@hydranium/core 1.0.0-next.9 → 1.0.0-next.91

package/src/langium/validation/document-validator.ts

@@ -7,34 +7,244 @@
  * SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
  ********************************************************************************/
 
-import { type LogThreshold, type MaybeObservableValue, ObservableValue, type Tracer, TransferDiagnostic } from '@hydranium/protocol';
+import {
+   defineMessage,
+   describeError,
+   interpolate,
+   type MessageDefinition,
+   type MessageParams,
+   messageData,
+   type ParamsArg,
+   type ParamsOf,
+   type LogThreshold,
+   type MaybeObservableValue,
+   ObservableValue,
+   type Tracer,
+   TransferDiagnostic
+} from '@hydranium/protocol';
 import {
    type AstNode,
    type AstNodeLocator,
+   type AstReflection,
    DefaultDocumentValidator,
    type DiagnosticInfo,
+   DocumentValidator,
    type LangiumDocument,
    type LangiumCoreServices,
+   type Lexer,
    type ValidateSingleNodeOptions,
    type ValidationOptions,
    type ValidationSeverity
 } from '@hydranium/langium';
 import type { CancellationToken } from 'vscode-languageserver-protocol';
-import type { Diagnostic } from 'vscode-languageserver-types';
+// A VALUE import, for `Diagnostic.getMessageString`: `message` is
+// `string | MarkupContent` in LSP 3.17+, so upstream's own reader is what
+// narrows it rather than a hand-rolled union check here.
+import { Diagnostic } from 'vscode-languageserver-types';
 import { type LogNameOptions } from '../diagnostics/logger.js';
 import { isSyntheticNode } from '../workspace/synthetic.js';
 import { isVirtualUri } from '../workspace/virtual-document.js';
 
 /**
- * Diagnostic shape produced by {@link HydraniumDocumentValidator}: an LSP
- * {@link Diagnostic} extended with the protocol-level `element` path and
- * optional `property` name from {@link TransferDiagnostic}.
+ * The AST-layer diagnostic: what the build left on `LangiumDocument`, and what
+ * an `AstDocument` carries. An LSP {@link Diagnostic} that MAY also carry the
+ * `element` path and `property` name from {@link TransferDiagnostic}.
+ *
+ * **Not interchangeable with {@link TransferDiagnostic}, which is the other end
+ * of the same conversion.** They disagree on field types as well as on which
+ * fields exist — `severity` is LSP's numeric enum here and a string union there
+ * — so a slot typed with the wrong one still accepts the value and then reads
+ * `undefined`, or compares equal to nothing.
+ *
+ * `element` is optional because a document's diagnostics do not all come from
+ * this validator. {@link HydraniumDocumentValidator.toDiagnostic} always sets
+ * one, but Langium pushes lexer and parser errors straight onto the document
+ * without routing them through it, so a document that fails to parse carries
+ * diagnostics with no path at all. Treat it as absent, not empty.
+ *
+ * Narrowing `LangiumDocument.diagnostics` to this type instead is unavailable:
+ * declaration merging may add a member but not retype one, and augmenting the
+ * LSP `Diagnostic` reaches only one of the two declaration files its package
+ * ships, since the `exports` map splits `import` from `default` with no `types`
+ * condition. Consumers therefore cast at the read, and the cast is sound only
+ * because this field is optional.
  */
-export interface TransferLspDiagnostic extends Diagnostic {
-   element: string;
+export interface AstDiagnostic extends Diagnostic {
+   element?: string;
    property?: string;
 }
 
+/**
+ * A reference resolved to nothing.
+ *
+ * **The English is byte-identical to Langium's `DefaultLinker.createLinkingError`
+ * sentence, and must stay so.** The identity is attached to a diagnostic Langium
+ * already worded, so a divergence here would silently change the text every
+ * adopter without a catalogue sees. {@link HydraniumDocumentValidator.processLinkingErrors}
+ * attaches it only when the two match exactly, which is also what keeps an
+ * adopter's own reworded linking error from being mislabelled as this one.
+ *
+ * It exists because this is the most-seen validation error in any language built
+ * on the framework, and Langium puts its own code in `data.code` rather than on
+ * `Diagnostic.code` — so without a framework identity every adopter wanting to
+ * render it has to special-case Langium's shape.
+ */
+export const UNRESOLVED_REFERENCE = defineMessage(
+   'hydranium/core/unresolved-reference',
+   "Could not resolve reference to {referenceType} named '{refText}'."
+);
+
+/**
+ * A character no token of the grammar can start with.
+ *
+ * **The English is byte-identical to CHEVROTAIN's
+ * `defaultLexerErrorProvider.buildUnexpectedCharactersMessage`, and must stay
+ * so** — one layer further out than {@link UNRESOLVED_REFERENCE}, whose sentence
+ * is Langium's. Langium words neither: `processLexingErrors` copies
+ * `lexerDiagnostic.message` through untouched, so the text an adopter sees today
+ * is produced two dependencies down and is the only thing this identity may
+ * claim to be. {@link HydraniumDocumentValidator.identifyLexingError} attaches
+ * it only when the two match exactly, which is also what keeps a custom lexer's
+ * own diagnostics — Langium admits any of them through `lexerReport` — from
+ * being mislabelled as this one.
+ *
+ * It exists because a lexing error is the FIRST message a user of a new language
+ * sees and the one an adopter cannot reach: every other diagnostic worth
+ * translating either carries an identity already or is raised by adopter code,
+ * while this one arrives with a Langium `data.code` naming a KIND and no
+ * parameters at all — so a catalogue had nothing to key on and nothing to
+ * interpolate.
+ *
+ * `skipped` rather than `length`, matching what the sentence says the number
+ * means: chevrotain reports how many characters the lexer discarded to recover,
+ * which for a single stray character is one and for a run of them is the run.
+ */
+export const UNEXPECTED_CHARACTER = defineMessage(
+   'hydranium/core/unexpected-character',
+   'unexpected character: ->{character}<- at offset: {offset}, skipped {skipped} characters.'
+);
+
+/**
+ * A token the grammar does not admit at this position.
+ *
+ * **The English is byte-identical to Langium's
+ * `LangiumParserErrorMessageProvider.buildMismatchTokenMessage`, and must stay
+ * so**, on the same rule as {@link UNRESOLVED_REFERENCE}.
+ *
+ * `expected` is a token type name, which is grammar vocabulary rather than
+ * translatable text — only the frame around it is. Promoting it into the code
+ * instead would make the catalogue as large as the grammar.
+ */
+export const UNEXPECTED_TOKEN = defineMessage(
+   'hydranium/core/unexpected-token',
+   "Expecting token of type '{expected}' but found `{found}`."
+);
+
+/**
+ * Input left over once the entry rule had matched.
+ *
+ * **The English is byte-identical to Langium's
+ * `LangiumParserErrorMessageProvider.buildNotAllInputParsedMessage`, and must
+ * stay so.**
+ */
+export const TRAILING_INPUT = defineMessage('hydranium/core/trailing-input', 'Expecting end of file but found `{found}`.');
+
+/**
+ * A mode-popping token reached with nothing on the lexer's mode stack.
+ *
+ * **The English is byte-identical to CHEVROTAIN's
+ * `defaultLexerErrorProvider.buildUnableToPopLexerModeMessage`, and must stay
+ * so**, the closing clause running on without punctuation exactly as upstream
+ * writes it.
+ *
+ * Reachable only from a multi-mode lexer, which a grammar opts into through a
+ * custom token builder.
+ */
+export const UNPOPPABLE_LEXER_MODE = defineMessage(
+   'hydranium/core/unpoppable-lexer-mode',
+   'Unable to pop Lexer Mode after encountering Token ->{image}<- The Mode Stack is empty'
+);
+
+/**
+ * A dedent that lines up with no enclosing indentation level.
+ *
+ * **The English is byte-identical to LANGIUM's `IndentationAwareTokenBuilder`,
+ * and must stay so** — the one lexing sentence Langium words itself rather than
+ * relaying from chevrotain, which is why it renders through no
+ * `ILexerErrorMessageProvider` and an adopter cannot reach it by replacing one.
+ *
+ * `stack` is the indentation stack as the template literal upstream stringifies
+ * it, comma-joined: structure would have to survive {@link MessageParams}, which
+ * holds scalars, and a translation has nothing to say about the numbers anyway.
+ */
+export const INVALID_DEDENT = defineMessage(
+   'hydranium/core/invalid-dedent',
+   'Invalid dedent level {level} at offset: {offset}. Current indentation stack: {stack}'
+);
+
+/**
+ * A position where none of a rule's alternatives can start.
+ *
+ * **The English is byte-identical to CHEVROTAIN's
+ * `defaultParserErrorProvider.buildNoViableAltMessage`, and must stay so** —
+ * one layer further out than {@link UNEXPECTED_TOKEN}, because Langium overrides
+ * only two of the four parser sentences and passes this one straight through.
+ *
+ * `sequences` is the token-sequence list chevrotain generated, carried whole
+ * rather than as structure: {@link MessageParams} holds scalars, and the list is
+ * token names in any case, so only the frame around it is translatable.
+ */
+export const NO_VIABLE_ALTERNATIVE = defineMessage(
+   'hydranium/core/no-viable-alternative',
+   "Expecting: one of these possible Token sequences:\n{sequences}\nbut found: '{found}'"
+);
+
+/**
+ * A repetition that had to match at least once and matched nothing.
+ *
+ * **The English is byte-identical to CHEVROTAIN's
+ * `defaultParserErrorProvider.buildEarlyExitMessage`, and must stay so**,
+ * including the doubled colon after `sequences::`, which is upstream's and not a
+ * typo to repair here — a divergence would silently stop the identity attaching.
+ *
+ * Named for the empty repetition rather than for chevrotain's `EarlyExit`, which
+ * describes its own control flow rather than the reader's problem.
+ */
+export const MISSING_ITERATION = defineMessage(
+   'hydranium/core/missing-iteration',
+   "Expecting: expecting at least one iteration which starts with one of these possible Token sequences::\n  <{sequences}>\nbut found: '{found}'"
+);
+
+/**
+ * The two sentences whose only free parameter is a generated list, in the order
+ * {@link HydraniumDocumentValidator.identifyParsingError} tries them. Order is
+ * free: their frames share a prefix but diverge before the list begins, so at
+ * most one can match.
+ */
+const SEQUENCE_LISTING_MESSAGES = [NO_VIABLE_ALTERNATIVE, MISSING_ITERATION];
+
+/**
+ * Splits a template into alternating frame and placeholder NAME, for
+ * {@link HydraniumDocumentValidator.sliceFramed}. The capturing group is what
+ * keeps the names in the result rather than discarding them.
+ */
+const PLACEHOLDER_CAPTURE = /\{([^}]+)\}/;
+
+/**
+ * Langium's own `data.code` values for a diagnostic that came out of the lexer.
+ *
+ * All four severities, not just the error one: `lexerReport` admits warnings and
+ * below, and a token builder that downgrades a stray character still produces
+ * the same sentence. Gating on the error code alone would leave the identity off
+ * a message that is word-for-word the one it names.
+ */
+const LEXING_CODES: ReadonlySet<unknown> = new Set([
+   DocumentValidator.LexingError,
+   DocumentValidator.LexingWarning,
+   DocumentValidator.LexingInfo,
+   DocumentValidator.LexingHint
+]);
+
 export interface DocumentValidatorOptions extends LogNameOptions {
    /**
     * Level at which the `validateDocument` timing line is emitted, or `'off'`
@@ -73,7 +283,7 @@ export interface DocumentValidatorOptions extends LogNameOptions {
  * - **Skip-validation hook** via the virtual {@link shouldSkipValidation}
  *   predicate, which adopters override to compose additional skip reasons.
  * - **Diagnostic mapping** to {@link TransferDiagnostic}-shaped
- *   {@link TransferLspDiagnostic}: every emitted diagnostic carries the AST
+ *   {@link AstDiagnostic}: every emitted diagnostic carries the AST
  *   node's path (built via Langium's `AstNodeLocator`) plus the optional
  *   offending property name.
  * - **Optional timing wrap** on `validateDocument`, on by default.
@@ -81,6 +291,13 @@ export interface DocumentValidatorOptions extends LogNameOptions {
 export class HydraniumDocumentValidator extends DefaultDocumentValidator {
    protected readonly tracer: Tracer;
    protected readonly astNodeLocator: AstNodeLocator;
+   protected readonly reflection: AstReflection;
+   protected readonly lexer: Lexer;
+   /**
+    * {@link tokenTypeNames}' answer. Nothing invalidates it: the vocabulary
+    * comes from the grammar, which is fixed once the DI tree is composed.
+    */
+   protected expectedNames?: readonly string[];
    protected readonly logLevel: ObservableValue<LogThreshold>;
    protected readonly logAfterMs: ObservableValue<number>;
    protected readonly validateVirtualDocuments: ObservableValue<boolean>;
@@ -90,6 +307,8 @@ export class HydraniumDocumentValidator extends DefaultDocumentValidator {
       super(services);
       this.tracer = services.shared.Tracer.for(options.logName ?? 'DocumentValidator').trace('instantiated');
       this.astNodeLocator = services.workspace.AstNodeLocator;
+      this.reflection = services.shared.AstReflection;
+      this.lexer = services.parser.Lexer;
       this.logLevel = ObservableValue.from(options.logLevel ?? 'debug');
       this.logAfterMs = ObservableValue.from(options.logAfterMs ?? 20);
       this.validateVirtualDocuments = ObservableValue.from(options.validateVirtualDocuments ?? false);
@@ -111,16 +330,239 @@ export class HydraniumDocumentValidator extends DefaultDocumentValidator {
       }
       const level = this.logLevel.value;
       if (level === 'off') {
-         return super.validateDocument(document, options, cancelToken);
+         return this.validateAndIdentify(document, options, cancelToken);
       }
       // `level` is narrowed to `LogLevel` past the early-return.
       return this.tracer
          .withUri(document.uri.toString())
-         .time('validateDocument', () => super.validateDocument(document, options, cancelToken), level, {
+         .time('validateDocument', () => this.validateAndIdentify(document, options, cancelToken), level, {
             logAfterMs: this.logAfterMs.value
          });
    }
 
+   /**
+    * Langium's validation pass, plus the framework identity on the lexing and
+    * parsing diagnostics it produced.
+    *
+    * **Here rather than in an override of `processLexingErrors` /
+    * `processParsingErrors`, and the reason is that neither seam can see what
+    * the identity needs.** Langium hands them a `ParseResult`, which carries the
+    * AST and the error lists but not the source text — and the offending
+    * CHARACTER, or the offending TOKEN, is the parameter a translation exists to
+    * interpolate. The document does carry it, and this is the innermost point
+    * that still holds one.
+    *
+    * Correlating the finished diagnostics back to the `ParseResult`'s error
+    * lists positionally is the alternative, and it is unsound for the parsing
+    * half: `processParsingErrors` DROPS an error whose token offsets are `NaN`
+    * and whose exception carries no `previousToken`, so the two lists differ in
+    * length exactly when recovery has been at work.
+    *
+    * Inside the timing span rather than around it, so the line accounts for the
+    * whole pass.
+    */
+   protected async validateAndIdentify(
+      document: LangiumDocument,
+      options?: ValidationOptions,
+      cancelToken?: CancellationToken
+   ): Promise<Diagnostic[]> {
+      const diagnostics = await super.validateDocument(document, options, cancelToken);
+      // Mapped in place over the array Langium built, rather than filtered and
+      // re-concatenated: the publish order is the diagnostic order and a
+      // reordering would move a squiggle's entry in the problems list.
+      // Each pass guards on its own `data.code`, so at most one can claim a
+      // given diagnostic and the order between them carries no meaning.
+      for (let index = 0; index < diagnostics.length; index++) {
+         diagnostics[index] = this.identifyLexingError(document, diagnostics[index]);
+         diagnostics[index] = this.identifyParsingError(document, diagnostics[index]);
+      }
+      return diagnostics;
+   }
+
+   /**
+    * Add whichever lexing identity renders `diagnostic`'s sentence, or return it
+    * untouched when none of them does — a custom lexer's own report, which
+    * Langium admits through `lexerReport`, being the case that reaches the end.
+    *
+    * The parameters come from the diagnostic's own RANGE, not from
+    * `parseResult.lexerErrors`. Both hold the same numbers, and the range is the
+    * one that needs no assumption about upstream: correlating the two lists
+    * would depend on Langium appending one diagnostic per lexer error in order,
+    * which is true today and is an internal of the method being wrapped.
+    *
+    * **The format-and-compare is the whole discriminator, and it validates the
+    * reconstruction as well as the identity.** A range that did not round-trip
+    * to the offset chevrotain reported would produce a different sentence and be
+    * declined, so a wrong parameter set can never be attached to a right-looking
+    * message.
+    */
+   protected identifyLexingError(document: LangiumDocument, diagnostic: Diagnostic): Diagnostic {
+      const data = diagnostic.data as { code?: unknown } | undefined;
+      if (!LEXING_CODES.has(data?.code)) {
+         return diagnostic;
+      }
+      const text = document.textDocument;
+      const message = Diagnostic.getMessageString(diagnostic);
+      const offset = text.offsetAt(diagnostic.range.start);
+      const stray = {
+         character: text.getText().charAt(offset),
+         offset,
+         skipped: text.offsetAt(diagnostic.range.end) - offset
+      };
+      if (message === UNEXPECTED_CHARACTER.format(stray)) {
+         return this.identified(diagnostic, UNEXPECTED_CHARACTER, stray);
+      }
+      // The mode-pop error's range spans the offending token exactly, upstream
+      // reporting its `startOffset` with the image's own length.
+      const image = text.getText(diagnostic.range);
+      if (message === UNPOPPABLE_LEXER_MODE.format({ image })) {
+         return this.identified(diagnostic, UNPOPPABLE_LEXER_MODE, { image });
+      }
+      // `level` and `stack` are lexer state that reaches no field here, so they
+      // are sliced; `offset` is given, which is what anchors the slice.
+      const dedent = this.sliceFramed(message, INVALID_DEDENT, { offset });
+      return dedent === undefined ? diagnostic : this.identified(diagnostic, INVALID_DEDENT, dedent);
+   }
+
+   /**
+    * Add whichever parser identity renders `diagnostic`'s sentence, or return it
+    * untouched when none of them does — an adopter that replaced the parser
+    * error-message provider being the case that reaches the last branch.
+    *
+    * `found` comes from the diagnostic's own RANGE, for the same reason
+    * {@link identifyLexingError} reads its parameters there. A token whose
+    * offsets chevrotain could not report collapses to a zero-width range, which
+    * yields the empty string the sentence already renders for it.
+    *
+    * **`expected` is recovered by SEARCHING the vocabulary, because nothing
+    * carries it.** Chevrotain hands the expected token type to the message
+    * provider and keeps it on neither the exception nor the diagnostic, so the
+    * only structured source left is the grammar's own vocabulary: every token
+    * type is offered to the same `format` the identity renders with, and the one
+    * that reproduces the message supplies the parameter. Matching it out of the
+    * prose instead would derive a parameter from a sentence that a Langium
+    * reword can change without warning. Two distinct names cannot render one
+    * sentence, so the match is unique where it exists.
+    */
+   protected identifyParsingError(document: LangiumDocument, diagnostic: Diagnostic): Diagnostic {
+      const data = diagnostic.data as { code?: unknown } | undefined;
+      if (data?.code !== DocumentValidator.ParsingError) {
+         return diagnostic;
+      }
+      const message = Diagnostic.getMessageString(diagnostic);
+      const found = document.textDocument.getText(diagnostic.range);
+      if (message === TRAILING_INPUT.format({ found })) {
+         return this.identified(diagnostic, TRAILING_INPUT, { found });
+      }
+      const expected = this.tokenTypeNames().find(name => UNEXPECTED_TOKEN.format({ expected: name, found }) === message);
+      if (expected !== undefined) {
+         return this.identified(diagnostic, UNEXPECTED_TOKEN, { expected, found });
+      }
+      for (const definition of SEQUENCE_LISTING_MESSAGES) {
+         const params = this.sliceFramed(message, definition, { found });
+         if (params !== undefined) {
+            return this.identified(diagnostic, definition, params);
+         }
+      }
+      return diagnostic;
+   }
+
+   /** `diagnostic` carrying `definition`'s identity, over whatever `data` it already had. */
+   protected identified<S extends string>(diagnostic: Diagnostic, definition: MessageDefinition<S>, ...params: ParamsArg<S>): Diagnostic {
+      // Merged OVER the existing data, so Langium's `code` survives for the
+      // readers that switch on it — `stopAfterParsingErrors` is one, and the
+      // GLSP head's read-only decision is another.
+      const data = diagnostic.data as object | undefined;
+      return { ...diagnostic, code: definition.code, data: { ...data, ...messageData(definition, ...params) } };
+   }
+
+   /**
+    * `definition`'s parameters as they appear in `message`, taking the ones in
+    * `known` as given, or `undefined` when `message` is not that sentence.
+    *
+    * **The only parameters in this file taken OUT of the prose rather than
+    * derived and checked against it, and the bound on that is what `known`
+    * is for.** A generated token-sequence list, a lexer's indentation stack: for
+    * these there is no finite candidate set to offer to `format` the way a token
+    * type name can be, and no structured field carries them. What keeps the read
+    * honest is that everything else in the sentence is either a fixed literal or
+    * a parameter the caller derived independently, so the frame either matches
+    * exactly or the sentence is declined.
+    *
+    * **The trailing format-and-compare is load-bearing once more than one
+    * parameter is unknown.** Each is captured up to the NEXT fixed separator, so
+    * a separator that also occurs inside a value would cut early — re-rendering
+    * catches that, where for a single unknown between two affixes it could not
+    * fail. Two adjacent placeholders are declined outright: nothing marks the
+    * boundary, so no capture is recoverable.
+    *
+    * The frame is split off the declaration's own `text`, so it cannot drift
+    * from the sentence `format` renders.
+    */
+   protected sliceFramed<S extends string>(
+      message: string,
+      definition: MessageDefinition<S>,
+      known: MessageParams
+   ): ParamsOf<S> | undefined {
+      // `split` with a capturing group interleaves literals and placeholder
+      // names, so even indices are frame and odd ones are parameters.
+      const parts = definition.text.split(PLACEHOLDER_CAPTURE);
+      const params: Record<string, string | number> = { ...known };
+      let cursor = 0;
+      for (let index = 0; index < parts.length; index += 2) {
+         const literal = parts[index];
+         if (!message.startsWith(literal, cursor)) {
+            return undefined;
+         }
+         cursor += literal.length;
+         const name = parts[index + 1];
+         if (name === undefined) {
+            break;
+         }
+         const given = params[name];
+         if (given !== undefined) {
+            const rendered = String(given);
+            if (!message.startsWith(rendered, cursor)) {
+               return undefined;
+            }
+            cursor += rendered.length;
+            continue;
+         }
+         const separator = parts[index + 2];
+         const trailing = parts[index + 3] === undefined;
+         if (separator === '' && !trailing) {
+            return undefined;
+         }
+         const at = trailing && separator === '' ? message.length : message.indexOf(separator, cursor);
+         if (at < cursor) {
+            return undefined;
+         }
+         params[name] = message.slice(cursor, at);
+         cursor = at;
+      }
+      if (cursor !== message.length || interpolate(definition.text, params) !== message) {
+         return undefined;
+      }
+      // Narrowing only: every placeholder the template names was either given or
+      // captured above, which is precisely what `ParamsOf` requires.
+      return params as ParamsOf<S>;
+   }
+
+   /**
+    * Every token type name the grammar declares, as
+    * {@link identifyParsingError} candidates.
+    *
+    * Read off the lexer, whose `definition` the `Lexer` INTERFACE declares —
+    * the parser holds the same vocabulary only behind Langium's default class,
+    * where an adopter's replacement need not keep it. A token type the parser
+    * expects but the lexer does not declare yields no match, which declines the
+    * identity rather than attaching a wrong one.
+    */
+   protected tokenTypeNames(): readonly string[] {
+      this.expectedNames ??= Object.keys(this.lexer.definition);
+      return this.expectedNames;
+   }
+
    /**
     * Skip validation for a node **and its children** when
     * {@link shouldSkipValidation} returns true.
@@ -144,11 +586,95 @@ export class HydraniumDocumentValidator extends DefaultDocumentValidator {
       return !this.validateSyntheticNodes.value && isSyntheticNode(node);
    }
 
+   /**
+    * Langium's linking-error pass, plus the framework identity on each
+    * diagnostic it produced.
+    *
+    * Langium puts its own `linking-error` marker in `data.code` and leaves
+    * `Diagnostic.code` unset, so nothing identifies the message on a surface
+    * that drops `data` — which is every editor surface. This adds the framework
+    * identity to both `code` and `data.hydranium` while LEAVING `data.code` in
+    * place: `stopAfterLinkingErrors` and Langium's code-action dispatch both
+    * read it.
+    *
+    * **The identity is attached only when the message is the one
+    * {@link UNRESOLVED_REFERENCE} renders.** Two other sentences reach this
+    * list: the linker's exception form, raised when resolution itself throws,
+    * and whatever an adopter overriding `createLinkingError` chose. Labelling
+    * either would make a catalogue render the wrong sentence — and for the
+    * exception form it would discard the underlying cause. Comparing against
+    * the locally rendered English is what discriminates; there is no structural
+    * field that does.
+    */
+   protected override processLinkingErrors(document: LangiumDocument, diagnostics: Diagnostic[], options: ValidationOptions): void {
+      const from = diagnostics.length;
+      super.processLinkingErrors(document, diagnostics, options);
+      for (let index = from; index < diagnostics.length; index++) {
+         diagnostics[index] = this.identifyLinkingError(diagnostics[index]);
+      }
+   }
+
+   /**
+    * Add the {@link UNRESOLVED_REFERENCE} identity to one linking diagnostic,
+    * or return it untouched when its message is not the sentence that identity
+    * renders.
+    *
+    * `refText` comes from the `data` Langium populated; `referenceType` is not
+    * in it, so it is recovered the same way `createLinkingError` produced it —
+    * through the reflection, from the container type and property.
+    */
+   protected identifyLinkingError(diagnostic: Diagnostic): Diagnostic {
+      const data = diagnostic.data as { code?: unknown; refText?: unknown; containerType?: unknown; property?: unknown } | undefined;
+      if (typeof data?.refText !== 'string' || typeof data.containerType !== 'string' || typeof data.property !== 'string') {
+         return diagnostic;
+      }
+      const referenceType = this.referenceTypeOf(data.containerType, data.property, data.refText);
+      if (referenceType === undefined) {
+         return diagnostic;
+      }
+      const params = { referenceType, refText: data.refText };
+      if (diagnostic.message !== UNRESOLVED_REFERENCE.format(params)) {
+         return diagnostic;
+      }
+      // Merged OVER Langium's data rather than replacing it, so `data.code`
+      // survives for the readers that switch on it.
+      return { ...diagnostic, code: UNRESOLVED_REFERENCE.code, data: { ...data, ...messageData(UNRESOLVED_REFERENCE, params) } };
+   }
+
+   /**
+    * The declared target type of the reference this diagnostic came from, or
+    * `undefined` when the reflection cannot name one.
+    *
+    * **The lookup can throw, and that is the reason this is a method rather
+    * than an inline call.** `AbstractAstReflection.getReferenceType` raises on
+    * an unknown container `$type` and on a property that is not a reference —
+    * and the linking error whose type it cannot name is the one most likely to
+    * reach here, because `DefaultLinker` catches its OWN failed lookup and
+    * turns it into the exception-form message. Rethrowing would take
+    * `validateDocument` with it, since Langium wraps `processLinkingErrors` in
+    * no try: a diagnostic Langium degraded gracefully would become a failed
+    * build. Declining is also the right answer on the merits — a reference
+    * whose type cannot be named is not the message
+    * {@link UNRESOLVED_REFERENCE} claims.
+    */
+   protected referenceTypeOf(containerType: string, property: string, refText: string): string | undefined {
+      try {
+         return this.reflection.getReferenceType({
+            container: { $type: containerType } as AstNode,
+            property,
+            reference: { $refText: refText }
+         } as Parameters<AstReflection['getReferenceType']>[0]);
+      } catch (err: unknown) {
+         this.tracer.debug(`cannot name the reference type for ${containerType}.${property}: ${describeError(err)}`);
+         return undefined;
+      }
+   }
+
    protected override toDiagnostic<N extends AstNode>(
       severity: ValidationSeverity,
       message: string,
       info: DiagnosticInfo<N, string>
-   ): TransferLspDiagnostic {
+   ): AstDiagnostic {
       const base = super.toDiagnostic(severity, message, info);
       const node = info.node;
       if (!node) {

package/src/langium/workspace/document-uri-policy.ts

@@ -105,10 +105,9 @@ export class DefaultDocumentUriPolicy implements DocumentUriPolicy {
    /**
     * No filesystem access, so existence cannot be checked — every URI is
     * treated as loadable and returned unchanged. A later load that misses
-    * therefore reaches the filesystem and throws, which
-    * `AbstractHydraniumLangiumDocuments.getOrCreateDocument` absorbs into its
-    * empty-document fallback: under this policy that fallback, not this method,
-    * is what makes a missing file a placeholder rather than an error.
+    * therefore reaches the filesystem and throws, which reports the miss with
+    * the reason the read failed. Under a policy that CAN check, the miss is
+    * caught earlier and reported without one.
     */
    loadUri(uri: URI | string): URI | undefined {
       return UriUtils.toUri(uri);