@hfunlabs/hyperliquid 0.30.0-hfunlabs.1 → 0.30.2-hfunlabs.2

package/esm/deps/jsr.io/@paulmillr/micro-packed/0.8.0/src/index.js

@@ -0,0 +1,2001 @@
+import { hex as baseHex, utf8 } from '../../../../@scure/base/2.0.0/index.js';
+/**
+ * Define complex binary structures using composable primitives.
+ * Main ideas:
+ * - Encode / decode can be chained, same as in `scure-base`
+ * - A complex structure can be created from an array and struct of primitive types
+ * - Strings / bytes are arrays with specific optimizations: we can just read bytes directly
+ *   without creating plain array first and reading each byte separately.
+ * - Types are inferred from definition
+ * @module
+ * @example
+ * import * as P from 'micro-packed';
+ * const s = P.struct({
+ *   field1: P.U32BE, // 32-bit unsigned big-endian integer
+ *   field2: P.string(P.U8), // String with U8 length prefix
+ *   field3: P.bytes(32), // 32 bytes
+ *   field4: P.array(P.U16BE, P.struct({ // Array of structs with U16BE length
+ *     subField1: P.U64BE, // 64-bit unsigned big-endian integer
+ *     subField2: P.string(10) // 10-byte string
+ *   }))
+ * });
+ */
+// TODO: remove dependency on scure-base & inline?
+/*
+Exports can be groupped like this:
+
+- Primitive types: P.bytes, P.string, P.hex, P.constant, P.pointer
+- Complex types: P.array, P.struct, P.tuple, P.map, P.tag, P.mappedTag
+- Padding, prefix, magic: P.padLeft, P.padRight, P.prefix, P.magic, P.magicBytes
+- Flags: P.flag, P.flagged, P.optional
+- Wrappers: P.apply, P.wrap, P.lazy
+- Bit fiddling: P.bits, P.bitset
+- utils: P.validate, coders.decimal
+- Debugger
+*/
+/** Shortcut to zero-length (empty) byte array */
+export const EMPTY = /* @__PURE__ */ Uint8Array.of();
+/** Shortcut to one-element (element is 0) byte array */
+export const NULL = /* @__PURE__ */ Uint8Array.of(0);
+/** Checks if two Uint8Arrays are equal. Not constant-time. */
+function equalBytes(a, b) {
+    if (a.length !== b.length)
+        return false;
+    for (let i = 0; i < a.length; i++)
+        if (a[i] !== b[i])
+            return false;
+    return true;
+}
+/** Checks if the given value is a Uint8Array. */
+function isBytes(a) {
+    return a instanceof Uint8Array || (ArrayBuffer.isView(a) && a.constructor.name === 'Uint8Array');
+}
+/**
+ * Concatenates multiple Uint8Arrays.
+ * Engines limit functions to 65K+ arguments.
+ * @param arrays Array of Uint8Array elements
+ * @returns Concatenated Uint8Array
+ */
+function concatBytes(...arrays) {
+    let sum = 0;
+    for (let i = 0; i < arrays.length; i++) {
+        const a = arrays[i];
+        if (!isBytes(a))
+            throw new Error('Uint8Array expected');
+        sum += a.length;
+    }
+    const res = new Uint8Array(sum);
+    for (let i = 0, pad = 0; i < arrays.length; i++) {
+        const a = arrays[i];
+        res.set(a, pad);
+        pad += a.length;
+    }
+    return res;
+}
+/**
+ * Creates DataView from Uint8Array
+ * @param arr - bytes
+ * @returns DataView
+ */
+const createView = (arr) => new DataView(arr.buffer, arr.byteOffset, arr.byteLength);
+/**
+ * Checks if the provided value is a plain object, not created from any class or special constructor.
+ * Array, Uint8Array and others are not plain objects.
+ * @param obj - The value to be checked.
+ */
+function isPlainObject(obj) {
+    return Object.prototype.toString.call(obj) === '[object Object]';
+}
+function isNum(num) {
+    return Number.isSafeInteger(num);
+}
+export const utils = {
+    equalBytes,
+    isBytes,
+    isCoder,
+    checkBounds,
+    concatBytes,
+    createView,
+    isPlainObject,
+};
+// NOTE: we can't have terminator separate function, since it won't know about boundaries
+// E.g. array of U16LE ([1,2,3]) would be [1, 0, 2, 0, 3, 0]
+// But terminator will find array at index '1', which happens to be inside of an element itself
+/**
+ * Can be:
+ * - Dynamic (CoderType)
+ * - Fixed (number)
+ * - Terminated (usually zero): Uint8Array with terminator
+ * - Field path to field with length (string)
+ * - Infinity (null) - decodes until end of buffer
+ * Used in:
+ * - bytes (string, prefix is implementation of bytes)
+ * - array
+ */
+const lengthCoder = (len) => {
+    if (len !== null && typeof len !== 'string' && !isCoder(len) && !isBytes(len) && !isNum(len)) {
+        throw new Error(`lengthCoder: expected null | number | Uint8Array | CoderType, got ${len} (${typeof len})`);
+    }
+    return {
+        encodeStream(w, value) {
+            if (len === null)
+                return;
+            if (isCoder(len))
+                return len.encodeStream(w, value);
+            let byteLen;
+            if (typeof len === 'number')
+                byteLen = len;
+            else if (typeof len === 'string')
+                byteLen = Path.resolve(w.stack, len);
+            if (typeof byteLen === 'bigint')
+                byteLen = Number(byteLen);
+            if (byteLen === undefined || byteLen !== value)
+                throw w.err(`Wrong length: ${byteLen} len=${len} exp=${value} (${typeof value})`);
+        },
+        decodeStream(r) {
+            let byteLen;
+            if (isCoder(len))
+                byteLen = Number(len.decodeStream(r));
+            else if (typeof len === 'number')
+                byteLen = len;
+            else if (typeof len === 'string')
+                byteLen = Path.resolve(r.stack, len);
+            if (typeof byteLen === 'bigint')
+                byteLen = Number(byteLen);
+            if (typeof byteLen !== 'number')
+                throw r.err(`Wrong length: ${byteLen}`);
+            return byteLen;
+        },
+    };
+};
+/**
+ * Small bitset structure to store position of ranges that have been read.
+ * Can be more efficient when internal trees are utilized at the cost of complexity.
+ * Needs `O(N/8)` memory for parsing.
+ * Purpose: if there are pointers in parsed structure,
+ * they can cause read of two distinct ranges:
+ * [0-32, 64-128], which means 'pos' is not enough to handle them
+ */
+const Bitset = {
+    BITS: 32,
+    FULL_MASK: -1 >>> 0, // 1<<32 will overflow
+    len: (len) => Math.ceil(len / 32),
+    create: (len) => new Uint32Array(Bitset.len(len)),
+    clean: (bs) => bs.fill(0),
+    debug: (bs) => Array.from(bs).map((i) => (i >>> 0).toString(2).padStart(32, '0')),
+    checkLen: (bs, len) => {
+        if (Bitset.len(len) === bs.length)
+            return;
+        throw new Error(`wrong length=${bs.length}. Expected: ${Bitset.len(len)}`);
+    },
+    chunkLen: (bsLen, pos, len) => {
+        if (pos < 0)
+            throw new Error(`wrong pos=${pos}`);
+        if (pos + len > bsLen)
+            throw new Error(`wrong range=${pos}/${len} of ${bsLen}`);
+    },
+    set: (bs, chunk, value, allowRewrite = true) => {
+        if (!allowRewrite && (bs[chunk] & value) !== 0)
+            return false;
+        bs[chunk] |= value;
+        return true;
+    },
+    pos: (pos, i) => ({
+        chunk: Math.floor((pos + i) / 32),
+        mask: 1 << (32 - ((pos + i) % 32) - 1),
+    }),
+    indices: (bs, len, invert = false) => {
+        Bitset.checkLen(bs, len);
+        const { FULL_MASK, BITS } = Bitset;
+        const left = BITS - (len % BITS);
+        const lastMask = left ? (FULL_MASK >>> left) << left : FULL_MASK;
+        const res = [];
+        for (let i = 0; i < bs.length; i++) {
+            let c = bs[i];
+            if (invert)
+                c = ~c; // allows to gen unset elements
+            // apply mask to last element, so we won't iterate non-existent items
+            if (i === bs.length - 1)
+                c &= lastMask;
+            if (c === 0)
+                continue; // fast-path
+            for (let j = 0; j < BITS; j++) {
+                const m = 1 << (BITS - j - 1);
+                if (c & m)
+                    res.push(i * BITS + j);
+            }
+        }
+        return res;
+    },
+    range: (arr) => {
+        const res = [];
+        let cur;
+        for (const i of arr) {
+            if (cur === undefined || i !== cur.pos + cur.length)
+                res.push((cur = { pos: i, length: 1 }));
+            else
+                cur.length += 1;
+        }
+        return res;
+    },
+    rangeDebug: (bs, len, invert = false) => `[${Bitset.range(Bitset.indices(bs, len, invert))
+        .map((i) => `(${i.pos}/${i.length})`)
+        .join(', ')}]`,
+    setRange: (bs, bsLen, pos, len, allowRewrite = true) => {
+        Bitset.chunkLen(bsLen, pos, len);
+        const { FULL_MASK, BITS } = Bitset;
+        // Try to set range with maximum efficiency:
+        // - first chunk is always    '0000[1111]' (only right ones)
+        // - middle chunks are set to '[1111 1111]' (all ones)
+        // - last chunk is always     '[1111]0000' (only left ones)
+        // - max operations:          (N/32) + 2 (first and last)
+        const first = pos % BITS ? Math.floor(pos / BITS) : undefined;
+        const lastPos = pos + len;
+        const last = lastPos % BITS ? Math.floor(lastPos / BITS) : undefined;
+        // special case, whole range inside single chunk
+        if (first !== undefined && first === last)
+            return Bitset.set(bs, first, (FULL_MASK >>> (BITS - len)) << (BITS - len - pos), allowRewrite);
+        if (first !== undefined) {
+            if (!Bitset.set(bs, first, FULL_MASK >>> pos % BITS, allowRewrite))
+                return false; // first chunk
+        }
+        // middle chunks
+        const start = first !== undefined ? first + 1 : pos / BITS;
+        const end = last !== undefined ? last : lastPos / BITS;
+        for (let i = start; i < end; i++)
+            if (!Bitset.set(bs, i, FULL_MASK, allowRewrite))
+                return false;
+        if (last !== undefined && first !== last)
+            if (!Bitset.set(bs, last, FULL_MASK << (BITS - (lastPos % BITS)), allowRewrite))
+                return false; // last chunk
+        return true;
+    },
+};
+const Path = {
+    /**
+     * Internal method for handling stack of paths (debug, errors, dynamic fields via path)
+     * This is looks ugly (callback), but allows us to force stack cleaning by construction (.pop always after function).
+     * Also, this makes impossible:
+     * - pushing field when stack is empty
+     * - pushing field inside of field (real bug)
+     * NOTE: we don't want to do '.pop' on error!
+     */
+    pushObj: (stack, obj, objFn) => {
+        const last = { obj };
+        stack.push(last);
+        objFn((field, fieldFn) => {
+            last.field = field;
+            fieldFn();
+            last.field = undefined;
+        });
+        stack.pop();
+    },
+    path: (stack) => {
+        const res = [];
+        for (const i of stack)
+            if (i.field !== undefined)
+                res.push(i.field);
+        return res.join('/');
+    },
+    err: (name, stack, msg) => {
+        const err = new Error(`${name}(${Path.path(stack)}): ${typeof msg === 'string' ? msg : msg.message}`);
+        if (msg instanceof Error && msg.stack)
+            err.stack = msg.stack;
+        return err;
+    },
+    resolve: (stack, path) => {
+        const parts = path.split('/');
+        const objPath = stack.map((i) => i.obj);
+        let i = 0;
+        for (; i < parts.length; i++) {
+            if (parts[i] === '..')
+                objPath.pop();
+            else
+                break;
+        }
+        let cur = objPath.pop();
+        for (; i < parts.length; i++) {
+            if (!cur || cur[parts[i]] === undefined)
+                return undefined;
+            cur = cur[parts[i]];
+        }
+        return cur;
+    },
+};
+/**
+ * Internal structure. Reader class for reading from a byte array.
+ * `stack` is internal: for debugger and logging
+ * @class Reader
+ */
+class _Reader {
+    pos = 0;
+    data;
+    opts;
+    stack;
+    parent;
+    parentOffset;
+    bitBuf = 0;
+    bitPos = 0;
+    bs; // bitset
+    view;
+    constructor(data, opts = {}, stack = [], parent = undefined, parentOffset = 0) {
+        this.data = data;
+        this.opts = opts;
+        this.stack = stack;
+        this.parent = parent;
+        this.parentOffset = parentOffset;
+        this.view = createView(data);
+    }
+    /** Internal method for pointers. */
+    _enablePointers() {
+        if (this.parent)
+            return this.parent._enablePointers();
+        if (this.bs)
+            return;
+        this.bs = Bitset.create(this.data.length);
+        Bitset.setRange(this.bs, this.data.length, 0, this.pos, this.opts.allowMultipleReads);
+    }
+    markBytesBS(pos, len) {
+        if (this.parent)
+            return this.parent.markBytesBS(this.parentOffset + pos, len);
+        if (!len)
+            return true;
+        if (!this.bs)
+            return true;
+        return Bitset.setRange(this.bs, this.data.length, pos, len, false);
+    }
+    markBytes(len) {
+        const pos = this.pos;
+        this.pos += len;
+        const res = this.markBytesBS(pos, len);
+        if (!this.opts.allowMultipleReads && !res)
+            throw this.err(`multiple read pos=${this.pos} len=${len}`);
+        return res;
+    }
+    pushObj(obj, objFn) {
+        return Path.pushObj(this.stack, obj, objFn);
+    }
+    readView(n, fn) {
+        if (!Number.isFinite(n))
+            throw this.err(`readView: wrong length=${n}`);
+        if (this.pos + n > this.data.length)
+            throw this.err('readView: Unexpected end of buffer');
+        const res = fn(this.view, this.pos);
+        this.markBytes(n);
+        return res;
+    }
+    // read bytes by absolute offset
+    absBytes(n) {
+        if (n > this.data.length)
+            throw new Error('Unexpected end of buffer');
+        return this.data.subarray(n);
+    }
+    finish() {
+        if (this.opts.allowUnreadBytes)
+            return;
+        if (this.bitPos) {
+            throw this.err(`${this.bitPos} bits left after unpack: ${baseHex.encode(this.data.slice(this.pos))}`);
+        }
+        if (this.bs && !this.parent) {
+            const notRead = Bitset.indices(this.bs, this.data.length, true);
+            if (notRead.length) {
+                const formatted = Bitset.range(notRead)
+                    .map(({ pos, length }) => `(${pos}/${length})[${baseHex.encode(this.data.subarray(pos, pos + length))}]`)
+                    .join(', ');
+                throw this.err(`unread byte ranges: ${formatted} (total=${this.data.length})`);
+            }
+            else
+                return; // all bytes read, everything is ok
+        }
+        // Default: no pointers enabled
+        if (!this.isEnd()) {
+            throw this.err(`${this.leftBytes} bytes ${this.bitPos} bits left after unpack: ${baseHex.encode(this.data.slice(this.pos))}`);
+        }
+    }
+    // User methods
+    err(msg) {
+        return Path.err('Reader', this.stack, msg);
+    }
+    offsetReader(n) {
+        if (n > this.data.length)
+            throw this.err('offsetReader: Unexpected end of buffer');
+        return new _Reader(this.absBytes(n), this.opts, this.stack, this, n);
+    }
+    bytes(n, peek = false) {
+        if (this.bitPos)
+            throw this.err('readBytes: bitPos not empty');
+        if (!Number.isFinite(n))
+            throw this.err(`readBytes: wrong length=${n}`);
+        if (this.pos + n > this.data.length)
+            throw this.err('readBytes: Unexpected end of buffer');
+        const slice = this.data.subarray(this.pos, this.pos + n);
+        if (!peek)
+            this.markBytes(n);
+        return slice;
+    }
+    byte(peek = false) {
+        if (this.bitPos)
+            throw this.err('readByte: bitPos not empty');
+        if (this.pos + 1 > this.data.length)
+            throw this.err('readBytes: Unexpected end of buffer');
+        const data = this.data[this.pos];
+        if (!peek)
+            this.markBytes(1);
+        return data;
+    }
+    get leftBytes() {
+        return this.data.length - this.pos;
+    }
+    get totalBytes() {
+        return this.data.length;
+    }
+    isEnd() {
+        return this.pos >= this.data.length && !this.bitPos;
+    }
+    // bits are read in BE mode (left to right): (0b1000_0000).readBits(1) == 1
+    bits(bits) {
+        if (bits > 32)
+            throw this.err('BitReader: cannot read more than 32 bits in single call');
+        let out = 0;
+        while (bits) {
+            if (!this.bitPos) {
+                this.bitBuf = this.byte();
+                this.bitPos = 8;
+            }
+            const take = Math.min(bits, this.bitPos);
+            this.bitPos -= take;
+            out = (out << take) | ((this.bitBuf >> this.bitPos) & (2 ** take - 1));
+            this.bitBuf &= 2 ** this.bitPos - 1;
+            bits -= take;
+        }
+        // Fix signed integers
+        return out >>> 0;
+    }
+    find(needle, pos = this.pos) {
+        if (!isBytes(needle))
+            throw this.err(`find: needle is not bytes! ${needle}`);
+        if (this.bitPos)
+            throw this.err('findByte: bitPos not empty');
+        if (!needle.length)
+            throw this.err(`find: needle is empty`);
+        // indexOf should be faster than full equalBytes check
+        for (let idx = pos; (idx = this.data.indexOf(needle[0], idx)) !== -1; idx++) {
+            if (idx === -1)
+                return;
+            const leftBytes = this.data.length - idx;
+            if (leftBytes < needle.length)
+                return;
+            if (equalBytes(needle, this.data.subarray(idx, idx + needle.length)))
+                return idx;
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+}
+/**
+ * Internal structure. Writer class for writing to a byte array.
+ * The `stack` argument of constructor is internal, for debugging and logs.
+ * @class Writer
+ */
+class _Writer {
+    pos = 0;
+    stack;
+    // We could have a single buffer here and re-alloc it with
+    // x1.5-2 size each time it full, but it will be slower:
+    // basic/encode bench: 395ns -> 560ns
+    buffers = [];
+    ptrs = [];
+    bitBuf = 0;
+    bitPos = 0;
+    viewBuf = new Uint8Array(8);
+    view;
+    finished = false;
+    constructor(stack = []) {
+        this.stack = stack;
+        this.view = createView(this.viewBuf);
+    }
+    pushObj(obj, objFn) {
+        return Path.pushObj(this.stack, obj, objFn);
+    }
+    writeView(len, fn) {
+        if (this.finished)
+            throw this.err('buffer: finished');
+        if (!isNum(len) || len > 8)
+            throw new Error(`wrong writeView length=${len}`);
+        fn(this.view);
+        this.bytes(this.viewBuf.slice(0, len));
+        this.viewBuf.fill(0);
+    }
+    // User methods
+    err(msg) {
+        if (this.finished)
+            throw this.err('buffer: finished');
+        return Path.err('Reader', this.stack, msg);
+    }
+    bytes(b) {
+        if (this.finished)
+            throw this.err('buffer: finished');
+        if (this.bitPos)
+            throw this.err('writeBytes: ends with non-empty bit buffer');
+        this.buffers.push(b);
+        this.pos += b.length;
+    }
+    byte(b) {
+        if (this.finished)
+            throw this.err('buffer: finished');
+        if (this.bitPos)
+            throw this.err('writeByte: ends with non-empty bit buffer');
+        this.buffers.push(new Uint8Array([b]));
+        this.pos++;
+    }
+    finish(clean = true) {
+        if (this.finished)
+            throw this.err('buffer: finished');
+        if (this.bitPos)
+            throw this.err('buffer: ends with non-empty bit buffer');
+        // Can't use concatBytes, because it limits amount of arguments (65K).
+        const buffers = this.buffers.concat(this.ptrs.map((i) => i.buffer));
+        const sum = buffers.map((b) => b.length).reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0);
+        const buf = new Uint8Array(sum);
+        for (let i = 0, pad = 0; i < buffers.length; i++) {
+            const a = buffers[i];
+            buf.set(a, pad);
+            pad += a.length;
+        }
+        for (let pos = this.pos, i = 0; i < this.ptrs.length; i++) {
+            const ptr = this.ptrs[i];
+            buf.set(ptr.ptr.encode(pos), ptr.pos);
+            pos += ptr.buffer.length;
+        }
+        // Cleanup
+        if (clean) {
+            // We cannot cleanup buffers here, since it can be static user provided buffer.
+            // Only '.byte' and '.bits' create buffer which we can safely clean.
+            // for (const b of this.buffers) b.fill(0);
+            this.buffers = [];
+            for (const p of this.ptrs)
+                p.buffer.fill(0);
+            this.ptrs = [];
+            this.finished = true;
+            this.bitBuf = 0;
+        }
+        return buf;
+    }
+    bits(value, bits) {
+        if (bits > 32)
+            throw this.err('writeBits: cannot write more than 32 bits in single call');
+        if (value >= 2 ** bits)
+            throw this.err(`writeBits: value (${value}) >= 2**bits (${bits})`);
+        while (bits) {
+            const take = Math.min(bits, 8 - this.bitPos);
+            this.bitBuf = (this.bitBuf << take) | (value >> (bits - take));
+            this.bitPos += take;
+            bits -= take;
+            value &= 2 ** bits - 1;
+            if (this.bitPos === 8) {
+                this.bitPos = 0;
+                this.buffers.push(new Uint8Array([this.bitBuf]));
+                this.pos++;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+// Immutable LE<->BE
+const swapEndianness = (b) => Uint8Array.from(b).reverse();
+/** Internal function for checking bit bounds of bigint in signed/unsinged form */
+function checkBounds(value, bits, signed) {
+    if (signed) {
+        // [-(2**(32-1)), 2**(32-1)-1]
+        const signBit = 2n ** (bits - 1n);
+        if (value < -signBit || value >= signBit)
+            throw new Error(`value out of signed bounds. Expected ${-signBit} <= ${value} < ${signBit}`);
+    }
+    else {
+        // [0, 2**32-1]
+        if (0n > value || value >= 2n ** bits)
+            throw new Error(`value out of unsigned bounds. Expected 0 <= ${value} < ${2n ** bits}`);
+    }
+}
+function _wrap(inner) {
+    return {
+        // NOTE: we cannot export validate here, since it is likely mistake.
+        encodeStream: inner.encodeStream,
+        decodeStream: inner.decodeStream,
+        size: inner.size,
+        encode: (value) => {
+            const w = new _Writer();
+            inner.encodeStream(w, value);
+            return w.finish();
+        },
+        decode: (data, opts = {}) => {
+            const r = new _Reader(data, opts);
+            const res = inner.decodeStream(r);
+            r.finish();
+            return res;
+        },
+    };
+}
+/**
+ * Validates a value before encoding and after decoding using a provided function.
+ * @param inner - The inner CoderType.
+ * @param fn - The validation function.
+ * @returns CoderType which check value with validation function.
+ * @example
+ * const val = (n: number) => {
+ *   if (n > 10) throw new Error(`${n} > 10`);
+ *   return n;
+ * };
+ *
+ * const RangedInt = P.validate(P.U32LE, val); // Will check if value is <= 10 during encoding and decoding
+ */
+export function validate(inner, fn) {
+    if (!isCoder(inner))
+        throw new Error(`validate: invalid inner value ${inner}`);
+    if (typeof fn !== 'function')
+        throw new Error('validate: fn should be function');
+    return _wrap({
+        size: inner.size,
+        encodeStream: (w, value) => {
+            let res;
+            try {
+                res = fn(value);
+            }
+            catch (e) {
+                throw w.err(e);
+            }
+            inner.encodeStream(w, res);
+        },
+        decodeStream: (r) => {
+            const res = inner.decodeStream(r);
+            try {
+                return fn(res);
+            }
+            catch (e) {
+                throw r.err(e);
+            }
+        },
+    });
+}
+/**
+ * Wraps a stream encoder into a generic encoder and optionally validation function
+ * @param {inner} inner BytesCoderStream & { validate?: Validate<T> }.
+ * @returns The wrapped CoderType.
+ * @example
+ * const U8 = P.wrap({
+ *   encodeStream: (w: Writer, value: number) => w.byte(value),
+ *   decodeStream: (r: Reader): number => r.byte()
+ * });
+ * const checkedU8 = P.wrap({
+ *   encodeStream: (w: Writer, value: number) => w.byte(value),
+ *   decodeStream: (r: Reader): number => r.byte()
+ *   validate: (n: number) => {
+ *    if (n > 10) throw new Error(`${n} > 10`);
+ *    return n;
+ *   }
+ * });
+ */
+export const wrap = (inner) => {
+    const res = _wrap(inner);
+    return inner.validate ? validate(res, inner.validate) : res;
+};
+const isBaseCoder = (elm) => isPlainObject(elm) && typeof elm.decode === 'function' && typeof elm.encode === 'function';
+/**
+ * Checks if the given value is a CoderType.
+ * @param elm - The value to check.
+ * @returns True if the value is a CoderType, false otherwise.
+ */
+export function isCoder(elm) {
+    return (isPlainObject(elm) &&
+        isBaseCoder(elm) &&
+        typeof elm.encodeStream === 'function' &&
+        typeof elm.decodeStream === 'function' &&
+        (elm.size === undefined || isNum(elm.size)));
+}
+// Coders (like in @scure/base) for common operations
+/**
+ * Base coder for working with dictionaries (records, objects, key-value map)
+ * Dictionary is dynamic type like: `[key: string, value: any][]`
+ * @returns base coder that encodes/decodes between arrays of key-value tuples and dictionaries.
+ * @example
+ * const dict: P.CoderType<Record<string, number>> = P.apply(
+ *  P.array(P.U16BE, P.tuple([P.cstring, P.U32LE] as const)),
+ *  P.coders.dict()
+ * );
+ */
+function dict() {
+    return {
+        encode: (from) => {
+            if (!Array.isArray(from))
+                throw new Error('array expected');
+            const to = {};
+            for (const item of from) {
+                if (!Array.isArray(item) || item.length !== 2)
+                    throw new Error(`array of two elements expected`);
+                const name = item[0];
+                const value = item[1];
+                if (to[name] !== undefined)
+                    throw new Error(`key(${name}) appears twice in struct`);
+                to[name] = value;
+            }
+            return to;
+        },
+        decode: (to) => {
+            if (!isPlainObject(to))
+                throw new Error(`expected plain object, got ${to}`);
+            return Object.entries(to);
+        },
+    };
+}
+/**
+ * Safely converts bigint to number.
+ * Sometimes pointers / tags use u64 or other big numbers which cannot be represented by number,
+ * but we still can use them since real value will be smaller than u32
+ */
+const numberBigint = {
+    encode: (from) => {
+        if (typeof from !== 'bigint')
+            throw new Error(`expected bigint, got ${typeof from}`);
+        if (from > BigInt(Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER))
+            throw new Error(`element bigger than MAX_SAFE_INTEGER=${from}`);
+        return Number(from);
+    },
+    decode: (to) => {
+        if (!isNum(to))
+            throw new Error('element is not a safe integer');
+        return BigInt(to);
+    },
+};
+/**
+ * Base coder for working with TypeScript enums.
+ * @param e - TypeScript enum.
+ * @returns base coder that encodes/decodes between numbers and enum keys.
+ * @example
+ * enum Color { Red, Green, Blue }
+ * const colorCoder = P.coders.tsEnum(Color);
+ * colorCoder.encode(Color.Red); // 'Red'
+ * colorCoder.decode('Green'); // 1
+ */
+function tsEnum(e) {
+    if (!isPlainObject(e))
+        throw new Error('plain object expected');
+    return {
+        encode: (from) => {
+            if (!isNum(from) || !(from in e))
+                throw new Error(`wrong value ${from}`);
+            return e[from];
+        },
+        decode: (to) => {
+            if (typeof to !== 'string')
+                throw new Error(`wrong value ${typeof to}`);
+            return e[to];
+        },
+    };
+}
+/**
+ * Base coder for working with decimal numbers.
+ * @param precision - Number of decimal places.
+ * @param round - Round fraction part if bigger than precision (throws error by default)
+ * @returns base coder that encodes/decodes between bigints and decimal strings.
+ * @example
+ * const decimal8 = P.coders.decimal(8);
+ * decimal8.encode(630880845n); // '6.30880845'
+ * decimal8.decode('6.30880845'); // 630880845n
+ */
+function decimal(precision, round = false) {
+    if (!isNum(precision))
+        throw new Error(`decimal/precision: wrong value ${precision}`);
+    if (typeof round !== 'boolean')
+        throw new Error(`decimal/round: expected boolean, got ${typeof round}`);
+    const decimalMask = 10n ** BigInt(precision);
+    return {
+        encode: (from) => {
+            if (typeof from !== 'bigint')
+                throw new Error(`expected bigint, got ${typeof from}`);
+            let s = (from < 0n ? -from : from).toString(10);
+            let sep = s.length - precision;
+            if (sep < 0) {
+                s = s.padStart(s.length - sep, '0');
+                sep = 0;
+            }
+            let i = s.length - 1;
+            for (; i >= sep && s[i] === '0'; i--)
+                ;
+            let int = s.slice(0, sep);
+            let frac = s.slice(sep, i + 1);
+            if (!int)
+                int = '0';
+            if (from < 0n)
+                int = '-' + int;
+            if (!frac)
+                return int;
+            return `${int}.${frac}`;
+        },
+        decode: (to) => {
+            if (typeof to !== 'string')
+                throw new Error(`expected string, got ${typeof to}`);
+            if (to === '-0')
+                throw new Error(`negative zero is not allowed`);
+            let neg = false;
+            if (to.startsWith('-')) {
+                neg = true;
+                to = to.slice(1);
+            }
+            if (!/^(0|[1-9]\d*)(\.\d+)?$/.test(to))
+                throw new Error(`wrong string value=${to}`);
+            let sep = to.indexOf('.');
+            sep = sep === -1 ? to.length : sep;
+            // split by separator and strip trailing zeros from fraction. always returns [string, string] (.split doesn't).
+            const intS = to.slice(0, sep);
+            const fracS = to.slice(sep + 1).replace(/0+$/, '');
+            const int = BigInt(intS) * decimalMask;
+            if (!round && fracS.length > precision) {
+                throw new Error(`fractional part cannot be represented with this precision (num=${to}, prec=${precision})`);
+            }
+            const fracLen = Math.min(fracS.length, precision);
+            const frac = BigInt(fracS.slice(0, fracLen)) * 10n ** BigInt(precision - fracLen);
+            const value = int + frac;
+            return neg ? -value : value;
+        },
+    };
+}
+/**
+ * Combines multiple coders into a single coder, allowing conditional encoding/decoding based on input.
+ * Acts as a parser combinator, splitting complex conditional coders into smaller parts.
+ *
+ *   `encode = [Ae, Be]; decode = [Ad, Bd]`
+ *   ->
+ *   `match([{encode: Ae, decode: Ad}, {encode: Be; decode: Bd}])`
+ *
+ * @param lst - Array of coders to match.
+ * @returns Combined coder for conditional encoding/decoding.
+ */
+function match(lst) {
+    if (!Array.isArray(lst))
+        throw new Error(`expected array, got ${typeof lst}`);
+    for (const i of lst)
+        if (!isBaseCoder(i))
+            throw new Error(`wrong base coder ${i}`);
+    return {
+        encode: (from) => {
+            for (const c of lst) {
+                const elm = c.encode(from);
+                if (elm !== undefined)
+                    return elm;
+            }
+            throw new Error(`match/encode: cannot find match in ${from}`);
+        },
+        decode: (to) => {
+            for (const c of lst) {
+                const elm = c.decode(to);
+                if (elm !== undefined)
+                    return elm;
+            }
+            throw new Error(`match/decode: cannot find match in ${to}`);
+        },
+    };
+}
+/** Reverses direction of coder */
+const reverse = (coder) => {
+    if (!isBaseCoder(coder))
+        throw new Error('BaseCoder expected');
+    return { encode: coder.decode, decode: coder.encode };
+};
+export const coders = { dict, numberBigint, tsEnum, decimal, match, reverse };
+/**
+ * CoderType for parsing individual bits.
+ * NOTE: Structure should parse whole amount of bytes before it can start parsing byte-level elements.
+ * @param len - Number of bits to parse.
+ * @returns CoderType representing the parsed bits.
+ * @example
+ * const s = P.struct({ magic: P.bits(1), version: P.bits(1), tag: P.bits(4), len: P.bits(2) });
+ */
+export const bits = (len) => {
+    if (!isNum(len))
+        throw new Error(`bits: wrong length ${len} (${typeof len})`);
+    return wrap({
+        encodeStream: (w, value) => w.bits(value, len),
+        decodeStream: (r) => r.bits(len),
+        validate: (value) => {
+            if (!isNum(value))
+                throw new Error(`bits: wrong value ${value}`);
+            return value;
+        },
+    });
+};
+/**
+ * CoderType for working with bigint values.
+ * Unsized bigint values should be wrapped in a container (e.g., bytes or string).
+ *
+ * `0n = Uint8Array.of()`
+ *
+ * `1n = new Uint8Array([1n])`
+ *
+ * Please open issue, if you need different behavior for zero.
+ *
+ * @param size - Size of the bigint in bytes.
+ * @param le - Whether to use little-endian byte order.
+ * @param signed - Whether the bigint is signed.
+ * @param sized - Whether the bigint should have a fixed size.
+ * @returns CoderType representing the bigint value.
+ * @example
+ * const U512BE = P.bigint(64, false, true, true); // Define a CoderType for a 512-bit unsigned big-endian integer
+ */
+export const bigint = (size, le = false, signed = false, sized = true) => {
+    if (!isNum(size))
+        throw new Error(`bigint/size: wrong value ${size}`);
+    if (typeof le !== 'boolean')
+        throw new Error(`bigint/le: expected boolean, got ${typeof le}`);
+    if (typeof signed !== 'boolean')
+        throw new Error(`bigint/signed: expected boolean, got ${typeof signed}`);
+    if (typeof sized !== 'boolean')
+        throw new Error(`bigint/sized: expected boolean, got ${typeof sized}`);
+    const bLen = BigInt(size);
+    const signBit = 2n ** (8n * bLen - 1n);
+    return wrap({
+        size: sized ? size : undefined,
+        encodeStream: (w, value) => {
+            if (signed && value < 0)
+                value = value | signBit;
+            const b = [];
+            for (let i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+                b.push(Number(value & 255n));
+                value >>= 8n;
+            }
+            let res = new Uint8Array(b).reverse();
+            if (!sized) {
+                let pos = 0;
+                for (pos = 0; pos < res.length; pos++)
+                    if (res[pos] !== 0)
+                        break;
+                res = res.subarray(pos); // remove leading zeros
+            }
+            w.bytes(le ? res.reverse() : res);
+        },
+        decodeStream: (r) => {
+            // TODO: for le we can read until first zero?
+            const value = r.bytes(sized ? size : Math.min(size, r.leftBytes));
+            const b = le ? value : swapEndianness(value);
+            let res = 0n;
+            for (let i = 0; i < b.length; i++)
+                res |= BigInt(b[i]) << (8n * BigInt(i));
+            if (signed && res & signBit)
+                res = (res ^ signBit) - signBit;
+            return res;
+        },
+        validate: (value) => {
+            if (typeof value !== 'bigint')
+                throw new Error(`bigint: invalid value: ${value}`);
+            checkBounds(value, 8n * bLen, !!signed);
+            return value;
+        },
+    });
+};
+/** Unsigned 256-bit little-endian integer CoderType. */
+export const U256LE = /* @__PURE__ */ bigint(32, true);
+/** Unsigned 256-bit big-endian integer CoderType. */
+export const U256BE = /* @__PURE__ */ bigint(32, false);
+/** Signed 256-bit little-endian integer CoderType. */
+export const I256LE = /* @__PURE__ */ bigint(32, true, true);
+/** Signed 256-bit big-endian integer CoderType. */
+export const I256BE = /* @__PURE__ */ bigint(32, false, true);
+/** Unsigned 128-bit little-endian integer CoderType. */
+export const U128LE = /* @__PURE__ */ bigint(16, true);
+/** Unsigned 128-bit big-endian integer CoderType. */
+export const U128BE = /* @__PURE__ */ bigint(16, false);
+/** Signed 128-bit little-endian integer CoderType. */
+export const I128LE = /* @__PURE__ */ bigint(16, true, true);
+/** Signed 128-bit big-endian integer CoderType. */
+export const I128BE = /* @__PURE__ */ bigint(16, false, true);
+/** Unsigned 64-bit little-endian integer CoderType. */
+export const U64LE = /* @__PURE__ */ bigint(8, true);
+/** Unsigned 64-bit big-endian integer CoderType. */
+export const U64BE = /* @__PURE__ */ bigint(8, false);
+/** Signed 64-bit little-endian integer CoderType. */
+export const I64LE = /* @__PURE__ */ bigint(8, true, true);
+/** Signed 64-bit big-endian integer CoderType. */
+export const I64BE = /* @__PURE__ */ bigint(8, false, true);
+/**
+ * CoderType for working with numbber values (up to 6 bytes/48 bits).
+ * Unsized int values should be wrapped in a container (e.g., bytes or string).
+ *
+ * `0 = Uint8Array.of()`
+ *
+ * `1 = new Uint8Array([1n])`
+ *
+ * Please open issue, if you need different behavior for zero.
+ *
+ * @param size - Size of the number in bytes.
+ * @param le - Whether to use little-endian byte order.
+ * @param signed - Whether the number is signed.
+ * @param sized - Whether the number should have a fixed size.
+ * @returns CoderType representing the number value.
+ * @example
+ * const uint64BE = P.bigint(8, false, true); // Define a CoderType for a 64-bit unsigned big-endian integer
+ */
+export const int = (size, le = false, signed = false, sized = true) => {
+    if (!isNum(size))
+        throw new Error(`int/size: wrong value ${size}`);
+    if (typeof le !== 'boolean')
+        throw new Error(`int/le: expected boolean, got ${typeof le}`);
+    if (typeof signed !== 'boolean')
+        throw new Error(`int/signed: expected boolean, got ${typeof signed}`);
+    if (typeof sized !== 'boolean')
+        throw new Error(`int/sized: expected boolean, got ${typeof sized}`);
+    if (size > 6)
+        throw new Error('int supports size up to 6 bytes (48 bits): use bigints instead');
+    return apply(bigint(size, le, signed, sized), coders.numberBigint);
+};
+const view = (len, opts) => wrap({
+    size: len,
+    encodeStream: (w, value) => w.writeView(len, (view) => opts.write(view, value)),
+    decodeStream: (r) => r.readView(len, opts.read),
+    validate: (value) => {
+        if (typeof value !== 'number')
+            throw new Error(`viewCoder: expected number, got ${typeof value}`);
+        if (opts.validate)
+            opts.validate(value);
+        return value;
+    },
+});
+const intView = (len, signed, opts) => {
+    const bits = len * 8;
+    const signBit = 2 ** (bits - 1);
+    // Inlined checkBounds for integer
+    const validateSigned = (value) => {
+        if (!isNum(value))
+            throw new Error(`sintView: value is not safe integer: ${value}`);
+        if (value < -signBit || value >= signBit) {
+            throw new Error(`sintView: value out of bounds. Expected ${-signBit} <= ${value} < ${signBit}`);
+        }
+    };
+    const maxVal = 2 ** bits;
+    const validateUnsigned = (value) => {
+        if (!isNum(value))
+            throw new Error(`uintView: value is not safe integer: ${value}`);
+        if (0 > value || value >= maxVal) {
+            throw new Error(`uintView: value out of bounds. Expected 0 <= ${value} < ${maxVal}`);
+        }
+    };
+    return view(len, {
+        write: opts.write,
+        read: opts.read,
+        validate: signed ? validateSigned : validateUnsigned,
+    });
+};
+/** Unsigned 32-bit little-endian integer CoderType. */
+export const U32LE = /* @__PURE__ */ intView(4, false, {
+    read: (view, pos) => view.getUint32(pos, true),
+    write: (view, value) => view.setUint32(0, value, true),
+});
+/** Unsigned 32-bit big-endian integer CoderType. */
+export const U32BE = /* @__PURE__ */ intView(4, false, {
+    read: (view, pos) => view.getUint32(pos, false),
+    write: (view, value) => view.setUint32(0, value, false),
+});
+/** Signed 32-bit little-endian integer CoderType. */
+export const I32LE = /* @__PURE__ */ intView(4, true, {
+    read: (view, pos) => view.getInt32(pos, true),
+    write: (view, value) => view.setInt32(0, value, true),
+});
+/** Signed 32-bit big-endian integer CoderType. */
+export const I32BE = /* @__PURE__ */ intView(4, true, {
+    read: (view, pos) => view.getInt32(pos, false),
+    write: (view, value) => view.setInt32(0, value, false),
+});
+/** Unsigned 16-bit little-endian integer CoderType. */
+export const U16LE = /* @__PURE__ */ intView(2, false, {
+    read: (view, pos) => view.getUint16(pos, true),
+    write: (view, value) => view.setUint16(0, value, true),
+});
+/** Unsigned 16-bit big-endian integer CoderType. */
+export const U16BE = /* @__PURE__ */ intView(2, false, {
+    read: (view, pos) => view.getUint16(pos, false),
+    write: (view, value) => view.setUint16(0, value, false),
+});
+/** Signed 16-bit little-endian integer CoderType. */
+export const I16LE = /* @__PURE__ */ intView(2, true, {
+    read: (view, pos) => view.getInt16(pos, true),
+    write: (view, value) => view.setInt16(0, value, true),
+});
+/** Signed 16-bit big-endian integer CoderType. */
+export const I16BE = /* @__PURE__ */ intView(2, true, {
+    read: (view, pos) => view.getInt16(pos, false),
+    write: (view, value) => view.setInt16(0, value, false),
+});
+/** Unsigned 8-bit integer CoderType. */
+export const U8 = /* @__PURE__ */ intView(1, false, {
+    read: (view, pos) => view.getUint8(pos),
+    write: (view, value) => view.setUint8(0, value),
+});
+/** Signed 8-bit integer CoderType. */
+export const I8 = /* @__PURE__ */ intView(1, true, {
+    read: (view, pos) => view.getInt8(pos),
+    write: (view, value) => view.setInt8(0, value),
+});
+// Floats
+const f32 = (le) => view(4, {
+    read: (view, pos) => view.getFloat32(pos, le),
+    write: (view, value) => view.setFloat32(0, value, le),
+    validate: (value) => {
+        if (Math.fround(value) !== value && !Number.isNaN(value))
+            throw new Error(`f32: wrong value=${value}`);
+    },
+});
+const f64 = (le) => view(8, {
+    read: (view, pos) => view.getFloat64(pos, le),
+    write: (view, value) => view.setFloat64(0, value, le),
+});
+/** 32-bit big-endian floating point CoderType ("binary32", IEEE 754-2008). */
+export const F32BE = /* @__PURE__ */ f32(false);
+/** 32-bit little-endian floating point  CoderType ("binary32", IEEE 754-2008). */
+export const F32LE = /* @__PURE__ */ f32(true);
+/** A 64-bit big-endian floating point type ("binary64", IEEE 754-2008). Any JS number can be encoded. */
+export const F64BE = /* @__PURE__ */ f64(false);
+/** A 64-bit little-endian floating point type ("binary64", IEEE 754-2008). Any JS number can be encoded. */
+export const F64LE = /* @__PURE__ */ f64(true);
+/** Boolean CoderType. */
+export const bool = /* @__PURE__ */ wrap({
+    size: 1,
+    encodeStream: (w, value) => w.byte(value ? 1 : 0),
+    decodeStream: (r) => {
+        const value = r.byte();
+        if (value !== 0 && value !== 1)
+            throw r.err(`bool: invalid value ${value}`);
+        return value === 1;
+    },
+    validate: (value) => {
+        if (typeof value !== 'boolean')
+            throw new Error(`bool: invalid value ${value}`);
+        return value;
+    },
+});
+/**
+ * Bytes CoderType with a specified length and endianness.
+ * The bytes can have:
+ * - Dynamic size (prefixed with a length CoderType like U16BE)
+ * - Fixed size (specified by a number)
+ * - Unknown size (null, will parse until end of buffer)
+ * - Zero-terminated (terminator can be any Uint8Array)
+ * @param len - CoderType, number, Uint8Array (terminator) or null
+ * @param le - Whether to use little-endian byte order.
+ * @returns CoderType representing the bytes.
+ * @example
+ * // Dynamic size bytes (prefixed with P.U16BE number of bytes length)
+ * const dynamicBytes = P.bytes(P.U16BE, false);
+ * const fixedBytes = P.bytes(32, false); // Fixed size bytes
+ * const unknownBytes = P.bytes(null, false); // Unknown size bytes, will parse until end of buffer
+ * const zeroTerminatedBytes = P.bytes(Uint8Array.of(0), false); // Zero-terminated bytes
+ */
+const createBytes = (len, le = false) => {
+    if (typeof le !== 'boolean')
+        throw new Error(`bytes/le: expected boolean, got ${typeof le}`);
+    const _length = lengthCoder(len);
+    const _isb = isBytes(len);
+    return wrap({
+        size: typeof len === 'number' ? len : undefined,
+        encodeStream: (w, value) => {
+            if (!_isb)
+                _length.encodeStream(w, value.length);
+            w.bytes(le ? swapEndianness(value) : value);
+            if (_isb)
+                w.bytes(len);
+        },
+        decodeStream: (r) => {
+            let bytes;
+            if (_isb) {
+                const tPos = r.find(len);
+                if (!tPos)
+                    throw r.err(`bytes: cannot find terminator`);
+                bytes = r.bytes(tPos - r.pos);
+                r.bytes(len.length);
+            }
+            else {
+                bytes = r.bytes(len === null ? r.leftBytes : _length.decodeStream(r));
+            }
+            return le ? swapEndianness(bytes) : bytes;
+        },
+        validate: (value) => {
+            if (!isBytes(value))
+                throw new Error(`bytes: invalid value ${value}`);
+            return value;
+        },
+    });
+};
+export { createBytes as bytes, createHex as hex };
+/**
+ * Prefix-encoded value using a length prefix and an inner CoderType.
+ * The prefix can have:
+ * - Dynamic size (prefixed with a length CoderType like U16BE)
+ * - Fixed size (specified by a number)
+ * - Unknown size (null, will parse until end of buffer)
+ * - Zero-terminated (terminator can be any Uint8Array)
+ * @param len - Length CoderType (dynamic size), number (fixed size), Uint8Array (for terminator), or null (will parse until end of buffer)
+ * @param inner - CoderType for the actual value to be prefix-encoded.
+ * @returns CoderType representing the prefix-encoded value.
+ * @example
+ * const dynamicPrefix = P.prefix(P.U16BE, P.bytes(null)); // Dynamic size prefix (prefixed with P.U16BE number of bytes length)
+ * const fixedPrefix = P.prefix(10, P.bytes(null)); // Fixed size prefix (always 10 bytes)
+ */
+export function prefix(len, inner) {
+    if (!isCoder(inner))
+        throw new Error(`prefix: invalid inner value ${inner}`);
+    return apply(createBytes(len), reverse(inner));
+}
+/**
+ * String CoderType with a specified length and endianness.
+ * The string can be:
+ * - Dynamic size (prefixed with a length CoderType like U16BE)
+ * - Fixed size (specified by a number)
+ * - Unknown size (null, will parse until end of buffer)
+ * - Zero-terminated (terminator can be any Uint8Array)
+ * @param len - Length CoderType (dynamic size), number (fixed size), Uint8Array (for terminator), or null (will parse until end of buffer)
+ * @param le - Whether to use little-endian byte order.
+ * @returns CoderType representing the string.
+ * @example
+ * const dynamicString = P.string(P.U16BE, false); // Dynamic size string (prefixed with P.U16BE number of string length)
+ * const fixedString = P.string(10, false); // Fixed size string
+ * const unknownString = P.string(null, false); // Unknown size string, will parse until end of buffer
+ * const nullTerminatedString = P.cstring; // NUL-terminated string
+ * const _cstring = P.string(Uint8Array.of(0)); // Same thing
+ */
+export const string = (len, le = false) => validate(apply(createBytes(len, le), utf8), (value) => {
+    // TextEncoder/TextDecoder will fail on non-string, but we create more readable errors earlier
+    if (typeof value !== 'string')
+        throw new Error(`expected string, got ${typeof value}`);
+    return value;
+});
+/** NUL-terminated string CoderType. */
+export const cstring = /* @__PURE__ */ string(NULL);
+/**
+ * Hexadecimal string CoderType with a specified length, endianness, and optional 0x prefix.
+ * @param len - Length CoderType (dynamic size), number (fixed size), Uint8Array (for terminator), or null (will parse until end of buffer)
+ * @param le - Whether to use little-endian byte order.
+ * @param withZero - Whether to include the 0x prefix.
+ * @returns CoderType representing the hexadecimal string.
+ * @example
+ * const dynamicHex = P.hex(P.U16BE, {isLE: false, with0x: true}); // Hex string with 0x prefix and U16BE length
+ * const fixedHex = P.hex(32, {isLE: false, with0x: false}); // Fixed-length 32-byte hex string without 0x prefix
+ */
+const createHex = (len, options = { isLE: false, with0x: false }) => {
+    let inner = apply(createBytes(len, options.isLE), baseHex);
+    const prefix = options.with0x;
+    if (typeof prefix !== 'boolean')
+        throw new Error(`hex/with0x: expected boolean, got ${typeof prefix}`);
+    if (prefix) {
+        inner = apply(inner, {
+            encode: (value) => `0x${value}`,
+            decode: (value) => {
+                if (!value.startsWith('0x'))
+                    throw new Error('hex(with0x=true).encode input should start with 0x');
+                return value.slice(2);
+            },
+        });
+    }
+    return inner;
+};
+/**
+ * Applies a base coder to a CoderType.
+ * @param inner - The inner CoderType.
+ * @param b - The base coder to apply.
+ * @returns CoderType representing the transformed value.
+ * @example
+ * import { hex } from '@scure/base';
+ * const hex = P.apply(P.bytes(32), hex); // will decode bytes into a hex string
+ */
+export function apply(inner, base) {
+    if (!isCoder(inner))
+        throw new Error(`apply: invalid inner value ${inner}`);
+    if (!isBaseCoder(base))
+        throw new Error(`apply: invalid base value ${inner}`);
+    return wrap({
+        size: inner.size,
+        encodeStream: (w, value) => {
+            let innerValue;
+            try {
+                innerValue = base.decode(value);
+            }
+            catch (e) {
+                throw w.err('' + e);
+            }
+            return inner.encodeStream(w, innerValue);
+        },
+        decodeStream: (r) => {
+            const innerValue = inner.decodeStream(r);
+            try {
+                return base.encode(innerValue);
+            }
+            catch (e) {
+                throw r.err('' + e);
+            }
+        },
+    });
+}
+/**
+ * Lazy CoderType that is evaluated at runtime.
+ * @param fn - A function that returns the CoderType.
+ * @returns CoderType representing the lazy value.
+ * @example
+ * type Tree = { name: string; children: Tree[] };
+ * const tree = P.struct({
+ *   name: P.cstring,
+ *   children: P.array(
+ *     P.U16BE,
+ *     P.lazy((): P.CoderType<Tree> => tree)
+ *   ),
+ * });
+ */
+export function lazy(fn) {
+    if (typeof fn !== 'function')
+        throw new Error(`lazy: expected function, got ${typeof fn}`);
+    return wrap({
+        encodeStream: (w, value) => fn().encodeStream(w, value),
+        decodeStream: (r) => fn().decodeStream(r),
+    });
+}
+/**
+ * Flag CoderType that encodes/decodes a boolean value based on the presence of a marker.
+ * @param flagValue - Marker value.
+ * @param xor - Whether to invert the flag behavior.
+ * @returns CoderType representing the flag value.
+ * @example
+ * const flag = P.flag(new Uint8Array([0x01, 0x02])); // Encodes true as u8a([0x01, 0x02]), false as u8a([])
+ * const flagXor = P.flag(new Uint8Array([0x01, 0x02]), true); // Encodes true as u8a([]), false as u8a([0x01, 0x02])
+ * // Conditional encoding with flagged
+ * const s = P.struct({ f: P.flag(new Uint8Array([0x0, 0x1])), f2: P.flagged('f', P.U32BE) });
+ */
+export const flag = (flagValue, xor = false) => {
+    if (!isBytes(flagValue))
+        throw new Error(`flag/flagValue: expected Uint8Array, got ${typeof flagValue}`);
+    if (typeof xor !== 'boolean')
+        throw new Error(`flag/xor: expected boolean, got ${typeof xor}`);
+    return wrap({
+        size: flagValue.length,
+        encodeStream: (w, value) => {
+            if (!!value !== xor)
+                w.bytes(flagValue);
+        },
+        decodeStream: (r) => {
+            let hasFlag = r.leftBytes >= flagValue.length;
+            if (hasFlag) {
+                hasFlag = equalBytes(r.bytes(flagValue.length, true), flagValue);
+                // Found flag, advance cursor position
+                if (hasFlag)
+                    r.bytes(flagValue.length);
+            }
+            return hasFlag !== xor; // hasFlag ^ xor
+        },
+        validate: (value) => {
+            if (value !== undefined && typeof value !== 'boolean')
+                throw new Error(`flag: expected boolean value or undefined, got ${typeof value}`);
+            return value;
+        },
+    });
+};
+/**
+ * Conditional CoderType that encodes/decodes a value only if a flag is present.
+ * @param path - Path to the flag value or a CoderType for the flag.
+ * @param inner - Inner CoderType for the value.
+ * @param def - Optional default value to use if the flag is not present.
+ * @returns CoderType representing the conditional value.
+ * @example
+ * const s = P.struct({
+ *   f: P.flag(new Uint8Array([0x0, 0x1])),
+ *   f2: P.flagged('f', P.U32BE)
+ * });
+ *
+ * @example
+ * const s2 = P.struct({
+ *   f: P.flag(new Uint8Array([0x0, 0x1])),
+ *   f2: P.flagged('f', P.U32BE, 123)
+ * });
+ */
+export function flagged(path, inner, def) {
+    if (!isCoder(inner))
+        throw new Error(`flagged: invalid inner value ${inner}`);
+    if (typeof path !== 'string' && !isCoder(inner))
+        throw new Error(`flagged: wrong path=${path}`);
+    return wrap({
+        encodeStream: (w, value) => {
+            if (typeof path === 'string') {
+                if (Path.resolve(w.stack, path))
+                    inner.encodeStream(w, value);
+                else if (def)
+                    inner.encodeStream(w, def);
+            }
+            else {
+                path.encodeStream(w, !!value);
+                if (!!value)
+                    inner.encodeStream(w, value);
+                else if (def)
+                    inner.encodeStream(w, def);
+            }
+        },
+        decodeStream: (r) => {
+            let hasFlag = false;
+            if (typeof path === 'string')
+                hasFlag = !!Path.resolve(r.stack, path);
+            else
+                hasFlag = path.decodeStream(r);
+            // If there is a flag -- decode and return value
+            if (hasFlag)
+                return inner.decodeStream(r);
+            else if (def)
+                inner.decodeStream(r);
+            return;
+        },
+    });
+}
+/**
+ * Optional CoderType that encodes/decodes a value based on a flag.
+ * @param flag - CoderType for the flag value.
+ * @param inner - Inner CoderType for the value.
+ * @param def - Optional default value to use if the flag is not present.
+ * @returns CoderType representing the optional value.
+ * @example
+ * // Will decode into P.U32BE only if flag present
+ * const optional = P.optional(P.flag(new Uint8Array([0x0, 0x1])), P.U32BE);
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // If no flag present, will decode into default value
+ * const optionalWithDefault = P.optional(P.flag(new Uint8Array([0x0, 0x1])), P.U32BE, 123);
+ */
+export function optional(flag, inner, def) {
+    if (!isCoder(flag) || !isCoder(inner))
+        throw new Error(`optional: invalid flag or inner value flag=${flag} inner=${inner}`);
+    return wrap({
+        size: def !== undefined && flag.size && inner.size ? flag.size + inner.size : undefined,
+        encodeStream: (w, value) => {
+            flag.encodeStream(w, !!value);
+            if (value)
+                inner.encodeStream(w, value);
+            else if (def !== undefined)
+                inner.encodeStream(w, def);
+        },
+        decodeStream: (r) => {
+            if (flag.decodeStream(r))
+                return inner.decodeStream(r);
+            else if (def !== undefined)
+                inner.decodeStream(r);
+            return;
+        },
+    });
+}
+/**
+ * Magic value CoderType that encodes/decodes a constant value.
+ * This can be used to check for a specific magic value or sequence of bytes at the beginning of a data structure.
+ * @param inner - Inner CoderType for the value.
+ * @param constant - Constant value.
+ * @param check - Whether to check the decoded value against the constant.
+ * @returns CoderType representing the magic value.
+ * @example
+ * // Always encodes constant as bytes using inner CoderType, throws if encoded value is not present
+ * const magicU8 = P.magic(P.U8, 0x42);
+ */
+export function magic(inner, constant, check = true) {
+    if (!isCoder(inner))
+        throw new Error(`magic: invalid inner value ${inner}`);
+    if (typeof check !== 'boolean')
+        throw new Error(`magic: expected boolean, got ${typeof check}`);
+    return wrap({
+        size: inner.size,
+        encodeStream: (w, _value) => inner.encodeStream(w, constant),
+        decodeStream: (r) => {
+            const value = inner.decodeStream(r);
+            if ((check && typeof value !== 'object' && value !== constant) ||
+                (isBytes(constant) && !equalBytes(constant, value))) {
+                throw r.err(`magic: invalid value: ${value} !== ${constant}`);
+            }
+            return;
+        },
+        validate: (value) => {
+            if (value !== undefined)
+                throw new Error(`magic: wrong value=${typeof value}`);
+            return value;
+        },
+    });
+}
+/**
+ * Magic bytes CoderType that encodes/decodes a constant byte array or string.
+ * @param constant - Constant byte array or string.
+ * @returns CoderType representing the magic bytes.
+ * @example
+ * // Always encodes undefined into byte representation of string 'MAGIC'
+ * const magicBytes = P.magicBytes('MAGIC');
+ */
+export const magicBytes = (constant) => {
+    const c = typeof constant === 'string' ? utf8.decode(constant) : constant;
+    return magic(createBytes(c.length), c);
+};
+/**
+ * Creates a CoderType for a constant value. The function enforces this value during encoding,
+ * ensuring it matches the provided constant. During decoding, it always returns the constant value.
+ * The actual value is not written to or read from any byte stream; it's used only for validation.
+ *
+ * @param c - Constant value.
+ * @returns CoderType representing the constant value.
+ * @example
+ * // Always return 123 on decode, throws on encoding anything other than 123
+ * const constantU8 = P.constant(123);
+ */
+export function constant(c) {
+    return wrap({
+        encodeStream: (_w, value) => {
+            if (value !== c)
+                throw new Error(`constant: invalid value ${value} (exp: ${c})`);
+        },
+        decodeStream: (_r) => c,
+    });
+}
+function sizeof(fields) {
+    let size = 0;
+    for (const f of fields) {
+        if (f.size === undefined)
+            return;
+        if (!isNum(f.size))
+            throw new Error(`sizeof: wrong element size=${size}`);
+        size += f.size;
+    }
+    return size;
+}
+/**
+ * Structure of composable primitives (C/Rust struct)
+ * @param fields - Object mapping field names to CoderTypes.
+ * @returns CoderType representing the structure.
+ * @example
+ * // Define a structure with a 32-bit big-endian unsigned integer, a string, and a nested structure
+ * const myStruct = P.struct({
+ *   id: P.U32BE,
+ *   name: P.string(P.U8),
+ *   nested: P.struct({
+ *     flag: P.bool,
+ *     value: P.I16LE
+ *   })
+ * });
+ */
+export function struct(fields) {
+    if (!isPlainObject(fields))
+        throw new Error(`struct: expected plain object, got ${fields}`);
+    for (const name in fields) {
+        if (!isCoder(fields[name]))
+            throw new Error(`struct: field ${name} is not CoderType`);
+    }
+    return wrap({
+        size: sizeof(Object.values(fields)),
+        encodeStream: (w, value) => {
+            w.pushObj(value, (fieldFn) => {
+                for (const name in fields)
+                    fieldFn(name, () => fields[name].encodeStream(w, value[name]));
+            });
+        },
+        decodeStream: (r) => {
+            const res = {};
+            r.pushObj(res, (fieldFn) => {
+                for (const name in fields)
+                    fieldFn(name, () => (res[name] = fields[name].decodeStream(r)));
+            });
+            return res;
+        },
+        validate: (value) => {
+            if (typeof value !== 'object' || value === null)
+                throw new Error(`struct: invalid value ${value}`);
+            return value;
+        },
+    });
+}
+/**
+ * Tuple (unnamed structure) of CoderTypes. Same as struct but with unnamed fields.
+ * @param fields - Array of CoderTypes.
+ * @returns CoderType representing the tuple.
+ * @example
+ * const myTuple = P.tuple([P.U8, P.U16LE, P.string(P.U8)]);
+ */
+export function tuple(fields) {
+    if (!Array.isArray(fields))
+        throw new Error(`Packed.Tuple: got ${typeof fields} instead of array`);
+    for (let i = 0; i < fields.length; i++) {
+        if (!isCoder(fields[i]))
+            throw new Error(`tuple: field ${i} is not CoderType`);
+    }
+    return wrap({
+        size: sizeof(fields),
+        encodeStream: (w, value) => {
+            // TODO: fix types
+            if (!Array.isArray(value))
+                throw w.err(`tuple: invalid value ${value}`);
+            w.pushObj(value, (fieldFn) => {
+                for (let i = 0; i < fields.length; i++)
+                    fieldFn(`${i}`, () => fields[i].encodeStream(w, value[i]));
+            });
+        },
+        decodeStream: (r) => {
+            const res = [];
+            r.pushObj(res, (fieldFn) => {
+                for (let i = 0; i < fields.length; i++)
+                    fieldFn(`${i}`, () => res.push(fields[i].decodeStream(r)));
+            });
+            return res;
+        },
+        validate: (value) => {
+            if (!Array.isArray(value))
+                throw new Error(`tuple: invalid value ${value}`);
+            if (value.length !== fields.length)
+                throw new Error(`tuple: wrong length=${value.length}, expected ${fields.length}`);
+            return value;
+        },
+    });
+}
+/**
+ * Array of items (inner type) with a specified length.
+ * @param len - Length CoderType (dynamic size), number (fixed size), Uint8Array (for terminator), or null (will parse until end of buffer)
+ * @param inner - CoderType for encoding/decoding each array item.
+ * @returns CoderType representing the array.
+ * @example
+ * const a1 = P.array(P.U16BE, child); // Dynamic size array (prefixed with P.U16BE number of array length)
+ * const a2 = P.array(4, child); // Fixed size array
+ * const a3 = P.array(null, child); // Unknown size array, will parse until end of buffer
+ * const a4 = P.array(Uint8Array.of(0), child); // zero-terminated array (NOTE: terminator can be any buffer)
+ */
+export function array(len, inner) {
+    if (!isCoder(inner))
+        throw new Error(`array: invalid inner value ${inner}`);
+    // By construction length is inside array (otherwise there will be various incorrect stack states)
+    // But forcing users always write '..' seems like bad idea. Also, breaking change.
+    const _length = lengthCoder(typeof len === 'string' ? `../${len}` : len);
+    return wrap({
+        size: typeof len === 'number' && inner.size ? len * inner.size : undefined,
+        encodeStream: (w, value) => {
+            const _w = w;
+            _w.pushObj(value, (fieldFn) => {
+                if (!isBytes(len))
+                    _length.encodeStream(w, value.length);
+                for (let i = 0; i < value.length; i++) {
+                    fieldFn(`${i}`, () => {
+                        const elm = value[i];
+                        const startPos = w.pos;
+                        inner.encodeStream(w, elm);
+                        if (isBytes(len)) {
+                            // Terminator is bigger than elm size, so skip
+                            if (len.length > _w.pos - startPos)
+                                return;
+                            const data = _w.finish(false).subarray(startPos, _w.pos);
+                            // There is still possible case when multiple elements create terminator,
+                            // but it is hard to catch here, will be very slow
+                            if (equalBytes(data.subarray(0, len.length), len))
+                                throw _w.err(`array: inner element encoding same as separator. elm=${elm} data=${data}`);
+                        }
+                    });
+                }
+            });
+            if (isBytes(len))
+                w.bytes(len);
+        },
+        decodeStream: (r) => {
+            const res = [];
+            r.pushObj(res, (fieldFn) => {
+                if (len === null) {
+                    for (let i = 0; !r.isEnd(); i++) {
+                        fieldFn(`${i}`, () => res.push(inner.decodeStream(r)));
+                        if (inner.size && r.leftBytes < inner.size)
+                            break;
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (isBytes(len)) {
+                    for (let i = 0;; i++) {
+                        if (equalBytes(r.bytes(len.length, true), len)) {
+                            // Advance cursor position if terminator found
+                            r.bytes(len.length);
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        fieldFn(`${i}`, () => res.push(inner.decodeStream(r)));
+                    }
+                }
+                else {
+                    let length;
+                    fieldFn('arrayLen', () => (length = _length.decodeStream(r)));
+                    for (let i = 0; i < length; i++)
+                        fieldFn(`${i}`, () => res.push(inner.decodeStream(r)));
+                }
+            });
+            return res;
+        },
+        validate: (value) => {
+            if (!Array.isArray(value))
+                throw new Error(`array: invalid value ${value}`);
+            return value;
+        },
+    });
+}
+/**
+ * Mapping between encoded values and string representations.
+ * @param inner - CoderType for encoded values.
+ * @param variants - Object mapping string representations to encoded values.
+ * @returns CoderType representing the mapping.
+ * @example
+ * // Map between numbers and strings
+ * const numberMap = P.map(P.U8, {
+ *   'one': 1,
+ *   'two': 2,
+ *   'three': 3
+ * });
+ *
+ * // Map between byte arrays and strings
+ * const byteMap = P.map(P.bytes(2, false), {
+ *   'ab': Uint8Array.from([0x61, 0x62]),
+ *   'cd': Uint8Array.from([0x63, 0x64])
+ * });
+ */
+export function map(inner, variants) {
+    if (!isCoder(inner))
+        throw new Error(`map: invalid inner value ${inner}`);
+    if (!isPlainObject(variants))
+        throw new Error(`map: variants should be plain object`);
+    const variantNames = new Map();
+    for (const k in variants)
+        variantNames.set(variants[k], k);
+    return wrap({
+        size: inner.size,
+        encodeStream: (w, value) => inner.encodeStream(w, variants[value]),
+        decodeStream: (r) => {
+            const variant = inner.decodeStream(r);
+            const name = variantNames.get(variant);
+            if (name === undefined)
+                throw r.err(`Enum: unknown value: ${variant} ${Array.from(variantNames.keys())}`);
+            return name;
+        },
+        validate: (value) => {
+            if (typeof value !== 'string')
+                throw new Error(`map: invalid value ${value}`);
+            if (!(value in variants))
+                throw new Error(`Map: unknown variant: ${value}`);
+            return value;
+        },
+    });
+}
+/**
+ * Tagged union of CoderTypes, where the tag value determines which CoderType to use.
+ * The decoded value will have the structure `{ TAG: number, data: ... }`.
+ * @param tag - CoderType for the tag value.
+ * @param variants - Object mapping tag values to CoderTypes.
+ * @returns CoderType representing the tagged union.
+ * @example
+ * // Tagged union of array, string, and number
+ * // Depending on the value of the first byte, it will be decoded as an array, string, or number.
+ * const taggedUnion = P.tag(P.U8, {
+ *   0x01: P.array(P.U16LE, P.U8),
+ *   0x02: P.string(P.U8),
+ *   0x03: P.U32BE
+ * });
+ *
+ * const encoded = taggedUnion.encode({ TAG: 0x01, data: 'hello' }); // Encodes the string 'hello' with tag 0x01
+ * const decoded = taggedUnion.decode(encoded); // Decodes the encoded value back to { TAG: 0x01, data: 'hello' }
+ */
+export function tag(tag, variants) {
+    if (!isCoder(tag))
+        throw new Error(`tag: invalid tag value ${tag}`);
+    if (!isPlainObject(variants))
+        throw new Error(`tag: variants should be plain object`);
+    for (const name in variants) {
+        if (!isCoder(variants[name]))
+            throw new Error(`tag: variant ${name} is not CoderType`);
+    }
+    return wrap({
+        size: tag.size,
+        encodeStream: (w, value) => {
+            const { TAG, data } = value;
+            const dataType = variants[TAG];
+            tag.encodeStream(w, TAG);
+            dataType.encodeStream(w, data);
+        },
+        decodeStream: (r) => {
+            const TAG = tag.decodeStream(r);
+            const dataType = variants[TAG];
+            if (!dataType)
+                throw r.err(`Tag: invalid tag ${TAG}`);
+            return { TAG, data: dataType.decodeStream(r) };
+        },
+        validate: (value) => {
+            const { TAG } = value;
+            const dataType = variants[TAG];
+            if (!dataType)
+                throw new Error(`Tag: invalid tag ${TAG.toString()}`);
+            return value;
+        },
+    });
+}
+/**
+ * Mapping between encoded values, string representations, and CoderTypes using a tag CoderType.
+ * @param tagCoder - CoderType for the tag value.
+ * @param variants - Object mapping string representations to [tag value, CoderType] pairs.
+ *  * @returns CoderType representing the mapping.
+ * @example
+ * const cborValue: P.CoderType<CborValue> = P.mappedTag(P.bits(3), {
+ *   uint: [0, cborUint], // An unsigned integer in the range 0..264-1 inclusive.
+ *   negint: [1, cborNegint], // A negative integer in the range -264..-1 inclusive
+ *   bytes: [2, P.lazy(() => cborLength(P.bytes, cborValue))], // A byte string.
+ *   string: [3, P.lazy(() => cborLength(P.string, cborValue))], // A text string (utf8)
+ *   array: [4, cborArrLength(P.lazy(() => cborValue))], // An array of data items
+ *   map: [5, P.lazy(() => cborArrLength(P.tuple([cborValue, cborValue])))], // A map of pairs of data items
+ *   tag: [6, P.tuple([cborUint, P.lazy(() => cborValue)] as const)], // A tagged data item ("tag") whose tag number
+ *   simple: [7, cborSimple], // Floating-point numbers and simple values, as well as the "break" stop code
+ * });
+ */
+export function mappedTag(tagCoder, variants) {
+    if (!isCoder(tagCoder))
+        throw new Error(`mappedTag: invalid tag value ${tag}`);
+    if (!isPlainObject(variants))
+        throw new Error(`mappedTag: variants should be plain object`);
+    const mapValue = {};
+    const tagValue = {};
+    for (const key in variants) {
+        const v = variants[key];
+        mapValue[key] = v[0];
+        tagValue[key] = v[1];
+    }
+    return tag(map(tagCoder, mapValue), tagValue);
+}
+/**
+ * Bitset of boolean values with optional padding.
+ * @param names - An array of string names for the bitset values.
+ * @param pad - Whether to pad the bitset to a multiple of 8 bits.
+ * @returns CoderType representing the bitset.
+ * @template Names
+ * @example
+ * const myBitset = P.bitset(['flag1', 'flag2', 'flag3', 'flag4'], true);
+ */
+export function bitset(names, pad = false) {
+    if (typeof pad !== 'boolean')
+        throw new Error(`bitset/pad: expected boolean, got ${typeof pad}`);
+    if (!Array.isArray(names))
+        throw new Error('bitset/names: expected array');
+    for (const name of names) {
+        if (typeof name !== 'string')
+            throw new Error('bitset/names: expected array of strings');
+    }
+    return wrap({
+        encodeStream: (w, value) => {
+            for (let i = 0; i < names.length; i++)
+                w.bits(+value[names[i]], 1);
+            if (pad && names.length % 8)
+                w.bits(0, 8 - (names.length % 8));
+        },
+        decodeStream: (r) => {
+            const out = {};
+            for (let i = 0; i < names.length; i++)
+                out[names[i]] = !!r.bits(1);
+            if (pad && names.length % 8)
+                r.bits(8 - (names.length % 8));
+            return out;
+        },
+        validate: (value) => {
+            if (!isPlainObject(value))
+                throw new Error(`bitset: invalid value ${value}`);
+            for (const v of Object.values(value)) {
+                if (typeof v !== 'boolean')
+                    throw new Error('expected boolean');
+            }
+            return value;
+        },
+    });
+}
+/** Padding function which always returns zero */
+export const ZeroPad = (_) => 0;
+function padLength(blockSize, len) {
+    if (len % blockSize === 0)
+        return 0;
+    return blockSize - (len % blockSize);
+}
+/**
+ * Pads a CoderType with a specified block size and padding function on the left side.
+ * @param blockSize - Block size for padding (positive safe integer).
+ * @param inner - Inner CoderType to pad.
+ * @param padFn - Padding function to use. If not provided, zero padding is used.
+ * @returns CoderType representing the padded value.
+ * @example
+ * // Pad a U32BE with a block size of 4 and zero padding
+ * const paddedU32BE = P.padLeft(4, P.U32BE);
+ *
+ * // Pad a string with a block size of 16 and custom padding
+ * const paddedString = P.padLeft(16, P.string(P.U8), (i) => i + 1);
+ */
+export function padLeft(blockSize, inner, padFn) {
+    if (!isNum(blockSize) || blockSize <= 0)
+        throw new Error(`padLeft: wrong blockSize=${blockSize}`);
+    if (!isCoder(inner))
+        throw new Error(`padLeft: invalid inner value ${inner}`);
+    if (padFn !== undefined && typeof padFn !== 'function')
+        throw new Error(`padLeft: wrong padFn=${typeof padFn}`);
+    const _padFn = padFn || ZeroPad;
+    if (!inner.size)
+        throw new Error('padLeft cannot have dynamic size');
+    return wrap({
+        size: inner.size + padLength(blockSize, inner.size),
+        encodeStream: (w, value) => {
+            const padBytes = padLength(blockSize, inner.size);
+            for (let i = 0; i < padBytes; i++)
+                w.byte(_padFn(i));
+            inner.encodeStream(w, value);
+        },
+        decodeStream: (r) => {
+            r.bytes(padLength(blockSize, inner.size));
+            return inner.decodeStream(r);
+        },
+    });
+}
+/**
+ * Pads a CoderType with a specified block size and padding function on the right side.
+ * @param blockSize - Block size for padding (positive safe integer).
+ * @param inner - Inner CoderType to pad.
+ * @param padFn - Padding function to use. If not provided, zero padding is used.
+ * @returns CoderType representing the padded value.
+ * @example
+ * // Pad a U16BE with a block size of 2 and zero padding
+ * const paddedU16BE = P.padRight(2, P.U16BE);
+ *
+ * // Pad a bytes with a block size of 8 and custom padding
+ * const paddedBytes = P.padRight(8, P.bytes(null), (i) => i + 1);
+ */
+export function padRight(blockSize, inner, padFn) {
+    if (!isCoder(inner))
+        throw new Error(`padRight: invalid inner value ${inner}`);
+    if (!isNum(blockSize) || blockSize <= 0)
+        throw new Error(`padLeft: wrong blockSize=${blockSize}`);
+    if (padFn !== undefined && typeof padFn !== 'function')
+        throw new Error(`padRight: wrong padFn=${typeof padFn}`);
+    const _padFn = padFn || ZeroPad;
+    return wrap({
+        size: inner.size ? inner.size + padLength(blockSize, inner.size) : undefined,
+        encodeStream: (w, value) => {
+            const _w = w;
+            const pos = _w.pos;
+            inner.encodeStream(w, value);
+            const padBytes = padLength(blockSize, _w.pos - pos);
+            for (let i = 0; i < padBytes; i++)
+                w.byte(_padFn(i));
+        },
+        decodeStream: (r) => {
+            const start = r.pos;
+            const res = inner.decodeStream(r);
+            r.bytes(padLength(blockSize, r.pos - start));
+            return res;
+        },
+    });
+}
+1;
+/**
+ * Pointer to a value using a pointer CoderType and an inner CoderType.
+ * Pointers are scoped, and the next pointer in the dereference chain is offset by the previous one.
+ * By default (if no 'allowMultipleReads' in ReaderOpts is set) is safe, since
+ * same region of memory cannot be read multiple times.
+ * @param ptr - CoderType for the pointer value.
+ * @param inner - CoderType for encoding/decoding the pointed value.
+ * @param sized - Whether the pointer should have a fixed size.
+ * @returns CoderType representing the pointer to the value.
+ * @example
+ * const pointerToU8 = P.pointer(P.U16BE, P.U8); // Pointer to a single U8 value
+ */
+export function pointer(ptr, inner, sized = false) {
+    if (!isCoder(ptr))
+        throw new Error(`pointer: invalid ptr value ${ptr}`);
+    if (!isCoder(inner))
+        throw new Error(`pointer: invalid inner value ${inner}`);
+    if (typeof sized !== 'boolean')
+        throw new Error(`pointer/sized: expected boolean, got ${typeof sized}`);
+    if (!ptr.size)
+        throw new Error('unsized pointer');
+    return wrap({
+        size: sized ? ptr.size : undefined,
+        encodeStream: (w, value) => {
+            const _w = w;
+            const start = _w.pos;
+            ptr.encodeStream(w, 0);
+            _w.ptrs.push({ pos: start, ptr, buffer: inner.encode(value) });
+        },
+        decodeStream: (r) => {
+            const ptrVal = ptr.decodeStream(r);
+            r._enablePointers();
+            return inner.decodeStream(r.offsetReader(ptrVal));
+        },
+    });
+}
+// Internal methods for test purposes only
+export const _TEST = { _bitset: Bitset, _Reader, _Writer, Path };
+//# sourceMappingURL=index.js.map