(1)} m/s`);
+ * ```
+ */
+export declare const planeChangeDeltaV: (v: number, deltaI: Radians) => number;
+//# sourceMappingURL=plane-change-delta-v.d.ts.map

package/dist/categories/manoeuvres/plane-change-delta-v.d.ts.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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package/dist/categories/manoeuvres/plane-change-delta-v.js

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+/**
+ * **Inclination (plane) change** Δv at speed ($ v $).
+ *
+ * **Definition**
+ *
+ * $$
+ * \Delta v = 2\,v\,\sin\!\left(\frac{\Delta i}{2}\right)
+ * $$
+ *
+ * **Units**
+ * - Inputs: ($ v $) in **m/s**, ($ \Delta i $) in **radians**.
+ * - Output: ($ \Delta v $) in **m/s**.
+ *
+ * ::: info Notes
+ *
+ * - Valid for an **instantaneous** plane change (impulsive) performed at speed ($ v $)
+ *   (e.g., at a node). For best efficiency, perform at **apogee** (lowest speed) when possible.
+ * - Domain for ($ \Delta i $) is ( $[0,\pi] $) (0–180°). Larger angles can be reduced modulo ($ 2\pi $).
+ *
+ * :::
+ *
+ * @param {number} v  Current speed magnitude (m/s). Must be finite and ≥ 0.
+ * @param {Radians} deltaI  Inclination change angle Δi (radians). Must be finite and 0 ≤ Δi ≤ π.
+ * @returns {number} Required impulsive Δv (m/s).
+ * @throws {TypeError}  If `v` is not a number or `deltaI` not a number (radians).
+ * @throws {RangeError} If `v` is non-finite or < 0; if `deltaI` is non-finite or outside [0, π].
+ * @group Manoeuvres
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { planeChangeDeltaV, circularSpeed } from "@interstellar-tools/equations";
+ * import type { Radians } from "@interstellar-tools/types";
+ *
+ * // Helper: degrees → radians (branded)
+ * const toRadians = (deg: number): Radians => ((deg * Math.PI) / 180) as Radians;
+ *
+ * // Earth’s GM (μ) in m^3/s^2
+ * const muEarth = 3.986004418e14;
+ *
+ * // Example: instantaneous plane change at LEO (~400 km altitude)
+ * const rLEO = 6378e3 + 400e3; // meters
+ * const vLEO = circularSpeed(rLEO, muEarth); // m/s
+ *
+ * // Change from 28.5° (Kennedy inclination) to equatorial (0°) → Δi = 28.5°
+ * const deltaI = toRadians(28.5);
+ * const dv_LEO = planeChangeDeltaV(vLEO, deltaI);
+ *
+ * console.log(`LEO speed: ${vLEO.toFixed(1)} m/s`);
+ * console.log(`Δi: 28.5°  →  Δv ≈ ${dv_LEO.toFixed(1)} m/s`);
+ *
+ * // Another quick check: a modest 10° plane change at the same altitude
+ * const dv_10deg = planeChangeDeltaV(vLEO, toRadians(10));
+ * console.log(`Δi: 10°    →  Δv ≈ ${dv_10deg.toFixed(1)} m/s`);
+ * ```
+ */
+export const planeChangeDeltaV = (v, deltaI) => {
+    if (typeof v !== 'number')
+        throw new TypeError('v must be a number (m/s).');
+    if (!Number.isFinite(v) || v < 0)
+        throw new RangeError('v must be finite and ≥ 0 (m/s).');
+    if (typeof deltaI !== 'number')
+        throw new TypeError('deltaI must be a number (radians).');
+    if (!Number.isFinite(deltaI))
+        throw new RangeError('deltaI must be finite (radians).');
+    if (deltaI < 0 || deltaI > Math.PI)
+        throw new RangeError('deltaI must be in [0, π] radians.');
+    // Δv = 2 v sin(Δi / 2)
+    return 2 * v * Math.sin(deltaI / 2);
+};
+//# sourceMappingURL=plane-change-delta-v.js.map

package/dist/categories/manoeuvres/plane-change-delta-v.js.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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package/dist/index.d.ts

@@ -5,24 +5,27 @@
  */
 export * from './categories/angle/compute-angle';
 export * from './categories/angle/wrap-angle';
-export * from './categories/anomalies/mean-to-eccentric-anomaly';
 export * from './categories/anomalies/eccentric-to-true-anomaly';
+export * from './categories/anomalies/mean-to-eccentric-anomaly';
 export * from './categories/anomalies/true-to-mean-anomaly';
-export * from './categories/kepler/solve-kepler';
-export * from './categories/kepler/solve-kepler-newton-raphson';
 export * from './categories/kepler/solve-kepler-bisection';
 export * from './categories/kepler/solve-kepler-high-eccentricity';
-export * from './categories/gravity/gravitational-parameter';
-export * from './categories/gravity/gravitational-force';
-export * from './categories/gravity/force-on1-by2';
+export * from './categories/kepler/solve-kepler-newton-raphson';
+export * from './categories/kepler/solve-kepler';
 export * from './categories/gravity/acceleration-on1-by2';
-export * from './categories/orbits/vis-viva-speed';
+export * from './categories/gravity/force-on1-by2';
+export * from './categories/gravity/gravitational-force';
+export * from './categories/gravity/gravitational-parameter';
 export * from './categories/orbits/circular-speed';
 export * from './categories/orbits/escape-speed';
+export * from './categories/orbits/flight-path-angle-from-true-anomaly';
 export * from './categories/orbits/kepler-period';
-export * from './categories/orbits/specific-angular-momentum';
 export * from './categories/orbits/specific-angular-momentum-from-elements';
+export * from './categories/orbits/specific-angular-momentum';
 export * from './categories/orbits/specific-mechanical-energy';
-export * from './categories/orbits/flight-path-angle-from-true-anomaly';
+export * from './categories/orbits/vis-viva-speed';
+export * from './categories/manoeuvres/combine-burns-delta-v';
 export * from './categories/manoeuvres/hohmann-transfer';
+export * from './categories/manoeuvres/oberth-energy-gain';
+export * from './categories/manoeuvres/plane-change-delta-v';
 //# sourceMappingURL=index.d.ts.map

package/dist/index.d.ts.map

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+{"version":3,"file":"index.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../src/index.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAAA;;;;GAIG;AAGH,cAAc,kCAAkC,CAAC;AAEjD,cAAc,+BAA+B,CAAC;AAI9C,cAAc,kDAAkD,CAAC;AAEjE,cAAc,kDAAkD,CAAC;AAEjE,cAAc,6CAA6C,CAAC;AAI5D,cAAc,4CAA4C,CAAC;AAE3D,cAAc,oDAAoD,CAAC;AAEnE,cAAc,iDAAiD,CAAC;AAEhE,cAAc,kCAAkC,CAAC;AAIjD,cAAc,2CAA2C,CAAC;AAE1D,cAAc,oCAAoC,CAAC;AAEnD,cAAc,0CAA0C,CAAC;AAEzD,cAAc,8CAA8C,CAAC;AAI7D,cAAc,oCAAoC,CAAC;AAEnD,cAAc,kCAAkC,CAAC;AAEjD,cAAc,yDAAyD,CAAC;AAExE,cAAc,mCAAmC,CAAC;AAElD,cAAc,6DAA6D,CAAC;AAE5E,cAAc,+CAA+C,CAAC;AAE9D,cAAc,gDAAgD,CAAC;AAE/D,cAAc,oCAAoC,CAAC;AAInD,cAAc,+CAA+C,CAAC;AAE9D,cAAc,0CAA0C,CAAC;AAEzD,cAAc,4CAA4C,CAAC;AAE3D,cAAc,8CAA8C,CAAC"}

package/dist/index.js

@@ -7,28 +7,31 @@
 export * from './categories/angle/compute-angle';
 export * from './categories/angle/wrap-angle';
 // categories/anomalies
-export * from './categories/anomalies/mean-to-eccentric-anomaly';
 export * from './categories/anomalies/eccentric-to-true-anomaly';
+export * from './categories/anomalies/mean-to-eccentric-anomaly';
 export * from './categories/anomalies/true-to-mean-anomaly';
 // categories/kepler (solvers)
-export * from './categories/kepler/solve-kepler';
-export * from './categories/kepler/solve-kepler-newton-raphson';
 export * from './categories/kepler/solve-kepler-bisection';
 export * from './categories/kepler/solve-kepler-high-eccentricity';
+export * from './categories/kepler/solve-kepler-newton-raphson';
+export * from './categories/kepler/solve-kepler';
 // categories/gravity
-export * from './categories/gravity/gravitational-parameter';
-export * from './categories/gravity/gravitational-force';
-export * from './categories/gravity/force-on1-by2';
 export * from './categories/gravity/acceleration-on1-by2';
+export * from './categories/gravity/force-on1-by2';
+export * from './categories/gravity/gravitational-force';
+export * from './categories/gravity/gravitational-parameter';
 // categories/orbits
-export * from './categories/orbits/vis-viva-speed';
 export * from './categories/orbits/circular-speed';
 export * from './categories/orbits/escape-speed';
+export * from './categories/orbits/flight-path-angle-from-true-anomaly';
 export * from './categories/orbits/kepler-period';
-export * from './categories/orbits/specific-angular-momentum';
 export * from './categories/orbits/specific-angular-momentum-from-elements';
+export * from './categories/orbits/specific-angular-momentum';
 export * from './categories/orbits/specific-mechanical-energy';
-export * from './categories/orbits/flight-path-angle-from-true-anomaly';
+export * from './categories/orbits/vis-viva-speed';
 // categories/manoeuvres
+export * from './categories/manoeuvres/combine-burns-delta-v';
 export * from './categories/manoeuvres/hohmann-transfer';
+export * from './categories/manoeuvres/oberth-energy-gain';
+export * from './categories/manoeuvres/plane-change-delta-v';
 //# sourceMappingURL=index.js.map

package/dist/index.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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package/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@interstellar-tools/equations",
-  "version": "0.10.0",
+  "version": "0.12.0",
   "description": "Curated, well-tested orbital mechanics and dynamics formulas (e.g., Newtonian gravity, vis-viva, Kepler's 3rd law, escape/circular speeds, specific energy, specific angular momentum, peri/apoapsis radii).",
   "keywords": [
     "interstellar",