@ifc-lite/create 1.14.2 → 1.14.4

package/dist/ifc-creator.js

@@ -4,15 +4,6 @@
 // ============================================================================
 // Internal helpers
 // ============================================================================
-/** Generate a 22-character IFC GlobalId (base64-ish) */
-function newGlobalId() {
-    const chars = '0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz_$';
-    let result = '';
-    for (let i = 0; i < 22; i++) {
-        result += chars[Math.floor(Math.random() * 64)];
-    }
-    return result;
-}
 /** Escape a string for STEP format */
 function esc(str) {
     return str.replace(/\\/g, '\\\\').replace(/'/g, "''");
@@ -33,6 +24,14 @@ function num(v) {
 function vecLen(v) {
     return Math.sqrt(v[0] * v[0] + v[1] * v[1] + v[2] * v[2]);
 }
+/**
+ * IFC types that do NOT follow the IfcElement attribute layout (no Tag/PredefinedType).
+ * addElement/addAxisElement skip Tag+PredefinedType for these types.
+ */
+const NON_ELEMENT_TYPES = new Set([
+    'IFCBUILDING', 'IFCSITE', 'IFCBUILDINGSTOREY', 'IFCPROJECT',
+    'IFCSPACE', 'IFCZONE', 'IFCSYSTEM', 'IFCGROUP',
+]);
 /** Normalize vector — throws on zero-length (indicates geometry bug like Start === End) */
 function vecNorm(v) {
     const len = vecLen(v);
@@ -56,6 +55,8 @@ export class IfcCreator {
     lines = [];
     entities = [];
     schema;
+    /** Track generated GlobalIds to guarantee uniqueness per IfcCreator instance */
+    usedGlobalIds = new Set();
     // Shared entity IDs (created in constructor)
     projectId = 0;
     siteId = 0;
@@ -82,28 +83,68 @@ export class IfcCreator {
     // Tracking for spatial aggregation
     storeyIds = [];
     storeyElements = new Map();
+    /** Storey expressId → its IfcLocalPlacement id (at [0,0,elevation]) */
+    storeyPlacements = new Map();
+    /** Element expressId → containing storey expressId */
+    elementStoreys = new Map();
+    /** Wall expressId → wall local placement */
+    wallPlacements = new Map();
+    /** Wall expressId → wall thickness */
+    wallThicknesses = new Map();
     projectParams;
     constructor(params = {}) {
         this.projectParams = params;
         this.schema = params.Schema ?? 'IFC4';
         this.buildPreamble(params);
     }
+    /** Generate a 22-character IFC GlobalId (base64-ish) using crypto-strong randomness */
+    newGlobalId() {
+        const chars = '0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz_$';
+        let result;
+        do {
+            // Use Web Crypto API (works in both Node.js and browsers)
+            const bytes = new Uint8Array(22);
+            if (typeof globalThis.crypto !== 'undefined' && globalThis.crypto.getRandomValues) {
+                globalThis.crypto.getRandomValues(bytes);
+            }
+            else {
+                // Fallback for older environments
+                for (let i = 0; i < 22; i++)
+                    bytes[i] = Math.floor(Math.random() * 256);
+            }
+            result = '';
+            for (let i = 0; i < 22; i++) {
+                result += chars[bytes[i] % 64];
+            }
+        } while (this.usedGlobalIds.has(result));
+        this.usedGlobalIds.add(result);
+        return result;
+    }
     // ============================================================================
     // Public API — Spatial Structure
     // ============================================================================
     /** Add a building storey. Returns the storey expressId for use with element creation. */
     addIfcBuildingStorey(params) {
         const id = this.id();
-        const globalId = newGlobalId();
+        const globalId = this.newGlobalId();
         const name = params.Name ?? 'Storey';
         const desc = params.Description ? `'${esc(params.Description)}'` : '$';
         const elevation = num(params.Elevation);
-        this.line(id, 'IFCBUILDINGSTOREY', `'${globalId}',#${this.ownerHistoryId},'${esc(name)}',${desc},$,$,#${this.worldPlacementId},$,.ELEMENT.,${elevation}`);
+        // Create a placement at [0, 0, elevation] so child elements are offset to the correct height
+        const storeyPlacementId = this.addLocalPlacement(this.worldPlacementId, {
+            Location: [0, 0, params.Elevation],
+        });
+        this.line(id, 'IFCBUILDINGSTOREY', `'${globalId}',#${this.ownerHistoryId},'${esc(name)}',${desc},$,$,#${storeyPlacementId},$,.ELEMENT.,${elevation}`);
         this.storeyIds.push(id);
         this.storeyElements.set(id, []);
+        this.storeyPlacements.set(id, storeyPlacementId);
         this.entities.push({ expressId: id, type: 'IfcBuildingStorey', Name: name });
         return id;
     }
+    /** Get the IfcLocalPlacement for a storey (falls back to world if unknown) */
+    getStoreyPlacement(storeyId) {
+        return this.storeyPlacements.get(storeyId) ?? this.worldPlacementId;
+    }
     // ============================================================================
     // Public API — Building Elements
     // ============================================================================
@@ -120,8 +161,8 @@ export class IfcCreator {
         const dz = params.End[2] - params.Start[2];
         const wallLen = Math.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy + dz * dz);
         const dir = vecNorm([dx, dy, dz]);
-        // Placement at Start. Local X = wall direction, Z = up (default).
-        const placementId = this.addLocalPlacement(this.worldPlacementId, {
+        // Placement at Start, relative to storey. Local X = wall direction, Z = up (default).
+        const placementId = this.addLocalPlacement(this.getStoreyPlacement(storeyId), {
             Location: params.Start,
             RefDirection: dir,
         });
@@ -133,7 +174,7 @@ export class IfcCreator {
         const shapeId = this.addShapeRepresentation('Body', [solidId]);
         const prodShapeId = this.addProductDefinitionShape([shapeId]);
         const wallId = this.id();
-        const globalId = newGlobalId();
+        const globalId = this.newGlobalId();
         const name = params.Name ?? 'Wall';
         const desc = params.Description ? `'${esc(params.Description)}'` : '$';
         const objType = params.ObjectType ? `'${esc(params.ObjectType)}'` : '$';
@@ -141,6 +182,8 @@ export class IfcCreator {
         this.line(wallId, 'IFCWALL', `'${globalId}',#${this.ownerHistoryId},'${esc(name)}',${desc},${objType},#${placementId},#${prodShapeId},${tag},.STANDARD.`);
         this.elementSolids.set(wallId, [solidId]);
         this.trackElement(storeyId, wallId);
+        this.wallPlacements.set(wallId, placementId);
+        this.wallThicknesses.set(wallId, params.Thickness);
         this.entities.push({ expressId: wallId, type: 'IfcWall', Name: name });
         // Add openings
         if (params.Openings) {
@@ -155,7 +198,7 @@ export class IfcCreator {
      * Width along +X, Depth along +Y, Thickness extruded along +Z.
      */
     addIfcSlab(storeyId, params) {
-        const placementId = this.addLocalPlacement(this.worldPlacementId, {
+        const placementId = this.addLocalPlacement(this.getStoreyPlacement(storeyId), {
             Location: params.Position,
         });
         let profileId;
@@ -172,7 +215,7 @@ export class IfcCreator {
         const shapeId = this.addShapeRepresentation('Body', [solidId]);
         const prodShapeId = this.addProductDefinitionShape([shapeId]);
         const slabId = this.id();
-        const globalId = newGlobalId();
+        const globalId = this.newGlobalId();
         const name = params.Name ?? 'Slab';
         const desc = params.Description ? `'${esc(params.Description)}'` : '$';
         const objType = params.ObjectType ? `'${esc(params.ObjectType)}'` : '$';
@@ -193,7 +236,7 @@ export class IfcCreator {
      * Cross-section centered, extruded upward by Height.
      */
     addIfcColumn(storeyId, params) {
-        const placementId = this.addLocalPlacement(this.worldPlacementId, {
+        const placementId = this.addLocalPlacement(this.getStoreyPlacement(storeyId), {
             Location: params.Position,
         });
         // Centered profile — column base center = Position
@@ -202,7 +245,7 @@ export class IfcCreator {
         const shapeId = this.addShapeRepresentation('Body', [solidId]);
         const prodShapeId = this.addProductDefinitionShape([shapeId]);
         const colId = this.id();
-        const globalId = newGlobalId();
+        const globalId = this.newGlobalId();
         const name = params.Name ?? 'Column';
         const desc = params.Description ? `'${esc(params.Description)}'` : '$';
         const objType = params.ObjectType ? `'${esc(params.ObjectType)}'` : '$';
@@ -225,7 +268,7 @@ export class IfcCreator {
         const dir = vecNorm([dx, dy, dz]);
         // Local Z = beam direction, so extrusion along Z = along beam.
         // Local X, Y define the cross-section plane.
-        const placementId = this.addLocalPlacement(this.worldPlacementId, {
+        const placementId = this.addLocalPlacement(this.getStoreyPlacement(storeyId), {
             Location: params.Start,
             Axis: dir,
             RefDirection: this.computeRefDirection(dir),
@@ -236,7 +279,7 @@ export class IfcCreator {
         const shapeId = this.addShapeRepresentation('Body', [solidId]);
         const prodShapeId = this.addProductDefinitionShape([shapeId]);
         const beamId = this.id();
-        const globalId = newGlobalId();
+        const globalId = this.newGlobalId();
         const name = params.Name ?? 'Beam';
         const desc = params.Description ? `'${esc(params.Description)}'` : '$';
         const objType = params.ObjectType ? `'${esc(params.ObjectType)}'` : '$';
@@ -263,7 +306,7 @@ export class IfcCreator {
             throw new Error('addStair: Width must be > 0');
         const direction = params.Direction ?? 0;
         // Use LocalPlacement rotation so both step positions AND profiles rotate together
-        const placementId = this.addLocalPlacement(this.worldPlacementId, {
+        const placementId = this.addLocalPlacement(this.getStoreyPlacement(storeyId), {
             Location: params.Position,
             RefDirection: direction !== 0 ? [Math.cos(direction), Math.sin(direction), 0] : undefined,
         });
@@ -285,7 +328,7 @@ export class IfcCreator {
         const shapeId = this.addShapeRepresentation('Body', stepSolids);
         const prodShapeId = this.addProductDefinitionShape([shapeId]);
         const stairId = this.id();
-        const globalId = newGlobalId();
+        const globalId = this.newGlobalId();
         const name = params.Name ?? 'Stair';
         const desc = params.Description ? `'${esc(params.Description)}'` : '$';
         const objType = params.ObjectType ? `'${esc(params.ObjectType)}'` : '$';
@@ -297,19 +340,22 @@ export class IfcCreator {
         return stairId;
     }
     /**
-     * Create a roof. Position is the minimum corner.
-     * Width along +X, Depth along +Y, Thickness extruded upward.
-     * Optional Slope rotates the extrusion around the Y axis.
+     * Create a flat or mono-pitch roof slab. Position is the minimum corner.
+     * Width along +X, Depth along +Y, Thickness extruded normal to the slab.
+     * Optional Slope is in radians and creates a single slope along +X.
      */
     addIfcRoof(storeyId, params) {
         const slope = params.Slope ?? 0;
+        if (slope < 0 || slope >= Math.PI / 2) {
+            throw new Error('addIfcRoof: Slope must be in radians between 0 and π/2 (e.g. Math.PI / 12 for 15°)');
+        }
         let axis = [0, 0, 1];
         let refDir = [1, 0, 0];
         if (slope > 0) {
             axis = [Math.sin(slope), 0, Math.cos(slope)];
             refDir = [Math.cos(slope), 0, -Math.sin(slope)];
         }
-        const placementId = this.addLocalPlacement(this.worldPlacementId, {
+        const placementId = this.addLocalPlacement(this.getStoreyPlacement(storeyId), {
             Location: params.Position,
             Axis: axis,
             RefDirection: refDir,
@@ -320,7 +366,7 @@ export class IfcCreator {
         const shapeId = this.addShapeRepresentation('Body', [solidId]);
         const prodShapeId = this.addProductDefinitionShape([shapeId]);
         const roofId = this.id();
-        const globalId = newGlobalId();
+        const globalId = this.newGlobalId();
         const name = params.Name ?? 'Roof';
         const desc = params.Description ? `'${esc(params.Description)}'` : '$';
         const objType = params.ObjectType ? `'${esc(params.ObjectType)}'` : '$';
@@ -331,6 +377,702 @@ export class IfcCreator {
         this.entities.push({ expressId: roofId, type: 'IfcRoof', Name: name });
         return roofId;
     }
+    /**
+     * Create a standard dual-pitch gable roof from a rectangular footprint.
+     * The ridge runs along the longer footprint dimension to keep the roof height reasonable.
+     */
+    addIfcGableRoof(storeyId, params) {
+        if (params.Width <= 0)
+            throw new Error('addIfcGableRoof: Width must be > 0');
+        if (params.Depth <= 0)
+            throw new Error('addIfcGableRoof: Depth must be > 0');
+        if (params.Thickness <= 0)
+            throw new Error('addIfcGableRoof: Thickness must be > 0');
+        if (params.Slope <= 0 || params.Slope >= Math.PI / 2) {
+            throw new Error('addIfcGableRoof: Slope must be in radians between 0 and π/2 (e.g. Math.PI / 12 for 15°)');
+        }
+        const overhang = params.Overhang ?? 0;
+        if (overhang < 0)
+            throw new Error('addIfcGableRoof: Overhang must be >= 0');
+        const placementId = this.addLocalPlacement(this.getStoreyPlacement(storeyId), {
+            Location: params.Position,
+        });
+        const cosSlope = Math.cos(params.Slope);
+        const sinSlope = Math.sin(params.Slope);
+        const ridgeAlongX = params.Width >= params.Depth;
+        const span = ridgeAlongX ? params.Depth : params.Width;
+        const ridgeLength = (ridgeAlongX ? params.Width : params.Depth) + (overhang * 2);
+        const run = (span / 2) + overhang;
+        const rise = run * Math.tan(params.Slope);
+        const slopedRun = run / cosSlope;
+        const createRoofPlane = (center, runDir, ridgeDir) => {
+            const originId = this.addCartesianPoint(center);
+            const axisId = this.addDirection(vecNorm(vecCross(runDir, ridgeDir)));
+            const refDirId = this.addDirection(runDir);
+            const axis2Id = this.addAxis2Placement3D(originId, axisId, refDirId);
+            const profileId = this.addRectangleProfile(slopedRun, ridgeLength);
+            return this.addExtrudedAreaSolid(profileId, params.Thickness, undefined, axis2Id);
+        };
+        const solids = ridgeAlongX
+            ? [
+                createRoofPlane([params.Width / 2, (params.Depth / 4) - (overhang / 2), rise / 2], [0, -cosSlope, -sinSlope], [1, 0, 0]),
+                createRoofPlane([params.Width / 2, ((params.Depth * 3) / 4) + (overhang / 2), rise / 2], [0, cosSlope, -sinSlope], [-1, 0, 0]),
+            ]
+            : [
+                createRoofPlane([(params.Width / 4) - (overhang / 2), params.Depth / 2, rise / 2], [-cosSlope, 0, -sinSlope], [0, -1, 0]),
+                createRoofPlane([((params.Width * 3) / 4) + (overhang / 2), params.Depth / 2, rise / 2], [cosSlope, 0, -sinSlope], [0, 1, 0]),
+            ];
+        const shapeId = this.addShapeRepresentation('Body', solids);
+        const prodShapeId = this.addProductDefinitionShape([shapeId]);
+        const roofId = this.id();
+        const globalId = this.newGlobalId();
+        const name = params.Name ?? 'Gable Roof';
+        const desc = params.Description ? `'${esc(params.Description)}'` : '$';
+        const objType = params.ObjectType ? `'${esc(params.ObjectType)}'` : '$';
+        const tag = params.Tag ? `'${esc(params.Tag)}'` : '$';
+        this.line(roofId, 'IFCROOF', `'${globalId}',#${this.ownerHistoryId},'${esc(name)}',${desc},${objType},#${placementId},#${prodShapeId},${tag},.GABLE_ROOF.`);
+        this.elementSolids.set(roofId, solids);
+        this.trackElement(storeyId, roofId);
+        this.entities.push({ expressId: roofId, type: 'IfcRoof', Name: name });
+        return roofId;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Create a door hosted in a wall opening and aligned to the host wall.
+     * Position is wall-local: [distance_along_wall, 0, base_height].
+     */
+    addIfcWallDoor(wallId, params) {
+        const { storeyId, placementId, wallThickness } = this.getHostedWallInfo(wallId);
+        const thickness = params.Thickness ?? wallThickness;
+        if (thickness <= 0)
+            throw new Error('addIfcWallDoor: Thickness must be > 0');
+        const openingId = this.addWallOpening(wallId, placementId, {
+            Name: params.Name ? `${params.Name} Opening` : 'Door Opening',
+            Width: params.Width,
+            Height: params.Height,
+            Position: params.Position,
+        }, wallThickness);
+        const doorPlacementId = this.addHostedWallFillPlacement(placementId, params.Position, wallThickness);
+        const profileId = this.addRectangleProfile(params.Width, params.Height, [0, params.Height / 2]);
+        const solidId = this.addExtrudedAreaSolid(profileId, thickness);
+        const shapeId = this.addShapeRepresentation('Body', [solidId]);
+        const prodShapeId = this.addProductDefinitionShape([shapeId]);
+        const doorId = this.id();
+        const globalId = this.newGlobalId();
+        const name = params.Name ?? 'Door';
+        const desc = params.Description ? `'${esc(params.Description)}'` : '$';
+        const objType = params.ObjectType ? `'${esc(params.ObjectType)}'` : '$';
+        const tag = params.Tag ? `'${esc(params.Tag)}'` : '$';
+        const opType = params.OperationType ?? 'SINGLE_SWING_LEFT';
+        const predType = params.PredefinedType ?? 'NOTDEFINED';
+        this.line(doorId, 'IFCDOOR', `'${globalId}',#${this.ownerHistoryId},'${esc(name)}',${desc},${objType},#${doorPlacementId},#${prodShapeId},${tag},${num(params.Height)},${num(params.Width)},.${predType}.,.${opType}.,$`);
+        this.addIfcRelFillsElement(openingId, doorId);
+        this.elementSolids.set(doorId, [solidId]);
+        this.trackElement(storeyId, doorId);
+        this.entities.push({ expressId: doorId, type: 'IfcDoor', Name: name });
+        return doorId;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Create a window hosted in a wall opening and aligned to the host wall.
+     * Position is wall-local: [distance_along_wall, 0, sill_height].
+     */
+    addIfcWallWindow(wallId, params) {
+        const { storeyId, placementId, wallThickness } = this.getHostedWallInfo(wallId);
+        const thickness = params.Thickness ?? wallThickness;
+        if (thickness <= 0)
+            throw new Error('addIfcWallWindow: Thickness must be > 0');
+        const openingId = this.addWallOpening(wallId, placementId, {
+            Name: params.Name ? `${params.Name} Opening` : 'Window Opening',
+            Width: params.Width,
+            Height: params.Height,
+            Position: params.Position,
+        }, wallThickness);
+        const windowPlacementId = this.addHostedWallFillPlacement(placementId, params.Position, wallThickness);
+        const profileId = this.addRectangleProfile(params.Width, params.Height, [0, params.Height / 2]);
+        const solidId = this.addExtrudedAreaSolid(profileId, thickness);
+        const shapeId = this.addShapeRepresentation('Body', [solidId]);
+        const prodShapeId = this.addProductDefinitionShape([shapeId]);
+        const windowId = this.id();
+        const globalId = this.newGlobalId();
+        const name = params.Name ?? 'Window';
+        const desc = params.Description ? `'${esc(params.Description)}'` : '$';
+        const objType = params.ObjectType ? `'${esc(params.ObjectType)}'` : '$';
+        const tag = params.Tag ? `'${esc(params.Tag)}'` : '$';
+        const partType = params.PartitioningType ?? 'SINGLE_PANEL';
+        this.line(windowId, 'IFCWINDOW', `'${globalId}',#${this.ownerHistoryId},'${esc(name)}',${desc},${objType},#${windowPlacementId},#${prodShapeId},${tag},${num(params.Height)},${num(params.Width)},.NOTDEFINED.,.${partType}.,$`);
+        this.addIfcRelFillsElement(openingId, windowId);
+        this.elementSolids.set(windowId, [solidId]);
+        this.trackElement(storeyId, windowId);
+        this.entities.push({ expressId: windowId, type: 'IfcWindow', Name: name });
+        return windowId;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Create a door element. Width × Height × Thickness panel.
+     */
+    addIfcDoor(storeyId, params) {
+        const placementId = this.addLocalPlacement(this.worldPlacementId, {
+            Location: params.Position,
+        });
+        const thickness = params.Thickness ?? 0.05;
+        const profileId = this.addRectangleProfile(params.Width, thickness);
+        const solidId = this.addExtrudedAreaSolid(profileId, params.Height);
+        const shapeId = this.addShapeRepresentation('Body', [solidId]);
+        const prodShapeId = this.addProductDefinitionShape([shapeId]);
+        const doorId = this.id();
+        const globalId = this.newGlobalId();
+        const name = params.Name ?? 'Door';
+        const desc = params.Description ? `'${esc(params.Description)}'` : '$';
+        const objType = params.ObjectType ? `'${esc(params.ObjectType)}'` : '$';
+        const tag = params.Tag ? `'${esc(params.Tag)}'` : '$';
+        const opType = params.OperationType ?? 'SINGLE_SWING_LEFT';
+        const predType = params.PredefinedType ?? 'NOTDEFINED';
+        this.line(doorId, 'IFCDOOR', `'${globalId}',#${this.ownerHistoryId},'${esc(name)}',${desc},${objType},#${placementId},#${prodShapeId},${tag},${num(params.Height)},${num(params.Width)},.${predType}.,.${opType}.,$`);
+        this.elementSolids.set(doorId, [solidId]);
+        this.trackElement(storeyId, doorId);
+        this.entities.push({ expressId: doorId, type: 'IfcDoor', Name: name });
+        return doorId;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Create a window element. Width × Height × Thickness frame.
+     */
+    addIfcWindow(storeyId, params) {
+        const placementId = this.addLocalPlacement(this.worldPlacementId, {
+            Location: params.Position,
+        });
+        const thickness = params.Thickness ?? 0.05;
+        const profileId = this.addRectangleProfile(params.Width, thickness);
+        const solidId = this.addExtrudedAreaSolid(profileId, params.Height);
+        const shapeId = this.addShapeRepresentation('Body', [solidId]);
+        const prodShapeId = this.addProductDefinitionShape([shapeId]);
+        const windowId = this.id();
+        const globalId = this.newGlobalId();
+        const name = params.Name ?? 'Window';
+        const desc = params.Description ? `'${esc(params.Description)}'` : '$';
+        const objType = params.ObjectType ? `'${esc(params.ObjectType)}'` : '$';
+        const tag = params.Tag ? `'${esc(params.Tag)}'` : '$';
+        const partType = params.PartitioningType ?? 'SINGLE_PANEL';
+        this.line(windowId, 'IFCWINDOW', `'${globalId}',#${this.ownerHistoryId},'${esc(name)}',${desc},${objType},#${placementId},#${prodShapeId},${tag},${num(params.Height)},${num(params.Width)},.NOTDEFINED.,.${partType}.,$`);
+        this.elementSolids.set(windowId, [solidId]);
+        this.trackElement(storeyId, windowId);
+        this.entities.push({ expressId: windowId, type: 'IfcWindow', Name: name });
+        return windowId;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Create a ramp. Position is the low end.
+     * Width along +Y, Length along +X, Rise optionally inclines the ramp.
+     */
+    addIfcRamp(storeyId, params) {
+        const rise = params.Rise ?? 0;
+        let axis = [0, 0, 1];
+        let refDir = [1, 0, 0];
+        if (rise > 0) {
+            const slopeAngle = Math.atan2(rise, params.Length);
+            axis = [Math.sin(slopeAngle), 0, Math.cos(slopeAngle)];
+            refDir = [Math.cos(slopeAngle), 0, -Math.sin(slopeAngle)];
+        }
+        const placementId = this.addLocalPlacement(this.worldPlacementId, {
+            Location: params.Position,
+            Axis: axis,
+            RefDirection: refDir,
+        });
+        const profileId = this.addRectangleProfile(params.Length, params.Width, [params.Length / 2, params.Width / 2]);
+        const solidId = this.addExtrudedAreaSolid(profileId, params.Thickness);
+        const shapeId = this.addShapeRepresentation('Body', [solidId]);
+        const prodShapeId = this.addProductDefinitionShape([shapeId]);
+        const rampId = this.id();
+        const globalId = this.newGlobalId();
+        const name = params.Name ?? 'Ramp';
+        const desc = params.Description ? `'${esc(params.Description)}'` : '$';
+        const objType = params.ObjectType ? `'${esc(params.ObjectType)}'` : '$';
+        const tag = params.Tag ? `'${esc(params.Tag)}'` : '$';
+        this.line(rampId, 'IFCRAMP', `'${globalId}',#${this.ownerHistoryId},'${esc(name)}',${desc},${objType},#${placementId},#${prodShapeId},${tag},.STRAIGHT_RUN_RAMP.`);
+        this.elementSolids.set(rampId, [solidId]);
+        this.trackElement(storeyId, rampId);
+        this.entities.push({ expressId: rampId, type: 'IfcRamp', Name: name });
+        return rampId;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Create a railing from Start to End with given Height.
+     */
+    addIfcRailing(storeyId, params) {
+        const dx = params.End[0] - params.Start[0];
+        const dy = params.End[1] - params.Start[1];
+        const dz = params.End[2] - params.Start[2];
+        const railLen = Math.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy + dz * dz);
+        const dir = vecNorm([dx, dy, dz]);
+        // Use identity orientation so posts can extrude vertically along world Z
+        const placementId = this.addLocalPlacement(this.worldPlacementId, {
+            Location: params.Start,
+        });
+        const railWidth = params.Width ?? 0.05;
+        // Rail solid — extrude along the rail direction (dir) at rail Height
+        const railProfileId = this.addRectangleProfile(railWidth, railWidth);
+        const railOriginId = this.addCartesianPoint([0, 0, params.Height]);
+        const railAxisId = this.addDirection(dir);
+        const railRefId = this.addDirection(this.computeRefDirection(dir));
+        const railAxis2Id = this.addAxis2Placement3D(railOriginId, railAxisId, railRefId);
+        const railSolidId = this.id();
+        this.line(railSolidId, 'IFCEXTRUDEDAREASOLID', `#${railProfileId},#${railAxis2Id},#${this.dirZ},${num(railLen)}`);
+        const solids = [railSolidId];
+        // Vertical posts at start and end
+        const postProfile = this.addRectangleProfile(railWidth, railWidth);
+        // Start post — at origin, extrude up
+        const startPostOriginId = this.addCartesianPoint([0, 0, 0]);
+        const startPostAxis2Id = this.addAxis2Placement3D(startPostOriginId);
+        const startPostId = this.id();
+        this.line(startPostId, 'IFCEXTRUDEDAREASOLID', `#${postProfile},#${startPostAxis2Id},#${this.dirZ},${num(params.Height)}`);
+        solids.push(startPostId);
+        // End post — at the end of the rail, extrude up
+        const endPostOriginId = this.addCartesianPoint([
+            dx, dy, dz,
+        ]);
+        const endPostAxis2Id = this.addAxis2Placement3D(endPostOriginId);
+        const endPostProfile = this.addRectangleProfile(railWidth, railWidth);
+        const endPostId = this.id();
+        this.line(endPostId, 'IFCEXTRUDEDAREASOLID', `#${endPostProfile},#${endPostAxis2Id},#${this.dirZ},${num(params.Height)}`);
+        solids.push(endPostId);
+        const shapeId = this.addShapeRepresentation('Body', solids);
+        const prodShapeId = this.addProductDefinitionShape([shapeId]);
+        const railingId = this.id();
+        const globalId = this.newGlobalId();
+        const name = params.Name ?? 'Railing';
+        const desc = params.Description ? `'${esc(params.Description)}'` : '$';
+        const objType = params.ObjectType ? `'${esc(params.ObjectType)}'` : '$';
+        const tag = params.Tag ? `'${esc(params.Tag)}'` : '$';
+        this.line(railingId, 'IFCRAILING', `'${globalId}',#${this.ownerHistoryId},'${esc(name)}',${desc},${objType},#${placementId},#${prodShapeId},${tag},.HANDRAIL.`);
+        this.elementSolids.set(railingId, solids);
+        this.trackElement(storeyId, railingId);
+        this.entities.push({ expressId: railingId, type: 'IfcRailing', Name: name });
+        return railingId;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Create a plate (thin flat element, e.g. steel plate).
+     */
+    addIfcPlate(storeyId, params) {
+        const placementId = this.addLocalPlacement(this.worldPlacementId, {
+            Location: params.Position,
+        });
+        let profileId;
+        if (params.Profile && params.Profile.length >= 3) {
+            profileId = this.addArbitraryProfile(params.Profile);
+        }
+        else {
+            profileId = this.addRectangleProfile(params.Width, params.Depth, [params.Width / 2, params.Depth / 2]);
+        }
+        const solidId = this.addExtrudedAreaSolid(profileId, params.Thickness);
+        const shapeId = this.addShapeRepresentation('Body', [solidId]);
+        const prodShapeId = this.addProductDefinitionShape([shapeId]);
+        const plateId = this.id();
+        const globalId = this.newGlobalId();
+        const name = params.Name ?? 'Plate';
+        const desc = params.Description ? `'${esc(params.Description)}'` : '$';
+        const objType = params.ObjectType ? `'${esc(params.ObjectType)}'` : '$';
+        const tag = params.Tag ? `'${esc(params.Tag)}'` : '$';
+        this.line(plateId, 'IFCPLATE', `'${globalId}',#${this.ownerHistoryId},'${esc(name)}',${desc},${objType},#${placementId},#${prodShapeId},${tag},.NOTDEFINED.`);
+        this.elementSolids.set(plateId, [solidId]);
+        this.trackElement(storeyId, plateId);
+        this.entities.push({ expressId: plateId, type: 'IfcPlate', Name: name });
+        return plateId;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Create a structural member (brace, strut, etc.) from Start to End.
+     */
+    addIfcMember(storeyId, params) {
+        const dx = params.End[0] - params.Start[0];
+        const dy = params.End[1] - params.Start[1];
+        const dz = params.End[2] - params.Start[2];
+        const memberLen = Math.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy + dz * dz);
+        const dir = vecNorm([dx, dy, dz]);
+        const placementId = this.addLocalPlacement(this.worldPlacementId, {
+            Location: params.Start,
+            Axis: dir,
+            RefDirection: this.computeRefDirection(dir),
+        });
+        const profileId = this.addRectangleProfile(params.Width, params.Height);
+        const solidId = this.addExtrudedAreaSolid(profileId, memberLen);
+        const shapeId = this.addShapeRepresentation('Body', [solidId]);
+        const prodShapeId = this.addProductDefinitionShape([shapeId]);
+        const memberId = this.id();
+        const globalId = this.newGlobalId();
+        const name = params.Name ?? 'Member';
+        const desc = params.Description ? `'${esc(params.Description)}'` : '$';
+        const objType = params.ObjectType ? `'${esc(params.ObjectType)}'` : '$';
+        const tag = params.Tag ? `'${esc(params.Tag)}'` : '$';
+        this.line(memberId, 'IFCMEMBER', `'${globalId}',#${this.ownerHistoryId},'${esc(name)}',${desc},${objType},#${placementId},#${prodShapeId},${tag},.NOTDEFINED.`);
+        this.elementSolids.set(memberId, [solidId]);
+        this.trackElement(storeyId, memberId);
+        this.entities.push({ expressId: memberId, type: 'IfcMember', Name: name });
+        return memberId;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Create a footing (foundation). Position is top centre, Height extends downward.
+     */
+    addIfcFooting(storeyId, params) {
+        // Offset placement downward so extrusion starts at bottom
+        const placementId = this.addLocalPlacement(this.worldPlacementId, {
+            Location: [params.Position[0], params.Position[1], params.Position[2] - params.Height],
+        });
+        const profileId = this.addRectangleProfile(params.Width, params.Depth);
+        const solidId = this.addExtrudedAreaSolid(profileId, params.Height);
+        const shapeId = this.addShapeRepresentation('Body', [solidId]);
+        const prodShapeId = this.addProductDefinitionShape([shapeId]);
+        const footingId = this.id();
+        const globalId = this.newGlobalId();
+        const name = params.Name ?? 'Footing';
+        const desc = params.Description ? `'${esc(params.Description)}'` : '$';
+        const objType = params.ObjectType ? `'${esc(params.ObjectType)}'` : '$';
+        const tag = params.Tag ? `'${esc(params.Tag)}'` : '$';
+        const predefined = params.PredefinedType ?? 'PAD_FOOTING';
+        this.line(footingId, 'IFCFOOTING', `'${globalId}',#${this.ownerHistoryId},'${esc(name)}',${desc},${objType},#${placementId},#${prodShapeId},${tag},.${predefined}.`);
+        this.elementSolids.set(footingId, [solidId]);
+        this.trackElement(storeyId, footingId);
+        this.entities.push({ expressId: footingId, type: 'IfcFooting', Name: name });
+        return footingId;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Create a pile (deep foundation). Position is top, Length extends downward.
+     * Uses circular cross-section by default, rectangular if IsRectangular is set.
+     */
+    addIfcPile(storeyId, params) {
+        const placementId = this.addLocalPlacement(this.worldPlacementId, {
+            Location: [params.Position[0], params.Position[1], params.Position[2] - params.Length],
+        });
+        let profileId;
+        if (params.IsRectangular) {
+            const depth = params.RectangularDepth ?? params.Diameter;
+            profileId = this.addRectangleProfile(params.Diameter, depth);
+        }
+        else {
+            profileId = this.addCircleProfile(params.Diameter / 2);
+        }
+        const solidId = this.addExtrudedAreaSolid(profileId, params.Length);
+        const shapeId = this.addShapeRepresentation('Body', [solidId]);
+        const prodShapeId = this.addProductDefinitionShape([shapeId]);
+        const pileId = this.id();
+        const globalId = this.newGlobalId();
+        const name = params.Name ?? 'Pile';
+        const desc = params.Description ? `'${esc(params.Description)}'` : '$';
+        const objType = params.ObjectType ? `'${esc(params.ObjectType)}'` : '$';
+        const tag = params.Tag ? `'${esc(params.Tag)}'` : '$';
+        this.line(pileId, 'IFCPILE', `'${globalId}',#${this.ownerHistoryId},'${esc(name)}',${desc},${objType},#${placementId},#${prodShapeId},${tag},.DRIVEN.,$`);
+        this.elementSolids.set(pileId, [solidId]);
+        this.trackElement(storeyId, pileId);
+        this.entities.push({ expressId: pileId, type: 'IfcPile', Name: name });
+        return pileId;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Create a space (room volume).
+     */
+    addIfcSpace(storeyId, params) {
+        const placementId = this.addLocalPlacement(this.worldPlacementId, {
+            Location: params.Position,
+        });
+        let profileId;
+        if (params.Profile && params.Profile.length >= 3) {
+            profileId = this.addArbitraryProfile(params.Profile);
+        }
+        else {
+            profileId = this.addRectangleProfile(params.Width, params.Depth, [params.Width / 2, params.Depth / 2]);
+        }
+        const solidId = this.addExtrudedAreaSolid(profileId, params.Height);
+        const shapeId = this.addShapeRepresentation('Body', [solidId]);
+        const prodShapeId = this.addProductDefinitionShape([shapeId]);
+        const spaceId = this.id();
+        const globalId = this.newGlobalId();
+        const name = params.Name ?? 'Space';
+        const desc = params.Description ? `'${esc(params.Description)}'` : '$';
+        const objType = params.ObjectType ? `'${esc(params.ObjectType)}'` : '$';
+        const tag = params.Tag ? `'${esc(params.Tag)}'` : '$';
+        const longName = params.LongName ? `'${esc(params.LongName)}'` : '$';
+        this.line(spaceId, 'IFCSPACE', `'${globalId}',#${this.ownerHistoryId},'${esc(name)}',${desc},${objType},#${placementId},#${prodShapeId},${longName},.ELEMENT.,.INTERNAL.,$`);
+        this.elementSolids.set(spaceId, [solidId]);
+        this.trackElement(storeyId, spaceId);
+        this.entities.push({ expressId: spaceId, type: 'IfcSpace', Name: name });
+        return spaceId;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Create a curtain wall. Thin panel from Start to End, extruded by Height.
+     */
+    addIfcCurtainWall(storeyId, params) {
+        const dx = params.End[0] - params.Start[0];
+        const dy = params.End[1] - params.Start[1];
+        const dz = params.End[2] - params.Start[2];
+        const wallLen = Math.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy + dz * dz);
+        const dir = vecNorm([dx, dy, dz]);
+        const thickness = params.Thickness ?? 0.05;
+        const placementId = this.addLocalPlacement(this.worldPlacementId, {
+            Location: params.Start,
+            RefDirection: dir,
+        });
+        const profileId = this.addRectangleProfile(wallLen, thickness, [wallLen / 2, 0]);
+        const solidId = this.addExtrudedAreaSolid(profileId, params.Height);
+        const shapeId = this.addShapeRepresentation('Body', [solidId]);
+        const prodShapeId = this.addProductDefinitionShape([shapeId]);
+        const cwId = this.id();
+        const globalId = this.newGlobalId();
+        const name = params.Name ?? 'Curtain Wall';
+        const desc = params.Description ? `'${esc(params.Description)}'` : '$';
+        const objType = params.ObjectType ? `'${esc(params.ObjectType)}'` : '$';
+        const tag = params.Tag ? `'${esc(params.Tag)}'` : '$';
+        this.line(cwId, 'IFCCURTAINWALL', `'${globalId}',#${this.ownerHistoryId},'${esc(name)}',${desc},${objType},#${placementId},#${prodShapeId},${tag},.NOTDEFINED.`);
+        this.elementSolids.set(cwId, [solidId]);
+        this.trackElement(storeyId, cwId);
+        this.entities.push({ expressId: cwId, type: 'IfcCurtainWall', Name: name });
+        return cwId;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Create a furnishing element (furniture/equipment bounding box).
+     */
+    addIfcFurnishingElement(storeyId, params) {
+        const direction = params.Direction ?? 0;
+        const placementId = this.addLocalPlacement(this.worldPlacementId, {
+            Location: params.Position,
+            RefDirection: direction !== 0 ? [Math.cos(direction), Math.sin(direction), 0] : undefined,
+        });
+        const profileId = this.addRectangleProfile(params.Width, params.Depth, [params.Width / 2, params.Depth / 2]);
+        const solidId = this.addExtrudedAreaSolid(profileId, params.Height);
+        const shapeId = this.addShapeRepresentation('Body', [solidId]);
+        const prodShapeId = this.addProductDefinitionShape([shapeId]);
+        const furnId = this.id();
+        const globalId = this.newGlobalId();
+        const name = params.Name ?? 'Furnishing';
+        const desc = params.Description ? `'${esc(params.Description)}'` : '$';
+        const objType = params.ObjectType ? `'${esc(params.ObjectType)}'` : '$';
+        const tag = params.Tag ? `'${esc(params.Tag)}'` : '$';
+        this.line(furnId, 'IFCFURNISHINGELEMENT', `'${globalId}',#${this.ownerHistoryId},'${esc(name)}',${desc},${objType},#${placementId},#${prodShapeId},${tag}`);
+        this.elementSolids.set(furnId, [solidId]);
+        this.trackElement(storeyId, furnId);
+        this.entities.push({ expressId: furnId, type: 'IfcFurnishingElement', Name: name });
+        return furnId;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Create a proxy element (generic element for custom/unclassified objects).
+     */
+    addIfcBuildingElementProxy(storeyId, params) {
+        const placementId = this.addLocalPlacement(this.worldPlacementId, {
+            Location: params.Position,
+        });
+        let profileId;
+        if (params.Profile && params.Profile.length >= 3) {
+            profileId = this.addArbitraryProfile(params.Profile);
+        }
+        else {
+            profileId = this.addRectangleProfile(params.Width, params.Depth, [params.Width / 2, params.Depth / 2]);
+        }
+        const solidId = this.addExtrudedAreaSolid(profileId, params.Height);
+        const shapeId = this.addShapeRepresentation('Body', [solidId]);
+        const prodShapeId = this.addProductDefinitionShape([shapeId]);
+        const proxyId = this.id();
+        const globalId = this.newGlobalId();
+        const name = params.Name ?? 'Proxy';
+        const desc = params.Description ? `'${esc(params.Description)}'` : '$';
+        const objType = params.ObjectType ?? params.ProxyType ?? '';
+        const objTypeStr = objType ? `'${esc(objType)}'` : '$';
+        const tag = params.Tag ? `'${esc(params.Tag)}'` : '$';
+        this.line(proxyId, 'IFCBUILDINGELEMENTPROXY', `'${globalId}',#${this.ownerHistoryId},'${esc(name)}',${desc},${objTypeStr},#${placementId},#${prodShapeId},${tag},.NOTDEFINED.`);
+        this.elementSolids.set(proxyId, [solidId]);
+        this.trackElement(storeyId, proxyId);
+        this.entities.push({ expressId: proxyId, type: 'IfcBuildingElementProxy', Name: name });
+        return proxyId;
+    }
+    // ============================================================================
+    // Public API — Advanced Geometry (Circle, I-Shape, L-Shape, T-Shape, U-Shape, C-Shape profiles)
+    // ============================================================================
+    /**
+     * Create a column with circular cross-section.
+     */
+    addIfcCircularColumn(storeyId, params) {
+        const placementId = this.addLocalPlacement(this.worldPlacementId, {
+            Location: params.Position,
+        });
+        const profileId = this.addCircleProfile(params.Radius);
+        const solidId = this.addExtrudedAreaSolid(profileId, params.Height);
+        const shapeId = this.addShapeRepresentation('Body', [solidId]);
+        const prodShapeId = this.addProductDefinitionShape([shapeId]);
+        const colId = this.id();
+        const globalId = this.newGlobalId();
+        const name = params.Name ?? 'Column';
+        const desc = params.Description ? `'${esc(params.Description)}'` : '$';
+        const objType = params.ObjectType ? `'${esc(params.ObjectType)}'` : '$';
+        const tag = params.Tag ? `'${esc(params.Tag)}'` : '$';
+        this.line(colId, 'IFCCOLUMN', `'${globalId}',#${this.ownerHistoryId},'${esc(name)}',${desc},${objType},#${placementId},#${prodShapeId},${tag},.COLUMN.`);
+        this.elementSolids.set(colId, [solidId]);
+        this.trackElement(storeyId, colId);
+        this.entities.push({ expressId: colId, type: 'IfcColumn', Name: name });
+        return colId;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Create a beam with I-shape (wide-flange/H-shape) cross-section.
+     */
+    addIfcIShapeBeam(storeyId, params) {
+        const dx = params.End[0] - params.Start[0];
+        const dy = params.End[1] - params.Start[1];
+        const dz = params.End[2] - params.Start[2];
+        const beamLen = Math.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy + dz * dz);
+        const dir = vecNorm([dx, dy, dz]);
+        const placementId = this.addLocalPlacement(this.worldPlacementId, {
+            Location: params.Start,
+            Axis: dir,
+            RefDirection: this.computeRefDirection(dir),
+        });
+        const profileId = this.addIShapeProfile(params.OverallWidth, params.OverallDepth, params.WebThickness, params.FlangeThickness, params.FilletRadius);
+        const solidId = this.addExtrudedAreaSolid(profileId, beamLen);
+        const shapeId = this.addShapeRepresentation('Body', [solidId]);
+        const prodShapeId = this.addProductDefinitionShape([shapeId]);
+        const beamId = this.id();
+        const globalId = this.newGlobalId();
+        const name = params.Name ?? 'Beam';
+        const desc = params.Description ? `'${esc(params.Description)}'` : '$';
+        const objType = params.ObjectType ? `'${esc(params.ObjectType)}'` : '$';
+        const tag = params.Tag ? `'${esc(params.Tag)}'` : '$';
+        this.line(beamId, 'IFCBEAM', `'${globalId}',#${this.ownerHistoryId},'${esc(name)}',${desc},${objType},#${placementId},#${prodShapeId},${tag},.BEAM.`);
+        this.elementSolids.set(beamId, [solidId]);
+        this.trackElement(storeyId, beamId);
+        this.entities.push({ expressId: beamId, type: 'IfcBeam', Name: name });
+        return beamId;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Create a member with L-shape (angle) cross-section.
+     */
+    addIfcLShapeMember(storeyId, params) {
+        const dx = params.End[0] - params.Start[0];
+        const dy = params.End[1] - params.Start[1];
+        const dz = params.End[2] - params.Start[2];
+        const memberLen = Math.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy + dz * dz);
+        const dir = vecNorm([dx, dy, dz]);
+        const placementId = this.addLocalPlacement(this.worldPlacementId, {
+            Location: params.Start,
+            Axis: dir,
+            RefDirection: this.computeRefDirection(dir),
+        });
+        const profileId = this.addLShapeProfile(params.Depth, params.Width, params.Thickness, params.FilletRadius);
+        const solidId = this.addExtrudedAreaSolid(profileId, memberLen);
+        const shapeId = this.addShapeRepresentation('Body', [solidId]);
+        const prodShapeId = this.addProductDefinitionShape([shapeId]);
+        const memberId = this.id();
+        const globalId = this.newGlobalId();
+        const name = params.Name ?? 'Member';
+        const desc = params.Description ? `'${esc(params.Description)}'` : '$';
+        const objType = params.ObjectType ? `'${esc(params.ObjectType)}'` : '$';
+        const tag = params.Tag ? `'${esc(params.Tag)}'` : '$';
+        this.line(memberId, 'IFCMEMBER', `'${globalId}',#${this.ownerHistoryId},'${esc(name)}',${desc},${objType},#${placementId},#${prodShapeId},${tag},.NOTDEFINED.`);
+        this.elementSolids.set(memberId, [solidId]);
+        this.trackElement(storeyId, memberId);
+        this.entities.push({ expressId: memberId, type: 'IfcMember', Name: name });
+        return memberId;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Create a member with T-shape cross-section.
+     */
+    addIfcTShapeMember(storeyId, params) {
+        const dx = params.End[0] - params.Start[0];
+        const dy = params.End[1] - params.Start[1];
+        const dz = params.End[2] - params.Start[2];
+        const memberLen = Math.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy + dz * dz);
+        const dir = vecNorm([dx, dy, dz]);
+        const placementId = this.addLocalPlacement(this.worldPlacementId, {
+            Location: params.Start,
+            Axis: dir,
+            RefDirection: this.computeRefDirection(dir),
+        });
+        const profileId = this.addTShapeProfile(params.FlangeWidth, params.Depth, params.WebThickness, params.FlangeThickness, params.FilletRadius);
+        const solidId = this.addExtrudedAreaSolid(profileId, memberLen);
+        const shapeId = this.addShapeRepresentation('Body', [solidId]);
+        const prodShapeId = this.addProductDefinitionShape([shapeId]);
+        const memberId = this.id();
+        const globalId = this.newGlobalId();
+        const name = params.Name ?? 'Member';
+        const desc = params.Description ? `'${esc(params.Description)}'` : '$';
+        const objType = params.ObjectType ? `'${esc(params.ObjectType)}'` : '$';
+        const tag = params.Tag ? `'${esc(params.Tag)}'` : '$';
+        this.line(memberId, 'IFCMEMBER', `'${globalId}',#${this.ownerHistoryId},'${esc(name)}',${desc},${objType},#${placementId},#${prodShapeId},${tag},.NOTDEFINED.`);
+        this.elementSolids.set(memberId, [solidId]);
+        this.trackElement(storeyId, memberId);
+        this.entities.push({ expressId: memberId, type: 'IfcMember', Name: name });
+        return memberId;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Create a member with U-shape (channel) cross-section.
+     */
+    addIfcUShapeMember(storeyId, params) {
+        const dx = params.End[0] - params.Start[0];
+        const dy = params.End[1] - params.Start[1];
+        const dz = params.End[2] - params.Start[2];
+        const memberLen = Math.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy + dz * dz);
+        const dir = vecNorm([dx, dy, dz]);
+        const placementId = this.addLocalPlacement(this.worldPlacementId, {
+            Location: params.Start,
+            Axis: dir,
+            RefDirection: this.computeRefDirection(dir),
+        });
+        const profileId = this.addUShapeProfile(params.Depth, params.FlangeWidth, params.WebThickness, params.FlangeThickness, params.FilletRadius);
+        const solidId = this.addExtrudedAreaSolid(profileId, memberLen);
+        const shapeId = this.addShapeRepresentation('Body', [solidId]);
+        const prodShapeId = this.addProductDefinitionShape([shapeId]);
+        const memberId = this.id();
+        const globalId = this.newGlobalId();
+        const name = params.Name ?? 'Member';
+        const desc = params.Description ? `'${esc(params.Description)}'` : '$';
+        const objType = params.ObjectType ? `'${esc(params.ObjectType)}'` : '$';
+        const tag = params.Tag ? `'${esc(params.Tag)}'` : '$';
+        this.line(memberId, 'IFCMEMBER', `'${globalId}',#${this.ownerHistoryId},'${esc(name)}',${desc},${objType},#${placementId},#${prodShapeId},${tag},.NOTDEFINED.`);
+        this.elementSolids.set(memberId, [solidId]);
+        this.trackElement(storeyId, memberId);
+        this.entities.push({ expressId: memberId, type: 'IfcMember', Name: name });
+        return memberId;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Create a column or pile with hollow circular cross-section.
+     */
+    addIfcHollowCircularColumn(storeyId, params) {
+        const placementId = this.addLocalPlacement(this.worldPlacementId, {
+            Location: params.Position,
+        });
+        const profileId = this.addCircleHollowProfile(params.Radius, params.WallThickness);
+        const solidId = this.addExtrudedAreaSolid(profileId, params.Height);
+        const shapeId = this.addShapeRepresentation('Body', [solidId]);
+        const prodShapeId = this.addProductDefinitionShape([shapeId]);
+        const colId = this.id();
+        const globalId = this.newGlobalId();
+        const name = params.Name ?? 'Column';
+        const desc = params.Description ? `'${esc(params.Description)}'` : '$';
+        const objType = params.ObjectType ? `'${esc(params.ObjectType)}'` : '$';
+        const tag = params.Tag ? `'${esc(params.Tag)}'` : '$';
+        this.line(colId, 'IFCCOLUMN', `'${globalId}',#${this.ownerHistoryId},'${esc(name)}',${desc},${objType},#${placementId},#${prodShapeId},${tag},.COLUMN.`);
+        this.elementSolids.set(colId, [solidId]);
+        this.trackElement(storeyId, colId);
+        this.entities.push({ expressId: colId, type: 'IfcColumn', Name: name });
+        return colId;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Create a beam/column with hollow rectangular (tube) cross-section.
+     */
+    addIfcRectangleHollowBeam(storeyId, params) {
+        const dx = params.End[0] - params.Start[0];
+        const dy = params.End[1] - params.Start[1];
+        const dz = params.End[2] - params.Start[2];
+        const beamLen = Math.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy + dz * dz);
+        const dir = vecNorm([dx, dy, dz]);
+        const placementId = this.addLocalPlacement(this.worldPlacementId, {
+            Location: params.Start,
+            Axis: dir,
+            RefDirection: this.computeRefDirection(dir),
+        });
+        const profileId = this.addRectangleHollowProfile(params.XDim, params.YDim, params.WallThickness, params.InnerFilletRadius, params.OuterFilletRadius);
+        const solidId = this.addExtrudedAreaSolid(profileId, beamLen);
+        const shapeId = this.addShapeRepresentation('Body', [solidId]);
+        const prodShapeId = this.addProductDefinitionShape([shapeId]);
+        const beamId = this.id();
+        const globalId = this.newGlobalId();
+        const name = params.Name ?? 'Beam';
+        const desc = params.Description ? `'${esc(params.Description)}'` : '$';
+        const objType = params.ObjectType ? `'${esc(params.ObjectType)}'` : '$';
+        const tag = params.Tag ? `'${esc(params.Tag)}'` : '$';
+        this.line(beamId, 'IFCBEAM', `'${globalId}',#${this.ownerHistoryId},'${esc(name)}',${desc},${objType},#${placementId},#${prodShapeId},${tag},.BEAM.`);
+        this.elementSolids.set(beamId, [solidId]);
+        this.trackElement(storeyId, beamId);
+        this.entities.push({ expressId: beamId, type: 'IfcBeam', Name: name });
+        return beamId;
+    }
     // ============================================================================
     // Public API — Properties & Quantities
     // ============================================================================
@@ -344,11 +1086,11 @@ export class IfcCreator {
             propIds.push(propId);
         }
         const psetId = this.id();
-        const globalId = newGlobalId();
+        const globalId = this.newGlobalId();
         const refs = propIds.map(id => `#${id}`).join(',');
         this.line(psetId, 'IFCPROPERTYSET', `'${globalId}',#${this.ownerHistoryId},'${esc(pset.Name)}',$,(${refs})`);
         const relId = this.id();
-        const relGlobalId = newGlobalId();
+        const relGlobalId = this.newGlobalId();
         this.line(relId, 'IFCRELDEFINESBYPROPERTIES', `'${relGlobalId}',#${this.ownerHistoryId},$,$,(#${elementId}),#${psetId}`);
         return psetId;
     }
@@ -362,11 +1104,11 @@ export class IfcCreator {
             qtyIds.push(qtyId);
         }
         const qsetId = this.id();
-        const globalId = newGlobalId();
+        const globalId = this.newGlobalId();
         const refs = qtyIds.map(id => `#${id}`).join(',');
         this.line(qsetId, 'IFCELEMENTQUANTITY', `'${globalId}',#${this.ownerHistoryId},'${esc(qset.Name)}',$,$,(${refs})`);
         const relId = this.id();
-        const relGlobalId = newGlobalId();
+        const relGlobalId = this.newGlobalId();
         this.line(relId, 'IFCRELDEFINESBYPROPERTIES', `'${relGlobalId}',#${this.ownerHistoryId},$,$,(#${elementId}),#${qsetId}`);
         return qsetId;
     }
@@ -495,19 +1237,19 @@ ENDSEC;
         this.defaultStyleId = this.buildDefaultStyle();
         // IfcProject
         this.projectId = this.id();
-        const projectGlobalId = newGlobalId();
+        const projectGlobalId = this.newGlobalId();
         const projectName = params.Name ?? 'Project';
         const projectDesc = params.Description ? `'${esc(params.Description)}'` : '$';
         this.line(this.projectId, 'IFCPROJECT', `'${projectGlobalId}',#${this.ownerHistoryId},'${esc(projectName)}',${projectDesc},$,$,$,(#${this.contextId}),#${this.unitAssignmentId}`);
         this.entities.push({ expressId: this.projectId, type: 'IfcProject', Name: projectName });
         // IfcSite
         this.siteId = this.id();
-        const siteGlobalId = newGlobalId();
+        const siteGlobalId = this.newGlobalId();
         this.line(this.siteId, 'IFCSITE', `'${siteGlobalId}',#${this.ownerHistoryId},'Site',$,$,#${this.worldPlacementId},$,$,.ELEMENT.,$,$,$,$,$`);
         this.entities.push({ expressId: this.siteId, type: 'IfcSite', Name: 'Site' });
         // IfcBuilding
         this.buildingId = this.id();
-        const buildingGlobalId = newGlobalId();
+        const buildingGlobalId = this.newGlobalId();
         this.line(this.buildingId, 'IFCBUILDING', `'${buildingGlobalId}',#${this.ownerHistoryId},'Building',$,$,#${this.worldPlacementId},$,$,.ELEMENT.,$,$,$`);
         this.entities.push({ expressId: this.buildingId, type: 'IfcBuilding', Name: 'Building' });
     }
@@ -609,7 +1351,7 @@ ENDSEC;
         }
         for (const [materialRefId, elementIds] of groups) {
             const relId = this.id();
-            const globalId = newGlobalId();
+            const globalId = this.newGlobalId();
             const refs = elementIds.map(id => `#${id}`).join(',');
             this.line(relId, 'IFCRELASSOCIATESMATERIAL', `'${globalId}',#${this.ownerHistoryId},$,$,(${refs}),#${materialRefId}`);
         }
@@ -639,6 +1381,11 @@ ENDSEC;
         this.line(id, 'IFCAXIS2PLACEMENT3D', `#${originId},${axis},${refDir}`);
         return id;
     }
+    /**
+     * Create a local placement relative to the world coordinate system.
+     * @param relativeTo - Parent placement ID (use getWorldPlacementId() for world origin)
+     * @param placement - Location and optional axis/ref directions
+     */
     addLocalPlacement(relativeTo, placement) {
         const originId = this.addCartesianPoint(placement.Location);
         let axisId;
@@ -670,6 +1417,85 @@ ENDSEC;
         this.line(id, 'IFCRECTANGLEPROFILEDEF', `.AREA.,$,#${profileAxis2dId},${num(xDim)},${num(yDim)}`);
         return id;
     }
+    /** Create a circle profile. */
+    addCircleProfile(radius) {
+        const profileOriginId = this.addCartesianPoint2D([0, 0]);
+        const profileAxis2dId = this.id();
+        this.line(profileAxis2dId, 'IFCAXIS2PLACEMENT2D', `#${profileOriginId},$`);
+        const id = this.id();
+        this.line(id, 'IFCCIRCLEPROFILEDEF', `.AREA.,$,#${profileAxis2dId},${num(radius)}`);
+        return id;
+    }
+    /** Create a hollow circle profile (pipe section). */
+    addCircleHollowProfile(radius, wallThickness) {
+        const profileOriginId = this.addCartesianPoint2D([0, 0]);
+        const profileAxis2dId = this.id();
+        this.line(profileAxis2dId, 'IFCAXIS2PLACEMENT2D', `#${profileOriginId},$`);
+        const id = this.id();
+        this.line(id, 'IFCCIRCLEHOLLOWPROFILEDEF', `.AREA.,$,#${profileAxis2dId},${num(radius)},${num(wallThickness)}`);
+        return id;
+    }
+    /** Create an I-shape (wide-flange / H-beam) profile. */
+    addIShapeProfile(overallWidth, overallDepth, webThickness, flangeThickness, filletRadius) {
+        const profileOriginId = this.addCartesianPoint2D([0, 0]);
+        const profileAxis2dId = this.id();
+        this.line(profileAxis2dId, 'IFCAXIS2PLACEMENT2D', `#${profileOriginId},$`);
+        const id = this.id();
+        const fillet = filletRadius !== undefined ? num(filletRadius) : '$';
+        this.line(id, 'IFCISHAPEPROFILEDEF', `.AREA.,$,#${profileAxis2dId},${num(overallWidth)},${num(overallDepth)},${num(webThickness)},${num(flangeThickness)},${fillet},$,$`);
+        return id;
+    }
+    /** Create an L-shape (angle section) profile. */
+    addLShapeProfile(depth, width, thickness, filletRadius) {
+        const profileOriginId = this.addCartesianPoint2D([0, 0]);
+        const profileAxis2dId = this.id();
+        this.line(profileAxis2dId, 'IFCAXIS2PLACEMENT2D', `#${profileOriginId},$`);
+        const id = this.id();
+        const fillet = filletRadius !== undefined ? num(filletRadius) : '$';
+        this.line(id, 'IFCLSHAPEPROFILEDEF', `.AREA.,$,#${profileAxis2dId},${num(depth)},${num(width)},${num(thickness)},${fillet},$,$`);
+        return id;
+    }
+    /** Create a T-shape (tee section) profile. */
+    addTShapeProfile(flangeWidth, depth, webThickness, flangeThickness, filletRadius) {
+        const profileOriginId = this.addCartesianPoint2D([0, 0]);
+        const profileAxis2dId = this.id();
+        this.line(profileAxis2dId, 'IFCAXIS2PLACEMENT2D', `#${profileOriginId},$`);
+        const id = this.id();
+        const fillet = filletRadius !== undefined ? num(filletRadius) : '$';
+        this.line(id, 'IFCTSHAPEPROFILEDEF', `.AREA.,$,#${profileAxis2dId},${num(depth)},${num(flangeWidth)},${num(webThickness)},${num(flangeThickness)},${fillet},$,$,$,$`);
+        return id;
+    }
+    /** Create a U-shape (channel section) profile. */
+    addUShapeProfile(depth, flangeWidth, webThickness, flangeThickness, filletRadius) {
+        const profileOriginId = this.addCartesianPoint2D([0, 0]);
+        const profileAxis2dId = this.id();
+        this.line(profileAxis2dId, 'IFCAXIS2PLACEMENT2D', `#${profileOriginId},$`);
+        const id = this.id();
+        const fillet = filletRadius !== undefined ? num(filletRadius) : '$';
+        this.line(id, 'IFCUSHAPEPROFILEDEF', `.AREA.,$,#${profileAxis2dId},${num(depth)},${num(flangeWidth)},${num(webThickness)},${num(flangeThickness)},${fillet},$`);
+        return id;
+    }
+    /** Create a C-shape (cold-formed channel) profile. */
+    addCShapeProfile(depth, width, wallThickness, girth) {
+        const profileOriginId = this.addCartesianPoint2D([0, 0]);
+        const profileAxis2dId = this.id();
+        this.line(profileAxis2dId, 'IFCAXIS2PLACEMENT2D', `#${profileOriginId},$`);
+        const id = this.id();
+        this.line(id, 'IFCCSHAPEPROFILEDEF', `.AREA.,$,#${profileAxis2dId},${num(depth)},${num(width)},${num(wallThickness)},${num(girth)},$`);
+        return id;
+    }
+    /** Create a hollow rectangle (tube section) profile. */
+    addRectangleHollowProfile(xDim, yDim, wallThickness, innerFilletRadius, outerFilletRadius) {
+        const profileOriginId = this.addCartesianPoint2D([0, 0]);
+        const profileAxis2dId = this.id();
+        this.line(profileAxis2dId, 'IFCAXIS2PLACEMENT2D', `#${profileOriginId},$`);
+        const id = this.id();
+        const inner = innerFilletRadius !== undefined ? num(innerFilletRadius) : '$';
+        const outer = outerFilletRadius !== undefined ? num(outerFilletRadius) : '$';
+        this.line(id, 'IFCRECTANGLEHOLLOWPROFILEDEF', `.AREA.,$,#${profileAxis2dId},${num(xDim)},${num(yDim)},${num(wallThickness)},${inner},${outer}`);
+        return id;
+    }
+    /** Create an arbitrary closed profile from a polyline. Points are auto-closed. */
     addArbitraryProfile(points) {
         const pointIds = points.map(p => this.addCartesianPoint2D(p));
         if (points.length > 0) {
@@ -682,14 +1508,28 @@ ENDSEC;
         this.line(id, 'IFCARBITRARYCLOSEDPROFILEDEF', `.AREA.,$,#${polylineId}`);
         return id;
     }
-    addExtrudedAreaSolid(profileId, depth, extrusionDir) {
-        const originId = this.addCartesianPoint([0, 0, 0]);
-        const axis2Id = this.addAxis2Placement3D(originId);
+    /**
+     * Create an extruded area solid from a profile.
+     * @param profileId - ID returned by any addXxxProfile() method
+     * @param depth - Extrusion depth
+     * @param extrusionDir - Optional direction ID (default: Z-up)
+     * @param positionId - Optional local solid placement (default: origin, world axes)
+     */
+    addExtrudedAreaSolid(profileId, depth, extrusionDir, positionId) {
+        const axis2Id = positionId ?? (() => {
+            const originId = this.addCartesianPoint([0, 0, 0]);
+            return this.addAxis2Placement3D(originId);
+        })();
         const dirRef = extrusionDir ?? this.dirZ;
         const id = this.id();
         this.line(id, 'IFCEXTRUDEDAREASOLID', `#${profileId},#${axis2Id},#${dirRef},${num(depth)}`);
         return id;
     }
+    /**
+     * Create a shape representation from solid IDs.
+     * @param repType - 'Body' or 'Axis'
+     * @param itemIds - Array of solid IDs (from addExtrudedAreaSolid, etc.)
+     */
     addShapeRepresentation(repType, itemIds) {
         const contextRef = repType === 'Axis' ? this.subContextAxis : this.subContextBody;
         const refs = itemIds.map(id => `#${id}`).join(',');
@@ -699,6 +1539,7 @@ ENDSEC;
         this.line(repId, 'IFCSHAPEREPRESENTATION', `#${contextRef},'${repIdentifier}','${repTypeName}',(${refs})`);
         return repId;
     }
+    /** Wrap shape representations into a product definition shape. */
     addProductDefinitionShape(repIds) {
         const refs = repIds.map(id => `#${id}`).join(',');
         const id = this.id();
@@ -706,6 +1547,202 @@ ENDSEC;
         return id;
     }
     // ============================================================================
+    // Public API — Low-level helpers
+    // ============================================================================
+    /** Get the world placement ID (use as relativeTo for addLocalPlacement). */
+    getWorldPlacementId() {
+        return this.worldPlacementId;
+    }
+    /** Create a direction entity. Returns the direction ID. */
+    addDirection3D(d) {
+        return this.addDirection(d);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Create a profile from a ProfileDef union type.
+     * This is the high-level entry point for profile creation — it dispatches
+     * to the appropriate addXxxProfile() method based on the shape.
+     *
+     * ```ts
+     * const profileId = creator.createProfile({
+     *   ProfileType: 'AREA',
+     *   Radius: 0.15,
+     * }); // Creates a circle profile
+     * ```
+     */
+    createProfile(profile) {
+        if ('OuterCurve' in profile) {
+            return this.addArbitraryProfile(profile.OuterCurve);
+        }
+        if ('Radius' in profile && 'WallThickness' in profile) {
+            return this.addCircleHollowProfile(profile.Radius, profile.WallThickness);
+        }
+        if ('Radius' in profile) {
+            return this.addCircleProfile(profile.Radius);
+        }
+        if ('OverallWidth' in profile && 'WebThickness' in profile) {
+            // IShapeProfile
+            return this.addIShapeProfile(profile.OverallWidth, profile.OverallDepth, profile.WebThickness, profile.FlangeThickness, profile.FilletRadius);
+        }
+        // T-shape and U-shape are structurally identical — use Shape discriminator
+        if ('Shape' in profile && profile.Shape === 'IfcTShapeProfileDef') {
+            const p = profile;
+            return this.addTShapeProfile(p.FlangeWidth, p.Depth, p.WebThickness, p.FlangeThickness, p.FilletRadius);
+        }
+        if ('Shape' in profile && profile.Shape === 'IfcUShapeProfileDef') {
+            const p = profile;
+            return this.addUShapeProfile(p.Depth, p.FlangeWidth, p.WebThickness, p.FlangeThickness, p.FilletRadius);
+        }
+        if ('Girth' in profile) {
+            // CShapeProfile
+            const p = profile;
+            return this.addCShapeProfile(p.Depth, p.Width, p.WallThickness, p.Girth);
+        }
+        if ('XDim' in profile && 'YDim' in profile && 'WallThickness' in profile) {
+            // RectangleHollowProfile
+            const p = profile;
+            return this.addRectangleHollowProfile(p.XDim, p.YDim, p.WallThickness, p.InnerFilletRadius, p.OuterFilletRadius);
+        }
+        if ('XDim' in profile && 'YDim' in profile) {
+            // RectangleProfile
+            return this.addRectangleProfile(profile.XDim, profile.YDim);
+        }
+        if ('Depth' in profile && 'Width' in profile && 'Thickness' in profile) {
+            // LShapeProfile
+            const p = profile;
+            return this.addLShapeProfile(p.Depth, p.Width, p.Thickness, p.FilletRadius);
+        }
+        throw new Error('Unrecognized profile shape — ensure ProfileType is "AREA" and required fields are set');
+    }
+    // ============================================================================
+    // Public API — Generic element creation
+    // ============================================================================
+    /**
+     * Create ANY IFC element type with an extruded profile at a placement.
+     *
+     * This is the low-level foundation that all high-level methods (addIfcWall,
+     * addIfcBeam, etc.) are built on. Use it when you need an IFC type that
+     * doesn't have a dedicated method, or when you need full control.
+     *
+     * ```ts
+     * // Pipe segment with circular profile
+     * creator.addElement(storeyId, {
+     *   IfcType: 'IFCFLOWSEGMENT',
+     *   Placement: { Location: [0, 0, 3] },
+     *   Profile: { ProfileType: 'AREA', Radius: 0.05 },
+     *   Depth: 5,
+     *   PredefinedType: '.RIGIDSEGMENT.',
+     *   Name: 'Pipe-001',
+     * });
+     *
+     * // Distribution element with L-profile
+     * creator.addElement(storeyId, {
+     *   IfcType: 'IFCDISTRIBUTIONELEMENT',
+     *   Placement: { Location: [2, 0, 0], Axis: [0, 0, 1], RefDirection: [1, 0, 0] },
+     *   Profile: { ProfileType: 'AREA', Depth: 0.1, Width: 0.1, Thickness: 0.01 },
+     *   Depth: 3,
+     * });
+     * ```
+     */
+    addElement(storeyId, params) {
+        const placementId = this.addLocalPlacement(this.worldPlacementId, params.Placement);
+        const profileId = this.createProfile(params.Profile);
+        // Handle custom extrusion direction
+        let extrusionDirId;
+        if (params.ExtrusionDirection) {
+            extrusionDirId = this.addDirection(params.ExtrusionDirection);
+        }
+        const solidId = this.addExtrudedAreaSolid(profileId, params.Depth, extrusionDirId);
+        const shapeId = this.addShapeRepresentation('Body', [solidId]);
+        const prodShapeId = this.addProductDefinitionShape([shapeId]);
+        const elementId = this.id();
+        const globalId = this.newGlobalId();
+        const name = params.Name ?? params.IfcType;
+        const desc = params.Description ? `'${esc(params.Description)}'` : '$';
+        const objType = params.ObjectType ? `'${esc(params.ObjectType)}'` : '$';
+        const tag = params.Tag ? `'${esc(params.Tag)}'` : '$';
+        const ifcType = params.IfcType.toUpperCase();
+        if (NON_ELEMENT_TYPES.has(ifcType)) {
+            // Non-element types: GlobalId, OwnerHistory, Name, Description, ObjectType, ObjectPlacement, Representation
+            this.line(elementId, params.IfcType, `'${globalId}',#${this.ownerHistoryId},'${esc(name)}',${desc},${objType},#${placementId},#${prodShapeId}`);
+        }
+        else {
+            // IfcElement subtypes: ...Tag, PredefinedType
+            const predefinedType = params.PredefinedType ? `.${params.PredefinedType}.` : '.NOTDEFINED.';
+            this.line(elementId, params.IfcType, `'${globalId}',#${this.ownerHistoryId},'${esc(name)}',${desc},${objType},#${placementId},#${prodShapeId},${tag},${predefinedType}`);
+        }
+        this.elementSolids.set(elementId, [solidId]);
+        this.trackElement(storeyId, elementId);
+        this.entities.push({ expressId: elementId, type: params.IfcType, Name: name });
+        return elementId;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Create ANY IFC element type extruded along an axis (Start → End).
+     *
+     * The profile is placed at Start and extruded along the direction to End.
+     * The extrusion length equals the distance between Start and End.
+     *
+     * ```ts
+     * // Pipe segment along an axis
+     * creator.addAxisElement(storeyId, {
+     *   IfcType: 'IFCPIPESEGMENT',
+     *   Start: [0, 0, 3],
+     *   End: [5, 0, 3],
+     *   Profile: { ProfileType: 'AREA', Radius: 0.05 },
+     *   Name: 'Pipe-001',
+     * });
+     *
+     * // Cable tray with rectangle profile
+     * creator.addAxisElement(storeyId, {
+     *   IfcType: 'IFCCABLETRAYSEGMENT',
+     *   Start: [0, 0, 2.5],
+     *   End: [10, 0, 2.5],
+     *   Profile: { ProfileType: 'AREA', XDim: 0.3, YDim: 0.1 },
+     * });
+     * ```
+     */
+    addAxisElement(storeyId, params) {
+        const dx = params.End[0] - params.Start[0];
+        const dy = params.End[1] - params.Start[1];
+        const dz = params.End[2] - params.Start[2];
+        const length = Math.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy + dz * dz);
+        const dir = vecNorm([dx, dy, dz]);
+        // Compute a perpendicular vector for the profile plane
+        const up = [0, 0, 1];
+        let perp = vecCross(dir, up);
+        if (vecLen(perp) < 1e-6) {
+            // dir is parallel to Z, use X as reference
+            perp = vecCross(dir, [1, 0, 0]);
+        }
+        perp = vecNorm(perp);
+        const placementId = this.addLocalPlacement(this.worldPlacementId, {
+            Location: params.Start,
+            Axis: dir, // local Z = along axis (extrusion direction)
+            RefDirection: perp, // local X = perpendicular to axis
+        });
+        const profileId = this.createProfile(params.Profile);
+        const solidId = this.addExtrudedAreaSolid(profileId, length);
+        const shapeId = this.addShapeRepresentation('Body', [solidId]);
+        const prodShapeId = this.addProductDefinitionShape([shapeId]);
+        const elementId = this.id();
+        const globalId = this.newGlobalId();
+        const name = params.Name ?? params.IfcType;
+        const desc = params.Description ? `'${esc(params.Description)}'` : '$';
+        const objType = params.ObjectType ? `'${esc(params.ObjectType)}'` : '$';
+        const tag = params.Tag ? `'${esc(params.Tag)}'` : '$';
+        const ifcType = params.IfcType.toUpperCase();
+        if (NON_ELEMENT_TYPES.has(ifcType)) {
+            this.line(elementId, params.IfcType, `'${globalId}',#${this.ownerHistoryId},'${esc(name)}',${desc},${objType},#${placementId},#${prodShapeId}`);
+        }
+        else {
+            const predefinedType = params.PredefinedType ? `.${params.PredefinedType}.` : '.NOTDEFINED.';
+            this.line(elementId, params.IfcType, `'${globalId}',#${this.ownerHistoryId},'${esc(name)}',${desc},${objType},#${placementId},#${prodShapeId},${tag},${predefinedType}`);
+        }
+        this.elementSolids.set(elementId, [solidId]);
+        this.trackElement(storeyId, elementId);
+        this.entities.push({ expressId: elementId, type: params.IfcType, Name: name });
+        return elementId;
+    }
+    // ============================================================================
     // Internal — Openings
     // ============================================================================
     /**
@@ -741,11 +1778,11 @@ ENDSEC;
         const shapeId = this.addShapeRepresentation('Body', [solidId]);
         const prodShapeId = this.addProductDefinitionShape([shapeId]);
         const openingId = this.id();
-        const globalId = newGlobalId();
+        const globalId = this.newGlobalId();
         const name = opening.Name ?? 'Opening';
         this.line(openingId, 'IFCOPENINGELEMENT', `'${globalId}',#${this.ownerHistoryId},'${esc(name)}',$,$,#${openingPlacementId},#${prodShapeId},$,.OPENING.`);
         const relId = this.id();
-        const relGlobalId = newGlobalId();
+        const relGlobalId = this.newGlobalId();
         this.line(relId, 'IFCRELVOIDSELEMENT', `'${relGlobalId}',#${this.ownerHistoryId},$,$,#${hostId},#${openingId}`);
         this.entities.push({ expressId: openingId, type: 'IfcOpeningElement', Name: name });
         return openingId;
@@ -765,11 +1802,11 @@ ENDSEC;
         const shapeId = this.addShapeRepresentation('Body', [solidId]);
         const prodShapeId = this.addProductDefinitionShape([shapeId]);
         const openingId = this.id();
-        const globalId = newGlobalId();
+        const globalId = this.newGlobalId();
         const name = opening.Name ?? 'Opening';
         this.line(openingId, 'IFCOPENINGELEMENT', `'${globalId}',#${this.ownerHistoryId},'${esc(name)}',$,$,#${placementId},#${prodShapeId},$,.OPENING.`);
         const relId = this.id();
-        const relGlobalId = newGlobalId();
+        const relGlobalId = this.newGlobalId();
         this.line(relId, 'IFCRELVOIDSELEMENT', `'${relGlobalId}',#${this.ownerHistoryId},$,$,#${hostId},#${openingId}`);
         this.entities.push({ expressId: openingId, type: 'IfcOpeningElement', Name: name });
         return openingId;
@@ -825,16 +1862,21 @@ ENDSEC;
     }
     addIfcRelAggregates(relatingId, relatedIds) {
         const relId = this.id();
-        const globalId = newGlobalId();
+        const globalId = this.newGlobalId();
         const refs = relatedIds.map(id => `#${id}`).join(',');
         this.line(relId, 'IFCRELAGGREGATES', `'${globalId}',#${this.ownerHistoryId},$,$,#${relatingId},(${refs})`);
     }
     addIfcRelContainedInSpatialStructure(storeyId, elementIds) {
         const relId = this.id();
-        const globalId = newGlobalId();
+        const globalId = this.newGlobalId();
         const refs = elementIds.map(id => `#${id}`).join(',');
         this.line(relId, 'IFCRELCONTAINEDINSPATIALSTRUCTURE', `'${globalId}',#${this.ownerHistoryId},$,$,(${refs}),#${storeyId}`);
     }
+    addIfcRelFillsElement(openingId, fillingId) {
+        const relId = this.id();
+        const globalId = this.newGlobalId();
+        this.line(relId, 'IFCRELFILLSELEMENT', `'${globalId}',#${this.ownerHistoryId},$,$,#${openingId},#${fillingId}`);
+    }
     // ============================================================================
     // Internal — Utilities
     // ============================================================================
@@ -844,12 +1886,35 @@ ENDSEC;
     line(id, type, args) {
         this.lines.push(stepLine(id, type, args));
     }
+    getHostedWallInfo(wallId) {
+        const storeyId = this.elementStoreys.get(wallId);
+        const placementId = this.wallPlacements.get(wallId);
+        const wallThickness = this.wallThicknesses.get(wallId);
+        if (storeyId === undefined || placementId === undefined || wallThickness === undefined) {
+            throw new Error(`Unknown wallId #${wallId} — call addIfcWall() first`);
+        }
+        return { storeyId, placementId, wallThickness };
+    }
+    addHostedWallFillPlacement(hostPlacementId, position, wallThickness) {
+        const originId = this.addCartesianPoint([
+            position[0],
+            wallThickness / 2,
+            position[2],
+        ]);
+        const axisId = this.addDirection([0, -1, 0]);
+        const refDirId = this.addDirection([1, 0, 0]);
+        const axis2Id = this.addAxis2Placement3D(originId, axisId, refDirId);
+        const placementId = this.id();
+        this.line(placementId, 'IFCLOCALPLACEMENT', `#${hostPlacementId},#${axis2Id}`);
+        return placementId;
+    }
     trackElement(storeyId, elementId) {
         const elements = this.storeyElements.get(storeyId);
         if (!elements) {
             throw new Error(`Unknown storeyId #${storeyId} — call addIfcBuildingStorey() first`);
         }
         elements.push(elementId);
+        this.elementStoreys.set(elementId, storeyId);
     }
     /** Compute a stable RefDirection perpendicular to a given Axis */
     computeRefDirection(axis) {