@hraness/dawg 0.6.1 → 0.7.0

package/core/styles/europe-asia-pacific.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,2838 @@
+/**
+ * European folk, East and Southeast Asia, Oceania (quality-08 family
+ * `europe-asia-pacific`). Root and branch cards only.
+ */
+
+import { grid, intervals, kitRoles, maybe, role } from "./parts.ts";
+import {
+  AGUNG,
+  CHING,
+  DEGUNG,
+  GILAK,
+  LADRANG,
+  pathetFinals,
+  pathetPitch,
+  SI_WA,
+} from "./gamelan.ts";
+import { card, type CycleSpec, type StyleCard } from "./schema.ts";
+
+const NO_KIT = Object.freeze({ kick: null, snare: null, hat: null });
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Celtic and British
+//
+// References: Breandán Breathnach, "Folk Music and Dances of Ireland"
+// (1971); Roderick Cannon, "The Highland Bagpipe and Its Music" (1988).
+
+const KIT_LIGHT = kitRoles("acoustic", ["kick", "snare"], ["hat"]);
+
+/** Jig and reel feel: the lift on the first of each beat group. */
+const JIG_GROOVE = { subdivision: 3, velocity: [1, 0.7, 0.8] } as const;
+
+/** Flamenco 12-beat compas (soleá, bulería): accents 3, 6, 8, 10, 12. */
+export const SOLEA_COMPAS: CycleSpec = Object.freeze({
+  kind: "compas",
+  name: "solea",
+  beats: 12,
+  divisions: [3, 3, 2, 2, 2],
+  strokes: Object.freeze([
+    "tak",
+    "tak",
+    "dum",
+    "tak",
+    "tak",
+    "dum",
+    "tak",
+    "dum",
+    "tak",
+    "dum",
+    "tak",
+    "dum",
+  ]),
+  low: Object.freeze(["dum"]),
+  stress: Object.freeze([3, 6, 8, 10, 12]),
+});
+
+/** Rumba flamenca: the 3+3+2 ventilador cell on eighths. */
+const RUMBA_CELL = grid("x..x..x.");
+
+const EUROPE_LEAVES: readonly StyleCard[] = [
+  card({
+    id: "irish-trad",
+    summary:
+      "reel and jig: AABB tunes in 8-bar strains, dorian and mixolydian, roll and cut ornaments, unison session heterophony",
+    tempo: { bpm: [160, 220], typical: 190 },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["4/4", 0.5],
+        ["6/8", 0.5],
+      ],
+      hypermeter: [[8, 1]],
+    },
+    melody: {
+      density: [3, 4],
+      ambitus: [9, 14],
+      range: [62, 86],
+      phraseBars: [[4, 1]],
+      finals: [
+        [0, 0.7],
+        [4, 0.3],
+      ],
+    },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        lead: role("fiddle", "tinwhistle:0.6", "flute:0.5"),
+        counter: maybe("fiddle", "flute:0.5"),
+        chords: role("acoustic", "lute:0.4"),
+        perc: maybe("bodhran"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "sean-nos",
+    summary:
+      "sean-nós: unaccompanied melismatic solo song, free strophic rubato, decorated stepwise lines, no harmony",
+    tempo: { bpm: [56, 80], typical: 66 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]] },
+    harmony: { model: "none" },
+    melody: {
+      density: [1, 3],
+      intervals: intervals(8, 2, 0.4, 0.5),
+      phraseBars: [[4, 1]],
+      contour: [["arch", 1]],
+    },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["none", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "monophonic",
+      roles: {
+        chords: null,
+        bass: null,
+        perc: null,
+        lead: role("sing"),
+      },
+    },
+    mix: { space: 0.4 },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "scottish-trad",
+    summary:
+      "strathspey: dotted snap (short-long Scotch snap), double-tonic I-bVII shift, pipe-scale mixolydian",
+    tempo: { bpm: [110, 150], typical: 128 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]] },
+    groove: { subdivision: 4, velocity: [1, 0.9, 0.5, 0.8] },
+    pitch: { scales: [["mixolydian", 1]] },
+    harmony: {
+      presets: null,
+      forms: [[["I", "I", "bVII", "bVII"], 1]],
+      cadences: [["bVII-I", 1]],
+    },
+    melody: { density: [2, 4] },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        lead: role("fiddle", "tinwhistle:0.5"),
+        drone: maybe("reeds"),
+        chords: role("acoustic", "piano:0.4"),
+        perc: maybe("bodhran"),
+      },
+    },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { perc: grid("x.x.x.x.") } },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "piobaireachd",
+    summary:
+      "ceòl mòr: theme (ùrlar) and variations over a fixed pipe drone, nine-note mixolydian chanter, slow pulse",
+    tempo: { bpm: [40, 66], typical: 52 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]] },
+    pitch: { scales: [["mixolydian", 1]] },
+    harmony: { model: "drone" },
+    melody: {
+      density: [1, 2],
+      ambitus: [9, 9],
+      range: [67, 79],
+      repetition: 0.8,
+      phraseBars: [[4, 1]],
+    },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["pedal", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "monophonic",
+      roles: {
+        chords: null,
+        perc: null,
+        drone: role("reeds"),
+        bass: maybe("reeds"),
+        lead: role("reeds"),
+      },
+    },
+    form: { archetype: "theme-and-variations" },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "english-folk",
+    summary:
+      "morris and ceilidh: 2-bar call figures over I-IV-V, major and mixolydian, melodeon and fiddle, stepped hop on beat",
+    tempo: { bpm: [100, 130], typical: 112 },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["4/4", 0.6],
+        ["6/8", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["major", 0.6],
+        ["mixolydian", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: { presets: [["fifties", 1]], cadences: [["V-I", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        lead: role("fiddle", "reeds:0.6"),
+        chords: role("reeds", "acoustic:0.5"),
+        perc: maybe("framedrum"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "welsh",
+    summary:
+      "cerdd dant: a sung counter-melody (descant) set over a repeated harp air, major-key diatonic harmony",
+    tempo: { bpm: [70, 100], typical: 84 },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["3/4", 0.5],
+        ["4/4", 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+    pitch: { scales: [["major", 1]] },
+    harmony: {
+      presets: [
+        ["canon", 0.5],
+        ["fifties", 0.5],
+      ],
+      cadences: [["V-I", 1]],
+    },
+    melody: { density: [1, 2] },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "polyphonic",
+      roles: {
+        chords: role("harp"),
+        lead: role("sing"),
+        counter: role("harp", "flute:0.4"),
+        perc: null,
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "breton",
+    summary:
+      "kan ha diskan: two singers in overlapping call and response, an dro and gavotte in 4/4, bombarde and biniou in octave pairs",
+    tempo: { bpm: [110, 140], typical: 124 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], hypermeter: [[4, 1]] },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["dorian", 0.5],
+        ["minor", 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: { model: "drone" },
+    melody: { repetition: 0.85, phraseBars: [[2, 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "heterophonic",
+      roles: {
+        bass: null,
+        perc: null,
+        chords: null,
+        lead: role("oboe", "sing:0.6"),
+        counter: role("reeds", "sing:0.5"),
+        drone: maybe("reeds"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "galician",
+    summary:
+      "muiñeira: 6/8 gaita (bagpipe) over a drone, pandeireta on the dotted pulse, mixolydian and major",
+    tempo: { bpm: [150, 190], typical: 168 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["6/8", 1]] },
+    groove: JIG_GROOVE,
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["mixolydian", 0.5],
+        ["major", 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: { model: "drone" },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        chords: null,
+        lead: role("reeds", "oboe:0.4"),
+        drone: role("reeds"),
+        perc: role("framedrum", "bodhran:0.5"),
+      },
+    },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { perc: grid("x.5x.5") } },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "celtic-fusion",
+    summary:
+      "celtic rock: trad modal tunes over a rock backbeat on 2 and 4, I-bVII-IV mixolydian loops, electric bass",
+    tempo: { bpm: [110, 160], typical: 130 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]] },
+    harmony: {
+      presets: [
+        ["mixolydian-rock", 0.6],
+        ["axis", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["root-fifth", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "homophonic",
+      roles: {
+        ...KIT_LIGHT,
+        bass: role("bassguitar"),
+        chords: role("electric", "acoustic:0.5"),
+        lead: role("fiddle", "tinwhistle:0.5"),
+        perc: null,
+      },
+    },
+    rhythm: {
+      onsets: {
+        kick: grid("x...x.5."),
+        snare: grid("..x...x."),
+        hat: grid("xxxxxxxx"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+
+  // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // Nordic and Baltic
+  //
+  // References: Jan Ling, "A History of European Folk Music" (1997);
+  // Mats Johansson on polska beat asymmetry (2010).
+  card({
+    id: "nordic-fiddle",
+    summary:
+      "polska: 3/4 with an uneven, long-first beat, hardingfele sympathetic drone strings, double stops on open fifths",
+    tempo: { bpm: [100, 130], typical: 114 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["3/4", 1]] },
+    groove: {
+      subdivision: 2,
+      velocity: [1, 0.7],
+      microtiming: [0, 0.1],
+    },
+    harmony: { model: "drone" },
+    // Polska bowing runs in semiquavers across the three beats.
+    melody: { density: [3, 4] },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        perc: null,
+        bass: null,
+        chords: null,
+        lead: role("fiddle", "violin:0.5"),
+        counter: maybe("fiddle", "viola:0.5"),
+        drone: role("fiddle"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "kulning",
+    summary:
+      "kulning: high head-voice herding calls, long held tones and falling glides, free rhythm, no accompaniment",
+    tempo: { bpm: [40, 66], typical: 50 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]] },
+    pitch: { scales: [["major-pentatonic", 1]] },
+    harmony: { model: "none" },
+    melody: {
+      density: [0, 1],
+      range: [72, 91],
+      contour: [["descending", 1]],
+      intervals: intervals(2, 3, 2, 0.4),
+    },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["none", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "monophonic",
+      roles: { chords: null, bass: null, lead: role("sing") },
+    },
+    mix: { space: 0.75 },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "joik",
+    summary:
+      "Sámi joik: a short cyclic pentatonic figure repeated without end, wide leaps of fourths and fifths, no fixed close",
+    tempo: { bpm: [80, 120], typical: 96 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]] },
+    pitch: { scales: [["minor-pentatonic", 1]] },
+    harmony: { model: "none" },
+    melody: {
+      repetition: 0.9,
+      phraseBars: [[2, 1]],
+      intervals: intervals(2, 4, 3, 0.8),
+      contour: [["wave", 1]],
+    },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["none", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "monophonic",
+      roles: {
+        chords: null,
+        bass: null,
+        lead: role("sing"),
+        perc: maybe("framedrum"),
+      },
+    },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { perc: grid("x.x.x.x.") } },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "rune-singing",
+    summary:
+      "runo song: trochaic tetrameter on a 5-note range, 5/4 lines, lead singer and chorus overlap on the line end",
+    tempo: { bpm: [90, 130], typical: 108 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["5/4", 1]], grouping: [[[2, 3], 1]] },
+    pitch: { scales: [["minor", 1]] },
+    harmony: { model: "none" },
+    melody: {
+      ambitus: [5, 5],
+      repetition: 0.9,
+      phraseBars: [[1, 1]],
+      intervals: intervals(8, 1, 0.1, 1),
+    },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["none", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        perc: null,
+        chords: null,
+        bass: null,
+        lead: role("sing"),
+        counter: role("choir"),
+        drone: maybe("dulcimer"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "baltic-folk",
+    summary:
+      "sutartinės: two-voice canon in clashing seconds, dainas in narrow-range strophes, kanklės drone",
+    tempo: { bpm: [80, 110], typical: 92 },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["2/4", 0.6],
+        ["4/4", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["major", 0.5],
+        ["dorian", 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: { model: "drone" },
+    melody: {
+      ambitus: [4, 7],
+      repetition: 0.9,
+      intervals: intervals(8, 1.5, 0.2, 1),
+    },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "polyphonic",
+      roles: {
+        chords: null,
+        lead: role("sing"),
+        counter: role("sing", "choir:0.5"),
+        drone: role("dulcimer"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "nordic-folk-revival",
+    summary:
+      "ambient nordic folk: frame-drum ostinato, lyre drones, aeolian and dorian chant over pedal point",
+    tempo: { bpm: [70, 100], typical: 84 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]] },
+    harmony: {
+      model: "modal",
+      rhythm: [[0.5, 1]],
+    },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["pedal", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        chords: role("lute", "harp:0.5"),
+        pad: maybe("strings", "choir:0.5"),
+        lead: role("sing", "flute:0.4"),
+        perc: role("framedrum"),
+      },
+    },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { perc: grid("x..x..x.x...x...") } },
+    mix: { space: 0.6 },
+  }),
+
+  // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // Western Europe
+  //
+  // References: Peter Manuel, "Popular Musics of the Non-Western World"
+  // (1988) on Iberian and Mediterranean dance forms; Max Peter Baumann,
+  // "Musikfolklore und Musikfolklorismus" (1976) on yodel and Ländler.
+  card({
+    id: "volksmusik",
+    summary:
+      "Ländler: 3/4 oom-pah-pah, tonic and dominant only, yodel leaps across the register break, reeds and tuba",
+    tempo: { bpm: [120, 160], typical: 138 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["3/4", 1]] },
+    pitch: { scales: [["major", 1]] },
+    harmony: {
+      presets: null,
+      forms: [[["I", "I", "V", "V", "V", "V", "I", "I"], 1]],
+      cadences: [["V-I", 1]],
+      voicing: { strokes: [["waltz", 1]] },
+    },
+    melody: { intervals: intervals(3, 5, 2, 0.5) },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["root-fifth", 1]], onsets: grid("x.....") },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "homophonic",
+      roles: {
+        bass: role("tuba"),
+        chords: role("reeds", "nylon:0.4"),
+        lead: role("sing", "clarinet:0.5", "trumpet:0.4"),
+        perc: null,
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "polka",
+    summary:
+      "polka: 2/4 oom-pah, bass on the beat and chords on the off-beat, I-V-I in major, clarinet and reeds lead",
+    tempo: { bpm: [110, 140], typical: 126 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["2/4", 1]], hypermeter: [[8, 1]] },
+    groove: { subdivision: 2, velocity: [1, 0.8] },
+    pitch: { scales: [["major", 1]] },
+    harmony: {
+      presets: null,
+      forms: [[["I", "I", "V", "V", "V", "V", "I", "I"], 1]],
+      cadences: [["V-I", 1]],
+      rhythm: [[1, 1]],
+    },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["root-fifth", 1]], onsets: grid("x.x.") },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "homophonic",
+      roles: {
+        ...kitRoles("acoustic", ["kick", "snare"]),
+        bass: role("tuba"),
+        chords: role("reeds"),
+        lead: role("clarinet", "trumpet:0.6", "reeds:0.4"),
+        perc: null,
+      },
+    },
+    rhythm: {
+      onsets: { kick: grid("x.x."), snare: grid(".x.x"), chords: grid(".x.x") },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "waltz-folk",
+    summary:
+      "folk waltz: 3/4 with bass on 1 and chords on 2 and 3, I-IV-V-I in major, musette reeds",
+    tempo: { bpm: [130, 180], typical: 150 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["3/4", 1]] },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["major", 0.7],
+        ["harmonic-minor", 0.3],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: {
+      presets: [["fifties", 1]],
+      voicing: { strokes: [["waltz", 1]] },
+    },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["root-fifth", 1]], onsets: grid("x.....") },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "homophonic",
+      roles: {
+        bass: role("contrabass", "tuba:0.4"),
+        chords: role("reeds", "nylon:0.5"),
+        lead: role("reeds", "violin:0.5"),
+        perc: null,
+      },
+    },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { chords: grid("..x.x.") } },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "levenslied",
+    summary:
+      "levenslied: sentimental strophic ballad with a sing-along refrain, waltz or schlager 4/4, I-vi-IV-V, key change up a step",
+    tempo: { bpm: [90, 130], typical: 108 },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["4/4", 0.6],
+        ["3/4", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    pitch: { scales: [["major", 1]] },
+    harmony: {
+      presets: [
+        ["fifties", 0.6],
+        ["axis", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "homophonic",
+      roles: {
+        ...KIT_LIGHT,
+        bass: role("bass"),
+        chords: role("reeds", "piano:0.6"),
+        lead: role("sing"),
+        perc: null,
+      },
+    },
+    rhythm: {
+      onsets: { kick: grid("x...x..."), snare: grid("..x...x."), hat: null },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "basque",
+    summary:
+      "Basque trikitixa and txalaparta: two players interlock on wooden planks in fast 5/8 and 6/8 cells, trikitixa reeds over a tambourine",
+    tempo: { bpm: [130, 180], typical: 150 },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["5/8", 0.5],
+        ["6/8", 0.5],
+      ],
+      grouping: [
+        [[2, 3], 0.5],
+        [[3, 3], 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["major", 0.5],
+        ["mixolydian", 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "interlocking",
+      roles: {
+        chords: role("reeds"),
+        lead: role("reeds", "oboe:0.4"),
+        perc: role("xylophone", "framedrum:0.5"),
+      },
+    },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { perc: grid("x.x.x.") } },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "occitan",
+    summary:
+      "Occitan bourrée: 3/8 and 2/4 dance over the hurdy-gurdy's drone and trompette buzz, mixolydian and dorian",
+    tempo: { bpm: [110, 150], typical: 126 },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["3/4", 0.5],
+        ["2/4", 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["mixolydian", 0.5],
+        ["dorian", 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: { model: "drone" },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        chords: null,
+        drone: role("fiddle", "reeds:0.5"),
+        lead: role("fiddle", "reeds:0.5"),
+        perc: maybe("framedrum"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "italian-folk",
+    summary:
+      "tarantella and pizzica: fast 6/8 tamburello triplets, i-V7 harmonic minor alternation, tremolo plucked strings",
+    tempo: { bpm: [150, 200], typical: 176 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["6/8", 1]] },
+    groove: JIG_GROOVE,
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["harmonic-minor", 0.7],
+        ["major", 0.3],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: {
+      presets: null,
+      forms: [[["i", "V", "V", "i"], 1]],
+      cadences: [["V-I", 1]],
+    },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        chords: role("nylon", "reeds:0.5"),
+        lead: role("tremolo", "violin:0.5", "reeds:0.4"),
+        perc: role("framedrum"),
+      },
+    },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { perc: grid("xxxxxx") } },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "maltese",
+    summary:
+      "għana: improvised sung exchanges over a strummed guitar ostinato, Mediterranean minor with a phrygian close",
+    tempo: { bpm: [80, 110], typical: 94 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]] },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["harmonic-minor", 0.5],
+        ["phrygian-dominant", 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: { presets: [["andalusian", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        perc: null,
+        bass: null,
+        chords: role("nylon"),
+        lead: role("sing"),
+        counter: maybe("sing"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+
+  // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // Iberia
+  //
+  // References: Peter Manuel, "Modal Harmony in Andalusian, Eastern
+  // European, and Turkish Syncretic Musics" (1989); Rui Vieira Nery,
+  // "A History of Portuguese Fado" (2012).
+  card({
+    id: "flamenco",
+    summary:
+      "soleá compás: 12-beat cycle accented 3, 6, 8, 10, 12, phrygian (Andalusian) cadence iv-III-II-I, rasgueado nylon guitar",
+    tempo: { bpm: [100, 160], typical: 128 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["12/8", 1]], cycle: SOLEA_COMPAS },
+    pitch: { scales: [["phrygian-dominant", 1]] },
+    harmony: {
+      presets: [["andalusian", 1]],
+      cadences: [["bII-I", 1]],
+      voicing: { strokes: [["down", 1]] },
+    },
+    melody: { intervals: intervals(8, 2, 0.4, 0.8) },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "homophonic",
+      roles: {
+        chords: role("nylon"),
+        lead: role("sing", "nylon:0.4"),
+        perc: role("framedrum"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "rumba-flamenca",
+    summary:
+      "rumba flamenca: the 3+3+2 ventilador strum on nylon guitar, Andalusian cadence loop, palmas on 2 and 4",
+    tempo: { bpm: [96, 128], typical: 110 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]] },
+    harmony: {
+      presets: [["andalusian", 1]],
+      voicing: { strokes: [["funk", 1]] },
+    },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        bass: role("bass"),
+        chords: role("nylon"),
+        lead: role("sing", "nylon:0.4"),
+        perc: role("framedrum"),
+      },
+    },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { chords: RUMBA_CELL, perc: grid("..x...x.") } },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "copla",
+    summary:
+      "copla: orchestral song in three parts, minor verse turning to a major refrain (modal interchange), pasodoble 2/4 lilt",
+    tempo: { bpm: [90, 120], typical: 104 },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["2/4", 0.6],
+        ["4/4", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["harmonic-minor", 0.6],
+        ["major", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: {
+      presets: [
+        ["andalusian", 0.5],
+        ["fifties", 0.5],
+      ],
+      cadences: [["V-I", 1]],
+    },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "homophonic",
+      roles: {
+        bass: role("contrabass"),
+        chords: role("strings", "piano:0.5"),
+        lead: role("sing"),
+        counter: maybe("violins", "trumpet:0.4"),
+        perc: null,
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "jota",
+    summary:
+      "jota: fast 3/4 with castanet triplets, alternating tonic and dominant only, sung copla between danced strains",
+    tempo: { bpm: [150, 200], typical: 174 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["3/4", 1]] },
+    pitch: { scales: [["major", 1]] },
+    harmony: {
+      presets: null,
+      forms: [[["I", "V", "V", "I"], 1]],
+      cadences: [["V-I", 1]],
+      voicing: { strokes: [["waltz", 1]] },
+    },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        chords: role("nylon", "lute:0.5"),
+        lead: role("lute", "sing:0.6"),
+        perc: role("framedrum"),
+      },
+    },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { perc: grid("x.xxx.") } },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "catalan",
+    summary:
+      "sardana: cobla of shawms (tenora), flabiol and brass, curts and llargs sections in 6/8, major tonality",
+    tempo: { bpm: [90, 120], typical: 104 },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["6/8", 0.6],
+        ["2/4", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    pitch: { scales: [["major", 1]] },
+    harmony: {
+      presets: [
+        ["fifties", 0.5],
+        ["canon", 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "homophonic",
+      roles: {
+        bass: role("contrabass", "tuba:0.5"),
+        chords: role("cornet", "horn:0.5"),
+        lead: role("oboe", "flute:0.4"),
+        perc: maybe("framedrum"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "fado",
+    summary:
+      "fado: saudade in minor with a turn to the parallel major, guitarra portuguesa counter-lines, i-iv-V7-i, rubato voice",
+    tempo: { bpm: [60, 96], typical: 76 },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["4/4", 0.6],
+        ["2/4", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["harmonic-minor", 0.6],
+        ["minor", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: {
+      presets: [
+        ["minor-ii-v", 0.5],
+        ["aeolian", 0.5],
+      ],
+      cadences: [["V-I", 1]],
+    },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "homophonic",
+      roles: {
+        bass: maybe("doublebass"),
+        chords: role("nylon"),
+        lead: role("sing"),
+        counter: role("lute"),
+        perc: null,
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+
+  // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // Central and Eastern Europe
+  //
+  // References: Béla Bartók, "Hungarian Folk Music" (1931); Lajos Vargyas,
+  // "Hungarian Folk Music" (1981); Izaly Zemtsovsky on Russian folk lyric.
+  card({
+    id: "hungarian-folk",
+    summary:
+      "Hungarian new-style song: descending pentatonic fifth-transposition (ABBA), csárdás 2/4 with kontra off-beat chords",
+    tempo: { bpm: [90, 150], typical: 120 },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["2/4", 0.7],
+        ["4/4", 0.3],
+      ],
+    },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["minor-pentatonic", 0.5],
+        ["dorian", 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: { model: "modal" },
+    melody: { contour: [["descending", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        bass: role("contrabass"),
+        chords: role("viola", "dulcimer:0.5"),
+        lead: role("fiddle"),
+      },
+    },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { chords: grid(".x.x") } },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "romani",
+    summary:
+      "Romani verbunkos and lassú-friss: slow rubato then fast, double harmonic minor (augmented seconds), cimbalom tremolo",
+    tempo: { bpm: [80, 180], typical: 132 },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["2/4", 0.6],
+        ["4/4", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["bhairav", 0.5],
+        ["harmonic-minor", 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: {
+      presets: [
+        ["andalusian", 0.5],
+        ["minor-ii-v", 0.5],
+      ],
+      cadences: [["V-I", 1]],
+    },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        bass: role("contrabass"),
+        chords: role("dulcimer", "nylon:0.5"),
+        lead: role("violin", "clarinet:0.4"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "polish-folk",
+    summary:
+      "mazurka and oberek: 3/4 with the accent moved to beat 2 or 3, dotted first beat, fiddle over a basy drone",
+    tempo: { bpm: [120, 180], typical: 150 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["3/4", 1]] },
+    groove: { subdivision: 2, velocity: [1, 0.7] },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["major", 0.4],
+        ["lydian", 0.3],
+        ["minor", 0.3],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: { model: "drone" },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        chords: null,
+        bass: role("cello"),
+        lead: role("fiddle"),
+        perc: role("framedrum"),
+      },
+    },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { perc: grid("x.x.5.") } },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "czech-slovak",
+    summary:
+      "cimbalom band (cimbálová muzika): verbunk and polka figures, lydian sharp fourth in Moravian song, I-IV-V",
+    tempo: { bpm: [100, 140], typical: 118 },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["2/4", 0.6],
+        ["3/4", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["major", 0.6],
+        ["lydian", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: { presets: [["fifties", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        bass: role("contrabass"),
+        chords: role("dulcimer"),
+        lead: role("violin", "clarinet:0.5"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "russian-folk",
+    summary:
+      "protyazhnaya and chastushka: drawn-out podgoloski heterophony in natural minor, relative-major shifts, fast 2/4 ditties",
+    tempo: { bpm: [70, 150], typical: 104 },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["2/4", 0.5],
+        ["4/4", 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["minor", 0.7],
+        ["dorian", 0.3],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: { presets: [["aeolian", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "heterophonic",
+      roles: {
+        bass: role("contrabass"),
+        chords: role("reeds", "tremolo:0.5"),
+        lead: role("sing", "tremolo:0.4"),
+        counter: role("choir"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "ukrainian-folk",
+    summary:
+      "Ukrainian dumy and kolomyika: Ukrainian dorian (raised fourth), bandura harp textures, choral thirds",
+    tempo: { bpm: [80, 150], typical: 112 },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["2/4", 0.6],
+        ["4/4", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["nikriz", 0.6],
+        ["minor", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: { model: "modal" },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        chords: role("harp"),
+        lead: role("sing", "violin:0.4"),
+        counter: maybe("choir"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "estrada-romance",
+    summary:
+      "romance and estrada: harmonic minor i-iv-V7, descending chromatic-tinged bass, guitar arpeggios and strings",
+    tempo: { bpm: [70, 110], typical: 88 },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["4/4", 0.5],
+        ["3/4", 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+    pitch: { scales: [["harmonic-minor", 1]] },
+    harmony: {
+      presets: [
+        ["minor-ii-v", 0.5],
+        ["andalusian", 0.5],
+      ],
+      cadences: [["V-I", 1]],
+      sevenths: 0.4,
+    },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["root-fifth", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "homophonic",
+      roles: {
+        ...KIT_LIGHT,
+        bass: role("bass"),
+        chords: role("nylon", "strings:0.5"),
+        lead: role("sing"),
+        pad: maybe("strings"),
+      },
+    },
+    rhythm: {
+      onsets: { kick: grid("x...x..."), snare: grid("..x...x."), hat: null },
+    },
+  }),
+
+  // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // Balkans and Mediterranean
+  //
+  // References: Timothy Rice, "May It Fill Your Soul" (1994) on Bulgarian
+  // aksak; Gail Holst-Warhaft, "Road to Rembetika" (1975); Albert Lord,
+  // "The Singer of Tales" (1960) on gusle epic.
+  card({
+    id: "balkan-brass",
+    summary:
+      "Balkan brass (truba): čoček 2/4 and 7/8 aksak, oro in 2+2+3, tapan bass drum, trumpets in parallel thirds over tuba",
+    tempo: { bpm: [120, 170], typical: 140 },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["7/8", 0.5],
+        ["2/4", 0.5],
+      ],
+      grouping: [[[2, 2, 3], 1]],
+    },
+    harmony: {
+      model: "functional",
+      presets: [
+        ["aeolian", 0.5],
+        ["andalusian", 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["root-fifth", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "homophonic",
+      roles: {
+        kick: role("drums"),
+        snare: role("drums"),
+        bass: role("tuba"),
+        chords: role("horn", "trombone:0.5"),
+        lead: role("trumpet"),
+        counter: role("trumpet", "clarinet:0.4"),
+        perc: null,
+      },
+    },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { kick: grid("x.x.x.."), snare: grid(".x.x.x.") } },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "bulgarian-folk",
+    summary:
+      "Bulgarian aksak: rachenitsa 7/8 (2+2+3) and kopanitsa 11/8 (2+2+3+2+2), gaida drone, close-harmony seconds",
+    tempo: { bpm: [140, 200], typical: 170 },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["7/8", 0.5],
+        ["11/8", 0.5],
+      ],
+      grouping: [
+        [[2, 2, 3], 0.5],
+        [[2, 2, 3, 2, 2], 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+    // Bulgarian dance tunes sit mostly in major, mixolydian and dorian;
+    // the augmented-second colour is Thracian, a minority here.
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["mixolydian", 0.35],
+        ["dorian", 0.3],
+        ["major", 0.2],
+        ["hijaz", 0.15],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: { model: "drone" },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        chords: null,
+        drone: role("reeds"),
+        lead: role("reeds", "fiddle:0.5", "ney:0.4"),
+        perc: role("framedrum"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "macedonian-folk",
+    summary:
+      "lesnoto: 7/8 counted 3+2+2 (long beat first), zurla shawms and tapan, makam-flavoured hijaz turns",
+    tempo: { bpm: [110, 160], typical: 132 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["7/8", 1]], grouping: [[[3, 2, 2], 1]] },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["hijaz", 0.6],
+        ["minor", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: { model: "drone" },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        chords: null,
+        drone: role("oboe"),
+        lead: role("oboe", "clarinet:0.5"),
+        perc: role("framedrum"),
+      },
+    },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { perc: grid("x..x.x.") } },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "rebetiko",
+    summary:
+      "rebetiko: zeibekiko 9/4-feel 9/8 and hasapiko 2/4, dromos hijaz and ousak modes, bouzouki tremolo over baglamas",
+    tempo: { bpm: [70, 130], typical: 96 },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["9/8", 0.6],
+        ["2/4", 0.4],
+      ],
+      grouping: [[[2, 2, 2, 3], 1]],
+    },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["hijaz", 0.6],
+        ["kurd", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: { model: "modal" },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        chords: role("lute", "nylon:0.5"),
+        lead: role("tremolo", "sing:0.6"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "laiko",
+    summary:
+      "laïkó: tsifteteli 8/8 belly-dance groove and hasapiko, bouzouki leads over a pop kit, harmonic minor",
+    tempo: { bpm: [100, 140], typical: 118 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]] },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["harmonic-minor", 0.5],
+        ["hijaz", 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: {
+      model: "functional",
+      presets: [
+        ["aeolian", 0.5],
+        ["andalusian", 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        ...KIT_LIGHT,
+        bass: role("bassguitar"),
+        chords: role("lute", "keys:0.5"),
+        lead: role("sing", "tremolo:0.5"),
+      },
+    },
+    rhythm: {
+      onsets: {
+        kick: grid("x..x..x."),
+        snare: grid("..x...x."),
+        hat: grid("x.x.x.x."),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "cretan",
+    summary:
+      "Cretan syrtos and pentozalis: lyra lead over laouto ostinato, dorian with a raised fourth, 2/4 driving pulse",
+    tempo: { bpm: [110, 160], typical: 134 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["2/4", 1]] },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["dorian", 0.5],
+        ["nikriz", 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: { model: "modal" },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        chords: role("lute"),
+        lead: role("kemence", "fiddle:0.5"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "tamburica",
+    summary:
+      "tamburica orchestra: kolo 2/4 in major, plucked tambura choir in tremolo thirds over a berde bass",
+    tempo: { bpm: [110, 150], typical: 128 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["2/4", 1]] },
+    pitch: { scales: [["major", 1]] },
+    harmony: { presets: [["fifties", 1]], cadences: [["V-I", 1]] },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["root-fifth", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "homophonic",
+      roles: {
+        perc: null,
+        bass: role("contrabass"),
+        chords: role("requinto", "tres:0.5"),
+        lead: role("tremolo", "requinto:0.5"),
+      },
+    },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { chords: grid(".x.x") } },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "turbo-folk",
+    summary:
+      "turbo-folk: synth-pop kit and four-on-floor under oriental harmonic-minor melisma, i-VII-VI-V loops",
+    tempo: { bpm: [110, 140], typical: 124 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]] },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["harmonic-minor", 0.6],
+        ["hijaz", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: {
+      model: "functional",
+      presets: [
+        ["andalusian", 0.6],
+        ["aeolian", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        ...kitRoles("electro"),
+        bass: role("saw"),
+        chords: role("keys", "strings:0.5"),
+        lead: role("sing", "reeds:0.5"),
+      },
+    },
+    rhythm: {
+      onsets: {
+        kick: grid("x.x.x.x."),
+        snare: grid("..x...x."),
+        hat: grid(".x.x.x.x"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "albanian-iso",
+    summary:
+      "iso-polyphony: a held group drone (iso) under two soloists who answer in pentatonic seconds and fourths",
+    tempo: { bpm: [56, 90], typical: 70 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], grouping: null },
+    pitch: { scales: [["minor-pentatonic", 1]] },
+    harmony: { model: "drone" },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "polyphonic",
+      roles: {
+        perc: null,
+        bass: null,
+        chords: null,
+        drone: role("choir"),
+        lead: role("sing"),
+        counter: role("sing"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "sevdalinka",
+    summary:
+      "sevdalinka: slow melismatic love song, makam hijaz with an augmented second, saz and accordion-like reeds",
+    tempo: { bpm: [50, 80], typical: 62 },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["4/4", 0.6],
+        ["7/8", 0.4],
+      ],
+      grouping: [[[3, 2, 2], 1]],
+    },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["hijaz", 0.6],
+        ["harmonic-minor", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: { model: "modal" },
+    melody: { density: [1, 2], intervals: intervals(8, 1.5, 0.3, 0.7) },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        chords: role("reeds", "lute:0.5"),
+        lead: role("sing"),
+        counter: maybe("lute"),
+        // Sung over saz and accordion; no drum (never an Irish bodhrán).
+        perc: null,
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "dinaric-rural",
+    summary:
+      "ganga and ojkanje: narrow-range singing in clashing seconds, a lead line and a group that holds and shakes the tone",
+    tempo: { bpm: [56, 90], typical: 72 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], grouping: null },
+    pitch: { scales: [["minor", 1]] },
+    harmony: { model: "none" },
+    melody: {
+      ambitus: [3, 4],
+      intervals: intervals(9, 0.5, 0.05, 1.2),
+      density: [1, 2],
+    },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["none", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "polyphonic",
+      roles: {
+        chords: null,
+        bass: null,
+        lead: role("sing"),
+        counter: role("choir"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "gusle-epic",
+    summary:
+      "gusle epic: decasyllabic lines recited on a narrow 4-note range, the single-string gusle doubling the voice",
+    tempo: { bpm: [90, 120], typical: 104 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["5/4", 1]], grouping: [[[2, 3], 1]] },
+    pitch: { scales: [["minor", 1]] },
+    harmony: { model: "none" },
+    melody: {
+      ambitus: [4, 5],
+      repetition: 0.85,
+      phraseBars: [[2, 1]],
+      intervals: intervals(9, 1, 0.05, 1.5),
+    },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["none", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "heterophonic",
+      roles: {
+        perc: null,
+        chords: null,
+        bass: null,
+        lead: role("sing"),
+        counter: role("kemence", "fiddle:0.5"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+];
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// East Asia
+//
+// References: Alan R. Thrasher, "Chinese Musical Instruments" (2000) and
+// "Sizhu Instrumental Music of South China" (2008); William P. Malm,
+// "Traditional Japanese Music and Musical Instruments" (1959/2000);
+// Keith Howard, "Perspectives on Korean Music" (2006); Theodore Levin,
+// "Where Rivers and Mountains Sing" (2006) on Tuvan overtone song.
+
+/**
+ * Korean jangdan: janggu strokes, `deong` (both heads, low), `kung`
+ * (left, low), `deok` (right stick), `giduk` (stick roll).
+ */
+export const JUNGMORI: CycleSpec = Object.freeze({
+  kind: "timeline",
+  name: "jungmori",
+  beats: 12,
+  divisions: [3, 3, 3, 3],
+  strokes: Object.freeze([
+    "deong",
+    ".",
+    "kung",
+    "deok",
+    ".",
+    "kung",
+    "kung",
+    ".",
+    "deong",
+    "deok",
+    ".",
+    ".",
+  ]),
+  low: Object.freeze(["deong", "kung"]),
+  stress: Object.freeze([1, 9]),
+});
+
+/** Gutgeori: four dotted beats, the third answered by a left-hand kung. */
+export const GUTGEORI: CycleSpec = Object.freeze({
+  kind: "timeline",
+  name: "gutgeori",
+  beats: 12,
+  divisions: [3, 3, 3, 3],
+  strokes: Object.freeze([
+    "deong",
+    ".",
+    "deok",
+    "kung",
+    "deok",
+    ".",
+    "kung",
+    ".",
+    "deok",
+    "kung",
+    "deok",
+    "deok",
+  ]),
+  low: Object.freeze(["deong", "kung"]),
+  stress: Object.freeze([1, 7]),
+});
+
+/** Noh yatsu-byōshi: the 8-beat frame the hayashi drums articulate. */
+export const YATSU_BYOSHI: CycleSpec = Object.freeze({
+  kind: "timeline",
+  name: "yatsu-byoshi",
+  beats: 8,
+  divisions: [4, 4],
+  strokes: Object.freeze(["pon", ".", "ta", "pon", ".", "ta", "pon", "ta"]),
+  low: Object.freeze(["pon"]),
+  stress: Object.freeze([1, 8]),
+});
+
+/** The Japanese in scale (miyako-bushi): semitone above tonic and fifth. */
+const IN_SCALE = Object.freeze({
+  scales: [["phrygian", 1]] as const,
+  raga: {
+    aroha: [0, 1, 5, 7, 10],
+    avaroha: [0, 1, 5, 7, 8],
+    vadi: 7,
+    samvadi: 0,
+  },
+});
+
+/**
+ * In-scale cadences: phrases close on the tonic, the 4th or the 5th
+ * (phrygian degrees 0, 3, 4), never on the avoided minor 3rd.
+ */
+const IN_FINALS = Object.freeze([
+  [0, 0.6],
+  [3, 0.15],
+  [4, 0.25],
+] as const);
+
+/** Ryūkyū scale: major with no 2nd or 6th (do mi fa so ti). */
+const RYUKYU = Object.freeze({
+  scales: [["major", 1]] as const,
+  raga: {
+    aroha: [0, 4, 5, 7, 11],
+    avaroha: [0, 4, 5, 7, 11],
+    vadi: 0,
+    samvadi: 7,
+  },
+});
+
+/** Shang mode of the Chinese pentatonic: re mi so la do on re. */
+const SHANG_MODE = Object.freeze({
+  scales: [["dorian", 1]] as const,
+  raga: {
+    aroha: [0, 2, 5, 7, 10],
+    avaroha: [0, 2, 5, 7, 10],
+    vadi: 0,
+    samvadi: 7,
+  },
+});
+
+/**
+ * Thai thang (pitch level) on the seven equidistant tones: a pentatonic
+ * subset 1 2 3 5 6 of the seven, with 4 and 7 as passing tones left out.
+ */
+const THANG_NOK = Object.freeze({
+  tuning: "thai",
+  degrees: Object.freeze([0, 1, 2, 4, 5]),
+  scales: Object.freeze([Object.freeze(["major-pentatonic", 1] as const)]),
+});
+
+/**
+ * Khmer pinpeat pentatonic on the same equidistant scale, a different
+ * pitch level (1 2 4 5 6 of the seven), so the gaps sit elsewhere.
+ */
+const KHMER_PENTATONIC = Object.freeze({
+  tuning: "thai",
+  degrees: Object.freeze([0, 1, 3, 4, 5]),
+  scales: Object.freeze([Object.freeze(["major-pentatonic", 1] as const)]),
+});
+
+/**
+ * Vietnamese điệu oán (the sad nam mode of cải lương and đờn ca tài tử):
+ * hò xự xang xê cống with xự and cống neutral, about a quarter tone off
+ * the tempered third and seventh (rast's 3.5 and 10.5 steps).
+ */
+const DIEU_OAN = Object.freeze({
+  tuning: null,
+  degrees: null,
+  scales: [["rast", 1]] as const,
+  raga: {
+    aroha: [0, 4, 5, 7, 11],
+    avaroha: [0, 4, 5, 7, 11],
+    vadi: 0,
+    samvadi: 7,
+  },
+});
+
+/**
+ * Nanguan wukong guan: on the pipa's open string it reads 5 6 1 2 3, the
+ * zhi mode of the pentatonic (sol la do re mi on sol), so the fourth is
+ * present and the major third absent; the guqin's gong mode is the reverse.
+ */
+const WUKONG_GUAN = Object.freeze({
+  scales: [["mixolydian", 1]] as const,
+  raga: {
+    aroha: [0, 2, 5, 7, 9],
+    avaroha: [0, 2, 5, 7, 9],
+    vadi: 0,
+    samvadi: 7,
+  },
+});
+
+/** 12-TET for leaves under the slendro-tuned southeast-asia branch. */
+const TWELVE = Object.freeze({ tuning: null, degrees: null });
+
+const ASIA_PACIFIC_LEAVES: readonly StyleCard[] = [
+  card({
+    id: "guqin",
+    summary:
+      "guqin: slow solo zither, harmonics (fanyin) and sliding stopped tones, gong-mode pentatonic, sparse sound and silence",
+    tempo: { bpm: [38, 56], typical: 46 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]] },
+    pitch: { scales: [["major-pentatonic", 1]] },
+    melody: {
+      density: [0, 1],
+      range: [48, 79],
+      intervals: intervals(4, 4, 1, 0.6),
+      contour: [["wave", 1]],
+    },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "monophonic",
+      roles: { drone: null, bass: null, lead: role("koto"), counter: null },
+    },
+    mix: { space: 0.55 },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "chinese-classical",
+    summary:
+      "sizhu chamber pieces: silk and bamboo heterophony, each player ornamenting one skeletal pentatonic line, jiahua elaboration",
+    tempo: { bpm: [60, 96], typical: 76 },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["4/4", 0.6],
+        ["2/4", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    // Jiangnan sizhu sits mostly in zhi mode (the dizi's D pieces: sol la
+    // do re mi on sol), like nanguan's wukong guan but brisk and busy.
+    pitch: WUKONG_GUAN,
+    melody: {
+      density: [2, 3],
+      finals: [
+        [0, 0.6],
+        [4, 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "heterophonic",
+      roles: {
+        lead: role("lute", "erhu:0.6"),
+        counter: role("flute", "hammered:0.5"),
+        drone: null,
+        bass: null,
+        perc: null,
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "chinese-opera",
+    summary:
+      "jingju: xipi and erhuang modes, banshi metres led by the clapper, jinghu fiddle doubling the voice, gong-and-cymbal luogu",
+    tempo: { bpm: [70, 140], typical: 100 },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["2/4", 0.6],
+        ["4/4", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["major-pentatonic", 0.6],
+        ["durga", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    melody: { range: [64, 88], density: [1, 3] },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "heterophonic",
+      roles: {
+        lead: role("sing"),
+        counter: role("erhu"),
+        drone: null,
+        bass: maybe("gong"),
+        perc: role("framedrum"),
+      },
+    },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { perc: grid("x.x.xxx.") } },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "chinese-folk",
+    summary:
+      "xiaodiao and shan'ge: strophic folk song in the zhi mode (sol la do re mi), suona and dizi, four-phrase qi-cheng-zhuan-he",
+    tempo: { bpm: [72, 120], typical: 92 },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["2/4", 0.6],
+        ["4/4", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["durga", 0.6],
+        ["major-pentatonic", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    melody: { phraseBars: [[2, 1]], repetition: 0.6 },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        lead: role("sing", "oboe:0.5", "flute:0.5"),
+        counter: maybe("flute"),
+        drone: null,
+        perc: maybe("framedrum"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "cantonese-music",
+    summary:
+      "guangdong yinyue: gaohu and yangqin, lively 2/4 with the yi and fan pien tones colouring the shang mode",
+    tempo: { bpm: [96, 140], typical: 116 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["2/4", 1]] },
+    pitch: SHANG_MODE,
+    melody: {
+      density: [2, 4],
+      // shang closes on the tonic, the 4th or the 5th; the gate omits the 3rd
+      finals: [
+        [0, 0.5],
+        [3, 0.2],
+        [4, 0.3],
+      ],
+    },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "heterophonic",
+      roles: {
+        lead: role("erhu"),
+        counter: role("hammered", "lute:0.5"),
+        drone: null,
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "nanguan",
+    summary:
+      "nanguan: very slow Hokkien art song, pipa held horizontally, dongxiao flute, clapper on the strong beat, long melismas",
+    tempo: { bpm: [36, 56], typical: 44 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]] },
+    pitch: WUKONG_GUAN,
+    melody: {
+      density: [0, 1],
+      intervals: intervals(6, 3, 0.4, 0.6),
+      finals: [
+        [0, 0.6],
+        [4, 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "heterophonic",
+      roles: {
+        lead: role("sing"),
+        counter: role("lute", "shakuhachi:0.6"),
+        drone: null,
+        perc: role("framedrum"),
+      },
+    },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { perc: grid("x.......") } },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "chinese-orchestra",
+    summary:
+      "guoyue orchestra: Western-style sections of erhu, yangqin, pipa and dizi, pentatonic melody harmonised in functional triads",
+    tempo: { bpm: [66, 120], typical: 88 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]] },
+    harmony: {
+      model: "functional",
+      presets: [
+        ["fifties", 0.5],
+        ["canon", 0.5],
+      ],
+      rhythm: [[1, 1]],
+    },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["root", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "homophonic",
+      roles: {
+        bass: role("cellos", "contrabasses:0.5"),
+        chords: role("hammered", "strings:0.6"),
+        lead: role("erhu", "flute:0.5"),
+        counter: maybe("lute"),
+        drone: null,
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "gagaku",
+    summary:
+      "gagaku tōgaku: shō cluster chords held over a slow jo-ha-kyū unfolding, hichiriki and ryūteki in heterophony, ritsu mode",
+    tempo: { bpm: [30, 50], typical: 40 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]] },
+    // Ritsu (re mi sol la do on re): the hyōjō, ōshikichō and banshikichō
+    // repertory; the ryo modes are in practice coloured toward ritsu.
+    pitch: { scales: [["durga", 1]] },
+    melody: { density: [0, 1], range: [62, 84] },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "heterophonic",
+      roles: {
+        drone: role("reeds"),
+        lead: role("oboe"),
+        counter: role("flute"),
+        bass: role("koto"),
+        perc: role("kettledrum"),
+      },
+    },
+    // Kakko taps lead into the taiko stroke that closes each measure.
+    rhythm: { onsets: { perc: grid("....5.5.5..5..x.") } },
+    mix: { space: 0.55 },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "shomyo",
+    summary:
+      "shōmyō: Buddhist chant in unison, narrow range, long melismas on held syllables, ryo and ritsu modes, free pulse",
+    tempo: { bpm: [36, 56], typical: 44 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]] },
+    // Shingon and Tendai chant favour the ryo pentatonic over ritsu.
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["major-pentatonic", 0.8],
+        ["durga", 0.2],
+      ],
+    },
+    // Melisma: several tones on each held syllable.
+    melody: {
+      density: [1, 2],
+      ambitus: [4, 7],
+      range: [48, 67],
+      intervals: intervals(9, 1, 0.05, 1),
+    },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "monophonic",
+      roles: {
+        lead: role("choir"),
+        drone: null,
+        bass: null,
+        perc: maybe("bowl"),
+      },
+    },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { perc: grid("x...............") } },
+    mix: { space: 0.7 },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "sankyoku",
+    summary:
+      "sankyoku: koto, shamisen and shakuhachi trio in heterophony, in scale (semitone above tonic and fifth), dan sections that accelerate",
+    tempo: { bpm: [60, 110], typical: 80 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]] },
+    pitch: IN_SCALE,
+    melody: { density: [1, 3], finals: IN_FINALS },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "heterophonic",
+      roles: {
+        lead: role("koto"),
+        counter: role("shakuhachi"),
+        drone: maybe("lute"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "honkyoku",
+    summary:
+      "honkyoku: solo shakuhachi, one breath per phrase (ma between), meri pitch bends in the in scale, no metre",
+    tempo: { bpm: [36, 56], typical: 44 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]] },
+    pitch: IN_SCALE,
+    melody: {
+      density: [0, 1],
+      phraseBars: [[1, 1]],
+      contour: [["arch", 1]],
+      // Breaths end on ro (the tonic) or on re a fifth above.
+      finals: [
+        [0, 0.6],
+        [4, 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "monophonic",
+      roles: { lead: role("shakuhachi"), drone: null, bass: null },
+    },
+    mix: { space: 0.65 },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "noh",
+    summary:
+      "noh: utai chant over the hayashi (nōkan flute, kotsuzumi, ōtsuzumi) in the 8-beat yatsu-byōshi, in scale",
+    tempo: { bpm: [50, 80], typical: 62 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], cycle: YATSU_BYOSHI },
+    pitch: IN_SCALE,
+    // Utai moves in a narrow band around the jo, chū and ge pivot tones.
+    melody: { ambitus: [3, 7], density: [1, 2], finals: IN_FINALS },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "heterophonic",
+      roles: {
+        lead: role("sing"),
+        counter: role("flute"),
+        drone: null,
+        perc: role("framedrum"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "minyo",
+    summary:
+      "min'yō: work and festival song in the yo scale (no semitones), shamisen and taiko on a 2/4 pulse, kakegoe calls",
+    tempo: { bpm: [90, 130], typical: 108 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["2/4", 1]] },
+    pitch: { scales: [["durga", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "heterophonic",
+      roles: {
+        lead: role("sing"),
+        counter: role("lute", "flute:0.5"),
+        drone: null,
+        perc: role("kettledrum"),
+      },
+    },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { perc: grid("x.x.x.xx") } },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "taiko",
+    summary:
+      "kumi-daiko: ensemble drums over a ji-uchi base pattern (don doko), shinobue flute above, yo scale, accelerating sections",
+    tempo: { bpm: [100, 160], typical: 128 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]] },
+    pitch: { scales: [["durga", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        kick: role("kettledrum"),
+        perc: role("kettledrum", "framedrum:0.5"),
+        lead: role("flute"),
+        drone: null,
+      },
+    },
+    rhythm: {
+      onsets: {
+        kick: grid("x...x...x...x..."),
+        perc: grid("x.xxx.xxx.xxx.xx"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "okinawan",
+    summary:
+      "Ryūkyū song: sanshin lute in the ryūkyū scale (do mi fa so ti), kachāshī 2/4 dance lilt, hayashi handclaps",
+    tempo: { bpm: [100, 140], typical: 120 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["2/4", 1]] },
+    groove: { subdivision: 2, swingRatio: [1.4, 1.8] },
+    pitch: RYUKYU,
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        lead: role("sing"),
+        counter: role("lute"),
+        drone: null,
+        perc: maybe("framedrum"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "korean-court",
+    summary:
+      "jeongak: very slow court music, pyeongjo mode, piri and daegeum heterophony with wide vibrato and swelling held tones",
+    tempo: { bpm: [24, 44], typical: 32 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["12/8", 1]] },
+    pitch: { scales: [["durga", 1]] },
+    melody: { density: [0, 1] },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "heterophonic",
+      roles: {
+        lead: role("oboe"),
+        counter: role("flute", "erhu:0.5"),
+        drone: maybe("koto"),
+        perc: role("framedrum"),
+      },
+    },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { perc: grid("x...........") } },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "pansori",
+    summary:
+      "pansori: one singer and a buk drummer, jungmori 12-beat jangdan, gyemyeonjo mode (trembling fifth, falling fourth), chuimsae calls",
+    tempo: { bpm: [60, 110], typical: 84 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["12/8", 1]], cycle: JUNGMORI },
+    pitch: { scales: [["minor-pentatonic", 1]] },
+    melody: { intervals: intervals(6, 3, 0.4, 0.8) },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "monophonic",
+      roles: { lead: role("sing"), drone: null, perc: role("framedrum") },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "pungmul",
+    summary:
+      "pungmul: farmers' band of kkwaenggwari gong, jing, janggu and buk in gutgeori 12/8, taepyeongso shawm, accelerating",
+    tempo: { bpm: [90, 150], typical: 120 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["12/8", 1]], cycle: GUTGEORI },
+    pitch: { scales: [["durga", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        lead: role("oboe"),
+        bass: role("gong"),
+        drone: null,
+        perc: role("framedrum"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "mongolian",
+    summary:
+      "urtyn duu long song: unmetred, wide-ranging pentatonic phrases with falsetto turns over the morin khuur's drone",
+    tempo: { bpm: [44, 70], typical: 54 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]] },
+    melody: {
+      density: [0, 1],
+      ambitus: [10, 17],
+      intervals: intervals(3, 4, 2, 0.6),
+    },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "heterophonic",
+      roles: {
+        lead: role("sing"),
+        counter: role("fiddle", "cello:0.5"),
+        drone: maybe("khoomei"),
+      },
+    },
+    mix: { space: 0.5 },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "tuvan",
+    summary:
+      "khöömei: a sung fundamental drone (kargyraa) with a whistled overtone melody (sygyt) on the harmonic series, galloping igil",
+    tempo: { bpm: [90, 130], typical: 108 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["6/8", 1]] },
+    groove: { subdivision: 3, velocity: [1, 0.5, 0.8] },
+    harmony: { model: "drone" },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        drone: role("kargyraa", "khoomei:0.6"),
+        lead: role("sygyt"),
+        counter: maybe("fiddle"),
+        perc: maybe("framedrum"),
+      },
+    },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { perc: grid("x.xx.x") } },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "kazakh-kyrgyz",
+    summary:
+      "dombra and komuz küy: two-string lute in parallel fourths and fifths, galloping strum, programmatic tune episodes",
+    tempo: { bpm: [110, 160], typical: 132 },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["6/8", 0.6],
+        ["2/4", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    groove: { subdivision: 3, velocity: [1, 0.6, 0.8] },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["dorian", 0.5],
+        ["mixolydian", 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: { model: "drone" },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        lead: role("lute"),
+        drone: role("lute"),
+        counter: maybe("fiddle"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+
+  // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // Southeast Asia
+  //
+  // References: Judith Becker and Sumarsam (see gamelan.ts); Michael
+  // Tenzer, "Gamelan Gong Kebyar" (2000); Pamela Myers-Moro, "Thai Music
+  // and Musicians in Contemporary Bangkok" (1993); Andrew Weintraub,
+  // "Dangdut Stories" (2010).
+  card({
+    id: "javanese-gamelan",
+    summary:
+      "Javanese gamelan: ladrang colotomy (gong closes the 32-beat gongan), balungan with bonang elaboration, pathet nem",
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], cycle: LADRANG },
+    pitch: pathetPitch("pelog-nem"),
+    // Balungan mlaku: the saron states one skeleton tone per beat.
+    melody: { density: [1, 1], finals: pathetFinals("pelog-nem") },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        perc: role("kenong", "kethuk:0.5"),
+        lead: role("saron", "demung:0.5"),
+        counter: role("bonang", "gender:0.5"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "balinese-gamelan",
+    summary:
+      "gong kebyar: fast gilak cycle, kotekan (two gangsa parts interlocking polos and sangsih), pelog selisir, sudden dynamic shifts",
+    tempo: { bpm: [110, 160], typical: 132 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], cycle: GILAK },
+    pitch: pathetPitch("pelog-lima"),
+    melody: { density: [3, 4], finals: pathetFinals("pelog-lima") },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        perc: role("gongageng", "kempul:0.5"),
+        lead: role("gangsa"),
+        counter: role("gangsa"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "sundanese",
+    summary:
+      "degung: Sundanese gong-chime ensemble, the goong closing a 16-beat cycle, suling flute above, pelog-derived degung scale",
+    // Degung klasik is unhurried; the suling ornaments freely above.
+    tempo: { bpm: [52, 76], typical: 64 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], cycle: DEGUNG },
+    pitch: pathetPitch("pelog-nem"),
+    melody: { finals: pathetFinals("pelog-nem") },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        perc: role("bonang", "kenong:0.5"),
+        lead: role("suling"),
+        counter: role("bonang", "saron:0.5"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "dangdut",
+    summary:
+      "dangdut: the kendang 'dang-dut' (open low stroke on 4, high on 1), harmonic minor melisma, suling and mandolin-like tremolo",
+    tempo: { bpm: [70, 110], typical: 88 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]] },
+    pitch: {
+      ...TWELVE,
+      scales: [
+        ["harmonic-minor", 0.6],
+        ["minor", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: {
+      model: "functional",
+      presets: [
+        ["aeolian", 0.5],
+        ["andalusian", 0.5],
+      ],
+      rhythm: [[1, 1]],
+    },
+    melody: { density: [2, 3], finals: [[0, 1]] },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["root-fifth", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "homophonic",
+      roles: {
+        bass: role("bassguitar"),
+        chords: role("keys", "nylon:0.5"),
+        lead: role("sing", "suling:0.4"),
+        counter: maybe("tremolo"),
+        perc: role("tabla"),
+      },
+    },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { perc: grid("x..x....x..x..x.") } },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "keroncong",
+    summary:
+      "keroncong: cak and cuk ukuleles interlocking off-beats, pizzicato cello in a running kendang role, I-IV-V7 in major",
+    tempo: { bpm: [80, 110], typical: 92 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]] },
+    pitch: { ...TWELVE, scales: [["major", 1]] },
+    harmony: {
+      model: "functional",
+      presets: [
+        ["fifties", 0.5],
+        ["turnaround", 0.5],
+      ],
+      rhythm: [[1, 1]],
+      sevenths: 0.3,
+    },
+    melody: { finals: [[0, 1]] },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["root-fifth", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "interlocking",
+      roles: {
+        bass: role("pizzicato", "doublebass:0.5"),
+        chords: role("requinto", "nylon:0.5"),
+        lead: role("sing", "violin:0.5", "flute:0.4"),
+        counter: role("tres"),
+      },
+    },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { chords: grid(".x.x.x.x"), counter: grid("x.x.x.x.") } },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "thai-classical",
+    summary:
+      "piphat: ranat xylophone and khong wong gong circle elaborate a core melody in the seven equidistant tones, ching cymbal alternating open ching and damped chap",
+    tempo: { bpm: [70, 130], typical: 96 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], cycle: CHING },
+    pitch: THANG_NOK,
+    melody: {
+      finals: [
+        [0, 0.7],
+        [3, 0.3],
+      ],
+    },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        perc: role("crotales", "glock:0.5"),
+        lead: role("xylophone"),
+        counter: role("bonang", "oboe:0.4"),
+        bass: maybe("gong"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "luk-thung",
+    summary:
+      "luk thung: Thai country song, pentatonic melody with vocal ornaments (luk khor), brass and a cha-cha-tinged kit",
+    tempo: { bpm: [90, 130], typical: 110 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]] },
+    pitch: {
+      ...TWELVE,
+      scales: [["major-pentatonic", 1]],
+    },
+    harmony: {
+      model: "functional",
+      presets: [
+        ["fifties", 0.5],
+        ["sad-pop", 0.5],
+      ],
+      rhythm: [[1, 1]],
+    },
+    melody: { finals: [[0, 1]] },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["root-fifth", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "homophonic",
+      roles: {
+        ...KIT_LIGHT,
+        bass: role("bassguitar"),
+        chords: role("keys", "electric:0.5"),
+        lead: role("sing"),
+        counter: maybe("trumpet", "sax:0.5"),
+        perc: role("crotales"),
+      },
+    },
+    rhythm: {
+      onsets: {
+        perc: grid(".x.x.x.x"),
+        kick: grid("x...x..."),
+        snare: grid("..x...xx"),
+        hat: grid("x.x.x.x."),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "mor-lam",
+    summary:
+      "mor lam: the khaen free-reed mouth organ's drone and pulsing chords, rapid patter singing in lai pentatonic modes",
+    tempo: { bpm: [110, 150], typical: 128 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]] },
+    pitch: {
+      ...TWELVE,
+      scales: [
+        ["minor-pentatonic", 0.6],
+        ["major-pentatonic", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    melody: { density: [3, 4], ambitus: [5, 9], finals: [[0, 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "heterophonic",
+      roles: {
+        bass: null,
+        drone: role("reeds"),
+        lead: role("sing"),
+        counter: role("reeds", "lute:0.5"),
+        perc: maybe("framedrum"),
+      },
+    },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { perc: grid("x.xxx.xx") } },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "khmer",
+    summary:
+      "pinpeat: sralai oboe leading roneat xylophone heterophony over the ching-chap cycle and skor thom drums, equidistant pentatonic",
+    tempo: { bpm: [70, 120], typical: 92 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], cycle: CHING },
+    pitch: KHMER_PENTATONIC,
+    melody: {
+      finals: [
+        [0, 0.7],
+        [2, 0.3],
+      ],
+    },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "heterophonic",
+      roles: {
+        perc: role("crotales"),
+        kick: role("kettledrum"),
+        lead: role("oboe"),
+        counter: role("xylophone", "bonang:0.5"),
+        bass: maybe("gong"),
+      },
+    },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { kick: grid("x.......x...x.x.") } },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "vietnamese",
+    summary:
+      "Vietnamese điệu oán: the sad nam mode of cải lương, neutral xự and cống with vibrato, đàn bầu over đàn tranh, song lang on the strong beats",
+    tempo: { bpm: [56, 96], typical: 72 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]] },
+    pitch: DIEU_OAN,
+    melody: { density: [1, 2], intervals: intervals(5, 3, 0.6, 0.6) },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["none", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "heterophonic",
+      roles: {
+        bass: null,
+        lead: role("erhu", "sing:0.6"),
+        counter: role("koto"),
+        perc: role("framedrum"),
+      },
+    },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { perc: grid("....x.......x...") } },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "philippine",
+    summary:
+      "kulintang: a row of eight gong-chimes plays the melody over agung pair off-beats and the dabakan drum, binalig rhythmic mode",
+    tempo: { bpm: [100, 140], typical: 120 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], cycle: AGUNG },
+    pitch: { ...TWELVE, scales: [["major-pentatonic", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        perc: role("gong", "gongageng:0.5"),
+        lead: role("bonang"),
+        counter: maybe("kenong"),
+        bass: null,
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "burmese",
+    summary:
+      "hsaing waing: the pat waing tuned-drum circle leads, hne oboe answers, si bell and wa clapper alternate at the half bar, dense diatonic runs",
+    tempo: { bpm: [90, 150], typical: 116 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], cycle: SI_WA },
+    pitch: { ...TWELVE, scales: [["mixolydian", 1]] },
+    melody: { density: [3, 4] },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        perc: role("crotales", "chimes:0.4"),
+        lead: role("timpani"),
+        counter: role("oboe"),
+        bass: maybe("gong"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "malay",
+    summary:
+      "zapin and joget: gambus lute and marwas drums in 4/4 zapin (accent on the last beat), violin in harmonic minor, ronggeng lilt",
+    tempo: { bpm: [90, 130], typical: 108 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]] },
+    pitch: {
+      ...TWELVE,
+      scales: [
+        ["harmonic-minor", 0.6],
+        ["hijaz", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: {
+      model: "functional",
+      presets: [
+        ["andalusian", 0.5],
+        ["aeolian", 0.5],
+      ],
+      rhythm: [[1, 1]],
+    },
+    melody: { finals: [[0, 1]] },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["root", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "heterophonic",
+      roles: {
+        bass: role("doublebass"),
+        chords: role("oud"),
+        lead: role("violin", "sing:0.6"),
+        counter: null,
+        perc: role("daf", "framedrum:0.5"),
+      },
+    },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { perc: grid("x.....x.x.x.x.xx") } },
+  }),
+
+  // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // Oceania
+  //
+  // References: Mervyn McLean, "Weavers of Song: Polynesian Music and
+  // Dance" (1999); Catherine Ellis, "Aboriginal Music: Education for
+  // Living" (1985); George Kanahele (ed.), "Hawaiian Music and Musicians"
+  // (1979).
+  card({
+    id: "aboriginal",
+    summary:
+      "song series: descending terraced melodic contour over a continuous low drone (didjeridu, voiced here by kargyraa) and clapstick pulse",
+    tempo: { bpm: [100, 140], typical: 120 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]] },
+    pitch: { scales: [["minor-pentatonic", 1]] },
+    harmony: { model: "drone", presets: null },
+    melody: {
+      contour: [
+        ["terraced", 0.6],
+        ["descending", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "heterophonic",
+      roles: {
+        chords: null,
+        drone: role("kargyraa"),
+        lead: role("sing"),
+        perc: role("framedrum"),
+      },
+    },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { perc: grid("x.x.x.x.") } },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "maori",
+    summary:
+      "waiata and haka: narrow-range unison chant on a recitation tone, waiata-ā-ringa action songs with strummed I-IV-V",
+    tempo: { bpm: [80, 120], typical: 96 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]] },
+    melody: { ambitus: [4, 7], intervals: intervals(8, 1.5, 0.2, 1) },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "homophonic",
+      roles: {
+        chords: role("acoustic"),
+        lead: role("choir", "sing:0.6"),
+        bass: null,
+      },
+    },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { chords: grid("x.xx.xx.") } },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "hawaiian",
+    summary:
+      "kī hō'alu slack key and steel guitar: open-tuned I-IV-V7 with the II7-V7-I vamp, falsetto ha'i breaks, 2/4 hula",
+    tempo: { bpm: [70, 110], typical: 88 },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["2/4", 0.5],
+        ["4/4", 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: {
+      presets: null,
+      forms: [[["I", "I", "IV", "I", "II", "V", "I", "I"], 1]],
+      cadences: [["V-I", 1]],
+      sevenths: 0.4,
+    },
+    melody: { intervals: intervals(4, 3, 1.5, 0.6) },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["root-fifth", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "homophonic",
+      roles: {
+        bass: maybe("bassguitar"),
+        chords: role("steel", "nylon:0.5"),
+        lead: role("sing"),
+        counter: maybe("steel"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "polynesian",
+    summary:
+      "Tahitian and Cook Islands drum dance: fast to'ere log-drum 16th patterns with pahu bass drum, himene choral harmony",
+    tempo: { bpm: [120, 170], typical: 144 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "homophonic",
+      roles: {
+        kick: role("kettledrum"),
+        perc: role("xylophone", "framedrum:0.5"),
+        chords: role("choir"),
+        lead: role("sing"),
+      },
+    },
+    rhythm: {
+      onsets: {
+        kick: grid("x.......x......."),
+        perc: grid("x.xxx.xxx.xxx.xx"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "melanesian",
+    summary:
+      "string band and bamboo band: fast-strummed guitars and ukulele on I-IV-V, panpipe ensembles in parallel voices",
+    tempo: { bpm: [100, 140], typical: 120 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]] },
+    harmony: {
+      presets: [
+        ["fifties", 0.5],
+        ["axis", 0.5],
+      ],
+      voicing: { strokes: [["island", 1]] },
+    },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["root-fifth", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "homophonic",
+      roles: {
+        bass: role("bassguitar", "doublebass:0.5"),
+        chords: role("steel", "nylon:0.5"),
+        lead: role("sing", "panpipes:0.5"),
+        counter: maybe("panpipes"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "island-reggae",
+    summary:
+      "island reggae: off-beat guitar skank, one-drop kick and snare on beat 3, ukulele strum, I-IV-V love-song changes",
+    tempo: { bpm: [70, 100], typical: 84 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]] },
+    harmony: {
+      presets: [
+        ["axis", 0.5],
+        ["fifties", 0.5],
+      ],
+      voicing: { strokes: [["reggae", 1]] },
+    },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["root-fifth", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "homophonic",
+      roles: {
+        ...KIT_LIGHT,
+        bass: role("bassguitar"),
+        chords: role("steel", "keys:0.4"),
+        lead: role("sing"),
+      },
+    },
+    rhythm: {
+      onsets: {
+        kick: grid("........x......."),
+        snare: grid("........x......."),
+        hat: grid("x.x.x.x.x.x.x.x."),
+        chords: grid("..x...x...x...x."),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+];
+
+export const EUROPE_ASIA_PACIFIC_CARDS: readonly StyleCard[] = Object.freeze([
+  card({
+    id: "europe-folk",
+    abstract: true,
+    summary:
+      "dance tunes and strophic song: modal diatonic tunes in 2- and 4-bar strains",
+    tempo: { bpm: [90, 140], typical: 112 },
+    groove: { subdivision: 2 },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["major", 0.35],
+        ["dorian", 0.25],
+        ["mixolydian", 0.25],
+        ["minor", 0.15],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: {
+      presets: [
+        ["fifties", 0.3],
+        ["mixolydian-rock", 0.3],
+        ["dorian-vamp", 0.4],
+      ],
+      sevenths: 0,
+      voicing: { types: [["open", 1]] },
+    },
+    melody: {
+      density: [2, 4],
+      repetition: 0.7,
+      intervals: intervals(5, 3, 0.6, 0.6),
+      phraseBars: [
+        [4, 0.7],
+        [2, 0.3],
+      ],
+    },
+    bass: {
+      behaviour: [
+        ["root-fifth", 0.6],
+        ["pedal", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    form: {
+      plans: [
+        [
+          [
+            "verse",
+            "verse",
+            "chorus",
+            "chorus",
+            "verse",
+            "verse",
+            "chorus",
+            "chorus",
+          ],
+          1,
+        ],
+      ],
+      archetype: "AABB",
+    },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "heterophonic",
+      roles: {
+        ...NO_KIT,
+        bass: maybe("cello"),
+        chords: role("acoustic", "lute:0.4", "harp:0.4"),
+        lead: role("fiddle", "whistle:0.6", "flute:0.4"),
+        perc: maybe("bodhran", "framedrum:0.5"),
+      },
+    },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { perc: grid("x..x..x.") } },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "celtic-british",
+    abstract: true,
+    summary:
+      "jigs, reels and airs: 6/8 and 4/4, dorian and mixolydian, drone pipes",
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["6/8", 0.4],
+        ["4/4", 0.4],
+        ["9/8", 0.2],
+      ],
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "nordic-baltic",
+    abstract: true,
+    summary: "polska and runo song: 3/4 asymmetric lilt, minor and dorian",
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["3/4", 0.7],
+        ["4/4", 0.3],
+      ],
+    },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["minor", 0.5],
+        ["dorian", 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "west-europe",
+    abstract: true,
+    summary:
+      "chanson, musette and alpine: waltz and march, major-minor tonality",
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["3/4", 0.5],
+        ["4/4", 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: {
+      presets: [
+        ["fifties", 0.5],
+        ["andalusian", 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "iberia",
+    abstract: true,
+    summary:
+      "flamenco and fado: phrygian-dominant and andalusian cadence, 12-beat compas",
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["phrygian-dominant", 0.5],
+        ["harmonic-minor", 0.3],
+        ["minor", 0.2],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: { presets: [["andalusian", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      roles: { chords: role("nylon"), lead: role("nylon", "sing:0.6") },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "central-east-europe",
+    abstract: true,
+    summary:
+      "polka, czardas and klezmer neighbours: 2/4 oom-pah, harmonic minor turns",
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["2/4", 0.5],
+        ["4/4", 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["harmonic-minor", 0.4],
+        ["major", 0.4],
+        ["minor", 0.2],
+      ],
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "balkans-mediterranean",
+    abstract: true,
+    summary: "aksak meters 7/8, 9/8, 11/8 in 2s and 3s, makam-tinged modes",
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["7/8", 0.4],
+        ["9/8", 0.3],
+        ["11/8", 0.3],
+      ],
+      grouping: [
+        [[3, 2, 2], 0.5],
+        [[2, 2, 2, 3], 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["phrygian-dominant", 0.4],
+        ["minor", 0.3],
+        ["hijaz", 0.3],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: { model: "modal" },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "east-asia",
+    abstract: true,
+    summary:
+      "anhemitonic pentatonic melody, heterophony, ornament over sustained tones, little harmony",
+    tempo: { bpm: [56, 110], typical: 76 },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["major-pentatonic", 0.6],
+        ["minor-pentatonic", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: { model: "drone", rhythm: [[0.5, 1]] },
+    melody: {
+      intervals: intervals(3, 4, 0.8, 0.6),
+      chordToneRate: 0.4,
+      density: [1, 2],
+    },
+    bass: {
+      behaviour: [
+        ["none", 0.6],
+        ["pedal", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "heterophonic",
+      roles: {
+        ...NO_KIT,
+        chords: null,
+        drone: maybe("koto", "strings:0.5"),
+        lead: role("erhu", "shakuhachi:0.6", "koto:0.5", "flute:0.4"),
+      },
+    },
+    mix: { space: 0.5 },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "china",
+    abstract: true,
+    summary: "gong-shang-jiao-zhi-yu pentatonic, erhu and dizi heterophony",
+    texture: { roles: { lead: role("erhu", "flute:0.6") } },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "japan",
+    abstract: true,
+    summary: "in and yo scales, ma silence, koto and shakuhachi",
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["major-pentatonic", 0.4],
+        ["phrygian", 0.6],
+      ],
+    },
+    melody: { density: [0, 2] },
+    texture: { roles: { lead: role("shakuhachi", "koto:0.6") } },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "korea",
+    abstract: true,
+    summary:
+      "jangdan cycles in compound triple time, pyeongjo and gyemyeonjo modes",
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["12/8", 0.6],
+        ["9/8", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "central-north-asia",
+    abstract: true,
+    summary: "steppe song: overtone drone, galloping 6/8, pentatonic long song",
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["6/8", 0.6],
+        ["4/4", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        drone: role("khoomei", "strings:0.4"),
+        lead: role("fiddle", "sing:0.5"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "southeast-asia",
+    abstract: true,
+    summary:
+      "gong-chime colotomy: slendro or pelog tuning, nested cycles, interlocking elaboration",
+    tempo: { bpm: [60, 120], typical: 84 },
+    pitch: { tuning: "slendro", scales: [["major-pentatonic", 1]] },
+    harmony: { model: "drone", rhythm: [[0.25, 1]] },
+    melody: {
+      chordToneRate: 0.3,
+      density: [2, 4],
+      repetition: 0.8,
+      intervals: intervals(5, 2, 0.5, 0.5),
+    },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["pedal", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "interlocking",
+      roles: {
+        ...NO_KIT,
+        chords: null,
+        bass: role("gong", "kempul:0.6"),
+        lead: role("saron", "gangsa:0.6", "bonang:0.4"),
+        counter: maybe("gender", "bonang:0.5"),
+      },
+    },
+    mix: { space: 0.45 },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "oceania",
+    abstract: true,
+    summary:
+      "Pacific song: I-IV-V slack-key and choral harmony, island reggae lilt",
+    tempo: { bpm: [70, 120], typical: 92 },
+    pitch: { scales: [["major", 1]] },
+    harmony: {
+      presets: [
+        ["fifties", 0.5],
+        ["axis", 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        ...NO_KIT,
+        chords: role("steel", "nylon:0.5"),
+        lead: role("sing", "steelpan:0.3"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  ...EUROPE_LEAVES,
+  ...ASIA_PACIFIC_LEAVES,
+]);