@interstellar-tools/equations 0.1.1

package/dist/__tests__/solve-kepler.int.spec.js

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+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import test, { describe } from 'node:test';
+import { solveKepler } from '../solve-kepler';
+const EPSILON = 1e-8; // Floating-point tolerance
+const assertApproxEqual = (actual, expected) => {
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(actual - expected) < EPSILON, `Expected ~${expected}, got ${actual}`);
+};
+describe('solveKepler', () => {
+    test('Circular Orbit (e = 0)', () => {
+        const M = Math.PI / 4; // 45 degrees
+        const e = 0.0; // Circular orbit
+        const result = solveKepler(M, e);
+        assertApproxEqual(result, M); // E = M for circular orbits
+    });
+    test('Small Eccentricity (e = 0.1)', () => {
+        const M = Math.PI / 4;
+        const e = 0.1;
+        const expectedE = 0.8612648848681754;
+        const result = solveKepler(M, e);
+        assertApproxEqual(result, expectedE);
+    });
+    test('Moderate Eccentricity (e = 0.5)', () => {
+        const M = Math.PI / 2;
+        const e = 0.5;
+        const expectedE = 2.02097993808977;
+        const result = solveKepler(M, e);
+        assertApproxEqual(result, expectedE);
+    });
+    test('High Eccentricity (e = 0.8)', () => {
+        const M = Math.PI / 6;
+        const e = 0.8;
+        const expectedE = 1.2929083458551878;
+        const result = solveKepler(M, e);
+        assertApproxEqual(result, expectedE);
+    });
+    test('Nearly Parabolic Orbit (e = 0.99)', () => {
+        const M = Math.PI / 4;
+        const e = 0.99;
+        const expectedE = 1.758085607716896;
+        const result = solveKepler(M, e);
+        assertApproxEqual(result, expectedE);
+    });
+    test('Mean Anomaly at 0', () => {
+        const M = 0;
+        const e = 0.5;
+        const result = solveKepler(M, e);
+        assertApproxEqual(result, 0); // E = 0 when M = 0
+    });
+    test('Mean Anomaly at π', () => {
+        const M = Math.PI;
+        const e = 0.5;
+        const expectedE = Math.PI; // At M = π, E should also be π
+        const result = solveKepler(M, e);
+        assert.equal(result, expectedE);
+    });
+    test('Mean Anomaly at 2π', () => {
+        const M = 2 * Math.PI;
+        const e = 0.5;
+        const result = solveKepler(M, e);
+        assertApproxEqual(result, 0); // Should wrap to 0
+    });
+    test('Convergence with max iterations', () => {
+        const M = Math.PI / 3;
+        const e = 0.7;
+        const result = solveKepler(M, e, 100); // Force more iterations
+        assert.ok(result >= 0 && result < 2 * Math.PI, `Expected result in range [0, 2π], got ${result}`);
+    });
+    test('Invalid Eccentricity (e < 0) Throws Error', () => {
+        assert.throws(() => solveKepler(Math.PI / 4, -0.1), RangeError);
+    });
+    test('Invalid Eccentricity (e >= 1) Throws Error', () => {
+        assert.throws(() => solveKepler(Math.PI / 4, 1), RangeError);
+        assert.throws(() => solveKepler(Math.PI / 4, 1.1), RangeError);
+    });
+});
+//# sourceMappingURL=solve-kepler.int.spec.js.map

package/dist/__tests__/solve-kepler.int.spec.js.map

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package/dist/__tests__/true-anomaly-to-mean-anomaly.int.spec.d.ts

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+export {};
+//# sourceMappingURL=true-anomaly-to-mean-anomaly.int.spec.d.ts.map

package/dist/__tests__/true-anomaly-to-mean-anomaly.int.spec.d.ts.map

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+{"version":3,"file":"true-anomaly-to-mean-anomaly.int.spec.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../../src/__tests__/true-anomaly-to-mean-anomaly.int.spec.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":""}

package/dist/__tests__/true-anomaly-to-mean-anomaly.int.spec.js

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+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import test, { describe } from 'node:test';
+import { trueAnomalyToMeanAnomaly } from '../true-anomaly-to-mean-anomaly';
+import { wrapAngle } from '../wrap-angle';
+describe('trueAnomalyToMeanAnomaly', () => {
+    const EPSILON = 1e-10; // Floating-point tolerance
+    const assertApproxEqual = (actual, expected) => {
+        assert.ok(Math.abs(actual - expected) < EPSILON, `Expected ~${expected}, got ${actual}`);
+    };
+    test('Circular Orbit (e = 0)', () => {
+        const result = trueAnomalyToMeanAnomaly(Math.PI / 3, 0); // e = 0 (should be identity)
+        assertApproxEqual(result, wrapAngle(Math.PI / 3));
+    });
+    test('Zero True Anomaly (V = 0)', () => {
+        const result = trueAnomalyToMeanAnomaly(0, 0.5);
+        assertApproxEqual(result, 0);
+    });
+    test('True Anomaly at π/2 (90°)', () => {
+        const result = trueAnomalyToMeanAnomaly(Math.PI / 2, 0.5);
+        const expectedM = 0.6141848493043778; // Corrected expected value
+        assertApproxEqual(result, expectedM);
+    });
+    test('True Anomaly at π (Apoapsis)', () => {
+        const result = trueAnomalyToMeanAnomaly(Math.PI, 0.5);
+        const expectedM = wrapAngle(Math.PI); // Mean anomaly should be equal to π
+        assertApproxEqual(result, expectedM);
+    });
+    test('True Anomaly at 3π/2 (270°)', () => {
+        const result = trueAnomalyToMeanAnomaly((3 * Math.PI) / 2, 0.5);
+        const expectedM = -0.6141848493043782; // Corrected expected value
+        assertApproxEqual(result, expectedM);
+    });
+    test('True Anomaly at 2π (Periapsis)', () => {
+        const result = trueAnomalyToMeanAnomaly(2 * Math.PI, 0.5);
+        assertApproxEqual(result, 0); // Should return to zero
+    });
+    test('Eccentricity Out of Bounds Throws Error', () => {
+        assert.throws(() => trueAnomalyToMeanAnomaly(Math.PI / 3, -0.1), RangeError);
+        assert.throws(() => trueAnomalyToMeanAnomaly(Math.PI / 3, 1.1), RangeError);
+    });
+    test('Large Eccentricity (e close to 1)', () => {
+        const result = trueAnomalyToMeanAnomaly(Math.PI / 4, 0.99);
+        assert.ok(result >= 0 && result < 2 * Math.PI, `Expected result in range [0, 2π], got ${result}`);
+    });
+});
+//# sourceMappingURL=true-anomaly-to-mean-anomaly.int.spec.js.map

package/dist/__tests__/true-anomaly-to-mean-anomaly.int.spec.js.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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package/dist/__tests__/wrap-angle.spec.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+export {};
+//# sourceMappingURL=wrap-angle.spec.d.ts.map

package/dist/__tests__/wrap-angle.spec.d.ts.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"version":3,"file":"wrap-angle.spec.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../../src/__tests__/wrap-angle.spec.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":""}

package/dist/__tests__/wrap-angle.spec.js

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert';
+import { describe, test } from 'node:test';
+import { wrapAngle } from '../wrap-angle';
+const EPSILON = 1e-10; // Small tolerance for floating-point comparisons
+const assertApproxEqual = (actual, expected) => {
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(actual - expected) < EPSILON, `Expected ~${expected}, got ${actual}`);
+};
+describe('wrapAngle', () => {
+    test('angles already in range [-2π, 2π]', () => {
+        assert.equal(wrapAngle(0), 0);
+        assert.equal(wrapAngle(Math.PI), Math.PI);
+        assert.equal(wrapAngle(-Math.PI), -Math.PI);
+        assert.equal(wrapAngle(1.5 * Math.PI), 1.5 * Math.PI);
+        assert.equal(wrapAngle(-1.5 * Math.PI), -1.5 * Math.PI);
+    });
+    test('negative and retrograde angles', () => {
+        assertApproxEqual(wrapAngle(-2 * Math.PI), 0);
+        assertApproxEqual(wrapAngle(-3 * Math.PI), -Math.PI);
+        assertApproxEqual(wrapAngle(-4 * Math.PI), 0);
+        assertApproxEqual(wrapAngle(-5 * Math.PI), -Math.PI);
+        assertApproxEqual(wrapAngle(-6 * Math.PI), 0);
+    });
+    test('angles greater than 2π', () => {
+        assertApproxEqual(wrapAngle(2 * Math.PI), 0);
+        assertApproxEqual(wrapAngle(3 * Math.PI), Math.PI);
+        assertApproxEqual(wrapAngle(4 * Math.PI), 0);
+        assertApproxEqual(wrapAngle(5 * Math.PI), Math.PI);
+        assertApproxEqual(wrapAngle(6 * Math.PI), 0);
+    });
+    test('extreme values', () => {
+        assertApproxEqual(wrapAngle(100 * Math.PI), 0);
+        assertApproxEqual(wrapAngle(-100 * Math.PI), 0);
+        assertApproxEqual(wrapAngle(1000), wrapAngle(1000 % (2 * Math.PI)));
+        assertApproxEqual(wrapAngle(-1000), wrapAngle(-1000 % (2 * Math.PI)));
+    });
+    test('boundary values', () => {
+        assertApproxEqual(wrapAngle(2 * Math.PI), 0);
+        assertApproxEqual(wrapAngle(-2 * Math.PI), 0);
+        assertApproxEqual(wrapAngle(2 * Math.PI + EPSILON), EPSILON);
+        assertApproxEqual(wrapAngle(-2 * Math.PI - EPSILON), -EPSILON);
+    });
+    test('floating-point drift prevention', () => {
+        assertApproxEqual(wrapAngle(Math.PI + EPSILON / 2), Math.PI + EPSILON / 2);
+        assertApproxEqual(wrapAngle(-Math.PI - EPSILON / 2), -Math.PI - EPSILON / 2);
+        assertApproxEqual(wrapAngle(2 * Math.PI - EPSILON / 2), -EPSILON / 2);
+        assertApproxEqual(wrapAngle(-2 * Math.PI + EPSILON / 2), EPSILON / 2);
+    });
+    test('large positive and negative angles', () => {
+        assertApproxEqual(wrapAngle(1e6 * Math.PI), 0);
+        assertApproxEqual(wrapAngle(-1e6 * Math.PI), 0);
+        assertApproxEqual(wrapAngle(1e9), wrapAngle(1e9 % (2 * Math.PI)));
+        assertApproxEqual(wrapAngle(-1e9), wrapAngle(-1e9 % (2 * Math.PI)));
+    });
+    test('angles near zero', () => {
+        assertApproxEqual(wrapAngle(EPSILON), EPSILON);
+        assertApproxEqual(wrapAngle(-EPSILON), -EPSILON);
+        assertApproxEqual(wrapAngle(0), 0);
+    });
+});
+//# sourceMappingURL=wrap-angle.spec.js.map

package/dist/__tests__/wrap-angle.spec.js.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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package/dist/compute-angle.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+import type { CelestialBodyType, Radians, TimeStepInterface } from '@interstellar-tools/types';
+/**
+ * Computes the orbital angle (true anomaly, $ν$) of a celestial body for a given date and time step.
+ *
+ * **Mathematical Explanation:**
+ *
+ * This function determines the **true anomaly** ($ν$) based on the time elapsed since the
+ * **J2000 epoch** (January 1, 2000) and the provided time step. The calculation follows these steps:
+ *
+ * **Step 1: Compute Time Elapsed Since J2000**
+ *
+ * The number of days since **J2000** is computed as:
+ * $$ \Delta T = \frac{t - t_{J2000}}{\text{MILLISECONDS\_PER\_DAY}} $$
+ * where:
+ * - $t$ is the current date in milliseconds.
+ * - $t_{J2000}$ is **J2000** (2000-01-01T00:00:00Z).
+ * - **MILLISECONDS_PER_DAY** is the number of milliseconds in one day.
+ *
+ * **Step 2: Compute the Mean Anomaly ($M$)**
+ *
+ * The **mean anomaly** is calculated as:
+ * $$ M = M_0 + n \cdot (\Delta T + \text{timeStep}) $$
+ * where:
+ * - $M_0$ is the initial mean anomaly at **J2000**.
+ * - $n$ is the mean motion (orbital angular velocity).
+ * - $\text{timeStep}$ is the time step in days.
+ *
+ * **Step 3: Solve Kepler’s Equation for Eccentric Anomaly ($E$)**
+ *
+ * Kepler’s equation:
+ * $$ M = E - e \sin(E) $$
+ * is solved numerically to obtain the **eccentric anomaly** ($E$).
+ *
+ * **Step 4: Convert Eccentric Anomaly ($E$) to True Anomaly ($ν$)**
+ *
+ * Using the relation:
+ * $$ ν = 2 \tan^{-1} \left( \sqrt{\frac{1+e}{1-e}} \tan\left(\frac{E}{2}\right) \right) $$
+ *
+ * **Step 5: Adjust the True Anomaly for Certain Bodies**
+ * - For **comets**, the final **true anomaly** is adjusted by subtracting the **eccentricity** ($e$).
+ * - For **stars and other celestial objects**, the computed **true anomaly** is used directly.
+ *
+ * @param {CelestialBodyType} body - The celestial body for which to compute the true anomaly.
+ * @param {TimeStepInterface} timeStep - The time step in days since the last frame.
+ * @returns {Radians} The computed true anomaly in radians.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { computeAngle } from './compute-angle';
+ *
+ * const earth: CelestialBodyType = {
+ *   name: 'Earth',
+ *   e: 0.0167, // Orbital eccentricity
+ *   angle: 0,  // Initial angle
+ * };
+ *
+ * const timeStep: TimeStepInterface = { days: 1 }; // Time step of 1 day
+ * const angle: Radians = computeAngle(earth, timeStep);
+ * console.log(angle); // Output: Computed true anomaly in radians
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see [Kepler's Equation (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler%27s_equation)
+ * @see [True Anomaly (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_anomaly)
+ * @see [Mean Anomaly (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_anomaly)
+ * @see [Orbital Mechanics (NASA)](https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/basics/chapter2-2/)
+ * @category Angle
+ */
+export declare const computeAngle: (body: CelestialBodyType, timeStep: TimeStepInterface) => Radians;
+//# sourceMappingURL=compute-angle.d.ts.map

package/dist/compute-angle.d.ts.map

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package/dist/compute-angle.js

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+import { computeMeanAnomaly } from './compute-mean-anomaly';
+import { eccentricToTrueAnomaly } from './eccentric-to-true-anomaly';
+import { solveKepler } from './solve-kepler';
+/**
+ * Computes the orbital angle (true anomaly, $ν$) of a celestial body for a given date and time step.
+ *
+ * **Mathematical Explanation:**
+ *
+ * This function determines the **true anomaly** ($ν$) based on the time elapsed since the
+ * **J2000 epoch** (January 1, 2000) and the provided time step. The calculation follows these steps:
+ *
+ * **Step 1: Compute Time Elapsed Since J2000**
+ *
+ * The number of days since **J2000** is computed as:
+ * $$ \Delta T = \frac{t - t_{J2000}}{\text{MILLISECONDS\_PER\_DAY}} $$
+ * where:
+ * - $t$ is the current date in milliseconds.
+ * - $t_{J2000}$ is **J2000** (2000-01-01T00:00:00Z).
+ * - **MILLISECONDS_PER_DAY** is the number of milliseconds in one day.
+ *
+ * **Step 2: Compute the Mean Anomaly ($M$)**
+ *
+ * The **mean anomaly** is calculated as:
+ * $$ M = M_0 + n \cdot (\Delta T + \text{timeStep}) $$
+ * where:
+ * - $M_0$ is the initial mean anomaly at **J2000**.
+ * - $n$ is the mean motion (orbital angular velocity).
+ * - $\text{timeStep}$ is the time step in days.
+ *
+ * **Step 3: Solve Kepler’s Equation for Eccentric Anomaly ($E$)**
+ *
+ * Kepler’s equation:
+ * $$ M = E - e \sin(E) $$
+ * is solved numerically to obtain the **eccentric anomaly** ($E$).
+ *
+ * **Step 4: Convert Eccentric Anomaly ($E$) to True Anomaly ($ν$)**
+ *
+ * Using the relation:
+ * $$ ν = 2 \tan^{-1} \left( \sqrt{\frac{1+e}{1-e}} \tan\left(\frac{E}{2}\right) \right) $$
+ *
+ * **Step 5: Adjust the True Anomaly for Certain Bodies**
+ * - For **comets**, the final **true anomaly** is adjusted by subtracting the **eccentricity** ($e$).
+ * - For **stars and other celestial objects**, the computed **true anomaly** is used directly.
+ *
+ * @param {CelestialBodyType} body - The celestial body for which to compute the true anomaly.
+ * @param {TimeStepInterface} timeStep - The time step in days since the last frame.
+ * @returns {Radians} The computed true anomaly in radians.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { computeAngle } from './compute-angle';
+ *
+ * const earth: CelestialBodyType = {
+ *   name: 'Earth',
+ *   e: 0.0167, // Orbital eccentricity
+ *   angle: 0,  // Initial angle
+ * };
+ *
+ * const timeStep: TimeStepInterface = { days: 1 }; // Time step of 1 day
+ * const angle: Radians = computeAngle(earth, timeStep);
+ * console.log(angle); // Output: Computed true anomaly in radians
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see [Kepler's Equation (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler%27s_equation)
+ * @see [True Anomaly (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_anomaly)
+ * @see [Mean Anomaly (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_anomaly)
+ * @see [Orbital Mechanics (NASA)](https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/basics/chapter2-2/)
+ * @category Angle
+ */
+export const computeAngle = (body, timeStep) => {
+    // Compute mean anomaly (M) with time step
+    const M = computeMeanAnomaly(body, timeStep);
+    // Solve Kepler's equation for eccentric anomaly (E)
+    const E = solveKepler(M, body.e);
+    // Convert eccentric anomaly (E) to true anomaly (ν)
+    const V = eccentricToTrueAnomaly(E, body.e);
+    return V;
+};
+//# sourceMappingURL=compute-angle.js.map

package/dist/compute-angle.js.map

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package/dist/compute-mean-anomaly.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+import type { CelestialBodyType, Radians, TemporalInterface } from '@interstellar-tools/types';
+/**
+ * Computes the **mean anomaly** ($M$) of a celestial body for a given time step.
+ *
+ * **Mathematical Explanation:**
+ *
+ * The **mean anomaly** is a measure of the position of an orbiting body as if it moved
+ * with uniform angular motion along a circular orbit with the same period as the actual
+ * elliptical orbit. It is computed as:
+ *
+ * $$ M = M_0 + n \cdot \Delta T $$
+ *
+ * where:
+ * - $M_0$ is the **initial mean anomaly** (converted from true anomaly if necessary).
+ * - $n$ is the **mean motion**, given by:
+ *   $$ n = \frac{2\pi}{P} $$
+ *   where $P$ is the orbital period in days.
+ * - $\Delta T$ is the time step.
+ *
+ * @param {CelestialBodyType} body - The celestial body for which to compute the mean anomaly.
+ * @param {TemporalInterface} timeStep - The time step over which to compute the change.
+ * @returns {Radians} The computed mean anomaly in radians.
+ *
+ * @throws {RangeError} If the body's eccentricity is outside the range $0 \leq e < 1$.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { computeMeanAnomaly } from './compute-mean-anomaly';
+ *
+ * const mars: CelestialBodyType = {
+ *   name: 'Mars',
+ *   e: 0.0934, // Eccentricity of Mars' orbit
+ *   angle: 1.047, // Initial true anomaly (in radians)
+ *   period: { value: 687, unit: 'day' }, // Orbital period in days
+ * };
+ *
+ * const timeStep: TemporalInterface = { value: 1, unit: 'day' }; // 1-day step
+ * const meanAnomaly = computeMeanAnomaly(mars, timeStep);
+ * console.log(meanAnomaly); // Output: Computed mean anomaly in radians
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see [Mean Anomaly (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_anomaly)
+ * @see [Orbital Mechanics (NASA)](https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/basics/chapter2-2/)
+ * @category Anomaly
+ */
+export declare const computeMeanAnomaly: (body: CelestialBodyType, timeStep: TemporalInterface) => Radians;
+//# sourceMappingURL=compute-mean-anomaly.d.ts.map

package/dist/compute-mean-anomaly.d.ts.map

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package/dist/compute-mean-anomaly.js

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+import { TWO_PI } from '@interstellar-tools/constants';
+import { convertTemporalUnit } from '@interstellar-tools/temporal';
+import { trueAnomalyToMeanAnomaly } from './true-anomaly-to-mean-anomaly';
+import { wrapAngle } from './wrap-angle';
+const EPSILON = 1e-15; // Increased tolerance for high eccentricity
+/**
+ * Compares two floating-point numbers for equality within a tolerance.
+ *
+ * @param {number} a - First number to compare.
+ * @param {number} b - Second number to compare.
+ * @param {number} [epsilon=EPSILON] - Tolerance for floating-point precision.
+ * @returns {boolean} `true` if values are approximately equal.
+ */
+const areEqual = (a, b, epsilon = EPSILON) => {
+    return Math.abs(a - b) < epsilon * Math.max(1, Math.abs(a), Math.abs(b));
+};
+/**
+ * Computes the **mean anomaly** ($M$) of a celestial body for a given time step.
+ *
+ * **Mathematical Explanation:**
+ *
+ * The **mean anomaly** is a measure of the position of an orbiting body as if it moved
+ * with uniform angular motion along a circular orbit with the same period as the actual
+ * elliptical orbit. It is computed as:
+ *
+ * $$ M = M_0 + n \cdot \Delta T $$
+ *
+ * where:
+ * - $M_0$ is the **initial mean anomaly** (converted from true anomaly if necessary).
+ * - $n$ is the **mean motion**, given by:
+ *   $$ n = \frac{2\pi}{P} $$
+ *   where $P$ is the orbital period in days.
+ * - $\Delta T$ is the time step.
+ *
+ * @param {CelestialBodyType} body - The celestial body for which to compute the mean anomaly.
+ * @param {TemporalInterface} timeStep - The time step over which to compute the change.
+ * @returns {Radians} The computed mean anomaly in radians.
+ *
+ * @throws {RangeError} If the body's eccentricity is outside the range $0 \leq e < 1$.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { computeMeanAnomaly } from './compute-mean-anomaly';
+ *
+ * const mars: CelestialBodyType = {
+ *   name: 'Mars',
+ *   e: 0.0934, // Eccentricity of Mars' orbit
+ *   angle: 1.047, // Initial true anomaly (in radians)
+ *   period: { value: 687, unit: 'day' }, // Orbital period in days
+ * };
+ *
+ * const timeStep: TemporalInterface = { value: 1, unit: 'day' }; // 1-day step
+ * const meanAnomaly = computeMeanAnomaly(mars, timeStep);
+ * console.log(meanAnomaly); // Output: Computed mean anomaly in radians
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see [Mean Anomaly (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_anomaly)
+ * @see [Orbital Mechanics (NASA)](https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/basics/chapter2-2/)
+ * @category Anomaly
+ */
+export const computeMeanAnomaly = (body, timeStep) => {
+    const { e, angle, period } = body;
+    if (e < 0 || e >= 1) {
+        throw new RangeError(`Invalid eccentricity: ${e}. Eccentricity must be in the range [0, 1].`);
+    }
+    // Convert period to days and compute mean motion
+    const periodInDays = convertTemporalUnit(period, 'd').value;
+    const meanMotion = TWO_PI / Math.abs(periodInDays);
+    // Convert true anomaly (V) to mean anomaly (M0) if necessary
+    const M0 = e === 0 ? angle : trueAnomalyToMeanAnomaly(angle, e);
+    if (timeStep.value === 0) {
+        return M0;
+    }
+    // Clamping small time steps to prevent unnecessary updates
+    const minTimeStep = 1e-5; // Minimum allowed time step
+    const maxTimeStepFactor = e >= 0.9 ? 1 : 10; // Stricter limit for highly eccentric orbits
+    const clampedDeltaT = Math.max(minTimeStep, Math.min(timeStep.value, maxTimeStepFactor * Math.abs(periodInDays)));
+    // Compute new mean anomaly with hysteresis filter and sign preservation
+    const prevM = M0;
+    let newM = wrapAngle(M0 + meanMotion * clampedDeltaT);
+    if (areEqual(newM, prevM)) {
+        newM = prevM;
+    }
+    return newM;
+};
+//# sourceMappingURL=compute-mean-anomaly.js.map

package/dist/compute-mean-anomaly.js.map

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package/dist/eccentric-to-true-anomaly.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+import { Radians } from '@interstellar-tools/types';
+/**
+ * Converts **Eccentric Anomaly** ($E$) to **True Anomaly** ($V$) for an orbit.
+ *
+ * **Mathematical Explanation:**
+ *
+ * The **eccentric anomaly** ($E$) and the **true anomaly** ($V$) are related through:
+ * $$
+ * \tan \frac{V}{2} = \sqrt{\frac{1+e}{1-e}} \tan \frac{E}{2}
+ * $$
+ * where:
+ * - $E$ is the **eccentric anomaly** (in radians).
+ * - $V$ is the **true anomaly** (in radians).
+ * - $e$ is the **orbital eccentricity** ($0 \leq e < 1$ for elliptical orbits).
+ *
+ * This function handles:
+ * - **Circular orbits** ($e = 0$): True anomaly is equal to eccentric anomaly.
+ * - **Parabolic orbits** ($e = 1$): Uses the special case:
+ *   $$
+ *   V = 2 \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{E}{2}\right)
+ *   $$
+ * - **Elliptical orbits** ($0 < e < 1$): Uses the standard conversion equation.
+ *
+ * Additionally, numerical stability is ensured when $E \approx \pi$.
+ *
+ * @param {Radians} E - Eccentric anomaly ($E$) in radians.
+ * @param {number} e - Orbital eccentricity ($0 \leq e < 1$).
+ * @returns {Radians} True anomaly ($V$) in radians.
+ *
+ * @throws {RangeError} If **eccentricity** is out of the range $0 \leq e \leq 1$.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * console.log(eccentricToTrueAnomaly(1.0, 0.5)); // Output: True anomaly in radians
+ * console.log(eccentricToTrueAnomaly(Math.PI, 0)); // Output: Math.PI (circular orbit)
+ * console.log(eccentricToTrueAnomaly(0, 1)); // Output: 0 (parabolic orbit)
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see [True Anomaly (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_anomaly)
+ * @category Anomaly
+ */
+export declare const eccentricToTrueAnomaly: (E: Radians, e: number) => Radians;
+//# sourceMappingURL=eccentric-to-true-anomaly.d.ts.map

package/dist/eccentric-to-true-anomaly.d.ts.map

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package/dist/eccentric-to-true-anomaly.js

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+/**
+ * Converts **Eccentric Anomaly** ($E$) to **True Anomaly** ($V$) for an orbit.
+ *
+ * **Mathematical Explanation:**
+ *
+ * The **eccentric anomaly** ($E$) and the **true anomaly** ($V$) are related through:
+ * $$
+ * \tan \frac{V}{2} = \sqrt{\frac{1+e}{1-e}} \tan \frac{E}{2}
+ * $$
+ * where:
+ * - $E$ is the **eccentric anomaly** (in radians).
+ * - $V$ is the **true anomaly** (in radians).
+ * - $e$ is the **orbital eccentricity** ($0 \leq e < 1$ for elliptical orbits).
+ *
+ * This function handles:
+ * - **Circular orbits** ($e = 0$): True anomaly is equal to eccentric anomaly.
+ * - **Parabolic orbits** ($e = 1$): Uses the special case:
+ *   $$
+ *   V = 2 \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{E}{2}\right)
+ *   $$
+ * - **Elliptical orbits** ($0 < e < 1$): Uses the standard conversion equation.
+ *
+ * Additionally, numerical stability is ensured when $E \approx \pi$.
+ *
+ * @param {Radians} E - Eccentric anomaly ($E$) in radians.
+ * @param {number} e - Orbital eccentricity ($0 \leq e < 1$).
+ * @returns {Radians} True anomaly ($V$) in radians.
+ *
+ * @throws {RangeError} If **eccentricity** is out of the range $0 \leq e \leq 1$.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * console.log(eccentricToTrueAnomaly(1.0, 0.5)); // Output: True anomaly in radians
+ * console.log(eccentricToTrueAnomaly(Math.PI, 0)); // Output: Math.PI (circular orbit)
+ * console.log(eccentricToTrueAnomaly(0, 1)); // Output: 0 (parabolic orbit)
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see [True Anomaly (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_anomaly)
+ * @category Anomaly
+ */
+export const eccentricToTrueAnomaly = (E, e) => {
+    // Validate eccentricity range
+    if (e < 0 || e > 1) {
+        throw new RangeError(`Invalid eccentricity: ${e}. Eccentricity must be in the range [0, 1].`);
+    }
+    // Handle circular orbit (e = 0)
+    if (e === 0) {
+        return E; // True anomaly equals eccentric anomaly for circular orbits
+    }
+    // Handle parabolic orbit (e = 1)
+    if (e === 1) {
+        return 2 * Math.atan(E / 2); // Special formula for parabolic orbits
+    }
+    // Handle numerical instability near E = π
+    const epsilon = 1e-10; // Small threshold for numerical stability
+    if (Math.abs(Math.cos(E / 2)) < epsilon) {
+        return Math.PI; // True anomaly is π when E = π
+    }
+    // Convert eccentric anomaly (E) to true anomaly (V) for elliptical orbits
+    return (2 *
+        Math.atan2(Math.sqrt(1 + e) * Math.sin(E / 2), Math.sqrt(1 - e) * Math.cos(E / 2)));
+};
+//# sourceMappingURL=eccentric-to-true-anomaly.js.map

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