@hydranium/protocol 1.0.0-next.12 → 1.0.0-next.127

package/src/model-server.ts

@@ -14,17 +14,19 @@
  * over `TRoot`.
  */
 
-import type { TransferClientArgs } from './model-service/args';
 import type { ReferenceCandidate } from './model-service/reference-candidate';
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Client / server arguments
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-// `TransferClientArgs` / `TransferUpdateArgs` / `TransferSaveArgs` live in
-// `./model-service/args.ts` and are re-exported by the main barrel via
-// `./model-service`. The legacy LSP-style protocol (Open / Close / events)
-// defined here only consumes them as a supertype.
+/** Identifies a client-document binding. */
+export interface TransferClientArgs {
+   /** Document URI. */
+   uri: string;
+   /** Stable identifier for the client invoking the operation. */
+   clientId: string;
+}
 
 /** Open a document on behalf of a client. */
 export interface OpenModelArgs extends TransferClientArgs {
@@ -47,10 +49,18 @@ export interface OpenModelArgs extends TransferClientArgs {
     * means read from the filesystem, which is the normal case.
     *
     * Honoured only on the first open of a URI: opening an already-open document
-    * is a no-op, so passing `text` for one silently changes nothing. Write
-    * through the update path instead.
+    * attaches the caller to the existing shared entry and does not replace its
+    * content with this seed. Write through the update path instead. The open
+    * response reads the current shared content after registration; a textual
+    * `didOpen` attach may separately refresh the build.
     */
    text?: string;
+   /**
+    * Kept on the server for this client's open until it closes, for the
+    * server's own open path to read. Only a client session's open keeps them,
+    * and a repeat open keeps the first open's.
+    */
+   options?: object;
 }
 
 /** Close a previously-opened document for the client. */
@@ -64,8 +74,8 @@ export interface CloseModelArgs extends TransferClientArgs {}
 export interface TransferUpdatedEvent<TDocument> {
    document: TDocument;
    sourceClientId: string;
-   /** See `ModelDocumentUpdateReason` in `./data/events` for the canonical reason set + semantics. */
-   reason: 'changed' | 'deleted' | 'rebuilt' | 'saved';
+   /** See `TransferDocumentUpdateReason` in `./data/events` for the canonical reason set + semantics. */
+   reason: 'changed' | 'rebuilt' | 'saved';
 }
 
 export interface TransferSavedEvent<TDocument> {
@@ -147,10 +157,10 @@ export function isElementSource(object: unknown): object is ElementSource {
 /** An element of a document that does not yet exist on disk — used during element creation flows. */
 export interface SyntheticSource {
    /**
-    * The document the element would belong to. That document must already be
-    * LOADED — the default resolution takes its parse root as the synthetic
-    * node's container and answers `undefined` when it is not, so a URI for a
-    * file that exists on disk but was never opened resolves to nothing.
+    * The document the element would belong to. It need not be loaded, or
+    * exist — an unloaded URI materialises a transient empty document, so a
+    * folder is a valid anchor. A URI that IS loaded contributes that
+    * document's parse root as the container, putting its contents in scope.
     */
    uri: string;
    /**
@@ -159,6 +169,16 @@ export interface SyntheticSource {
     * it is what scoping filters candidates against.
     */
    type: string;
+   /**
+    * The grammar the element will belong to, as a language id.
+    *
+    * Optional because `uri` and `type` each answer on their own when
+    * unambiguous. Set it when neither is: a URI naming no file carries no
+    * extension to route on, and a `type` two grammars can produce identifies
+    * neither. Unset, such a source reaches the server's own policy, which
+    * answers the same way for every caller.
+    */
+   language?: string;
 }
 
 export function isSyntheticSource(object: unknown): object is SyntheticSource {
@@ -183,8 +203,10 @@ export namespace ReferenceSource {
    export function element(name: string, type?: string): ElementSource {
       return { name, type };
    }
-   export function synthetic(uri: string, type: string): SyntheticSource {
-      return { uri, type };
+   export function synthetic(uri: string, type: string, language?: string): SyntheticSource {
+      // The key is omitted rather than set to `undefined`, so a source built
+      // without a language stays deep-equal to the two-argument form.
+      return language === undefined ? { uri, type } : { uri, type, language };
    }
 }
 
@@ -457,9 +479,10 @@ export interface FindNextNameArgs {
     */
    uri: string;
    /**
-    * The AST `$type` of the element being named. Collisions are only looked for
-    * among elements of that same type, so the returned name may still be taken
-    * by an element of another type.
+    * The AST `$type` of the element being named. Collisions are looked for
+    * among elements of that type and of any subtype of it, so a supertype
+    * names a uniqueness scope its concrete types share; the returned name may
+    * still be taken by an element outside that hierarchy.
     */
    type: string;
    /**
@@ -476,4 +499,10 @@ export interface FindNextNameArgs {
     * See {@link NameTier} for what each tier covers.
     */
    tier?: NameTier;
+   /**
+    * The grammar to name under, routed as {@link SyntheticSource.language} —
+    * this call builds one. A caller that sets it there must set it here, or
+    * candidates and the name it proposes come from different grammars.
+    */
+   language?: string;
 }

package/src/model-service/based-on.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+/********************************************************************************
+ * Copyright (c) 2026 EclipseSource and others.
+ *
+ * This program and the accompanying materials are made available under the
+ * terms of the MIT License which is available in the project root.
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+ ********************************************************************************/
+
+declare const snapshotMarker: unique symbol;
+
+/**
+ * A text-document version that came out of a SNAPSHOT read: a document
+ * envelope's `version`, which cannot move once the envelope exists.
+ *
+ * A plain number at runtime, usable anywhere a number is, and it travels the
+ * wire as one. The marker exists only so the compiler can tell it apart from a
+ * version read off a LIVE document, which is the same number type and is the
+ * defect the conflict gate exists to prevent: read at write time it is whatever
+ * the server is at now, which is the number the gate is about to compare it
+ * against, so the gate passes unconditionally and a concurrent edit is
+ * overwritten with nothing logged.
+ */
+export type SnapshotVersion = number & { readonly [snapshotMarker]: true };
+
+/**
+ * What a write declares it was based on: a version from a snapshot read, or
+ * `'anything'`.
+ *
+ * `'anything'` is a precondition that always holds — the write accepts whatever
+ * the server currently has, and therefore overwrites it. It is the honest
+ * answer wherever the write was authored against no particular server version,
+ * and a lie anywhere a reader handed the writer a document. The field carrying
+ * it is required, so an ungated write is a word someone chose rather than a
+ * field someone forgot.
+ */
+export type BasedOn = SnapshotVersion | 'anything';
+
+/**
+ * Whether `basedOn` names a version, and so arms the gate.
+ *
+ * Branch on this rather than on `basedOn !== 'anything'`, which reads as "not
+ * based on anything" — the opposite of what the branch tests.
+ */
+export function isSnapshotVersion(basedOn: BasedOn): basedOn is SnapshotVersion {
+   return typeof basedOn === 'number';
+}
+
+/**
+ * Mark a version as having come from a snapshot read.
+ *
+ * **For the envelope constructors, not for callers.** Every door that builds a
+ * document envelope applies it on the way in, so anything a read returns
+ * already carries it and a writer never needs this. A caller reaching for it is
+ * asserting a provenance the compiler was about to deny — the read-late defect
+ * written out where a reviewer can see it.
+ */
+export function asSnapshotVersion(version: number): SnapshotVersion {
+   return version as SnapshotVersion;
+}
+
+/** A snapshot version no write can match, so a write based on it conflicts. */
+export const NO_MATCHING_VERSION: SnapshotVersion = asSnapshotVersion(-1);

package/src/model-service/index.ts

@@ -7,10 +7,9 @@
  * SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
  ********************************************************************************/
 
-// Subpath barrel for the in-process `ModelService` facade contract. The
-// implementation lives in `@hydranium/core`; this package owns the
-// argument types so both the framework facade and the data-server wire
-// protocol can structurally agree on the lifecycle shape.
+// Generic payload types the data protocol shares with core: the based-on
+// version, which the server's model service checks writes against, and the
+// reference candidates, which core's scope and completion code produce.
 
-export * from './args';
+export * from './based-on';
 export * from './reference-candidate';

package/src/patch-merge.ts

@@ -7,34 +7,43 @@
  * SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
  ********************************************************************************/
 
-import { applyPatch, compare, deepClone, getValueByPointer, type Operation as JsonPatchOperation } from 'fast-json-patch';
+import {
+   _areEquals,
+   applyPatch,
+   compare,
+   deepClone,
+   getValueByPointer,
+   type Operation as JsonPatchOperation,
+   unescapePathComponent
+} from 'fast-json-patch';
 
 /**
- * Augment a user-intent JSON patch (computed `baseline → attempted`) with
+ * Augment a user-intent JSON patch (computed `base → ours`) with
  * `test` ops so a strict `applyPatch` against freshly-fetched server state
  * fails loudly when a foreign writer changed a path the user also changed.
  *
  * `fast-json-patch`'s `validateOperation: true` validates op structure and
  * path resolvability but NOT the pre-existing value — a plain `replace` /
  * `remove` silently overwrites whatever the foreign writer put there. For each
- * `replace` / `remove` op we prepend a `test` op carrying the baseline value at
+ * `replace` / `remove` op we prepend a `test` op carrying the base value at
  * that path, so a same-path divergence becomes a `TEST_OPERATION_FAILED` throw.
  * The caller treats that as a real field-level conflict (drop + refetch) rather
  * than silently clobbering the foreign edit.
  *
- * `add` ops are left unguarded: the path is new, so there is no baseline value
- * to test against, and add-vs-add overlaps are out of scope for this floor.
+ * `add` ops get no `test` op: the path is new, so there is no base value
+ * to test. {@link reconcileByPatchReplay} checks them against theirs
+ * instead; a caller applying this patch itself does not get that check.
  *
  * Used behind the framework's `ConflictError` contract by every reconcile
  * path — the GLSP recording command's undo/redo and forward-write, via
  * {@link ReconcilingConflictResolver}, and an adopter's form-widget save — so
  * they share one collision-detection rule.
  */
-export function augmentWithTestOps(baseline: object, userPatch: ReadonlyArray<JsonPatchOperation>): JsonPatchOperation[] {
+export function augmentWithTestOps(base: object, userPatch: ReadonlyArray<JsonPatchOperation>): JsonPatchOperation[] {
    const augmented: JsonPatchOperation[] = [];
    for (const op of userPatch) {
       if (op.op === 'replace' || op.op === 'remove') {
-         augmented.push({ op: 'test', path: op.path, value: getValueByPointer(baseline, op.path) });
+         augmented.push({ op: 'test', path: op.path, value: getValueByPointer(base, op.path) });
       }
       augmented.push(op);
    }
@@ -42,39 +51,38 @@ export function augmentWithTestOps(baseline: object, userPatch: ReadonlyArray<Js
 }
 
 /**
- * Outcome of {@link reconcileByPatchReplay}. The caller persists / re-baselines
- * on `merged`, drops + surfaces the `fresh` root on `conflict`, and decides its
- * own fallback (e.g. force-retry) on `no-op` / `unavailable`.
+ * Outcome of {@link reconcileByPatchReplay}. The caller persists `merged` and
+ * takes it as the new base, drops + surfaces the `theirs` root on `conflict`, and
+ * decides its own fallback (e.g. force-retry) on `no-op` / `unavailable`.
  */
 export type ReconcileOutcome<T> =
    | {
         /** The replay succeeded: the foreign writer touched no path the user did. */
         status: 'merged';
         /**
-         * A fresh root built on the refetched server state, carrying both
-         * intents. It is NOT the caller's `attempted` root — re-baseline on
-         * this value, or the next write diffs against state the server never
-         * had.
+         * A new root built on theirs, carrying both intents. It is NOT the
+         * caller's `ours` root — take this value as the new base, or the next
+         * write diffs against state the server never had.
          */
         merged: T;
      }
    | {
         /**
-         * The user's root already equalled the baseline, so the version gate
+         * The user's root already equalled the base, so the version gate
          * fired on drift that changed nothing. No refetch was performed and
          * there is nothing to persist — retrying the same write reproduces it.
          */
         status: 'no-op';
      }
    | {
-        /** A guarded `test` op tripped: user and foreign writer touched one path. */
+        /** User and foreign writer changed one path, or both added the same element or key. */
         status: 'conflict';
         /**
          * The server's current root, refetched and unmodified — the user's
          * intent was NOT applied to it. Surface it and drop the write; treating
          * it as a merge result silently discards what the user typed.
          */
-        fresh: T;
+        theirs: T;
      }
    | {
         /**
@@ -87,39 +95,84 @@ export type ReconcileOutcome<T> =
 
 /**
  * Shared three-way reconcile for a `ConflictError`: diff the user's intent
- * (`baseline → attempted`), refetch the server's current root, and replay the
+ * (`base → ours`), refetch the server's current root (theirs), and replay the
  * intent on top under strict, {@link augmentWithTestOps}-guarded `applyPatch`.
  *
- * - `no-op` — the user's root equals the baseline, so the gate fired on a
+ * - `no-op` — the user's root equals the base, so the gate fired on a
  *   benign version drift; nothing to replay (refetch is skipped).
  * - `unavailable` — the refetch produced nothing; caller falls back.
  * - `merged` — the foreign writer touched only paths the user did not; the
  *   merged root carries both intents.
- * - `conflict` — a same-path divergence tripped a `test` op; caller drops the
- *   write and surfaces `fresh`.
+ * - `conflict` — a same-path divergence tripped a `test` op, or an `add`
+ *   collides with one the foreign writer made; caller drops the write and
+ *   surfaces `theirs`.
  *
  * I/O is the caller's: `refetch` supplies the current root, and applying the
- * `merged` result (update vs save, re-baseline, UI refresh) stays at the call
+ * `merged` result (update vs save, new base, UI refresh) stays at the call
  * site so form and GLSP paths keep their own persistence semantics.
  */
 export async function reconcileByPatchReplay<T extends object>(
-   baseline: T,
-   attempted: T,
+   base: T,
+   ours: T,
    refetch: () => Promise<T | undefined>
 ): Promise<ReconcileOutcome<T>> {
-   const userPatch = compare(baseline, attempted);
+   const userPatch = compare(base, ours);
    if (userPatch.length === 0) {
       return { status: 'no-op' };
    }
-   const fresh = await refetch();
-   if (!fresh) {
+   const theirs = await refetch();
+   if (!theirs) {
       return { status: 'unavailable' };
    }
+   if (addsCollide(base, theirs, userPatch)) {
+      return { status: 'conflict', theirs };
+   }
    try {
-      const merged = applyPatch(deepClone(fresh), augmentWithTestOps(baseline, userPatch), true).newDocument;
+      const merged = applyPatch(deepClone(theirs), augmentWithTestOps(base, userPatch), true).newDocument;
       return { status: 'merged', merged };
    } catch {
-      return { status: 'conflict', fresh };
+      return { status: 'conflict', theirs };
+   }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Whether an `add` of `userPatch` collides with one the foreign writer made:
+ * it inserts a value into an array that `theirs` holds more often than
+ * `base` did, or it adds an object key that `theirs` already holds.
+ *
+ * Replayed, the first inserts the value a second time and the second replaces
+ * the foreign value. Identical values conflict rather than being skipped:
+ * skipping drops one of two additions that merely happen to be equal.
+ */
+function addsCollide(base: object, theirs: object, userPatch: readonly JsonPatchOperation[]): boolean {
+   // Through JSON, as `compare` clones the add values: an undefined-valued key
+   // in `theirs` would otherwise make an equal element count as another.
+   const comparable = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(theirs)) as object;
+   return userPatch.some(op => {
+      if (op.op !== 'add') {
+         return false;
+      }
+      const cut = op.path.lastIndexOf('/');
+      const before = valueAt(base, op.path.slice(0, cut));
+      const now = valueAt(comparable, op.path.slice(0, cut));
+      if (Array.isArray(before)) {
+         return Array.isArray(now) && occurrences(now, op.value) > occurrences(before, op.value);
+      }
+      return typeof now === 'object' && now !== null && Object.hasOwn(now, unescapePathComponent(op.path.slice(cut + 1)));
+   });
+}
+
+/** How many elements of `array` deeply equal `value`, whatever their key order. */
+function occurrences(array: readonly unknown[], value: unknown): number {
+   return array.filter(element => _areEquals(element, value)).length;
+}
+
+/** The value at `pointer`, or `undefined` when a step of it is missing. */
+function valueAt(document: object, pointer: string): unknown {
+   try {
+      return getValueByPointer(document, pointer);
+   } catch {
+      return undefined;
    }
 }
 
@@ -132,12 +185,12 @@ export async function reconcileByPatchReplay<T extends object>(
  */
 export interface ConflictResolver {
    /**
-    * Reconcile the user's `baseline → attempted` intent against the current
-    * server state (`refetch`), returning a {@link ReconcileOutcome} the caller
+    * Reconcile the user's `base → ours` intent against the current
+    * server state (theirs, from `refetch`), returning a {@link ReconcileOutcome} the caller
     * acts on (persist `merged`, drop on `conflict`, fall back on `no-op` /
     * `unavailable`).
     */
-   resolve<T extends object>(baseline: T, attempted: T, refetch: () => Promise<T | undefined>): Promise<ReconcileOutcome<T>>;
+   resolve<T extends object>(base: T, ours: T, refetch: () => Promise<T | undefined>): Promise<ReconcileOutcome<T>>;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -147,19 +200,19 @@ export interface ConflictResolver {
  * clobbered.
  */
 export class ReconcilingConflictResolver implements ConflictResolver {
-   resolve<T extends object>(baseline: T, attempted: T, refetch: () => Promise<T | undefined>): Promise<ReconcileOutcome<T>> {
-      return reconcileByPatchReplay(baseline, attempted, refetch);
+   resolve<T extends object>(base: T, ours: T, refetch: () => Promise<T | undefined>): Promise<ReconcileOutcome<T>> {
+      return reconcileByPatchReplay(base, ours, refetch);
    }
 }
 
 /**
- * Last-writer-wins {@link ConflictResolver}: always reports the `attempted`
+ * Last-writer-wins {@link ConflictResolver}: always reports the `ours`
  * state as merged, without refetching or guarding. Suitable for single-client
  * tools or always-regenerated artifacts where a concurrent foreign edit may be
  * overwritten. A foreign edit to any field is clobbered.
  */
 export class ForceConflictResolver implements ConflictResolver {
-   async resolve<T extends object>(_baseline: T, attempted: T, _refetch: () => Promise<T | undefined>): Promise<ReconcileOutcome<T>> {
-      return { status: 'merged', merged: attempted };
+   async resolve<T extends object>(_base: T, ours: T, _refetch: () => Promise<T | undefined>): Promise<ReconcileOutcome<T>> {
+      return { status: 'merged', merged: ours };
    }
 }

package/src/profile-session.ts

@@ -62,7 +62,12 @@ export interface ProfileSession {
    records(): readonly ProfileRecord[];
 }
 
-interface ScopeFrame {
+/**
+ * One in-flight {@link ProfileSession.scope} call. Held on the `protected`
+ * {@link DefaultProfileSession.stack} and named by
+ * {@link DefaultProfileSession.closeFrame}, so a subclass has to name it too.
+ */
+export interface ProfileScopeFrame {
    readonly id: string;
    /** Session-stopwatch reading when this scope began. */
    readonly start: number;
@@ -78,7 +83,7 @@ interface ScopeFrame {
 export class DefaultProfileSession implements ProfileSession {
    /** Single monotonic timeline for the whole session; per-scope readings are deltas off it. */
    protected readonly sessionStopwatch: Stopwatch;
-   protected readonly stack: ScopeFrame[] = [];
+   protected readonly stack: ProfileScopeFrame[] = [];
    protected readonly entries = new Map<string, number[]>();
 
    constructor(
@@ -92,7 +97,7 @@ export class DefaultProfileSession implements ProfileSession {
    scope<T>(id: string, fn: () => Promise<T>): Promise<T>;
    scope<T>(id: string, fn: () => T): T;
    scope<T>(id: string, fn: () => T | Promise<T>): T | Promise<T> {
-      const frame: ScopeFrame = { id, start: this.sessionStopwatch.elapsedMs, childMs: 0 };
+      const frame: ProfileScopeFrame = { id, start: this.sessionStopwatch.elapsedMs, childMs: 0 };
       this.stack.push(frame);
       let result: T | Promise<T>;
       try {
@@ -118,7 +123,7 @@ export class DefaultProfileSession implements ProfileSession {
    }
 
    /** Pop `frame`, charge its full duration to the parent, and record its self-time. */
-   protected closeFrame(frame: ScopeFrame): void {
+   protected closeFrame(frame: ProfileScopeFrame): void {
       this.stack.pop();
       const duration = this.sessionStopwatch.elapsedMs - frame.start;
       const parent = this.stack[this.stack.length - 1];

package/src/rpc/bind-rpc-methods.ts

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
  * SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
  ********************************************************************************/
 
-import type { MessageConnection } from 'vscode-jsonrpc';
+import { ResponseError, type MessageConnection } from 'vscode-jsonrpc';
 import type { LatencyCollector } from '../latency-collector';
 import { type Disposable, DisposableCollection } from '../util';
 import { defaultIsNotification } from './create-rpc-proxy';
@@ -70,6 +70,36 @@ export interface BindRpcMethodsOptions {
     * Requests and notifications are both timed. Absent by default (no overhead).
     */
    readonly latency?: LatencyCollector;
+
+   /**
+    * Produce the `message` an outgoing rejection carries, so a user-facing
+    * error is rendered by the side that knows the reading user's language.
+    * Applied at this one chokepoint, which is what covers a caller's
+    * additional methods as well as the framework's own.
+    *
+    * Only a `ResponseError` is routed through it — a plain `Error` carries no
+    * identity to render from, and rewriting its message would relabel a
+    * developer-facing failure as a translated one. The rejection is
+    * RECONSTRUCTED rather than mutated, because the thrown value may be a
+    * shared constant; nothing is lost, since only `code`, `message` and `data`
+    * cross the wire and `instanceof` does not survive reconstruction anyway.
+    *
+    * Notifications are not covered, and "they have no reply channel" is only
+    * half the reason — a notification's own PAYLOAD can carry prose. What makes
+    * this sound is where that prose comes from: the only user-facing text on
+    * the data head's client surface is the diagnostics riding the
+    * document-updated and document-saved events, and those are read off
+    * `LangiumDocument.diagnostics`, which the document builder has already
+    * rendered at `Validated`. So they arrive rendered rather than escaping
+    * unrendered. A notification that ever carries prose of its OWN needs its
+    * own render at the raise site, as GLSP's actions do.
+    */
+   readonly renderErrorMessage?: (error: ResponseError<unknown>) => string;
+}
+
+/** The rejection to throw in place of `err`, with its message rendered. */
+function renderRejection(err: unknown, render: (error: ResponseError<unknown>) => string): unknown {
+   return err instanceof ResponseError ? new ResponseError(err.code, render(err), err.data) : err;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -91,8 +121,10 @@ export interface BindRpcMethodsOptions {
  *
  * Errors thrown synchronously from a request handler — or surfaced as a
  * rejected promise — propagate back to the caller through vscode-jsonrpc's
- * standard error envelope. Errors from a notification handler cannot, and are
- * routed to {@link BindRpcMethodsOptions.onNotificationError} instead.
+ * standard error envelope, with the message rendered when
+ * {@link BindRpcMethodsOptions.renderErrorMessage} is supplied. Errors from a
+ * notification handler cannot propagate, and are routed to
+ * {@link BindRpcMethodsOptions.onNotificationError} instead.
  *
  * Accepts either a ready connection or a `Promise<MessageConnection>` —
  * registrations queue until the connection resolves, then attach. The
@@ -154,7 +186,20 @@ export function bindRpcMethods<T extends object>(
                })
             );
          } else {
-            disposables.push(resolved.onRequest(wireName, async (params: unknown) => dispatch(params)));
+            const render = options.renderErrorMessage;
+            disposables.push(
+               resolved.onRequest(wireName, async (params: unknown) => {
+                  if (!render) {
+                     return dispatch(params);
+                  }
+                  try {
+                     // Awaited inside the try, or a rejected promise escapes it.
+                     return await dispatch(params);
+                  } catch (err: unknown) {
+                     throw renderRejection(err, render);
+                  }
+               })
+            );
          }
       }
    };

package/src/rpc/create-rpc-proxy.ts

@@ -136,6 +136,14 @@ export interface CreateRpcProxyOptions<TLocal extends object = never> {
     * `bindRpcMethods` call) still capture per-method latency. Absent by default.
     */
    readonly latency?: BindRpcMethodsOptions['latency'];
+
+   /**
+    * Forwarded to the inbound {@link localTarget} binding: renders the message
+    * an outgoing rejection carries. Only the inbound direction has rejections
+    * to render — the outbound proxy is this side making requests, and a
+    * rejection it receives was rendered by whoever answered.
+    */
+   readonly renderErrorMessage?: BindRpcMethodsOptions['renderErrorMessage'];
 }
 
 /**
@@ -225,7 +233,12 @@ export function createRpcProxy<T extends object, TLocal extends object = never>(
    // connection; see `localTarget` for why no `Disposable` is surfaced.
    const { localTarget, localMethods } = options;
    if (localTarget && localMethods && localMethods.length > 0) {
-      const binding = bindRpcMethods(connection, localTarget, localMethods, { methodNamespace, isNotification, latency: options.latency });
+      const binding = bindRpcMethods(connection, localTarget, localMethods, {
+         methodNamespace,
+         isNotification,
+         latency: options.latency,
+         renderErrorMessage: options.renderErrorMessage
+      });
       resolvedConnection.then(conn => conn.onClose(() => binding.dispose())).catch(() => undefined);
    }