@hestia-earth/guide 0.0.18 → 0.0.19

package/dist/content/models/siteMeasurements/landUseChange/aboveGroundBiomass/ipcc2019.json

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"tags":{"author":["Florian Payen"],"contributor":["Guillaume Royer"],"group":["Site: Measurements"],"subgroup":["Land Use Change"],"tab":["IPCC (2019)"],"citation":["Payen, F. (2025) Above ground biomass modelling on HESTIA."],"modelId":["aboveGroundBiomass"],"modelRequires":["ecoClimateZone"]},"content":"# Above ground biomass\n\n## Overview\n\nThis model estimates the above ground biomass stocks (kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>) based on changes in land cover over time.\n\nThe IPCC Tier 1 methodology is suitable for modelling changes in above ground biomass for woody perennial crops and forests only. Land covers are assigned a `BiomassCategory`, which have an associated above ground biomass stock equilibrium (kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>). This equilibrium represents the stock of carbon stored in above ground biomass per hectare of mature vegetation.\n\nIt is assumed that above ground biomass does not accumulate on annual croplands and grasslands. These `BiomassCategory`s are assigned an above ground biomass stock equilibrium of 0 kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>. It is important to note that biomass does expand on these areas - otherwise, grasslands would not have grass and croplands would not have crops! - but it is not considered stable enough to meaningfully remove CO<sub>2</sub> from the atmosphere. This biomass is accounted for in the crop/forage yield and crop residues. Crop residues left on field become an input for the Tier 2 `organicCarbonPerHa` model, where they act as a carbon source for changes in soil organic carbon stocks.\n\nLand cover changes can he attributed to:\n\n- land-use change (changing from one land-use category to another, _e.g._, from perennial crops to pasture),\n- or management change (changing type of land cover within the same land-use category, _e.g._, from peach trees to grapevines, which are both perennial crops).\n\nDuring a land-cover change, it is assumed that 100% of the above ground biomass is lost. Then, the biomass of the new land cover gradually expands (based on the growth rate of the species) until it reaches the new equilibrium. This is the basis for the gain-loss method. However, we use the stock-difference method to account for above ground biomass stock changes. This approach amortises stock changes by transitioning linearly between above ground biomass stock equilibriums over a fixed transition period of 20 years. More information about these methods can be found below.\n\nThe model is run as a Monte Carlo simulation with 10,000 iterations. Model result values are the row-wise `mean` of simulation results. See our guide on [Monte Carlo simulation](/guide/applying-models-monte-carlo) for more information.\n\n## How the model works\n\nThe model works by constructing an annual inventory of land cover change. Following a land cover change event, the [Site](/schema/Site) begins a 20-year transition from an initial above ground biomass stock to a new above ground biomass stock. If another land cover change event occurs during or after the 20-year transition period, a new transition begins.\n\n**Illustration of gain-loss vs. stock-difference methods**\n\n![Comparison of gain-loss vs. stock-difference methods](/assets/biomass-methodComparison.jpg)\n\nThe Tier 1 approach considers that CO<sub>2</sub> emissions due to biomass stock changes following a land use change (_i.e._, a change in value in the `IPCC_LAND_USE_CATEGORY` lookup) should be categorised as such for 20 years, after which they become emissions due to management change (for as long as there is no subsequent land use changes). This is illustrated in the graphic above.\n\nThe gain-loss method assumes that upon a land use change the biomass of the previous land cover is lost (and emitted as CO<sub>2</sub>) on 1st January of the year of conversion. Then the biomass stock progressively increases until it reaches the biomass equilibrium of the new land cover. This is when the crop reaches maturity. The basic timeline for this is 20 years (like for SOC stock modelling), but the IPCC does suggest different maturity rates for different types of perennials and forests.\n\nThe stock-difference method ammortises the loss or gain of biomass stocks throughout the following 20 years by linearly interpolating between the biomass equilibriums of the start and end land covers. There is no specific \"loss\" event where the stock drops to zero before rebuilding, rather a gradual transition between equilibriums.\n\nAfter 20 years of stable land cover, both methods resolve to the same biomass stocks and biomass stock change emissions.\n\nFor V1, the HESTIA team have chosen to implement the stock-difference method. It ensures that [Cycles](/schema/Cycle) following a land use change \"share\" the environmental impacts of land-use changes rather than just the first [Cycle](/schema/Cycle), and it aligns methods with the `ipcc2019.organicCarbonPerHa` (Tier 1) model, making the modelling approach more consistent between the two models.\n\n### Step 1. Detecting land-cover change events\n\nAn annual inventory of land cover is constructed by grouping the [Site](/schema/Site)'s `landCover` [Management](/schema/Management) nodes. `landCover` nodes with cover crop [Properties](/schema/Property) (`coverCrop`, `catchCrop`, `shortfallowCrop` and `coverCrop`) are excluded.\n\nFor each year in the inventory, a land cover summary is calculated by aggregating `landCover` node values with the same `term.@id`. Each year's summary is compared with that of the year prior to determine whether a land-cover change event has occurred. A gain or loss of 1 m<sup>2</sup> ha<sup>-1</sup> by any `landCover` is considered a land cover change event.\n\n1. If a land-use change has occurred, a new 20-year transition period starts.\n2. If no land-use change has occurred, the current transition period continues or, if it is finished, the stock remains at equilibrium.\n\nThe number of years elapsed since the most recent land cover change event are calculated for each calendar year - this value will be used as the blend value for linear interpolation later.\n\nMissing years in the inventory are back-filled with data from the next inventory year. In practice, this means that if there is any ambiguity about when exactly a land-cover change event occurred (_e.g._, if the `landCover` data is in 5-year intervals), we assume it happened at the earliest possible point in time. This aligns with the IPCC (2019) example calculations.\n\n### Step 2. Calculating above ground biomass equilibriums\n\nFor each year in the inventory, a biomass category summary is calculated by aggregating `landCover` node values by IPCC `BiomassCategory`. This summary is used to estimate the above ground biomass equilibrium, which describes the stable amount of woody biomass the [Site](/schema/Site) would have if the `landCover` remained consistent for 20 years.\n\n| Eco-climate Zone     | Annual crops | Coconut     | Forest       | Grassland | Jatropha    | Jojoba     | Natural forest | Oil pal     | Olive       | Orchard     | Plantation forest | Rubber      | Short rotation coppice | Tea         | Vine        | Woody perennials | Other |\n| -------------------- | ------------ | ----------- | ------------ | --------- | ----------- | ---------- | -------------- | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | ----------------- | ----------- | ---------------------- | ----------- | ----------- | ---------------- | ----- |\n| Warm temperate moist | 0            | 75000 ± 75% | 130767 ± 90% | 0         | 17500 ± 75% | 2400 ± 75% | 150322 ± 90%   | 60000 ± 75% | 9100 ± 15%  | 8500 ± 19%  | 111212 ± 90%      | 63000 ± 75% | 12690 ± 40%            | 20700 ± 50% | 5500 ± 18%  | 63000 ± 75%      | 0     |\n| Warm temperate dry   | 0            | 75000 ± 75% | 80080 ± 90%  | 0         | 17500 ± 75% | 2400 ± 75% | 76100 ± 90%    | 60000 ± 75% | 9100 ± 15%  | 8500 ± 19%  | 84059 ± 90%       | 63000 ± 75% | 12690 ± 40%            | 20700 ± 50% | 5500 ± 18%  | 63000 ± 75%      | 0     |\n| Cool temperate moist | 0            | 75000 ± 75% | 161742 ± 90% | 0         | 17500 ± 75% | 2400 ± 75% | 181739 ± 90%   | 60000 ± 75% | 9100 ± 15%  | 8500 ± 19%  | 141745 ± 90%      | 63000 ± 75% | 12690 ± 40%            | 20700 ± 50% | 5500 ± 18%  | 63000 ± 75%      | 0     |\n| Cool temperate dry   | 0            | 75000 ± 75% | 129532 ± 90% | 0         | 17500 ± 75% | 2400 ± 75% | 145952 ± 90%   | 60000 ± 75% | 9100 ± 15%  | 8500 ± 19%  | 113112 ± 90%      | 63000 ± 75% | 12690 ± 40%            | 20700 ± 50% | 5500 ± 18%  | 63000 ± 75%      | 0     |\n| Boreal moist         | 0            | 75000 ± 75% | 52468 ± 90%  | 0         | 17500 ± 75% | 2400 ± 75% | 62900 ± 90%    | 0           | 0           | 0           | 42036 ± 90%       | 0           | 0                      | 20700 ± 50% | 0           | 0                | 0     |\n| Boreal dry           | 0            | 75000 ± 75% | 60235 ± 90%  | 0         | 17500 ± 75% | 2400 ± 75% | 83950 ± 90%    | 0           | 0           | 0           | 36519 ± 90%       | 0           | 0                      | 20700 ± 50% | 0           | 0                | 0     |\n| Tropical montane     | 0            | 75000 ± 75% | 141509 ± 90% | 0         | 17500 ± 75% | 2400 ± 75% | 200540 ± 90%   | 60000 ± 41% | 26666 ± 75% | 26666 ± 75% | 82478 ± 90%       | 80200 ± 15% | 26666 ± 75%            | 20700 ± 50% | 26666 ± 75% | 26666 ± 75%      | 0     |\n| Tropical wet         | 0            | 75000 ± 75% | 248616 ± 90% | 0         | 17500 ± 75% | 2400 ± 75% | 266030 ± 90%   | 60000 ± 41% | 50000 ± 75% | 50000 ± 75% | 231201 ± 90%      | 80200 ± 15% | 50000 ± 75%            | 20700 ± 50% | 50000 ± 75% | 50000 ± 75%      | 0     |\n| Tropical moist       | 0            | 75000 ± 75% | 166465 ± 90% | 0         | 17500 ± 75% | 2400 ± 75% | 138889 ± 90%   | 60000 ± 41% | 21000 ± 75% | 21000 ± 75% | 194040 ± 90%      | 80200 ± 15% | 21000 ± 75%            | 20700 ± 50% | 21000 ± 75% | 21000 ± 75%      | 0     |\n| Tropical dry         | 0            | 75000 ± 75% | 67316 ± 90%  | 0         | 17500 ± 75% | 2400 ± 75% | 76139 ± 90%    | 60000 ± 41% | 9000 ± 75%  | 9000 ± 75%  | 58493 ± 90%       | 80200 ± 15% | 9000 ± 75%             | 20700 ± 50% | 9000 ± 75%  | 9000 ± 75%       | 0     |\n\nUsing the % area covered by each `BiomassCategory`, a weighted average of the above model factors is used to calculate the equilibrium for the [Site](/schema/Site).\n\n### Step 3. Interpolating between above ground biomass equilibriums\n\nStarting from the earliest year in the inventory, we can then interpolate linearly between above ground biomass equilibrium values following changes in land cover:\n\n$AGB_{0+T} = AGB_{0} + \\frac{min(T, 20)}{20}(AGB_{eq} - AGB_{0})$\n\nWhere:\n\n- $AGB_{0+T}$ = the above ground biomass stock $T$ years after the most recent land-cover change, kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>.\n- $AGB_{0}$ = the above ground biomass stock when the land-cover change occurred, kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>.\n- $AGB_{eq}$ = the above ground biomass equilibrium for the [Site](/schema/Site) under the most recent land cover regime, kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>.\n- $T$ = the number of years since the most recent land-cover change event, yr.\n\nIf $T>20$, it is capped to twenty as annual above ground biomass stock changes are assumed to be negligible after the $AGB_{eq}$ has been reached for as long as land cover remains consistent.\n\nRow-wise means (and other descriptive statistics) are calculated to provide the final results of the model.\n\n## Re-calculation of model factors\n\nAbove ground biomass carbon stock equilibriums for specific crops and crop group/geographic region pairings are provided in the IPCC (2006) report, the IPCC (2019) report and the European Commission (2010) guidelines.\n\nThe values provided by the European Commission guidelines do not provide descriptive statistics nor sources; therefore, these values should be used with caution. Nominal error estimates of 75% have been added to EC emission factors in line with the IPCC emission factors.\n\nForest equilibrium factors have been recalculated per eco-climate zone using a weighted average of land area under each climate zone. A nominal error estimate of 90% has been added to these recalculated factors, in line with the IPCC recommendations.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"collapsibles\">\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Returns</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li>A list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement\">Measurements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/aboveGroundBiomass\">aboveGroundBiomass</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#method\">method</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/ipcc2019\">ipcc2019</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#value\">value</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#sd\">sd</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#min\">min</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#max\">max</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#statsDefinition\">statsDefinition</a> with <code>simulated</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#observations\">observations</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#dates\">dates</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#methodClassification\">methodClassification</a> with <code>tier 1 model</code></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Requirements</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li>A <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site\">Site</a> with:<ul>\n<li>a <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#siteType\">siteType</a> = <code>forest</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>other natural vegetation</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>cropland</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>glass or high accessible cover</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>permanent pasture</code></li>\n<li>a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#management\">managements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=landCover\">landCover</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and optional:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#measurements\">measurements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#value\">value</a> with <code>1</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>2</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>3</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>4</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>7</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>8</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>9</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>10</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>11</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>12</code> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/ecoClimateZone\">ecoClimateZone</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>none of:<ul>\n<li>a <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#siteType\">siteType</a> = <code>glass or high accessible cover</code></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Lookups used</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/landCover.csv\">landCover.csv</a> -&gt; <code>BIOMASS_CATEGORY</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/ecoClimateZone.csv\">ecoClimateZone.csv</a> -&gt; <code>AG_BIOMASS_EQUILIBRIUM_KG_C_HECTARE_ANNUAL_CROPS</code>; <code>AG_BIOMASS_EQUILIBRIUM_KG_C_HECTARE_COCONUT</code>; <code>AG_BIOMASS_EQUILIBRIUM_KG_C_HECTARE_FOREST</code>; <code>AG_BIOMASS_EQUILIBRIUM_KG_C_HECTARE_GRASSLAND</code>; <code>AG_BIOMASS_EQUILIBRIUM_KG_C_HECTARE_JATROPHA</code>; <code>AG_BIOMASS_EQUILIBRIUM_KG_C_HECTARE_JOJOBA</code>; <code>AG_BIOMASS_EQUILIBRIUM_KG_C_HECTARE_NATURAL_FOREST</code>; <code>AG_BIOMASS_EQUILIBRIUM_KG_C_HECTARE_OIL_PALM</code>; <code>AG_BIOMASS_EQUILIBRIUM_KG_C_HECTARE_OLIVE</code>; <code>AG_BIOMASS_EQUILIBRIUM_KG_C_HECTARE_ORCHARD</code>; <code>AG_BIOMASS_EQUILIBRIUM_KG_C_HECTARE_PLANTATION_FOREST</code>; <code>AG_BIOMASS_EQUILIBRIUM_KG_C_HECTARE_RUBBER</code>; <code>AG_BIOMASS_EQUILIBRIUM_KG_C_HECTARE_SHORT_ROTATION_COPPICE</code>; <code>AG_BIOMASS_EQUILIBRIUM_KG_C_HECTARE_TEA</code>; <code>AG_BIOMASS_EQUILIBRIUM_KG_C_HECTARE_VINE</code>; <code>AG_BIOMASS_EQUILIBRIUM_KG_C_HECTARE_WOODY_PERENNIAL</code>; <code>AG_BIOMASS_EQUILIBRIUM_KG_C_HECTARE_OTHER</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/measurement.csv\">measurement.csv</a> -&gt; <code>siteTypesAllowed</code></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  \n</div>"}
+{"tags":{"author":["Florian Payen"],"contributor":["Guillaume Royer"],"group":["Site: Measurements"],"subgroup":["Land Use Change"],"tab":["IPCC (2019)"],"citation":["Payen, F. (2025) Above ground biomass modelling on HESTIA."],"modelId":["aboveGroundBiomass"],"modelRequires":["ecoClimateZone"]},"content":"# Above ground biomass\n\n## Overview\n\nThis model estimates the above ground biomass stocks (kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>) based on changes in land cover over time.\n\nThe IPCC Tier 1 methodology is suitable for modelling changes in above ground biomass for woody perennial crops and forests only. Land covers are assigned a `BiomassCategory`, which have an associated above ground biomass stock equilibrium (kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>). This equilibrium represents the stock of carbon stored in above ground biomass per hectare of mature vegetation.\n\nIt is assumed that above ground biomass does not accumulate on annual croplands and grasslands. These `BiomassCategory`s are assigned an above ground biomass stock equilibrium of 0 kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>. It is important to note that biomass does expand on these areas - otherwise, grasslands would not have grass and croplands would not have crops! - but it is not considered stable enough to meaningfully remove CO<sub>2</sub> from the atmosphere. This biomass is accounted for in the crop/forage yield and crop residues. Crop residues left on field become an input for the Tier 2 `organicCarbonPerHa` model, where they act as a carbon source for changes in soil organic carbon stocks.\n\nLand cover changes can he attributed to:\n\n- land-use change (changing from one land-use category to another, _e.g._, from perennial crops to pasture),\n- or management change (changing type of land cover within the same land-use category, _e.g._, from peach trees to grapevines, which are both perennial crops).\n\nDuring a land-cover change, it is assumed that 100% of the above ground biomass is lost. Then, the biomass of the new land cover gradually expands (based on the growth rate of the species) until it reaches the new equilibrium. This is the basis for the gain-loss method. However, we use the stock-difference method to account for above ground biomass stock changes. This approach amortises stock changes by transitioning linearly between above ground biomass stock equilibriums over a fixed transition period of 20 years. More information about these methods can be found below.\n\nThe model is run as a Monte Carlo simulation with 10,000 iterations. Model result values are the row-wise `mean` of simulation results. See our guide on [Monte Carlo simulation](/guide/models-applying-models-monte-carlo) for more information.\n\n## How the model works\n\nThe model works by constructing an annual inventory of land cover change. Following a land cover change event, the [Site](/schema/Site) begins a 20-year transition from an initial above ground biomass stock to a new above ground biomass stock. If another land cover change event occurs during or after the 20-year transition period, a new transition begins.\n\n**Illustration of gain-loss vs. stock-difference methods**\n\n![Comparison of gain-loss vs. stock-difference methods](/assets/biomass-methodComparison.jpg)\n\nThe Tier 1 approach considers that CO<sub>2</sub> emissions due to biomass stock changes following a land use change (_i.e._, a change in value in the `IPCC_LAND_USE_CATEGORY` lookup) should be categorised as such for 20 years, after which they become emissions due to management change (for as long as there is no subsequent land use changes). This is illustrated in the graphic above.\n\nThe gain-loss method assumes that upon a land use change the biomass of the previous land cover is lost (and emitted as CO<sub>2</sub>) on 1st January of the year of conversion. Then the biomass stock progressively increases until it reaches the biomass equilibrium of the new land cover. This is when the crop reaches maturity. The basic timeline for this is 20 years (like for SOC stock modelling), but the IPCC does suggest different maturity rates for different types of perennials and forests.\n\nThe stock-difference method ammortises the loss or gain of biomass stocks throughout the following 20 years by linearly interpolating between the biomass equilibriums of the start and end land covers. There is no specific \"loss\" event where the stock drops to zero before rebuilding, rather a gradual transition between equilibriums.\n\nAfter 20 years of stable land cover, both methods resolve to the same biomass stocks and biomass stock change emissions.\n\nFor V1, the HESTIA team have chosen to implement the stock-difference method. It ensures that [Cycles](/schema/Cycle) following a land use change \"share\" the environmental impacts of land-use changes rather than just the first [Cycle](/schema/Cycle), and it aligns methods with the `ipcc2019.organicCarbonPerHa` (Tier 1) model, making the modelling approach more consistent between the two models.\n\n### Step 1. Detecting land-cover change events\n\nAn annual inventory of land cover is constructed by grouping the [Site](/schema/Site)'s `landCover` [Management](/schema/Management) nodes. `landCover` nodes with cover crop [Properties](/schema/Property) (`coverCrop`, `catchCrop`, `shortfallowCrop` and `coverCrop`) are excluded.\n\nFor each year in the inventory, a land cover summary is calculated by aggregating `landCover` node values with the same `term.@id`. Each year's summary is compared with that of the year prior to determine whether a land-cover change event has occurred. A gain or loss of 1 m<sup>2</sup> ha<sup>-1</sup> by any `landCover` is considered a land cover change event.\n\n1. If a land-use change has occurred, a new 20-year transition period starts.\n2. If no land-use change has occurred, the current transition period continues or, if it is finished, the stock remains at equilibrium.\n\nThe number of years elapsed since the most recent land cover change event are calculated for each calendar year - this value will be used as the blend value for linear interpolation later.\n\nMissing years in the inventory are back-filled with data from the next inventory year. In practice, this means that if there is any ambiguity about when exactly a land-cover change event occurred (_e.g._, if the `landCover` data is in 5-year intervals), we assume it happened at the earliest possible point in time. This aligns with the IPCC (2019) example calculations.\n\n### Step 2. Calculating above ground biomass equilibriums\n\nFor each year in the inventory, a biomass category summary is calculated by aggregating `landCover` node values by IPCC `BiomassCategory`. This summary is used to estimate the above ground biomass equilibrium, which describes the stable amount of woody biomass the [Site](/schema/Site) would have if the `landCover` remained consistent for 20 years.\n\n| Eco-climate Zone     | Annual crops | Coconut     | Forest       | Grassland | Jatropha    | Jojoba     | Natural forest | Oil pal     | Olive       | Orchard     | Plantation forest | Rubber      | Short rotation coppice | Tea         | Vine        | Woody perennials | Other |\n| -------------------- | ------------ | ----------- | ------------ | --------- | ----------- | ---------- | -------------- | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | ----------------- | ----------- | ---------------------- | ----------- | ----------- | ---------------- | ----- |\n| Warm temperate moist | 0            | 75000 ± 75% | 130767 ± 90% | 0         | 17500 ± 75% | 2400 ± 75% | 150322 ± 90%   | 60000 ± 75% | 9100 ± 15%  | 8500 ± 19%  | 111212 ± 90%      | 63000 ± 75% | 12690 ± 40%            | 20700 ± 50% | 5500 ± 18%  | 63000 ± 75%      | 0     |\n| Warm temperate dry   | 0            | 75000 ± 75% | 80080 ± 90%  | 0         | 17500 ± 75% | 2400 ± 75% | 76100 ± 90%    | 60000 ± 75% | 9100 ± 15%  | 8500 ± 19%  | 84059 ± 90%       | 63000 ± 75% | 12690 ± 40%            | 20700 ± 50% | 5500 ± 18%  | 63000 ± 75%      | 0     |\n| Cool temperate moist | 0            | 75000 ± 75% | 161742 ± 90% | 0         | 17500 ± 75% | 2400 ± 75% | 181739 ± 90%   | 60000 ± 75% | 9100 ± 15%  | 8500 ± 19%  | 141745 ± 90%      | 63000 ± 75% | 12690 ± 40%            | 20700 ± 50% | 5500 ± 18%  | 63000 ± 75%      | 0     |\n| Cool temperate dry   | 0            | 75000 ± 75% | 129532 ± 90% | 0         | 17500 ± 75% | 2400 ± 75% | 145952 ± 90%   | 60000 ± 75% | 9100 ± 15%  | 8500 ± 19%  | 113112 ± 90%      | 63000 ± 75% | 12690 ± 40%            | 20700 ± 50% | 5500 ± 18%  | 63000 ± 75%      | 0     |\n| Boreal moist         | 0            | 75000 ± 75% | 52468 ± 90%  | 0         | 17500 ± 75% | 2400 ± 75% | 62900 ± 90%    | 0           | 0           | 0           | 42036 ± 90%       | 0           | 0                      | 20700 ± 50% | 0           | 0                | 0     |\n| Boreal dry           | 0            | 75000 ± 75% | 60235 ± 90%  | 0         | 17500 ± 75% | 2400 ± 75% | 83950 ± 90%    | 0           | 0           | 0           | 36519 ± 90%       | 0           | 0                      | 20700 ± 50% | 0           | 0                | 0     |\n| Tropical montane     | 0            | 75000 ± 75% | 141509 ± 90% | 0         | 17500 ± 75% | 2400 ± 75% | 200540 ± 90%   | 60000 ± 41% | 26666 ± 75% | 26666 ± 75% | 82478 ± 90%       | 80200 ± 15% | 26666 ± 75%            | 20700 ± 50% | 26666 ± 75% | 26666 ± 75%      | 0     |\n| Tropical wet         | 0            | 75000 ± 75% | 248616 ± 90% | 0         | 17500 ± 75% | 2400 ± 75% | 266030 ± 90%   | 60000 ± 41% | 50000 ± 75% | 50000 ± 75% | 231201 ± 90%      | 80200 ± 15% | 50000 ± 75%            | 20700 ± 50% | 50000 ± 75% | 50000 ± 75%      | 0     |\n| Tropical moist       | 0            | 75000 ± 75% | 166465 ± 90% | 0         | 17500 ± 75% | 2400 ± 75% | 138889 ± 90%   | 60000 ± 41% | 21000 ± 75% | 21000 ± 75% | 194040 ± 90%      | 80200 ± 15% | 21000 ± 75%            | 20700 ± 50% | 21000 ± 75% | 21000 ± 75%      | 0     |\n| Tropical dry         | 0            | 75000 ± 75% | 67316 ± 90%  | 0         | 17500 ± 75% | 2400 ± 75% | 76139 ± 90%    | 60000 ± 41% | 9000 ± 75%  | 9000 ± 75%  | 58493 ± 90%       | 80200 ± 15% | 9000 ± 75%             | 20700 ± 50% | 9000 ± 75%  | 9000 ± 75%       | 0     |\n\nUsing the % area covered by each `BiomassCategory`, a weighted average of the above model factors is used to calculate the equilibrium for the [Site](/schema/Site).\n\n### Step 3. Interpolating between above ground biomass equilibriums\n\nStarting from the earliest year in the inventory, we can then interpolate linearly between above ground biomass equilibrium values following changes in land cover:\n\n$AGB_{0+T} = AGB_{0} + \\frac{min(T, 20)}{20}(AGB_{eq} - AGB_{0})$\n\nWhere:\n\n- $AGB_{0+T}$ = the above ground biomass stock $T$ years after the most recent land-cover change, kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>.\n- $AGB_{0}$ = the above ground biomass stock when the land-cover change occurred, kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>.\n- $AGB_{eq}$ = the above ground biomass equilibrium for the [Site](/schema/Site) under the most recent land cover regime, kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>.\n- $T$ = the number of years since the most recent land-cover change event, yr.\n\nIf $T>20$, it is capped to twenty as annual above ground biomass stock changes are assumed to be negligible after the $AGB_{eq}$ has been reached for as long as land cover remains consistent.\n\nRow-wise means (and other descriptive statistics) are calculated to provide the final results of the model.\n\n## Re-calculation of model factors\n\nAbove ground biomass carbon stock equilibriums for specific crops and crop group/geographic region pairings are provided in the IPCC (2006) report, the IPCC (2019) report and the European Commission (2010) guidelines.\n\nThe values provided by the European Commission guidelines do not provide descriptive statistics nor sources; therefore, these values should be used with caution. Nominal error estimates of 75% have been added to EC emission factors in line with the IPCC emission factors.\n\nForest equilibrium factors have been recalculated per eco-climate zone using a weighted average of land area under each climate zone. A nominal error estimate of 90% has been added to these recalculated factors, in line with the IPCC recommendations.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"collapsibles\">\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Returns</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li>A list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement\">Measurements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/aboveGroundBiomass\">aboveGroundBiomass</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#method\">method</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/ipcc2019\">ipcc2019</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#value\">value</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#sd\">sd</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#min\">min</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#max\">max</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#statsDefinition\">statsDefinition</a> with <code>simulated</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#observations\">observations</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#dates\">dates</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#methodClassification\">methodClassification</a> with <code>tier 1 model</code></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Requirements</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li>A <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site\">Site</a> with:<ul>\n<li>a <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#siteType\">siteType</a> = <code>forest</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>other natural vegetation</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>cropland</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>glass or high accessible cover</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>permanent pasture</code></li>\n<li>a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#management\">managements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=landCover\">landCover</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and optional:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#measurements\">measurements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#value\">value</a> with <code>1</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>2</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>3</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>4</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>7</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>8</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>9</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>10</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>11</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>12</code> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/ecoClimateZone\">ecoClimateZone</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>none of:<ul>\n<li>a <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#siteType\">siteType</a> = <code>glass or high accessible cover</code></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Lookups used</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/landCover.csv\">landCover.csv</a> -&gt; <code>BIOMASS_CATEGORY</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/ecoClimateZone.csv\">ecoClimateZone.csv</a> -&gt; <code>AG_BIOMASS_EQUILIBRIUM_KG_C_HECTARE_ANNUAL_CROPS</code>; <code>AG_BIOMASS_EQUILIBRIUM_KG_C_HECTARE_COCONUT</code>; <code>AG_BIOMASS_EQUILIBRIUM_KG_C_HECTARE_FOREST</code>; <code>AG_BIOMASS_EQUILIBRIUM_KG_C_HECTARE_GRASSLAND</code>; <code>AG_BIOMASS_EQUILIBRIUM_KG_C_HECTARE_JATROPHA</code>; <code>AG_BIOMASS_EQUILIBRIUM_KG_C_HECTARE_JOJOBA</code>; <code>AG_BIOMASS_EQUILIBRIUM_KG_C_HECTARE_NATURAL_FOREST</code>; <code>AG_BIOMASS_EQUILIBRIUM_KG_C_HECTARE_OIL_PALM</code>; <code>AG_BIOMASS_EQUILIBRIUM_KG_C_HECTARE_OLIVE</code>; <code>AG_BIOMASS_EQUILIBRIUM_KG_C_HECTARE_ORCHARD</code>; <code>AG_BIOMASS_EQUILIBRIUM_KG_C_HECTARE_PLANTATION_FOREST</code>; <code>AG_BIOMASS_EQUILIBRIUM_KG_C_HECTARE_RUBBER</code>; <code>AG_BIOMASS_EQUILIBRIUM_KG_C_HECTARE_SHORT_ROTATION_COPPICE</code>; <code>AG_BIOMASS_EQUILIBRIUM_KG_C_HECTARE_TEA</code>; <code>AG_BIOMASS_EQUILIBRIUM_KG_C_HECTARE_VINE</code>; <code>AG_BIOMASS_EQUILIBRIUM_KG_C_HECTARE_WOODY_PERENNIAL</code>; <code>AG_BIOMASS_EQUILIBRIUM_KG_C_HECTARE_OTHER</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/measurement.csv\">measurement.csv</a> -&gt; <code>siteTypesAllowed</code></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  \n</div>"}

package/dist/content/models/siteMeasurements/landUseChange/belowGroundBiomass/content.json

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"tags":{"author":["Florian Payen"],"contributor":["Guillaume Royer"],"group":["Site: Measurements"],"subgroup":["Land Use Change"],"tab":["IPCC (2019)"],"citation":["Payen, F. (2025) Below ground biomass modelling on HESTIA."]},"content":"# Below ground biomass\n\n## Overview\n\nThis model estimates the below ground biomass stocks (kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>) based on changes in land cover over time.\n\nThe IPCC Tier 1 methodology is suitable for modelling changes in below ground biomass for forests only. Land covers are assigned a `BiomassCategory`, which have an associated below ground biomass equilibrium (kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>). This equilibrium represents the stock of carbon stored in below ground biomass per hectare of mature vegetation. These equilibrium values are pre-computed per forest `BiomassCategory` by multiplying the above ground biomass equilibrium by the ratio of above ground to below ground biomass.\n\nIt is assumed that below ground biomass does not accumulate on annual croplands and grasslands. Woody perennial crops are assumed to accumulate below ground biomass, but no above ground to below ground biomass ratios are currently available for these `BiomassCategory`s. These categories are assigned a below ground biomass stock equilibrium of 0 kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>. It is important to note that biomass does expand on these areas; however, it is not considered stable enough to meaningfully remove CO<sub>2</sub> from the atmosphere.\n\nLand cover changes can he attributed to:\n\n- land-use change (changing from one land-use category to another, _e.g._, from natural forest to pasture),\n- or management change (changing type of land cover within the same land-use category, _e.g._, from natural forest to plantation forest).\n\nDuring a land-cover change, it is assumed that 100% of the below ground biomass is lost. Then, the biomass of the new land cover gradually expands (based on the growth rate of the species) until it reaches the new equilibrium. This is the basis for the gain-loss method. However, we use the stock-difference method to account for below ground biomass stock changes. This approach amortises stock changes by transitioning linearly between below ground biomass stock equilibriums over a fixed transition period of 20 years. More information about these methods can be found below.\n\nThe model is run as a Monte Carlo simulation with 10,000 iterations. Model result values are the row-wise `mean` of simulation results. See our guide on [Monte Carlo simulation](/guide/applying-models-monte-carlo) for more information.\n\n## How the model works\n\nThe model works by constructing an annual inventory of land cover change. Following a land cover change event, the Site begins a 20-year transition from an initial below ground biomass stock to a new below ground biomass stock. If another land cover change event occurs during or after the 20-year transition period, a new transition begins.\n\n**Illustration of gain-loss vs. stock-difference methods**\n\n![Comparison of gain-loss vs. stock-difference methods](/assets/biomass-methodComparison.jpg)\n\nThe Tier 1 approach considers that CO<sub>2</sub> emissions due to biomass stock changes following a land use change (_i.e._, a change in value in the `IPCC_LAND_USE_CATEGORY` lookup) should be categorised as such for 20 years, after which they become emissions due to management change (for as long as there is no subsequent land use changes). This is illustrated in the graphic above. _n.b._, The visualisation refers to the above ground biomass stock of perennial crops rather than below ground biomass; however, the method of allocation is the same for both types of biomass.\n\nThe gain-loss method assumes that upon a land use change the biomass of the previous land cover is lost (and emitted as CO<sub>2</sub>) on 1st January of the year of conversion. Then the biomass stock progressively increases until it reaches the biomass equilibrium of the new land cover. This is when the crop reaches maturity. The basic timeline for this is 20 years (like for SOC stock modelling), but the IPCC does suggest different maturity rates for different types of perennials and forests.\n\nThe stock-difference method ammortises the loss or gain of biomass stocks throughout the following 20 years by linearly interpolating between the biomass equilibriums of the start and end land covers. There is no specific \"loss\" event where the stock drops to zero before rebuilding, rather a gradual transition between equilibriums.\n\nAfter 20 years of stable land cover, both methods resolve to the same biomass stocks and biomass stock change emissions.\n\nFor V1, the HESTIA team have chosen to implement the stock-difference method. It ensures that [Cycles](/schema/Cycle) following a land use change \"share\" the environmental impacts of land-use changes rather than just the first [Cycle](/schema/Cycle), and it aligns methods with the `ipcc2019.organicCarbonPerHa` (Tier 1) model, making the modelling approach more consistent between the two models.\n\n### Step 1. Detecting land-cover change events\n\nAn annual inventory of land cover is constructed by grouping the [Site](/schema/Site)'s `landCover` [Management](/schema/Management) nodes. `landCover` nodes with cover crop [Properties](/schema/Property) (`coverCrop`, `catchCrop`, `shortfallowCrop` and `coverCrop`) are excluded.\n\nFor each year in the inventory, a biomass category summary is calculated by aggregating `landCover` node values by IPCC `BiomassCategory`. Each year's summary is compared with that of the year prior to determine whether a land-cover change event has occurred. A gain or loss of 1 m<sup>2</sup> ha<sup>-1</sup> by any `landCover` is considered a land-cover change event.\n\n1. If a land-use change has occurred, a new 20-year transition period starts.\n2. If no land-use change has occurred, the current transition period continues or, if it is finished, the stock remains at equilibrium.\n\nThe number of years elapsed since the most recent land-cover change event are calculated for each calendar year - this value will be used as the blend value for linear interpolation later.\n\nMissing years in the inventory are back-filled with data from the next inventory year. In practice, this means that if there is any ambiguity about when exactly a land-cover change event occurred (_e.g._, if the `landCover` data is in 5-year intervals), we assume it happened at the earliest possible point in time. This aligns with the IPCC (2019) example calculations.\n\n### Step 2. Calculating below ground biomass equilibriums\n\nFor each year, the biomass category summary (calculated in step 1) is used to estimate the below ground biomass equilibrium, which describes the stable amount of biomass the [Site](/schema/Site) would have if the `landCover` remained consistent for 20 years.\n\n| Eco-climate zone     | Forest      | Natural forest | Plantation forest | Other |\n| -------------------- | ----------- | -------------- | ----------------- | ----- |\n| Warm Temperate Moist | 30813 ± 90% | 36483 ± 90%    | 25121 ± 90%       | 0     |\n| Warm Temperate Dry   | 83622 ± 90% | 47231 ± 90%    | 163682 ± 90%      | 0     |\n| Cool Temperate Moist | 48973 ± 90% | 50609 ± 90%    | 40686 ± 90%       | 0     |\n| Cool Temperate Dry   | 31869 ± 90% | 35202 ± 90%    | 28855 ± 90%       | 0     |\n| Boreal Moist         | 19125 ± 90% | 21375 ± 90%    | 16138 ± 90%       | 0     |\n| Boreal Dry           | 20844 ± 90% | 25265 ± 90%    | 14190 ± 90%       | 0     |\n| Tropical Montane     | 68601 ± 90% | 64285 ± 90%    | 158864 ± 90%      | 0     |\n| Tropical Wet         | 58154 ± 90% | 65488 ± 90%    | 41245 ± 90%       | 0     |\n| Tropical Moist       | 43680 ± 90% | 36715 ± 90%    | 50682 ± 90%       | 0     |\n| Tropical Dry         | 24146 ± 90% | 27388 ± 90%    | 20953 ± 90%       | 0     |\n\nUsing the % area covered by each `BiomassCategory`, a weighted average of the above model factors is used to calculate the equilibrium for the [Site](/schema/Site).\n\n### Step 3. Interpolating between below ground biomass equilibriums\n\nStarting from the earliest year in the inventory, we can then interpolate linearly between below ground biomass equilibrium values following changes in land cover:\n\n$BGB_{0+T} = BGB_{0} + \\frac{min(T, 20)}{20}(BGB_{eq} - BGB_{0})$\n\nWhere:\n\n- $BGB_{0+T}$ = the below ground biomass stock $T$ years after the most recent land-cover change, kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>.\n- $BGB_{0}$ = the below ground biomass stock when the land-cover change occurred, kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>.\n- $BGB_{eq}$ = the below ground biomass equilibrium for the [Site](/schema/Site) under the most recent land cover regime, kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>.\n- $T$ = the number of years since the most recent land-cover change event, yr.\n\nIf $T>20$, it is capped to twenty as annual below ground biomass stock changes are assumed to be negligible after the $BGB_{eq}$ has been reached for as long as land cover remains consistent.\n\nRow-wise means (and other descriptive statistics) are calculated to provide the final results of the model.\n\n## Re-calculation of model factors\n\nAbove ground biomass carbon stock equilibriums and above ground biomass to below ground biomass ratios for specific crops and crop group/geographic region pairings are provided in the IPCC (2006) report, the IPCC (2019) report and the European Commission (2010) guidelines.\n\nThe values provided by the European Commission guidelines do not provide descriptive statistics nor sources; therefore, these values should be used with caution. Nominal error estimates of 75% have been added to EC emission factors in line with the IPCC emission factors.\n\nForest equilibrium factors have been recalculated per eco-climate zone using a weighted average of land area under each climate zone and the ratio of above ground to below ground biomass. A nominal error estimate of 90% has been added to these recalculated factors, in line with the IPCC recommendations.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"}
+{"tags":{"author":["Florian Payen"],"contributor":["Guillaume Royer"],"group":["Site: Measurements"],"subgroup":["Land Use Change"],"tab":["IPCC (2019)"],"citation":["Payen, F. (2025) Below ground biomass modelling on HESTIA."]},"content":"# Below ground biomass\n\n## Overview\n\nThis model estimates the below ground biomass stocks (kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>) based on changes in land cover over time.\n\nThe IPCC Tier 1 methodology is suitable for modelling changes in below ground biomass for forests only. Land covers are assigned a `BiomassCategory`, which have an associated below ground biomass equilibrium (kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>). This equilibrium represents the stock of carbon stored in below ground biomass per hectare of mature vegetation. These equilibrium values are pre-computed per forest `BiomassCategory` by multiplying the above ground biomass equilibrium by the ratio of above ground to below ground biomass.\n\nIt is assumed that below ground biomass does not accumulate on annual croplands and grasslands. Woody perennial crops are assumed to accumulate below ground biomass, but no above ground to below ground biomass ratios are currently available for these `BiomassCategory`s. These categories are assigned a below ground biomass stock equilibrium of 0 kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>. It is important to note that biomass does expand on these areas; however, it is not considered stable enough to meaningfully remove CO<sub>2</sub> from the atmosphere.\n\nLand cover changes can he attributed to:\n\n- land-use change (changing from one land-use category to another, _e.g._, from natural forest to pasture),\n- or management change (changing type of land cover within the same land-use category, _e.g._, from natural forest to plantation forest).\n\nDuring a land-cover change, it is assumed that 100% of the below ground biomass is lost. Then, the biomass of the new land cover gradually expands (based on the growth rate of the species) until it reaches the new equilibrium. This is the basis for the gain-loss method. However, we use the stock-difference method to account for below ground biomass stock changes. This approach amortises stock changes by transitioning linearly between below ground biomass stock equilibriums over a fixed transition period of 20 years. More information about these methods can be found below.\n\nThe model is run as a Monte Carlo simulation with 10,000 iterations. Model result values are the row-wise `mean` of simulation results. See our guide on [Monte Carlo simulation](/guide/models-applying-models-monte-carlo) for more information.\n\n## How the model works\n\nThe model works by constructing an annual inventory of land cover change. Following a land cover change event, the Site begins a 20-year transition from an initial below ground biomass stock to a new below ground biomass stock. If another land cover change event occurs during or after the 20-year transition period, a new transition begins.\n\n**Illustration of gain-loss vs. stock-difference methods**\n\n![Comparison of gain-loss vs. stock-difference methods](/assets/biomass-methodComparison.jpg)\n\nThe Tier 1 approach considers that CO<sub>2</sub> emissions due to biomass stock changes following a land use change (_i.e._, a change in value in the `IPCC_LAND_USE_CATEGORY` lookup) should be categorised as such for 20 years, after which they become emissions due to management change (for as long as there is no subsequent land use changes). This is illustrated in the graphic above. _n.b._, The visualisation refers to the above ground biomass stock of perennial crops rather than below ground biomass; however, the method of allocation is the same for both types of biomass.\n\nThe gain-loss method assumes that upon a land use change the biomass of the previous land cover is lost (and emitted as CO<sub>2</sub>) on 1st January of the year of conversion. Then the biomass stock progressively increases until it reaches the biomass equilibrium of the new land cover. This is when the crop reaches maturity. The basic timeline for this is 20 years (like for SOC stock modelling), but the IPCC does suggest different maturity rates for different types of perennials and forests.\n\nThe stock-difference method ammortises the loss or gain of biomass stocks throughout the following 20 years by linearly interpolating between the biomass equilibriums of the start and end land covers. There is no specific \"loss\" event where the stock drops to zero before rebuilding, rather a gradual transition between equilibriums.\n\nAfter 20 years of stable land cover, both methods resolve to the same biomass stocks and biomass stock change emissions.\n\nFor V1, the HESTIA team have chosen to implement the stock-difference method. It ensures that [Cycles](/schema/Cycle) following a land use change \"share\" the environmental impacts of land-use changes rather than just the first [Cycle](/schema/Cycle), and it aligns methods with the `ipcc2019.organicCarbonPerHa` (Tier 1) model, making the modelling approach more consistent between the two models.\n\n### Step 1. Detecting land-cover change events\n\nAn annual inventory of land cover is constructed by grouping the [Site](/schema/Site)'s `landCover` [Management](/schema/Management) nodes. `landCover` nodes with cover crop [Properties](/schema/Property) (`coverCrop`, `catchCrop`, `shortfallowCrop` and `coverCrop`) are excluded.\n\nFor each year in the inventory, a biomass category summary is calculated by aggregating `landCover` node values by IPCC `BiomassCategory`. Each year's summary is compared with that of the year prior to determine whether a land-cover change event has occurred. A gain or loss of 1 m<sup>2</sup> ha<sup>-1</sup> by any `landCover` is considered a land-cover change event.\n\n1. If a land-use change has occurred, a new 20-year transition period starts.\n2. If no land-use change has occurred, the current transition period continues or, if it is finished, the stock remains at equilibrium.\n\nThe number of years elapsed since the most recent land-cover change event are calculated for each calendar year - this value will be used as the blend value for linear interpolation later.\n\nMissing years in the inventory are back-filled with data from the next inventory year. In practice, this means that if there is any ambiguity about when exactly a land-cover change event occurred (_e.g._, if the `landCover` data is in 5-year intervals), we assume it happened at the earliest possible point in time. This aligns with the IPCC (2019) example calculations.\n\n### Step 2. Calculating below ground biomass equilibriums\n\nFor each year, the biomass category summary (calculated in step 1) is used to estimate the below ground biomass equilibrium, which describes the stable amount of biomass the [Site](/schema/Site) would have if the `landCover` remained consistent for 20 years.\n\n| Eco-climate zone     | Forest      | Natural forest | Plantation forest | Other |\n| -------------------- | ----------- | -------------- | ----------------- | ----- |\n| Warm Temperate Moist | 30813 ± 90% | 36483 ± 90%    | 25121 ± 90%       | 0     |\n| Warm Temperate Dry   | 83622 ± 90% | 47231 ± 90%    | 163682 ± 90%      | 0     |\n| Cool Temperate Moist | 48973 ± 90% | 50609 ± 90%    | 40686 ± 90%       | 0     |\n| Cool Temperate Dry   | 31869 ± 90% | 35202 ± 90%    | 28855 ± 90%       | 0     |\n| Boreal Moist         | 19125 ± 90% | 21375 ± 90%    | 16138 ± 90%       | 0     |\n| Boreal Dry           | 20844 ± 90% | 25265 ± 90%    | 14190 ± 90%       | 0     |\n| Tropical Montane     | 68601 ± 90% | 64285 ± 90%    | 158864 ± 90%      | 0     |\n| Tropical Wet         | 58154 ± 90% | 65488 ± 90%    | 41245 ± 90%       | 0     |\n| Tropical Moist       | 43680 ± 90% | 36715 ± 90%    | 50682 ± 90%       | 0     |\n| Tropical Dry         | 24146 ± 90% | 27388 ± 90%    | 20953 ± 90%       | 0     |\n\nUsing the % area covered by each `BiomassCategory`, a weighted average of the above model factors is used to calculate the equilibrium for the [Site](/schema/Site).\n\n### Step 3. Interpolating between below ground biomass equilibriums\n\nStarting from the earliest year in the inventory, we can then interpolate linearly between below ground biomass equilibrium values following changes in land cover:\n\n$BGB_{0+T} = BGB_{0} + \\frac{min(T, 20)}{20}(BGB_{eq} - BGB_{0})$\n\nWhere:\n\n- $BGB_{0+T}$ = the below ground biomass stock $T$ years after the most recent land-cover change, kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>.\n- $BGB_{0}$ = the below ground biomass stock when the land-cover change occurred, kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>.\n- $BGB_{eq}$ = the below ground biomass equilibrium for the [Site](/schema/Site) under the most recent land cover regime, kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>.\n- $T$ = the number of years since the most recent land-cover change event, yr.\n\nIf $T>20$, it is capped to twenty as annual below ground biomass stock changes are assumed to be negligible after the $BGB_{eq}$ has been reached for as long as land cover remains consistent.\n\nRow-wise means (and other descriptive statistics) are calculated to provide the final results of the model.\n\n## Re-calculation of model factors\n\nAbove ground biomass carbon stock equilibriums and above ground biomass to below ground biomass ratios for specific crops and crop group/geographic region pairings are provided in the IPCC (2006) report, the IPCC (2019) report and the European Commission (2010) guidelines.\n\nThe values provided by the European Commission guidelines do not provide descriptive statistics nor sources; therefore, these values should be used with caution. Nominal error estimates of 75% have been added to EC emission factors in line with the IPCC emission factors.\n\nForest equilibrium factors have been recalculated per eco-climate zone using a weighted average of land area under each climate zone and the ratio of above ground to below ground biomass. A nominal error estimate of 90% has been added to these recalculated factors, in line with the IPCC recommendations.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"}

package/dist/content/models/siteMeasurements/landUseChange/belowGroundBiomass/ipcc2019.json

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"tags":{"author":["Florian Payen"],"contributor":["Guillaume Royer"],"group":["Site: Measurements"],"subgroup":["Land Use Change"],"tab":["IPCC (2019)"],"citation":["Payen, F. (2025) Below ground biomass modelling on HESTIA.","[IPCC (2019) 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories](https://www.ipcc.ch/report/2019-refinement-to-the-2006-ipcc-guidelines-for-national-greenhouse-gas-inventories/)","[IPCC (2006) 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories](https://www.ipcc.ch/report/2006-ipcc-guidelines-for-national-greenhouse-gas-inventories/)","[European Commission (2010) COMMISSION DECISION of 10 June 2010 on guidelines for the calculation of land carbon stocks for the purpose of Annex V to Directive 2009/28/EC](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32010D0335)"],"modelId":["belowGroundBiomass"],"modelRequires":["ecoClimateZone"]},"content":"# Below ground biomass\n\n## Overview\n\nThis model estimates the below ground biomass stocks (kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>) based on changes in land cover over time.\n\nThe IPCC Tier 1 methodology is suitable for modelling changes in below ground biomass for forests only. Land covers are assigned a `BiomassCategory`, which have an associated below ground biomass equilibrium (kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>). This equilibrium represents the stock of carbon stored in below ground biomass per hectare of mature vegetation. These equilibrium values are pre-computed per forest `BiomassCategory` by multiplying the above ground biomass equilibrium by the ratio of above ground to below ground biomass.\n\nIt is assumed that below ground biomass does not accumulate on annual croplands and grasslands. Woody perennial crops are assumed to accumulate below ground biomass, but no above ground to below ground biomass ratios are currently available for these `BiomassCategory`s. These categories are assigned a below ground biomass stock equilibrium of 0 kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>. It is important to note that biomass does expand on these areas; however, it is not considered stable enough to meaningfully remove CO<sub>2</sub> from the atmosphere.\n\nLand cover changes can he attributed to:\n\n- land-use change (changing from one land-use category to another, _e.g._, from natural forest to pasture),\n- or management change (changing type of land cover within the same land-use category, _e.g._, from natural forest to plantation forest).\n\nDuring a land-cover change, it is assumed that 100% of the below ground biomass is lost. Then, the biomass of the new land cover gradually expands (based on the growth rate of the species) until it reaches the new equilibrium. This is the basis for the gain-loss method. However, we use the stock-difference method to account for below ground biomass stock changes. This approach amortises stock changes by transitioning linearly between below ground biomass stock equilibriums over a fixed transition period of 20 years. More information about these methods can be found below.\n\nThe model is run as a Monte Carlo simulation with 10,000 iterations. Model result values are the row-wise `mean` of simulation results. See our guide on [Monte Carlo simulation](/guide/applying-models-monte-carlo) for more information.\n\n## How the model works\n\nThe model works by constructing an annual inventory of land cover change. Following a land cover change event, the Site begins a 20-year transition from an initial below ground biomass stock to a new below ground biomass stock. If another land cover change event occurs during or after the 20-year transition period, a new transition begins.\n\n**Illustration of gain-loss vs. stock-difference methods**\n\n![Comparison of gain-loss vs. stock-difference methods](/assets/biomass-methodComparison.jpg)\n\nThe Tier 1 approach considers that CO<sub>2</sub> emissions due to biomass stock changes following a land use change (_i.e._, a change in value in the `IPCC_LAND_USE_CATEGORY` lookup) should be categorised as such for 20 years, after which they become emissions due to management change (for as long as there is no subsequent land use changes). This is illustrated in the graphic above. _n.b._, The visualisation refers to the above ground biomass stock of perennial crops rather than below ground biomass; however, the method of allocation is the same for both types of biomass.\n\nThe gain-loss method assumes that upon a land use change the biomass of the previous land cover is lost (and emitted as CO<sub>2</sub>) on 1st January of the year of conversion. Then the biomass stock progressively increases until it reaches the biomass equilibrium of the new land cover. This is when the crop reaches maturity. The basic timeline for this is 20 years (like for SOC stock modelling), but the IPCC does suggest different maturity rates for different types of perennials and forests.\n\nThe stock-difference method ammortises the loss or gain of biomass stocks throughout the following 20 years by linearly interpolating between the biomass equilibriums of the start and end land covers. There is no specific \"loss\" event where the stock drops to zero before rebuilding, rather a gradual transition between equilibriums.\n\nAfter 20 years of stable land cover, both methods resolve to the same biomass stocks and biomass stock change emissions.\n\nFor V1, the HESTIA team have chosen to implement the stock-difference method. It ensures that [Cycles](/schema/Cycle) following a land use change \"share\" the environmental impacts of land-use changes rather than just the first [Cycle](/schema/Cycle), and it aligns methods with the `ipcc2019.organicCarbonPerHa` (Tier 1) model, making the modelling approach more consistent between the two models.\n\n### Step 1. Detecting land-cover change events\n\nAn annual inventory of land cover is constructed by grouping the [Site](/schema/Site)'s `landCover` [Management](/schema/Management) nodes. `landCover` nodes with cover crop [Properties](/schema/Property) (`coverCrop`, `catchCrop`, `shortfallowCrop` and `coverCrop`) are excluded.\n\nFor each year in the inventory, a biomass category summary is calculated by aggregating `landCover` node values by IPCC `BiomassCategory`. Each year's summary is compared with that of the year prior to determine whether a land-cover change event has occurred. A gain or loss of 1 m<sup>2</sup> ha<sup>-1</sup> by any `landCover` is considered a land-cover change event.\n\n1. If a land-use change has occurred, a new 20-year transition period starts.\n2. If no land-use change has occurred, the current transition period continues or, if it is finished, the stock remains at equilibrium.\n\nThe number of years elapsed since the most recent land-cover change event are calculated for each calendar year - this value will be used as the blend value for linear interpolation later.\n\nMissing years in the inventory are back-filled with data from the next inventory year. In practice, this means that if there is any ambiguity about when exactly a land-cover change event occurred (_e.g._, if the `landCover` data is in 5-year intervals), we assume it happened at the earliest possible point in time. This aligns with the IPCC (2019) example calculations.\n\n### Step 2. Calculating below ground biomass equilibriums\n\nFor each year, the biomass category summary (calculated in step 1) is used to estimate the below ground biomass equilibrium, which describes the stable amount of biomass the [Site](/schema/Site) would have if the `landCover` remained consistent for 20 years.\n\n| Eco-climate zone     | Forest      | Natural forest | Plantation forest | Other |\n| -------------------- | ----------- | -------------- | ----------------- | ----- |\n| Warm Temperate Moist | 30813 ± 90% | 36483 ± 90%    | 25121 ± 90%       | 0     |\n| Warm Temperate Dry   | 83622 ± 90% | 47231 ± 90%    | 163682 ± 90%      | 0     |\n| Cool Temperate Moist | 48973 ± 90% | 50609 ± 90%    | 40686 ± 90%       | 0     |\n| Cool Temperate Dry   | 31869 ± 90% | 35202 ± 90%    | 28855 ± 90%       | 0     |\n| Boreal Moist         | 19125 ± 90% | 21375 ± 90%    | 16138 ± 90%       | 0     |\n| Boreal Dry           | 20844 ± 90% | 25265 ± 90%    | 14190 ± 90%       | 0     |\n| Tropical Montane     | 68601 ± 90% | 64285 ± 90%    | 158864 ± 90%      | 0     |\n| Tropical Wet         | 58154 ± 90% | 65488 ± 90%    | 41245 ± 90%       | 0     |\n| Tropical Moist       | 43680 ± 90% | 36715 ± 90%    | 50682 ± 90%       | 0     |\n| Tropical Dry         | 24146 ± 90% | 27388 ± 90%    | 20953 ± 90%       | 0     |\n\nUsing the % area covered by each `BiomassCategory`, a weighted average of the above model factors is used to calculate the equilibrium for the [Site](/schema/Site).\n\n### Step 3. Interpolating between below ground biomass equilibriums\n\nStarting from the earliest year in the inventory, we can then interpolate linearly between below ground biomass equilibrium values following changes in land cover:\n\n$BGB_{0+T} = BGB_{0} + \\frac{min(T, 20)}{20}(BGB_{eq} - BGB_{0})$\n\nWhere:\n\n- $BGB_{0+T}$ = the below ground biomass stock $T$ years after the most recent land-cover change, kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>.\n- $BGB_{0}$ = the below ground biomass stock when the land-cover change occurred, kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>.\n- $BGB_{eq}$ = the below ground biomass equilibrium for the [Site](/schema/Site) under the most recent land cover regime, kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>.\n- $T$ = the number of years since the most recent land-cover change event, yr.\n\nIf $T>20$, it is capped to twenty as annual below ground biomass stock changes are assumed to be negligible after the $BGB_{eq}$ has been reached for as long as land cover remains consistent.\n\nRow-wise means (and other descriptive statistics) are calculated to provide the final results of the model.\n\n## Re-calculation of model factors\n\nAbove ground biomass carbon stock equilibriums and above ground biomass to below ground biomass ratios for specific crops and crop group/geographic region pairings are provided in the IPCC (2006) report, the IPCC (2019) report and the European Commission (2010) guidelines.\n\nThe values provided by the European Commission guidelines do not provide descriptive statistics nor sources; therefore, these values should be used with caution. Nominal error estimates of 75% have been added to EC emission factors in line with the IPCC emission factors.\n\nForest equilibrium factors have been recalculated per eco-climate zone using a weighted average of land area under each climate zone and the ratio of above ground to below ground biomass. A nominal error estimate of 90% has been added to these recalculated factors, in line with the IPCC recommendations.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"collapsibles\">\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Returns</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li>A list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement\">Measurements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/belowGroundBiomass\">belowGroundBiomass</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#method\">method</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/ipcc2019\">ipcc2019</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#value\">value</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#sd\">sd</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#min\">min</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#max\">max</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#statsDefinition\">statsDefinition</a> with <code>simulated</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#observations\">observations</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#dates\">dates</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#depthUpper\">depthUpper</a> with <code>0</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#depthLower\">depthLower</a> with <code>30</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#methodClassification\">methodClassification</a> with <code>tier 1 model</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#source\">source</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/source/8flyja-wtzgw\">IPCC (2019)</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Requirements</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li>A <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site\">Site</a> with:<ul>\n<li>a <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#siteType\">siteType</a> = <code>forest</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>other natural vegetation</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>cropland</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>glass or high accessible cover</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>permanent pasture</code></li>\n<li>a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#management\">managements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=landCover\">landCover</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and optional:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#measurements\">measurements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#value\">value</a> with <code>1</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>2</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>3</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>4</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>7</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>8</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>9</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>10</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>11</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>12</code> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/ecoClimateZone\">ecoClimateZone</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>none of:<ul>\n<li>a <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#siteType\">siteType</a> = <code>glass or high accessible cover</code></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Lookups used</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/landCover.csv\">landCover.csv</a> -&gt; <code>BIOMASS_CATEGORY</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/ecoClimateZone.csv\">ecoClimateZone.csv</a> -&gt; <code>BG_BIOMASS_EQUILIBRIUM_KG_C_HECTARE_FOREST</code>; <code>BG_BIOMASS_EQUILIBRIUM_KG_C_HECTARE_NATURAL_FOREST</code>; <code>BG_BIOMASS_EQUILIBRIUM_KG_C_HECTARE_PLANTATION_FOREST</code>; <code>BG_BIOMASS_EQUILIBRIUM_KG_C_HECTARE_OTHER</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/measurement.csv\">measurement.csv</a> -&gt; <code>siteTypesAllowed</code></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  \n</div>"}
+{"tags":{"author":["Florian Payen"],"contributor":["Guillaume Royer"],"group":["Site: Measurements"],"subgroup":["Land Use Change"],"tab":["IPCC (2019)"],"citation":["Payen, F. (2025) Below ground biomass modelling on HESTIA.","[IPCC (2019) 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories](https://www.ipcc.ch/report/2019-refinement-to-the-2006-ipcc-guidelines-for-national-greenhouse-gas-inventories/)","[IPCC (2006) 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories](https://www.ipcc.ch/report/2006-ipcc-guidelines-for-national-greenhouse-gas-inventories/)","[European Commission (2010) COMMISSION DECISION of 10 June 2010 on guidelines for the calculation of land carbon stocks for the purpose of Annex V to Directive 2009/28/EC](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32010D0335)"],"modelId":["belowGroundBiomass"],"modelRequires":["ecoClimateZone"]},"content":"# Below ground biomass\n\n## Overview\n\nThis model estimates the below ground biomass stocks (kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>) based on changes in land cover over time.\n\nThe IPCC Tier 1 methodology is suitable for modelling changes in below ground biomass for forests only. Land covers are assigned a `BiomassCategory`, which have an associated below ground biomass equilibrium (kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>). This equilibrium represents the stock of carbon stored in below ground biomass per hectare of mature vegetation. These equilibrium values are pre-computed per forest `BiomassCategory` by multiplying the above ground biomass equilibrium by the ratio of above ground to below ground biomass.\n\nIt is assumed that below ground biomass does not accumulate on annual croplands and grasslands. Woody perennial crops are assumed to accumulate below ground biomass, but no above ground to below ground biomass ratios are currently available for these `BiomassCategory`s. These categories are assigned a below ground biomass stock equilibrium of 0 kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>. It is important to note that biomass does expand on these areas; however, it is not considered stable enough to meaningfully remove CO<sub>2</sub> from the atmosphere.\n\nLand cover changes can he attributed to:\n\n- land-use change (changing from one land-use category to another, _e.g._, from natural forest to pasture),\n- or management change (changing type of land cover within the same land-use category, _e.g._, from natural forest to plantation forest).\n\nDuring a land-cover change, it is assumed that 100% of the below ground biomass is lost. Then, the biomass of the new land cover gradually expands (based on the growth rate of the species) until it reaches the new equilibrium. This is the basis for the gain-loss method. However, we use the stock-difference method to account for below ground biomass stock changes. This approach amortises stock changes by transitioning linearly between below ground biomass stock equilibriums over a fixed transition period of 20 years. More information about these methods can be found below.\n\nThe model is run as a Monte Carlo simulation with 10,000 iterations. Model result values are the row-wise `mean` of simulation results. See our guide on [Monte Carlo simulation](/guide/models-applying-models-monte-carlo) for more information.\n\n## How the model works\n\nThe model works by constructing an annual inventory of land cover change. Following a land cover change event, the Site begins a 20-year transition from an initial below ground biomass stock to a new below ground biomass stock. If another land cover change event occurs during or after the 20-year transition period, a new transition begins.\n\n**Illustration of gain-loss vs. stock-difference methods**\n\n![Comparison of gain-loss vs. stock-difference methods](/assets/biomass-methodComparison.jpg)\n\nThe Tier 1 approach considers that CO<sub>2</sub> emissions due to biomass stock changes following a land use change (_i.e._, a change in value in the `IPCC_LAND_USE_CATEGORY` lookup) should be categorised as such for 20 years, after which they become emissions due to management change (for as long as there is no subsequent land use changes). This is illustrated in the graphic above. _n.b._, The visualisation refers to the above ground biomass stock of perennial crops rather than below ground biomass; however, the method of allocation is the same for both types of biomass.\n\nThe gain-loss method assumes that upon a land use change the biomass of the previous land cover is lost (and emitted as CO<sub>2</sub>) on 1st January of the year of conversion. Then the biomass stock progressively increases until it reaches the biomass equilibrium of the new land cover. This is when the crop reaches maturity. The basic timeline for this is 20 years (like for SOC stock modelling), but the IPCC does suggest different maturity rates for different types of perennials and forests.\n\nThe stock-difference method ammortises the loss or gain of biomass stocks throughout the following 20 years by linearly interpolating between the biomass equilibriums of the start and end land covers. There is no specific \"loss\" event where the stock drops to zero before rebuilding, rather a gradual transition between equilibriums.\n\nAfter 20 years of stable land cover, both methods resolve to the same biomass stocks and biomass stock change emissions.\n\nFor V1, the HESTIA team have chosen to implement the stock-difference method. It ensures that [Cycles](/schema/Cycle) following a land use change \"share\" the environmental impacts of land-use changes rather than just the first [Cycle](/schema/Cycle), and it aligns methods with the `ipcc2019.organicCarbonPerHa` (Tier 1) model, making the modelling approach more consistent between the two models.\n\n### Step 1. Detecting land-cover change events\n\nAn annual inventory of land cover is constructed by grouping the [Site](/schema/Site)'s `landCover` [Management](/schema/Management) nodes. `landCover` nodes with cover crop [Properties](/schema/Property) (`coverCrop`, `catchCrop`, `shortfallowCrop` and `coverCrop`) are excluded.\n\nFor each year in the inventory, a biomass category summary is calculated by aggregating `landCover` node values by IPCC `BiomassCategory`. Each year's summary is compared with that of the year prior to determine whether a land-cover change event has occurred. A gain or loss of 1 m<sup>2</sup> ha<sup>-1</sup> by any `landCover` is considered a land-cover change event.\n\n1. If a land-use change has occurred, a new 20-year transition period starts.\n2. If no land-use change has occurred, the current transition period continues or, if it is finished, the stock remains at equilibrium.\n\nThe number of years elapsed since the most recent land-cover change event are calculated for each calendar year - this value will be used as the blend value for linear interpolation later.\n\nMissing years in the inventory are back-filled with data from the next inventory year. In practice, this means that if there is any ambiguity about when exactly a land-cover change event occurred (_e.g._, if the `landCover` data is in 5-year intervals), we assume it happened at the earliest possible point in time. This aligns with the IPCC (2019) example calculations.\n\n### Step 2. Calculating below ground biomass equilibriums\n\nFor each year, the biomass category summary (calculated in step 1) is used to estimate the below ground biomass equilibrium, which describes the stable amount of biomass the [Site](/schema/Site) would have if the `landCover` remained consistent for 20 years.\n\n| Eco-climate zone     | Forest      | Natural forest | Plantation forest | Other |\n| -------------------- | ----------- | -------------- | ----------------- | ----- |\n| Warm Temperate Moist | 30813 ± 90% | 36483 ± 90%    | 25121 ± 90%       | 0     |\n| Warm Temperate Dry   | 83622 ± 90% | 47231 ± 90%    | 163682 ± 90%      | 0     |\n| Cool Temperate Moist | 48973 ± 90% | 50609 ± 90%    | 40686 ± 90%       | 0     |\n| Cool Temperate Dry   | 31869 ± 90% | 35202 ± 90%    | 28855 ± 90%       | 0     |\n| Boreal Moist         | 19125 ± 90% | 21375 ± 90%    | 16138 ± 90%       | 0     |\n| Boreal Dry           | 20844 ± 90% | 25265 ± 90%    | 14190 ± 90%       | 0     |\n| Tropical Montane     | 68601 ± 90% | 64285 ± 90%    | 158864 ± 90%      | 0     |\n| Tropical Wet         | 58154 ± 90% | 65488 ± 90%    | 41245 ± 90%       | 0     |\n| Tropical Moist       | 43680 ± 90% | 36715 ± 90%    | 50682 ± 90%       | 0     |\n| Tropical Dry         | 24146 ± 90% | 27388 ± 90%    | 20953 ± 90%       | 0     |\n\nUsing the % area covered by each `BiomassCategory`, a weighted average of the above model factors is used to calculate the equilibrium for the [Site](/schema/Site).\n\n### Step 3. Interpolating between below ground biomass equilibriums\n\nStarting from the earliest year in the inventory, we can then interpolate linearly between below ground biomass equilibrium values following changes in land cover:\n\n$BGB_{0+T} = BGB_{0} + \\frac{min(T, 20)}{20}(BGB_{eq} - BGB_{0})$\n\nWhere:\n\n- $BGB_{0+T}$ = the below ground biomass stock $T$ years after the most recent land-cover change, kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>.\n- $BGB_{0}$ = the below ground biomass stock when the land-cover change occurred, kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>.\n- $BGB_{eq}$ = the below ground biomass equilibrium for the [Site](/schema/Site) under the most recent land cover regime, kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>.\n- $T$ = the number of years since the most recent land-cover change event, yr.\n\nIf $T>20$, it is capped to twenty as annual below ground biomass stock changes are assumed to be negligible after the $BGB_{eq}$ has been reached for as long as land cover remains consistent.\n\nRow-wise means (and other descriptive statistics) are calculated to provide the final results of the model.\n\n## Re-calculation of model factors\n\nAbove ground biomass carbon stock equilibriums and above ground biomass to below ground biomass ratios for specific crops and crop group/geographic region pairings are provided in the IPCC (2006) report, the IPCC (2019) report and the European Commission (2010) guidelines.\n\nThe values provided by the European Commission guidelines do not provide descriptive statistics nor sources; therefore, these values should be used with caution. Nominal error estimates of 75% have been added to EC emission factors in line with the IPCC emission factors.\n\nForest equilibrium factors have been recalculated per eco-climate zone using a weighted average of land area under each climate zone and the ratio of above ground to below ground biomass. A nominal error estimate of 90% has been added to these recalculated factors, in line with the IPCC recommendations.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"collapsibles\">\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Returns</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li>A list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement\">Measurements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/belowGroundBiomass\">belowGroundBiomass</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#method\">method</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/ipcc2019\">ipcc2019</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#value\">value</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#sd\">sd</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#min\">min</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#max\">max</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#statsDefinition\">statsDefinition</a> with <code>simulated</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#observations\">observations</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#dates\">dates</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#depthUpper\">depthUpper</a> with <code>0</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#depthLower\">depthLower</a> with <code>30</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#methodClassification\">methodClassification</a> with <code>tier 1 model</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#source\">source</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/source/8flyja-wtzgw\">IPCC (2019)</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Requirements</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li>A <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site\">Site</a> with:<ul>\n<li>a <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#siteType\">siteType</a> = <code>forest</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>other natural vegetation</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>cropland</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>glass or high accessible cover</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>permanent pasture</code></li>\n<li>a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#management\">managements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=landCover\">landCover</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and optional:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#measurements\">measurements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#value\">value</a> with <code>1</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>2</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>3</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>4</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>7</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>8</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>9</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>10</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>11</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>12</code> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/ecoClimateZone\">ecoClimateZone</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>none of:<ul>\n<li>a <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#siteType\">siteType</a> = <code>glass or high accessible cover</code></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Lookups used</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/landCover.csv\">landCover.csv</a> -&gt; <code>BIOMASS_CATEGORY</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/ecoClimateZone.csv\">ecoClimateZone.csv</a> -&gt; <code>BG_BIOMASS_EQUILIBRIUM_KG_C_HECTARE_FOREST</code>; <code>BG_BIOMASS_EQUILIBRIUM_KG_C_HECTARE_NATURAL_FOREST</code>; <code>BG_BIOMASS_EQUILIBRIUM_KG_C_HECTARE_PLANTATION_FOREST</code>; <code>BG_BIOMASS_EQUILIBRIUM_KG_C_HECTARE_OTHER</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/measurement.csv\">measurement.csv</a> -&gt; <code>siteTypesAllowed</code></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  \n</div>"}

package/dist/content/models/siteMeasurements/soil/clayContent/content.json

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"tags":{"author":["Guillaume Royer"],"group":["Site: Measurements"],"subgroup":["Soil"],"tab":["Geospatial Database"]},"content":"# Clay content\n\n\n\n\n"}
+{"tags":{"author":["Guillaume Royer"],"group":["Site: Measurements"],"subgroup":["Soil"],"tab":["Geospatial Database"],"tag":["Soil content"]},"content":"# Clay content\n\n## Overview\n\nThis model takes a site with geospatial content but no existing soil content measurements and gap-fills mean clay content values. \n\n## Data sources\n\nThis model relies on data from the Harmonized World Soil Database Version 2.0.\n\n## Model logic\n\nThe model looks up mean values for four depth ranges:\n\n - 0-20cm\n - 20-40cm\n - 40-60cm\n - 60-80cm\n\nFor every value found at one of these depth ranges, a new clay content measurement is created.\n\n\n\n\n\n"}

package/dist/content/models/siteMeasurements/soil/clayContent/geospatialDatabase.json

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"tags":{"author":["Guillaume Royer"],"group":["Site: Measurements"],"subgroup":["Soil"],"tab":["Geospatial Database"],"modelId":["clayContent"],"modelRequires":["clayContent","sandContent","siltContent"]},"content":"# Clay content\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"collapsibles\">\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Returns</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li>A list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement\">Measurements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/clayContent\">clayContent</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#value\">value</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#depthUpper\">depthUpper</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#depthLower\">depthLower</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#methodClassification\">methodClassification</a> with <code>geospatial dataset</code></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Requirements</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li>A <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site\">Site</a> with:<ul>\n<li>a <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#siteType\">siteType</a> = <code>forest</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>other natural vegetation</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>cropland</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>glass or high accessible cover</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>permanent pasture</code></li>\n<li>either:<ul>\n<li>the following fields:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#latitude\">latitude</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#longitude\">longitude</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>the following fields:<ul>\n<li>a <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#boundary\">boundary</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>the following fields:<ul>\n<li>a <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#region\">region</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=region\">region</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>none of:<ul>\n<li>a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#measurements\">measurements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/clayContent\">clayContent</a> <strong>or</strong> <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/sandContent\">sandContent</a> <strong>or</strong> <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/siltContent\">siltContent</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Lookups used</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/measurement.csv\">measurement.csv</a> -&gt; <code>siteTypesAllowed</code></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  \n</div>"}
+{"tags":{"author":["Guillaume Royer"],"group":["Site: Measurements"],"subgroup":["Soil"],"tab":["Geospatial Database"],"tag":["Soil content"],"modelId":["clayContent"],"modelRequires":["clayContent","sandContent","siltContent"]},"content":"# Clay content\n\n## Overview\n\nThis model takes a site with geospatial content but no existing soil content measurements and gap-fills mean clay content values. \n\n## Data sources\n\nThis model relies on data from the Harmonized World Soil Database Version 2.0.\n\n## Model logic\n\nThe model looks up mean values for four depth ranges:\n\n - 0-20cm\n - 20-40cm\n - 40-60cm\n - 60-80cm\n\nFor every value found at one of these depth ranges, a new clay content measurement is created.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"collapsibles\">\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Returns</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li>A list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement\">Measurements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/clayContent\">clayContent</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#value\">value</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#depthUpper\">depthUpper</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#depthLower\">depthLower</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#methodClassification\">methodClassification</a> with <code>geospatial dataset</code></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Requirements</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li>A <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site\">Site</a> with:<ul>\n<li>a <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#siteType\">siteType</a> = <code>forest</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>other natural vegetation</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>cropland</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>glass or high accessible cover</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>permanent pasture</code></li>\n<li>either:<ul>\n<li>the following fields:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#latitude\">latitude</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#longitude\">longitude</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>the following fields:<ul>\n<li>a <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#boundary\">boundary</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>the following fields:<ul>\n<li>a <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#region\">region</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=region\">region</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>none of:<ul>\n<li>a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#measurements\">measurements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/clayContent\">clayContent</a> <strong>or</strong> <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/sandContent\">sandContent</a> <strong>or</strong> <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/siltContent\">siltContent</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Lookups used</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/measurement.csv\">measurement.csv</a> -&gt; <code>siteTypesAllowed</code></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  \n</div>"}

package/dist/content/models/siteMeasurements/soil/organicCarbonPerHa/content.json

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"tags":{},"content":"# Organic carbon (per ha)\n\nWhere:\n\nSource: [Abdalla et al. (2018)](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.10.023).\n\n## Example\n\n```json\n\n    {\n\n      \"@type\": \"Measurement\",\n\n      \"term\": {\n\n        \"@type\": \"Term\",\n\n      },\n\n      \"value\": [\n\n      ],\n\n      \"depthUpper\": 0,\n\n      \"depthLower\": 40,\n\n      \"methodClassification\": \"on-site physical measurement\"\n\n    },\n\n```\n\n  {\n\n    \"@type\": \"Measurement\",\n\n    \"term\": {\n\n      \"@type\": \"Term\",\n\n      \"@id\": \"organicCarbonPerHa\"\n\n    \"value\": [\n\n    ],\n\n    \"dates\": [\n\n      \"2020\"\n\n    \"depthUpper\": 0,\n\n    \"methodClassification\": \"modelled using other measurements\"\n\n## Discussion\n\n## References\n\nIPCC (2019). _2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories_. Volume 4: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use. IPCC, Switzerland. https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html\n\nThe stock of organic carbon in the soil, defined as soil organic matter that is smaller than 2 mm in size.\n\n## Overview\n\nThe model is run as a Monte Carlo simulation with 10,000 iterations. Model result values are the row-wise `mean` of simulation results. See our guide on [Monte Carlo simulation](/guide/applying-models-monte-carlo) for more information.\n\n## How the model works\n\n##### For grasslands:\n\n##### For annual croplands:\n\nn.b., land cover, land management practices and improvements must cover >30% of the [Site](/schema/Site)'s area to satisfy the condition.\n\n## Data recommendations\n\n- Irrigation, using terms in the [water regime glossary](/glossary?termType=waterRegime).\n\n- Inputs to soil, using the terms [`amendmentIncreasingSoilCarbonUsed`](/term/amendmentIncreasingSoilCarbonUsed), [`animalManureUsed`](/term/animalManureUsed), [`inorganicNitrogenFertiliserUsed`](/term/inorganicNitrogenFertiliserUsed) and/or [`organicFertiliserUsed`](/term/organicFertiliserUsed).\n\n### Site measurements"}
+{"tags":{},"content":"# Organic carbon (per ha)\n\nWhere:\n\nSource: [Abdalla et al. (2018)](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.10.023).\n\n## Example\n\n```json\n\n    {\n\n      \"@type\": \"Measurement\",\n\n      \"term\": {\n\n        \"@type\": \"Term\",\n\n      },\n\n      \"value\": [\n\n      ],\n\n      \"depthUpper\": 0,\n\n      \"depthLower\": 40,\n\n      \"methodClassification\": \"on-site physical measurement\"\n\n    },\n\n```\n\n  {\n\n    \"@type\": \"Measurement\",\n\n    \"term\": {\n\n      \"@type\": \"Term\",\n\n      \"@id\": \"organicCarbonPerHa\"\n\n    \"value\": [\n\n    ],\n\n    \"dates\": [\n\n      \"2020\"\n\n    \"depthUpper\": 0,\n\n    \"methodClassification\": \"modelled using other measurements\"\n\n## Discussion\n\n## References\n\nIPCC (2019). _2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories_. Volume 4: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use. IPCC, Switzerland. https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html\n\nThe stock of organic carbon in the soil, defined as soil organic matter that is smaller than 2 mm in size.\n\n## Overview\n\nThe model is run as a Monte Carlo simulation with 10,000 iterations. Model result values are the row-wise `mean` of simulation results. See our guide on [Monte Carlo simulation](/guide/models-applying-models-monte-carlo) for more information.\n\n## How the model works\n\n##### For grasslands:\n\n##### For annual croplands:\n\nn.b., land cover, land management practices and improvements must cover >30% of the [Site](/schema/Site)'s area to satisfy the condition.\n\n## Data recommendations\n\n- Irrigation, using terms in the [water regime glossary](/glossary?termType=waterRegime).\n\n- Inputs to soil, using the terms [`amendmentIncreasingSoilCarbonUsed`](/term/amendmentIncreasingSoilCarbonUsed), [`animalManureUsed`](/term/animalManureUsed), [`inorganicNitrogenFertiliserUsed`](/term/inorganicNitrogenFertiliserUsed) and/or [`organicFertiliserUsed`](/term/organicFertiliserUsed).\n\n### Site measurements"}

package/dist/content/models/siteMeasurements/soil/organicCarbonPerHa/ipcc2019Tier1.json

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"tags":{"author":["Florian Payen"],"group":["Site: Measurements"],"subgroup":["Soil"],"tab":["IPCC (2019) Tier 1"],"citation":["Payen, F. (2025) Soil organic carbon stock modelling on HESTIA."],"tag":["soc modelling"],"modelId":["organicCarbonPerHa"],"modelRequires":["ecoClimateZone","amendmentIncreasingSoilCarbonUsed","animalManureUsed","inorganicNitrogenFertiliserUsed","organicFertiliserUsed","shortBareFallow"]},"content":"# Organic carbon (per ha)\n\nThe stock of organic carbon in the soil, defined as soil organic matter that is smaller than 2 mm in size.\n\n## Overview\n\nThis page is about the IPCC Tier 1 model for estimating SOC stock changes in the 0 - 30 cm depth interval of mineral soils for croplands, grasslands and land under natural vegetation.\n\nThe model estimates the SOC stock changes that occur on [Sites](/schema/Site) after a land use and/or land management change event by linearly interpolating between the initial SOC stock and the new SOC stock equilibrium over the course of 20 years. After 20 years, it is assumed that the new SOC equilibrium has been reached and the ongoing SOC stock change is negligible until a new land use and/or land management change event occurs. Any subsequent land-use and/or land-management change trigger the start of a 20-year transition to the new equilibrium.\n\nThe model is run as a Monte Carlo simulation with 10,000 iterations. Model result values are the row-wise `mean` of simulation results. See our guide on [Monte Carlo simulation](/guide/applying-models-monte-carlo) for more information.\n\n## How the model works\n\n### Step 1. Assigning an $SOC_{ref}$\n\nThe $SOC_{ref}$ of a [Site](/schema/Site) represents the SOC stock (kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>) that the soil would have in the 0 - 30 cm depth interval when non-degraded, unimproved and under native vegetation. This reference value will later be multiplied by a series of factors to calculate SOC stock gains or losses from changes in land use and/or land management.\n\nFor most [Sites](/schema/Site), the $SOC_{ref}$ value is assigned based on the combination of its [`ecoClimateZone`](/term/ecoClimateZone) and `IpccSoilCategory`. Once these two elements have been determined for a [Site](/schema/Site), we can allocate the $SOC_{ref}$ value using the default $SOC_{ref}$ values for mineral soils (kg C ha<sup>-1</sup> in 0 - 30 cm depth interval) provided in [IPCC (2019), volume 4, chapter 2, table 2.3](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html) (Table 1). All values are presented in the format of the mean for the soil by climate combination ± the 95% confidence limit expressed as a percentage of the mean (_i.e._, ± 1.96 * standard error /mean *100). Values in parentheses are the number of soils included in the derivation of mean and standard error values for each combination of soil and climate types.\n\n**Table 1.** Default reference condition soil organic carbon stocks ($SOC_{ref}$) for mineral soils  in kg C ha<sup>-1</sup> in 0 - 30 cm depth interval. Adapted from table 2.3 in chapter 2, volume 4 of the [IPCC (2019)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html) report.\n\n| IPCC climate zone                          | High activity clay soils | Low activity clay soils | Sandy soils       | Spodic soils      | Volcanic soils    | Wetlands soils    |\n| ------------------------------------------ | ------------------------ | ----------------------- | ----------------- | ----------------- | ----------------- | ----------------- |\n| Polar Moist/Dry (Px - undiff)<sup>2</sup>  | 59000 ± 41% (24)         | NA<sup>1</sup>          | 27000 ± 67% (18)  | NO<sup>1</sup>    | NA<sup>1</sup>    | NA<sup>1</sup>    |\n| Boreal Moist/Dry (Bx - undiff)<sup>2</sup> | 63000 ± 18% (35)         | NA<sup>1</sup>          | 10000 ± 90%       | 117000 ± 90%      | 20000 ± 90%       | 116000 ± 65% (6)  |\n| Cool temperate dry (C2)                    | 43000 ± 8% (177)         | 33000 ± 90%             | 13000 ± 33% (10)  | NO<sup>1</sup>    | 20000 ± 90%       | 87000 ± 90%       |\n| Cool temperate moist (C1)                  | 81000 ± 5% (334)         | 76000 ± 51% (6)         | 51000 ± 13% (126) | 128000 ± 14% (45) | 136000 ± 14% (28) | 128000 ± 13% (42) |\n| Warm temperate dry (W2)                    | 24000 ± 5% (781)         | 19000 ± 16% (41)        | 10000 ± 5% (338)  | NO<sup>1</sup>    | 84000 ± 65% (10)  | 74000 ± 17% (49)  |\n| Warm temperate moist (W1)                  | 64000 ± 5% (489)         | 55000 ± 8% (183)        | 36000 ± 23% (39)  | 143000 ± 30% (9)  | 138000 ± 12% (42) | 135000 ± 28% (28) |\n| Tropical dry (T4)                          | 21000 ± 5% (554)         | 19000 ± 10% (135)       | 9000 ± 9% (164)   | NA<sup>1</sup>    | 50000 ± 90%       | 22000 ± 17% (32)  |\n| Tropical moist (T3)                        | 40000 ± 7% (226)         | 38000 ± 5% (326)        | 27000 ± 12% (76)  | NA<sup>1</sup>    | 70000 ± 90%       | 68000 ± 17% (55)  |\n| Tropical wet (T2)                          | 60000 ± 8% (137)         | 52000 ± 6% (271)        | 46000 ± 20% (43)  | NA<sup>1</sup>    | 77000 ± 27% (14)  | 49000 ± 19% (33)  |\n| Tropical montane (T1)                      | 51000 ± 10% (114)        | 44000 ± 11% (84)        | 52000 ± 34% (11)  | NA<sup>1</sup>    | 96000 ± 31% (10)  | 82000 ± 50% (12)  |\n\nNotes:\n\n- <sup>1</sup> NA denotes that the soil category may occur in a climate zone, but no data was available. NO denotes that the soil type does not normally occur within a climate zone.\n- <sup>2</sup> The Boreal dry and Boreal moist zones and the Polar dry and Polar moist zones were not differentiated. Results presented represent the SOC30 stocks for the undifferentiated (undiff.) Boreal (Bx) and Polar (Px) classes.\n\n#### IPCC eco-climate zones\n\nThe [IPCC (2019)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html) divides the globe into 12 broad eco-climate zones (Figure 1):\n\n- Polar dry (P2)\n- Polar moist (P1)\n- Boreal dry (B2)\n- Boreal moist (B1)\n- Cool temperate dry (C2)\n- Cool temperate moist (C1)\n- Warm temperate dry (W2)\n- Warm temperate moist (W1)\n- Tropical dry (T4)\n- Tropical moist (T3)\n- Tropical wet (T2)\n- Tropical montane (T1)\n\n![World divided into eco-climate zones according to the [IPCC (2019), volume 4, chapter 3, figure 3A.5.1](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html)](/assets/ipccClimateZones2019.png)\n\n**Figure 1.** World divided into eco-climate zones according to the [IPCC (2019), volume 4, chapter 3, figure 3A.5.1](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html).\n\nThese climate classes were defined by the [IPCC (2006), volume 4, chapter 3, p. 3.39)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/4_Volume4/V4_03_Ch3_Representation.pdf) using elevation, mean annual temperature (MAT), mean annual precipitation (MAP), mean annual precipitation to potential evapotranspiration (PET) ratio and frost occurrence. An updated version of this classification was released in the [IPCC (2019)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html) report (see volume 4, chapter 3, p.3.48).\n\nThe IPCC eco-climate zone of a [Site](/schema/Site) is automatically gap-filled by HESTIA when data is uploaded using the [Site](/schema/Site)'s geo-location data (`site.latitude` & `site.longitude` or `site.region`).\n\n#### IPCC soil categories\n\nThe 7 IPCC soil categories are presented in Table 2.\n\n**Table 2**. Soil categories defined according to the IPCC (2019). Adapted from [IPCC (2019), volume 4, chapter 3, figure 3A.5.3 and figure 3A.5.4](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html).\n\n| `IpccSoilCategory`         | Description                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |\n| -------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n| `ORGANIC_SOILS`            | Soils having organic material (Histosols).<br/><br/>The model **should not run** for any [Sites](/schema/Site) assigned this category.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |\n| `HIGH_ACTIVITY_CLAY_SOILS` | Soils with high activity clay (HAC) minerals are lightly to moderately weathered soils dominated by 2:1 silicate clay minerals (in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) classification: Leptosols, Vertisols, Kastanozems, Chernozems, Phaeozems, Luvisols, Alisols, Albeluvisols, Solonetz, Calcisols, Gypsisols, Umbrisols, Cambisols, Regosols; in USDA classification: Mollisols, Vertisols, high-base status Alfisols, Aridisols, Inceptisols). |\n| `LOW_ACTIVITY_CLAY_SOILS`  | Soils with low activity clay (LAC) minerals are highly weathered soils, dominated by 1:1 clay minerals and amorphous iron and aluminium oxides (in WRB classification: Acrisols, Lixisols, Nitisols, Ferralsols, Durisols; in USDA classification: Ultisols, Oxisols, acidic Alfisols).                                                                                                                                                                           |\n| `SANDY_SOILS`              | Soils (regardless of taxonomic classification) having > 70% sand and < 8% clay (in WRB classification: Arenosols; in USDA classification: Psamments).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             |\n| `SPODIC_SOILS`             | Soils exhibiting strong podzolization (in WRB classification: Podzols; in USDA classification: Spodosols).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |\n| `VOLCANIC_SOILS`           | Soils derived from volcanic ash with allophanic mineralogy (in WRB classification: Andosols; in USDA classification: Andisols).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |\n| `WETLAND_SOILS`            | Soils with restricted drainage leading to periodic flooding and anaerobic conditions (in WRB classification: Gleysols; in USDA classification: Aquic suborders).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |\n\n#### Assigning an IPCC soil category\n\nTo assign an `IpccSoilCategory` to a [Site](/schema/Site), we use the [`soilType`](/glossary?termType=soilType) or [`usdaSoilType`](/glossary?termType=usdaSoilType) nodes in [`site.measurements`](/schema/Site#measurements). To satisfy the requirements of each soil category, soil types belonging to that category must cover more than 30% of the [Site](/schema/Site).\n\nFirst, we check for [Measurements](/schema/Measurement) with terms in the [`soilType`](/glossary?termType=soilType) glossary in the order presented in Figure 2.\n\n![Flow diagram for assigning an IPCC soil category from WRB soil types [(IPCC, 2019, volume 4, chapter 3, figure 3A.5.4)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html)](/assets/organicCarbonPerHa-figure1.png)\n\n**Figure 2**. Flow diagram for assigning an IPCC soil category from WRB soil types [(IPCC, 2019, volume 4, chapter 3, figure 3A.5.4)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html).\n\nIf a category has not been assigned, we try again checking for [Measurements](/schema/Measurement) with terms in the [`usdaSoilType`](/glossary?termType=usdaSoilType) glossary in the order presented in Figure 3.\n\n![Flow diagram for assigning an IPCC soil category from USDA soil types [(IPCC, 2019, volume 4, chapter 3, figure 3A.5.3)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html)](/assets/organicCarbonPerHa-figure2.png)\n\n**Figure 3**. Flow diagram for assigning an IPCC soil category from USDA soil types [(IPCC, 2019, volume 4, chapter 3, figure 3A.5.3)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html).\n\nIf a soil category has not been assigned after following both decision trees, the [Site](/schema/Site) should be assigned the default category of `IpccSoilCategory.LOW_ACTIVITY_CLAY_SOILS`.\n\nn.b., An $SOC_{ref}$ cannot be assigned for all combinations of [`ecoClimateZone`](/term/ecoClimateZone) and `IpccSoilCategory`. This is because some soil categories do not normally occur within all climate zones or because no data was available to calculate a reference value. In these cases, the model **should not run**.\n\nIn addition, this models is only for mineral soils. If a soil is assigned the `ORGANIC_SOILS`, this model **should not run**; instead, the IPCC (2019) model for organic soil cultivation should be used. See our guide pages on emissions from [organic soil cultivation](./co2ToAirOrganicSoilCultivation.md) for more information.\n\n### Step 2. Compiling an annual inventory\n\nOnce an $SOC_{ref}$ has been assigned to a [Site](/schema/Site), we need to compile an annual inventory of the land use and land management. For each year of the inventory, we summarise the nodes in [`site.management`](/schema/Site#management) by assigning an `IpccLandUseCategory`. For some land-use categories, we then assign an additional `IpccManagementCategory` and `IpccCarbonInputCategory`.\n\n#### IPCC land use categories\n\nThe 9 `IpccLandUseCategory` categories are described in Table 3.\n\n**Table 3**. Land use categories defined according to the IPCC (2019). Adapted from [IPCC (2019), volume 4, chapter 5, table 5.5](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html) with definitions from [IPCC (2019), volume 4, chapter 6, table 6.2](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html) and [IPCC (2019), volume 4, chapter 4](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html).\n\n| `IpccLandUseCategory`    | Description                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          |\n| ------------------------ | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n| `GRASSLAND`              | All native and/or permanent grassland. <br/><br/> An additional grassland management category **must** be assigned.                                                                                                                                                  |\n| `ANNUAL_CROPS`           | Represents area that has been converted from native conditions and continuously managed for predominantly annual crops over 50 years. <br/><br/> Additional tillage management and cropland carbon input categories **must** be assigned.                            |\n| `ANNUAL_CROPS_WET`       | Represents area with mineral wetland soils that has been converted from native conditions and continuously managed for predominantly annual crops over 50 years. <br/><br/> Additional tillage management and cropland carbon input categories **must** be assigned. |\n| `PADDY_RICE_CULTIVATION` | Long-term (> 20 years) annual cropping of wetlands (paddy rice). Can include double-cropping with non-flooded crops.                                                                                                                                                 |\n| `PERENNIAL_CROPS`        | Long-term perennial tree crops such as fruit and nut trees, coffee and cacao.                                                                                                                                                                                        |\n| `SET_ASIDE`              | Represents temporary (< 20 years) set aside of annual cropland (_e.g._, conservation reserves) or other idle cropland that has been revegetated with perennial grasses.                                                                                              |\n| `FOREST`                 | All native and/or permanent forest.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |\n| `NATIVE`                 | Any other native vegetation.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |\n| `OTHER`                  | Any other land use. The model should not run for any inventory years assigned this category.                                                                                                                                                                         |\n\n#### IPCC management categories\n\n##### For grasslands:\n\nThe 4 management categories for inventory years with `IpccLandUseCategory.GRASSLAND` are presented in Table 4.\n\n**Table 4**. Grassland management categories defined according to the [IPCC (2019), volume 4, chapter 6, table 6.2](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html).\n\n| `IpccManagementCategory` | Description                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |\n| ------------------------ | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n| `IMPROVED_GRASSLAND`     | Represents grassland that is sustainably managed with light to moderate grazing pressure (or cutting and removal of vegetation) and that receive at least one improvement (_e.g._, fertilisation, species improvement, irrigation). <br/><br/> An additional grassland carbon input category **must** be assigned.            |\n| `HIGH_INTENSITY_GRAZING` | Represents high intensity grazing systems (or cutting and removal of vegetation) with shifts in vegetation composition and possibly productivity but is not severely degraded.                                                                                                                                                |\n| `NOMINALLY_MANAGED`      | Represents low or medium intensity grazing regimes, in addition to periodic cutting and removal of above-ground vegetation, without significant management improvements. High intensity grazing may be moderately degraded, but it does not represent excessive grazing intensity that leads to severe grassland degradation. |\n| `SEVERELY_DEGRADED`      | Implies major long-term loss of productivity and vegetation cover, due to severe mechanical damage to the vegetation and/or severe soil erosion.                                                                                                                                                                              |\n\nFor inventory years assigned `IpccLandUseCategory.GRASSLAND`, a management category is required for the model to run. In the absence of one, an `IpccManagementCategory` of `UNKNOWN` will be assigned to the corresponding inventory years and the model **will not run** for these years.\n\n##### For annual croplands:\n\nThe 3 management categories for inventory years with `IpccLandUseCategory.ANNUAL_CROPS` or `IpccLandUseCategory.ANNUAL_CROPS_WET` are presented in Table 5.\n\n**Table 5**. Annual cropland management categories defined according to the [IPCC (2019), volume 4, chapter 5, table 5.5](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html).\n\n| `IpccManagementCategory` | Description                                                                                                                                                                               |\n| ------------------------ | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n| `FULL_TILLAGE`           | Substantial soil disturbance with full inversion and/or frequent (within year) tillage operations. At planting time, little (_e.g._, <30%) of the surface is covered by residues.         |\n| `REDUCED_TILLAGE`        | Primary and/or secondary tillage but with reduced soil disturbance (usually shallow and without full soil inversion). Normally leaves surface with >30% coverage by residues at planting. |\n| `NO_TILLAGE`             | Direct seeding without primary tillage, with only minimal soil disturbance in the seeding zone. Herbicides are typically used for weed control.                                           |\n\nFor inventory years assigned `IpccLandUseCategory.ANNUAL_CROPS` or `IpccLandUseCategory.ANNUAL_CROPS_WET`, a management category is reauired for the model to run. In the absence of one, an `IpccManagementCategory` of `UNKNOWN` will be assigned to the corresponding inventory years and the model **will not run** for these years.\n\n#### IPCC carbon input categories\n\n##### For grasslands:\n\nThe 2 carbon input categories for inventory years with `IpccManagementCategory.IMPROVED_GRASSLAND` are presented in Table 6.\n\n**Table 6**. Grassland carbon input categories defined according to the [IPCC (2019), volume 4, chapter 6, table 6.2](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html).\n\n| `IpccCarbonInputCategory` | Description                                                                                       |\n| ------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n| `GRASSLAND_MEDIUM`        | Applies to improved grassland where a single management input or improvement has been made.       |\n| `GRASSLAND_HIGH`          | Applies to improved grassland where two or more management inputs or improvements have been used. |\n\nFor inventory years assigned `IpccManagementCategory.IMPROVED_GRASSLAND`, a default carbon input category of `IpccCarbonInputCategory.GRASSLAND_MEDIUM` should be assigned if the management data is insufficient to assign another category.\n\n##### For annual croplands:\n\nThe 4 carbon input categories for inventory years with `IpccLandUseCategory.ANNUAL_CROPS` or `IpccLandUseCategory.ANNUAL_CROPS_WET` are presented in Table 7.\n\n**Table 7**. Annual cropland carbon input categories defined according to the [IPCC (2019), volume 4, chapter 5, table 5.5](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html).\n\n| `IpccCarbonInputCategory`      | Description                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |\n| ------------------------------ | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n| `CROPLAND_LOW`                 | Low residue return occurs when there is removal of residues (via collection or burning), frequent bare-fallowing, production of crops yielding low residues (_e.g._, vegetables, tobacco, cotton), no mineral fertilisation or no N-fixing crops.                                                                                                                 |\n| `CROPLAND_MEDIUM`              | Representative for annual cropping with cereals where all crop residues are returned to the field. If residues are removed, then supplemental organic matter (_e.g._, manure) is added. Also requires mineral fertilisation or N-fixing crop in rotation.                                                                                                         |\n| `CROPLAND_HIGH_WITHOUT_MANURE` | Represents significantly greater crop residue inputs over medium carbon input cropping systems due to additional practices, such as production of high residue yielding crops, use of green manures, cover crops, improved vegetated fallows, irrigation, frequent use of perennial grasses in annual crop rotations, but without manure applied (see row below). |\n| `CROPLAND_HIGH_WITH_MANURE`    | Represents significantly higher carbon input over medium carbon input cropping systems due to an additional practice of regular addition of animal manure.                                                                                                                                                                                                        |\n\nFor inventory years assigned `IpccLandUseCategory.ANNUAL_CROPS` or `IpccLandUseCategory.ANNUAL_CROPS_WET`, a default carbon input category of `IpccCarbonInputCategory.CROPLAND_LOW` should be assigned if the management data is insufficient to assign another category.\n\n#### Assigning land use, management and carbon input categories\n\nTo assign land use, management and carbon input categories, we use the nodes in [`site.management`](/schema/Site#management). To satisfy the requirements of each step in the flow diagram, appropriate managements must have been used on more than 30% of the [Site](/schema/Site).\n\n##### For grasslands\n\nThe decision tree to assign land use, management and carbon input categories to grassland years is presented in Figure 4.\n\n![Flow diagram for assigning IPCC categories in grasslands [(IPCC, 2019, volume 4, chapter 6, figure 6.1)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html)](/assets/organicCarbonPerHa-figure3.png)\n\n**Figure 4**. Flow diagram for assigning IPCC categories in grasslands [(IPCC, 2019, volume 4, chapter 6, figure 6.1)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html).\n\nn.b., land cover, land management practices and improvements must cover >30% of the [Site](/schema/Site)'s area to satisfy the condition.\n\n##### For croplands\n\nThe decision tree to assign land use, management and carbon input categories to cropland years is presented in Figure 5.\n\n![Flow diagram for assigning IPCC categories in croplands [(IPCC, 2019, volume 4, chapter 5, figure 5.1)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html)](/assets/organicCarbonPerHa-figure4.png)\n\n**Figure 5**. Flow diagram for assigning IPCC categories in croplands [(IPCC, 2019, volume 4, chapter 5, figure 5.1)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html).\n\nn.b., land cover, land management practices and improvements must cover >30% of the [Site](/schema/Site)'s area to satisfy the condition.\n\nA land-use factor $F_{LU}$, a management factor $F_{MG}$ and a carbon input factor $F_{CI}$ can then be retrieved based on the `IpccLandUseCategory`, the `IpccManagementCategory` and the `IpccCarbonInputCategory` allocated for each year of the [Site](/schema/Site)'s inventory using the default relative stock change factors provided by the [IPCC (2019)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html) (Tables 8 and 9):\n\n**Table 9**. Relative stock change factors for grassland management defined according to the [IPCC (2019), volume 4, chapter 6, table 6.2](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html).\n\n| Factor | Level | Climate regime | IPCC default | Error |\n| ------ | ----- | -------------- | ------------ | ----- |\n| Land use ($F_{LU}$) | All | All | 1 | NA |\n| Management ($F_{MG}$) | Nominally managed (non degraded) | All | 1 | NA |\n| Management ($F_{MG}$) | High intensity grazing | All | 0.9 | ±8% |\n| Management ($F_{MG}$) | Severely degraded | All | 0.7 | ±40% | \n| Management ($F_{MG}$) | Improved grassland | Temperate/Boreal | 1.14 | ±11% |\n| Management ($F_{MG}$) | Improved grassland | Tropical | 1.17 | ±9% |\n| Management ($F_{MG}$) | Improved grassland | Tropical Montane | 1.16 | ±40% |\n| Input (only applied to improved grassland) ($F_{CI}$) | Medium | All | 1 | NA |\n| Input (only applied to improved grassland) ($F_{CI}$) | High | All | 1.11 | ±7% |\n\nn.b., the error range does not include potential systematic error due to small sample sizes that may not be representative of the true impact for all regions of the world. The error represents +/- two standard deviations, expressed as a percent of the mean; where sufficient studies were not available for a statistical analysis a default, based on expert judgement, of + 40% is used as a measure of the error. NA denotes ‘Not Applicable’, for factor values that constitute reference values or nominal practices for the input or management classes.\n\nn.b.,  high intensity grazing may be moderately degraded, but do not represent excessive grazing intensity that leads to severe grassland degradation.\n\nn.b., there were not enough studies to estimate stock change factors for mineral soils in the tropical montane climate region.  As an approximation, the average stock change between the temperate and tropical regions was used to approximate the stock change for the tropical montane climate. \n\n**Table 10**. Relative stock change factors (over 20 years) for management activities on croplands defined according to the [IPCC (2019), volume 4, chapter 5, table 5.5](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html).\n\n| Factor | Level | Temperature regime | Moisture regime | IPCC defaults | Errors |\n| ------ | ----- | ------------------ | --------------- | ------------- | ------ |\n| Land use ($F_{LU}$) | Annual crops (long-term cultivated ) | Cool Temperate/Boreal | Dry | 0.77 | ±14% |\n| Land use ($F_{LU}$) | Annual crops (long-term cultivated ) | Cool Temperate/Boreal | Moist | 0.70 | ±12% |\n| Land use ($F_{LU}$) | Annual crops (long-term cultivated ) | Warm Temperate | Dry | 0.76 | ±12% |\n| Land use ($F_{LU}$) | Annual crops (long-term cultivated ) | Warm Temperate | Moist | 0.69 | ±16% |\n| Land use ($F_{LU}$) | Annual crops (long-term cultivated ) | Tropical | Dry | 0.92 | ±13% |\n| Land use ($F_{LU}$) | Annual crops (long-term cultivated ) | Tropical | Moist/Wet | 0.83 | ±11% |\n| Land use ($F_{LU}$) | Paddy rice | All | Dry and Moist/Wet | 1.35 | ±4% |\n| Land use ($F_{LU}$) | Perenial crops (tree crops) | Temperate/Boreal | Dry and Moist | 0.72 | ±22% |\n| Land use ($F_{LU}$) | Perenial crops (tree crops) | Tropical | Dry and Moist/Wet | 1.01 | ±25% |\n| Land use ($F_{LU}$) | Set aside (< 20 years) | Temperate/Boreal and Tropical | Dry | 0.93 | ±11% |\n| Land use ($F_{LU}$) | Set aside (< 20 years) | Temperate/Boreal and Tropical | Moist/Wet | 0.82 | ±17% |\n| Land use ($F_{LU}$) | Set aside (< 20 years) | Tropical Montane | NA | 0.88 | ±50% |\n| Tillage ($F_{MG}$) | Full | All | Dry and Moist/Wet | 1.00 | NA |\n| Tillage ($F_{MG}$) | Reduced | Cool Temperate/Boreal | Dry | 0.98 | ±5% |\n| Tillage ($F_{MG}$) | Reduced | Cool Temperate/Boreal | Moist | 1.04 | ±4% |\n| Tillage ($F_{MG}$) | Reduced | Warm Temperate | Dry | 0.99 | ±3% |\n| Tillage ($F_{MG}$) | Reduced | Warm Temperate | Moist | 1.05 | ±4% |\n| Tillage ($F_{MG}$) | Reduced | Tropical | Dry | 0.99 | ±7% |\n| Tillage ($F_{MG}$) | Reduced | Tropical | Moist/Wet | 1.04 | ±7% |\n| Tillage ($F_{MG}$) | No-till | Cool Temperate/Boreal | Dry | 1.03 | ±4% |\n| Tillage ($F_{MG}$) | No-till | Cool Temperate/Boreal | Moist | 1.09 | ±4% |\n| Tillage ($F_{MG}$) | No-till | Warm Temperate | Dry | 1.04 | ±3% |\n| Tillage ($F_{MG}$) | No-till | Warm Temperate | Moist | 1.10 | ±4% |\n| Tillage ($F_{MG}$) | No-till | Tropical | Dry | 1.04 | ±7% |\n| Tillage ($F_{MG}$) | No-till | Tropical | Moist/Wet | 1.10 | ±5% |\n| Input ($F_{CI}$) | Low | Temperate/Boreal | Dry | 0.95 | ±13% |\n| Input ($F_{CI}$) | Low | Temperate/Boreal | Moist | 0.92 | ±14% |\n| Input ($F_{CI}$) | Low | Tropical | Dry | 0.95 | ±13% |\n| Input ($F_{CI}$) | Low | Tropical | Moist/Wet | 0.92 | ±14% |\n| Input ($F_{CI}$) | Low | Tropical Montane | NA | 0.94 | ±50% |\n| Input ($F_{CI}$) | Medium | All | Dry and Moist/Wet | 1.00 | NA |\n| Input ($F_{CI}$) | High without manure | Temperate/Boreal and Tropical | Dry | 1.04 | ±13% |\n| Input ($F_{CI}$) | High without manure | Temperate/Boreal and Tropical | Moist/Wet | 1.11 | ±10% |\n| Input ($F_{CI}$) | High without manure | Tropical Montane | NA | 1.08 | ±50% |\n| Input ($F_{CI}$) | High with manure | Temperate/Boreal and Tropical | Dry | 1.37 | ±12% |\n| Input ($F_{CI}$) | High with manure | Temperate/Boreal and Tropical | Moist/Wet | 1.44 | ±13% |\n| Input ($F_{CI}$) | High with manure | Tropical Montane | NA | 1.41 | ±50% |\n\nn.b., the error range does not include potential systematic error due to small sample sizes that may not be representative of the true impact for all regions of the world. The error represents +/- two standard deviations, expressed as a percent of the mean; where sufficient studies were not available for a statistical analysis to derive a default, uncertainty was assumed to be + 50% based on expert opinion. NA denotes ‘Not Applicable’, where factor values constitute defined reference values, and the uncertainties are reflected in the reference C stocks and stock change factors for land use.\n\nn.b., where data were sufficient, separate values were determined for temperate and tropical temperature regimes; and dry, moist, and wet moisture regimes. Temperate and tropical zones correspond to those defined in Chapter 3; wet moisture regime corresponds to the combined moist and wet zones in the tropics and moist zone in temperate regions.   \n\n n.b., there were not enough studies to estimate some of the stock change factors for mineral soils in the tropical montane climate region. As an approximation, the average stock change between the temperate and tropical regions was used to approximate the stock change for the tropical montane climate. \n\n### Step 3. Calculating SOC equilibriums\n\nFor each year in the inventory, we estimate the soil organic carbon equilibrium ($SOC_{eq}$), which describes the stable SOC stock that the [Site](/schema/Site) would reach if the land use and land management remained consistent for 20 years:\n\n$SOC_{eq} = SOC_{ref} * F_{LU} * F_{MG} * F_{CI}$\n\nWhere:\n\n- $SOC_{eq}$ = the SOC equilibrium for the [Site](/schema/Site) under a specific land use and land management regime, kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>.\n- $SOC_{ref}$ = the SOC stock for mineral soils in the reference condition, kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>.\n- $F_{LU}$ = the stock change factor for a particular land use, dimensionless.\n- $F_{MG}$ = the stock change factor for a particular land management regime, dimensionless.\n- $F_{CI}$ = the stock change factor for a particular carbon input regime, dimensionless.\n\n### Step 4. Interpolating between SOC equilibriums\n\nStarting from the earliest year in the inventory, we can then interpolate linearly between $SOC_{eq}$ values following changes in land use and/or land management for each year of the [Site](/schema/Site)'s inventory according to the following equation:\n\n$SOC_{0+T} = SOC_{0} + \\frac{min(T, 20)}{20}(SOC_{eq} - SOC_{0})$\n\nWhere:\n\n- $SOC_{0+T}$ = the soil organic carbon stock $T$ years after the most recent land use and/or land management change, kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>.\n- $SOC_{0}$ = the soil organic carbon stock when the land use and/or land management change occurred, kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>.\n- $SOC_{eq}$ = the soil organic carbon equilibrium for the [Site](/schema/Site) under the most recent land use, management regime and carbon input regime, kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>.\n- $T$ = the number of years since the most recent land use and/or land management change event, yr.\n\nIf $T>20$, it is capped to twenty as annual SOC stock changes are assumed to be negligible after the $SOC_{eq}$ has been reached if land use and land management remain consistent.\n\n## Data recommendations\n\nFor inventory years to be assigned the correct `IpccManagementCategory` and `IpccCarbonInputCategory`, it is imperative that the management data is as complete as possible.\n\nFor each year of the inventory, we recommend specifying the following:\n\n### For grassland years\n\n- Grassland condition, using the terms [`highIntensityGrazingPasture`](/term/highIntensityGrazingPasture), [`improvedPasture`](/term/improvedPasture), [`nativePasture`](/term/nativePasture), [`nominallyManagedPasture`](/term/nominallyManagedPasture) and/or [`severelyDegradedPasture`](/term/severelyDegradedPasture).\n- Irrigation, using terms in the [water regime glossary](/glossary?termType=waterRegime).\n- Inputs to soil, using the terms [`amendmentIncreasingSoilCarbonUsed`](/term/amendmentIncreasingSoilCarbonUsed), [`animalManureUsed`](/term/animalManureUsed), [`inorganicNitrogenFertiliserUsed`](/term/inorganicNitrogenFertiliserUsed) and/or [`organicFertiliserUsed`](/term/organicFertiliserUsed).\n- Any terms in the [land cover glossary](/glossary?termType=landCover) to specify the type of grass or fresh forage grown.\n\n### For cropland years\n\n- Tillage, using terms in the [tillage glossary](/glossary?termType=tillage).\n- Irrigation, using terms in the [water regime glossary](/glossary?termType=waterRegime).\n- Crop residue management, using terms in the [crop residue management glossary](/glossary?termType=cropResidueManagement).\n- Inputs to soil, using the terms [`amendmentIncreasingSoilCarbonUsed`](/term/amendmentIncreasingSoilCarbonUsed), [`animalManureUsed`](/term/animalManureUsed), [`inorganicNitrogenFertiliserUsed`](/term/inorganicNitrogenFertiliserUsed) and/or [`organicFertiliserUsed`](/term/organicFertiliserUsed).\n- Use of cover crops, using terms in the [land cover glossary](/glossary?termType=landCover) plus one of the following [Properties](/schema/Property): [`catchCrop`](/term/catchCrop), [`coverCrop`](/term/coverCrop), [`groundCover`](/term/groundCover), [`longFallowCrop`](/term/longFallowCrop) and/or [`shortFallowCrop`](/term/shortFallowCrop).\n\n## Example\n\nBelow is an example describing several changes in management and carbon input categories in an annual cropland: there is first a change in the carbon input category (from low to medium), followed by a change in the tillage category (from full to reduced tillage), followed by a second change in the carbon input category (from medium to high with manure). The outputs of the Tier 1 SOC model are displayed on Figure 6. The significant impact of the second change in the carbon input category on SOC stocks compared with the other two changes is illustrated clearly by the sharp increase in SOC stock between 2019 and 2023.\n\n| Eco-climate zone   | `IpccSoilCategory`         | $SOC_{ref}$ (kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>) |\n| ------------------ | -------------------------- | ---------------------------------- |\n| Cool temperate dry | `HIGH_ACTIVITY_CLAY_SOILS` | 43000                              |\n\n| Year | `IpccLandUseCategory` | `IpccManagementCategory` | `IpccCarbonInputCategory`   | `organicCarbonPerHa` (kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>) |\n| ---- | --------------------- | ------------------------ | --------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- |\n| 2014 | `ANNUAL_CROPS`        | `FULL_TILLAGE`           | `CROPLAND_LOW`              | 31455                                       |\n| 2015 | `ANNUAL_CROPS`        | `FULL_TILLAGE`           | `CROPLAND_LOW`              | 31455                                       |\n| 2016 | `ANNUAL_CROPS`        | `FULL_TILLAGE`           | `CROPLAND_LOW`              | 31455                                       |\n| 2017 | `ANNUAL_CROPS`        | `FULL_TILLAGE`           | `CROPLAND_MEDIUM`           | 31537                                       |\n| 2018 | `ANNUAL_CROPS`        | `FULL_TILLAGE`           | `CROPLAND_MEDIUM`           | 31620                                       |\n| 2019 | `ANNUAL_CROPS`        | `REDUCED_TILLAGE`        | `CROPLAND_MEDIUM`           | 31661                                       |\n| 2020 | `ANNUAL_CROPS`        | `REDUCED_TILLAGE`        | `CROPLAND_HIGH_WITH_MANURE` | 32301                                       |\n| 2021 | `ANNUAL_CROPS`        | `REDUCED_TILLAGE`        | `CROPLAND_HIGH_WITH_MANURE` | 32940                                       |\n| 2022 | `ANNUAL_CROPS`        | `REDUCED_TILLAGE`        | `CROPLAND_HIGH_WITH_MANURE` | 33580                                       |\n| 2023 | `ANNUAL_CROPS`        | `REDUCED_TILLAGE`        | `CROPLAND_HIGH_WITH_MANURE` | 34220                                       |\n\n![Graph displaying the Tier 1 SOC model outputs associated with the example above.](/assets/organicCarbonPerHa-figure8.png)\n\n**Figure 6**. Graph displaying the Tier 1 SOC model outputs associated with the example above.\n\n## Discussion\n\nWhile the Tier 1 methodology is useful due to its relatively low data requirements (_i.e._, user uploads generally report the required data and/or the required data can be easily gap-filled using other HESTIA models), the methodology does have some important limitations:\n- Neither `soilType` nor `usdaSoilType` are gap-filled using geospatial models by the HESTIA platform yet. Therefore, they must be specified in the user upload.\n- There are no factors for different land management and carbon input regimes for forests, paddy-rice cultivation and perennial crops. New factors should be calculated to make the model more useful for these land uses.\n- The model could be extended to meet the requirements of new reporting standards. Country-specific factors could be calculated to bump the method up to Tier 2.\n\n## References\n\nIPCC (2006). _2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories_. Volume 4: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use. IPCC, Switzerland. https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol4.html\n\nIPCC (2019). _2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories_. Volume 4: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use. IPCC, Switzerland. https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"collapsibles\">\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Returns</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li>A list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement\">Measurements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/organicCarbonPerHa\">organicCarbonPerHa</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#method\">method</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/ipcc2019\">ipcc2019</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#value\">value</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#sd\">sd</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#min\">min</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#max\">max</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#statsDefinition\">statsDefinition</a> with <code>simulated</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#observations\">observations</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#dates\">dates</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#depthUpper\">depthUpper</a> with <code>0</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#depthLower\">depthLower</a> with <code>30</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#methodClassification\">methodClassification</a> with <code>tier 1 model</code></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Requirements</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li>A <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site\">Site</a> with:<ul>\n<li>a <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#siteType\">siteType</a> = <code>forest</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>other natural vegetation</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>cropland</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>glass or high accessible cover</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>permanent pasture</code></li>\n<li>a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#management\">managements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=landCover\">landCover</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#measurements\">measurements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#value\">value</a> with <code>1</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>2</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>3</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>4</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>7</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>8</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>9</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>10</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>11</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>12</code> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/ecoClimateZone\">ecoClimateZone</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>optional:<ul>\n<li>a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#measurements\">measurements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=soilType\">soilType</a> <strong>or</strong> <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=usdaSoilType\">usdaSoilType</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#management\">managements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=cropResidueManagement\">cropResidueManagement</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#name\">name</a> containing &quot;burnt,removed&quot;</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=landUseManagement\">landUseManagement</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=tillage\">tillage</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=waterRegime\">waterRegime</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#name\">name</a> containing &quot;deep water,irrigated&quot;</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/amendmentIncreasingSoilCarbonUsed\">amendmentIncreasingSoilCarbonUsed</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/animalManureUsed\">animalManureUsed</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/inorganicNitrogenFertiliserUsed\">inorganicNitrogenFertiliserUsed</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/organicFertiliserUsed\">organicFertiliserUsed</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/shortBareFallow\">shortBareFallow</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>none of:<ul>\n<li>a <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#siteType\">siteType</a> = <code>glass or high accessible cover</code></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Lookups used</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/crop.csv\">crop.csv</a> -&gt; <code>IPCC_LAND_USE_CATEGORY</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/landCover.csv\">landCover.csv</a> -&gt; <code>IPCC_LAND_USE_CATEGORY</code>; <code>LOW_RESIDUE_PRODUCING_CROP</code>; <code>N_FIXING_CROP</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/landUseManagement.csv\">landUseManagement.csv</a> -&gt; <code>PRACTICE_INCREASING_C_INPUT</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/soilType.csv\">soilType.csv</a> -&gt; <code>IPCC_SOIL_CATEGORY</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/tillage.csv\">tillage.csv</a> -&gt; <code>IPCC_TILLAGE_MANAGEMENT_CATEGORY</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/usdaSoilType.csv\">usdaSoilType.csv</a> -&gt; <code>IPCC_SOIL_CATEGORY</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/measurement.csv\">measurement.csv</a> -&gt; <code>siteTypesAllowed</code></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  \n</div>"}
+{"tags":{"author":["Florian Payen"],"group":["Site: Measurements"],"subgroup":["Soil"],"tab":["IPCC (2019) Tier 1"],"citation":["Payen, F. (2025) Soil organic carbon stock modelling on HESTIA."],"tag":["soc modelling"],"modelId":["organicCarbonPerHa"],"modelRequires":["ecoClimateZone","amendmentIncreasingSoilCarbonUsed","animalManureUsed","inorganicNitrogenFertiliserUsed","organicFertiliserUsed","shortBareFallow"]},"content":"# Organic carbon (per ha)\n\nThe stock of organic carbon in the soil, defined as soil organic matter that is smaller than 2 mm in size.\n\n## Overview\n\nThis page is about the IPCC Tier 1 model for estimating SOC stock changes in the 0 - 30 cm depth interval of mineral soils for croplands, grasslands and land under natural vegetation.\n\nThe model estimates the SOC stock changes that occur on [Sites](/schema/Site) after a land use and/or land management change event by linearly interpolating between the initial SOC stock and the new SOC stock equilibrium over the course of 20 years. After 20 years, it is assumed that the new SOC equilibrium has been reached and the ongoing SOC stock change is negligible until a new land use and/or land management change event occurs. Any subsequent land-use and/or land-management change trigger the start of a 20-year transition to the new equilibrium.\n\nThe model is run as a Monte Carlo simulation with 10,000 iterations. Model result values are the row-wise `mean` of simulation results. See our guide on [Monte Carlo simulation](/guide/models-applying-models-monte-carlo) for more information.\n\n## How the model works\n\n### Step 1. Assigning an $SOC_{ref}$\n\nThe $SOC_{ref}$ of a [Site](/schema/Site) represents the SOC stock (kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>) that the soil would have in the 0 - 30 cm depth interval when non-degraded, unimproved and under native vegetation. This reference value will later be multiplied by a series of factors to calculate SOC stock gains or losses from changes in land use and/or land management.\n\nFor most [Sites](/schema/Site), the $SOC_{ref}$ value is assigned based on the combination of its [`ecoClimateZone`](/term/ecoClimateZone) and `IpccSoilCategory`. Once these two elements have been determined for a [Site](/schema/Site), we can allocate the $SOC_{ref}$ value using the default $SOC_{ref}$ values for mineral soils (kg C ha<sup>-1</sup> in 0 - 30 cm depth interval) provided in [IPCC (2019), volume 4, chapter 2, table 2.3](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html) (Table 1). All values are presented in the format of the mean for the soil by climate combination ± the 95% confidence limit expressed as a percentage of the mean (_i.e._, ± 1.96 * standard error /mean *100). Values in parentheses are the number of soils included in the derivation of mean and standard error values for each combination of soil and climate types.\n\n**Table 1.** Default reference condition soil organic carbon stocks ($SOC_{ref}$) for mineral soils  in kg C ha<sup>-1</sup> in 0 - 30 cm depth interval. Adapted from table 2.3 in chapter 2, volume 4 of the [IPCC (2019)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html) report.\n\n| IPCC climate zone                          | High activity clay soils | Low activity clay soils | Sandy soils       | Spodic soils      | Volcanic soils    | Wetlands soils    |\n| ------------------------------------------ | ------------------------ | ----------------------- | ----------------- | ----------------- | ----------------- | ----------------- |\n| Polar Moist/Dry (Px - undiff)<sup>2</sup>  | 59000 ± 41% (24)         | NA<sup>1</sup>          | 27000 ± 67% (18)  | NO<sup>1</sup>    | NA<sup>1</sup>    | NA<sup>1</sup>    |\n| Boreal Moist/Dry (Bx - undiff)<sup>2</sup> | 63000 ± 18% (35)         | NA<sup>1</sup>          | 10000 ± 90%       | 117000 ± 90%      | 20000 ± 90%       | 116000 ± 65% (6)  |\n| Cool temperate dry (C2)                    | 43000 ± 8% (177)         | 33000 ± 90%             | 13000 ± 33% (10)  | NO<sup>1</sup>    | 20000 ± 90%       | 87000 ± 90%       |\n| Cool temperate moist (C1)                  | 81000 ± 5% (334)         | 76000 ± 51% (6)         | 51000 ± 13% (126) | 128000 ± 14% (45) | 136000 ± 14% (28) | 128000 ± 13% (42) |\n| Warm temperate dry (W2)                    | 24000 ± 5% (781)         | 19000 ± 16% (41)        | 10000 ± 5% (338)  | NO<sup>1</sup>    | 84000 ± 65% (10)  | 74000 ± 17% (49)  |\n| Warm temperate moist (W1)                  | 64000 ± 5% (489)         | 55000 ± 8% (183)        | 36000 ± 23% (39)  | 143000 ± 30% (9)  | 138000 ± 12% (42) | 135000 ± 28% (28) |\n| Tropical dry (T4)                          | 21000 ± 5% (554)         | 19000 ± 10% (135)       | 9000 ± 9% (164)   | NA<sup>1</sup>    | 50000 ± 90%       | 22000 ± 17% (32)  |\n| Tropical moist (T3)                        | 40000 ± 7% (226)         | 38000 ± 5% (326)        | 27000 ± 12% (76)  | NA<sup>1</sup>    | 70000 ± 90%       | 68000 ± 17% (55)  |\n| Tropical wet (T2)                          | 60000 ± 8% (137)         | 52000 ± 6% (271)        | 46000 ± 20% (43)  | NA<sup>1</sup>    | 77000 ± 27% (14)  | 49000 ± 19% (33)  |\n| Tropical montane (T1)                      | 51000 ± 10% (114)        | 44000 ± 11% (84)        | 52000 ± 34% (11)  | NA<sup>1</sup>    | 96000 ± 31% (10)  | 82000 ± 50% (12)  |\n\nNotes:\n\n- <sup>1</sup> NA denotes that the soil category may occur in a climate zone, but no data was available. NO denotes that the soil type does not normally occur within a climate zone.\n- <sup>2</sup> The Boreal dry and Boreal moist zones and the Polar dry and Polar moist zones were not differentiated. Results presented represent the SOC30 stocks for the undifferentiated (undiff.) Boreal (Bx) and Polar (Px) classes.\n\n#### IPCC eco-climate zones\n\nThe [IPCC (2019)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html) divides the globe into 12 broad eco-climate zones (Figure 1):\n\n- Polar dry (P2)\n- Polar moist (P1)\n- Boreal dry (B2)\n- Boreal moist (B1)\n- Cool temperate dry (C2)\n- Cool temperate moist (C1)\n- Warm temperate dry (W2)\n- Warm temperate moist (W1)\n- Tropical dry (T4)\n- Tropical moist (T3)\n- Tropical wet (T2)\n- Tropical montane (T1)\n\n![World divided into eco-climate zones according to the [IPCC (2019), volume 4, chapter 3, figure 3A.5.1](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html)](/assets/ipccClimateZones2019.png)\n\n**Figure 1.** World divided into eco-climate zones according to the [IPCC (2019), volume 4, chapter 3, figure 3A.5.1](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html).\n\nThese climate classes were defined by the [IPCC (2006), volume 4, chapter 3, p. 3.39)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/4_Volume4/V4_03_Ch3_Representation.pdf) using elevation, mean annual temperature (MAT), mean annual precipitation (MAP), mean annual precipitation to potential evapotranspiration (PET) ratio and frost occurrence. An updated version of this classification was released in the [IPCC (2019)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html) report (see volume 4, chapter 3, p.3.48).\n\nThe IPCC eco-climate zone of a [Site](/schema/Site) is automatically gap-filled by HESTIA when data is uploaded using the [Site](/schema/Site)'s geo-location data (`site.latitude` & `site.longitude` or `site.region`).\n\n#### IPCC soil categories\n\nThe 7 IPCC soil categories are presented in Table 2.\n\n**Table 2**. Soil categories defined according to the IPCC (2019). Adapted from [IPCC (2019), volume 4, chapter 3, figure 3A.5.3 and figure 3A.5.4](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html).\n\n| `IpccSoilCategory`         | Description                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |\n| -------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n| `ORGANIC_SOILS`            | Soils having organic material (Histosols).<br/><br/>The model **should not run** for any [Sites](/schema/Site) assigned this category.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |\n| `HIGH_ACTIVITY_CLAY_SOILS` | Soils with high activity clay (HAC) minerals are lightly to moderately weathered soils dominated by 2:1 silicate clay minerals (in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) classification: Leptosols, Vertisols, Kastanozems, Chernozems, Phaeozems, Luvisols, Alisols, Albeluvisols, Solonetz, Calcisols, Gypsisols, Umbrisols, Cambisols, Regosols; in USDA classification: Mollisols, Vertisols, high-base status Alfisols, Aridisols, Inceptisols). |\n| `LOW_ACTIVITY_CLAY_SOILS`  | Soils with low activity clay (LAC) minerals are highly weathered soils, dominated by 1:1 clay minerals and amorphous iron and aluminium oxides (in WRB classification: Acrisols, Lixisols, Nitisols, Ferralsols, Durisols; in USDA classification: Ultisols, Oxisols, acidic Alfisols).                                                                                                                                                                           |\n| `SANDY_SOILS`              | Soils (regardless of taxonomic classification) having > 70% sand and < 8% clay (in WRB classification: Arenosols; in USDA classification: Psamments).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             |\n| `SPODIC_SOILS`             | Soils exhibiting strong podzolization (in WRB classification: Podzols; in USDA classification: Spodosols).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |\n| `VOLCANIC_SOILS`           | Soils derived from volcanic ash with allophanic mineralogy (in WRB classification: Andosols; in USDA classification: Andisols).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |\n| `WETLAND_SOILS`            | Soils with restricted drainage leading to periodic flooding and anaerobic conditions (in WRB classification: Gleysols; in USDA classification: Aquic suborders).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |\n\n#### Assigning an IPCC soil category\n\nTo assign an `IpccSoilCategory` to a [Site](/schema/Site), we use the [`soilType`](/glossary?termType=soilType) or [`usdaSoilType`](/glossary?termType=usdaSoilType) nodes in [`site.measurements`](/schema/Site#measurements). To satisfy the requirements of each soil category, soil types belonging to that category must cover more than 30% of the [Site](/schema/Site).\n\nFirst, we check for [Measurements](/schema/Measurement) with terms in the [`soilType`](/glossary?termType=soilType) glossary in the order presented in Figure 2.\n\n![Flow diagram for assigning an IPCC soil category from WRB soil types [(IPCC, 2019, volume 4, chapter 3, figure 3A.5.4)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html)](/assets/organicCarbonPerHa-figure1.png)\n\n**Figure 2**. Flow diagram for assigning an IPCC soil category from WRB soil types [(IPCC, 2019, volume 4, chapter 3, figure 3A.5.4)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html).\n\nIf a category has not been assigned, we try again checking for [Measurements](/schema/Measurement) with terms in the [`usdaSoilType`](/glossary?termType=usdaSoilType) glossary in the order presented in Figure 3.\n\n![Flow diagram for assigning an IPCC soil category from USDA soil types [(IPCC, 2019, volume 4, chapter 3, figure 3A.5.3)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html)](/assets/organicCarbonPerHa-figure2.png)\n\n**Figure 3**. Flow diagram for assigning an IPCC soil category from USDA soil types [(IPCC, 2019, volume 4, chapter 3, figure 3A.5.3)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html).\n\nIf a soil category has not been assigned after following both decision trees, the [Site](/schema/Site) should be assigned the default category of `IpccSoilCategory.LOW_ACTIVITY_CLAY_SOILS`.\n\nn.b., An $SOC_{ref}$ cannot be assigned for all combinations of [`ecoClimateZone`](/term/ecoClimateZone) and `IpccSoilCategory`. This is because some soil categories do not normally occur within all climate zones or because no data was available to calculate a reference value. In these cases, the model **should not run**.\n\nIn addition, this models is only for mineral soils. If a soil is assigned the `ORGANIC_SOILS`, this model **should not run**; instead, the IPCC (2019) model for organic soil cultivation should be used. See our guide pages on emissions from [organic soil cultivation](./co2ToAirOrganicSoilCultivation.md) for more information.\n\n### Step 2. Compiling an annual inventory\n\nOnce an $SOC_{ref}$ has been assigned to a [Site](/schema/Site), we need to compile an annual inventory of the land use and land management. For each year of the inventory, we summarise the nodes in [`site.management`](/schema/Site#management) by assigning an `IpccLandUseCategory`. For some land-use categories, we then assign an additional `IpccManagementCategory` and `IpccCarbonInputCategory`.\n\n#### IPCC land use categories\n\nThe 9 `IpccLandUseCategory` categories are described in Table 3.\n\n**Table 3**. Land use categories defined according to the IPCC (2019). Adapted from [IPCC (2019), volume 4, chapter 5, table 5.5](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html) with definitions from [IPCC (2019), volume 4, chapter 6, table 6.2](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html) and [IPCC (2019), volume 4, chapter 4](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html).\n\n| `IpccLandUseCategory`    | Description                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          |\n| ------------------------ | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n| `GRASSLAND`              | All native and/or permanent grassland. <br/><br/> An additional grassland management category **must** be assigned.                                                                                                                                                  |\n| `ANNUAL_CROPS`           | Represents area that has been converted from native conditions and continuously managed for predominantly annual crops over 50 years. <br/><br/> Additional tillage management and cropland carbon input categories **must** be assigned.                            |\n| `ANNUAL_CROPS_WET`       | Represents area with mineral wetland soils that has been converted from native conditions and continuously managed for predominantly annual crops over 50 years. <br/><br/> Additional tillage management and cropland carbon input categories **must** be assigned. |\n| `PADDY_RICE_CULTIVATION` | Long-term (> 20 years) annual cropping of wetlands (paddy rice). Can include double-cropping with non-flooded crops.                                                                                                                                                 |\n| `PERENNIAL_CROPS`        | Long-term perennial tree crops such as fruit and nut trees, coffee and cacao.                                                                                                                                                                                        |\n| `SET_ASIDE`              | Represents temporary (< 20 years) set aside of annual cropland (_e.g._, conservation reserves) or other idle cropland that has been revegetated with perennial grasses.                                                                                              |\n| `FOREST`                 | All native and/or permanent forest.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |\n| `NATIVE`                 | Any other native vegetation.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |\n| `OTHER`                  | Any other land use. The model should not run for any inventory years assigned this category.                                                                                                                                                                         |\n\n#### IPCC management categories\n\n##### For grasslands:\n\nThe 4 management categories for inventory years with `IpccLandUseCategory.GRASSLAND` are presented in Table 4.\n\n**Table 4**. Grassland management categories defined according to the [IPCC (2019), volume 4, chapter 6, table 6.2](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html).\n\n| `IpccManagementCategory` | Description                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |\n| ------------------------ | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n| `IMPROVED_GRASSLAND`     | Represents grassland that is sustainably managed with light to moderate grazing pressure (or cutting and removal of vegetation) and that receive at least one improvement (_e.g._, fertilisation, species improvement, irrigation). <br/><br/> An additional grassland carbon input category **must** be assigned.            |\n| `HIGH_INTENSITY_GRAZING` | Represents high intensity grazing systems (or cutting and removal of vegetation) with shifts in vegetation composition and possibly productivity but is not severely degraded.                                                                                                                                                |\n| `NOMINALLY_MANAGED`      | Represents low or medium intensity grazing regimes, in addition to periodic cutting and removal of above-ground vegetation, without significant management improvements. High intensity grazing may be moderately degraded, but it does not represent excessive grazing intensity that leads to severe grassland degradation. |\n| `SEVERELY_DEGRADED`      | Implies major long-term loss of productivity and vegetation cover, due to severe mechanical damage to the vegetation and/or severe soil erosion.                                                                                                                                                                              |\n\nFor inventory years assigned `IpccLandUseCategory.GRASSLAND`, a management category is required for the model to run. In the absence of one, an `IpccManagementCategory` of `UNKNOWN` will be assigned to the corresponding inventory years and the model **will not run** for these years.\n\n##### For annual croplands:\n\nThe 3 management categories for inventory years with `IpccLandUseCategory.ANNUAL_CROPS` or `IpccLandUseCategory.ANNUAL_CROPS_WET` are presented in Table 5.\n\n**Table 5**. Annual cropland management categories defined according to the [IPCC (2019), volume 4, chapter 5, table 5.5](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html).\n\n| `IpccManagementCategory` | Description                                                                                                                                                                               |\n| ------------------------ | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n| `FULL_TILLAGE`           | Substantial soil disturbance with full inversion and/or frequent (within year) tillage operations. At planting time, little (_e.g._, <30%) of the surface is covered by residues.         |\n| `REDUCED_TILLAGE`        | Primary and/or secondary tillage but with reduced soil disturbance (usually shallow and without full soil inversion). Normally leaves surface with >30% coverage by residues at planting. |\n| `NO_TILLAGE`             | Direct seeding without primary tillage, with only minimal soil disturbance in the seeding zone. Herbicides are typically used for weed control.                                           |\n\nFor inventory years assigned `IpccLandUseCategory.ANNUAL_CROPS` or `IpccLandUseCategory.ANNUAL_CROPS_WET`, a management category is reauired for the model to run. In the absence of one, an `IpccManagementCategory` of `UNKNOWN` will be assigned to the corresponding inventory years and the model **will not run** for these years.\n\n#### IPCC carbon input categories\n\n##### For grasslands:\n\nThe 2 carbon input categories for inventory years with `IpccManagementCategory.IMPROVED_GRASSLAND` are presented in Table 6.\n\n**Table 6**. Grassland carbon input categories defined according to the [IPCC (2019), volume 4, chapter 6, table 6.2](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html).\n\n| `IpccCarbonInputCategory` | Description                                                                                       |\n| ------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n| `GRASSLAND_MEDIUM`        | Applies to improved grassland where a single management input or improvement has been made.       |\n| `GRASSLAND_HIGH`          | Applies to improved grassland where two or more management inputs or improvements have been used. |\n\nFor inventory years assigned `IpccManagementCategory.IMPROVED_GRASSLAND`, a default carbon input category of `IpccCarbonInputCategory.GRASSLAND_MEDIUM` should be assigned if the management data is insufficient to assign another category.\n\n##### For annual croplands:\n\nThe 4 carbon input categories for inventory years with `IpccLandUseCategory.ANNUAL_CROPS` or `IpccLandUseCategory.ANNUAL_CROPS_WET` are presented in Table 7.\n\n**Table 7**. Annual cropland carbon input categories defined according to the [IPCC (2019), volume 4, chapter 5, table 5.5](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html).\n\n| `IpccCarbonInputCategory`      | Description                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |\n| ------------------------------ | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n| `CROPLAND_LOW`                 | Low residue return occurs when there is removal of residues (via collection or burning), frequent bare-fallowing, production of crops yielding low residues (_e.g._, vegetables, tobacco, cotton), no mineral fertilisation or no N-fixing crops.                                                                                                                 |\n| `CROPLAND_MEDIUM`              | Representative for annual cropping with cereals where all crop residues are returned to the field. If residues are removed, then supplemental organic matter (_e.g._, manure) is added. Also requires mineral fertilisation or N-fixing crop in rotation.                                                                                                         |\n| `CROPLAND_HIGH_WITHOUT_MANURE` | Represents significantly greater crop residue inputs over medium carbon input cropping systems due to additional practices, such as production of high residue yielding crops, use of green manures, cover crops, improved vegetated fallows, irrigation, frequent use of perennial grasses in annual crop rotations, but without manure applied (see row below). |\n| `CROPLAND_HIGH_WITH_MANURE`    | Represents significantly higher carbon input over medium carbon input cropping systems due to an additional practice of regular addition of animal manure.                                                                                                                                                                                                        |\n\nFor inventory years assigned `IpccLandUseCategory.ANNUAL_CROPS` or `IpccLandUseCategory.ANNUAL_CROPS_WET`, a default carbon input category of `IpccCarbonInputCategory.CROPLAND_LOW` should be assigned if the management data is insufficient to assign another category.\n\n#### Assigning land use, management and carbon input categories\n\nTo assign land use, management and carbon input categories, we use the nodes in [`site.management`](/schema/Site#management). To satisfy the requirements of each step in the flow diagram, appropriate managements must have been used on more than 30% of the [Site](/schema/Site).\n\n##### For grasslands\n\nThe decision tree to assign land use, management and carbon input categories to grassland years is presented in Figure 4.\n\n![Flow diagram for assigning IPCC categories in grasslands [(IPCC, 2019, volume 4, chapter 6, figure 6.1)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html)](/assets/organicCarbonPerHa-figure3.png)\n\n**Figure 4**. Flow diagram for assigning IPCC categories in grasslands [(IPCC, 2019, volume 4, chapter 6, figure 6.1)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html).\n\nn.b., land cover, land management practices and improvements must cover >30% of the [Site](/schema/Site)'s area to satisfy the condition.\n\n##### For croplands\n\nThe decision tree to assign land use, management and carbon input categories to cropland years is presented in Figure 5.\n\n![Flow diagram for assigning IPCC categories in croplands [(IPCC, 2019, volume 4, chapter 5, figure 5.1)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html)](/assets/organicCarbonPerHa-figure4.png)\n\n**Figure 5**. Flow diagram for assigning IPCC categories in croplands [(IPCC, 2019, volume 4, chapter 5, figure 5.1)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html).\n\nn.b., land cover, land management practices and improvements must cover >30% of the [Site](/schema/Site)'s area to satisfy the condition.\n\nA land-use factor $F_{LU}$, a management factor $F_{MG}$ and a carbon input factor $F_{CI}$ can then be retrieved based on the `IpccLandUseCategory`, the `IpccManagementCategory` and the `IpccCarbonInputCategory` allocated for each year of the [Site](/schema/Site)'s inventory using the default relative stock change factors provided by the [IPCC (2019)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html) (Tables 8 and 9):\n\n**Table 9**. Relative stock change factors for grassland management defined according to the [IPCC (2019), volume 4, chapter 6, table 6.2](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html).\n\n| Factor | Level | Climate regime | IPCC default | Error |\n| ------ | ----- | -------------- | ------------ | ----- |\n| Land use ($F_{LU}$) | All | All | 1 | NA |\n| Management ($F_{MG}$) | Nominally managed (non degraded) | All | 1 | NA |\n| Management ($F_{MG}$) | High intensity grazing | All | 0.9 | ±8% |\n| Management ($F_{MG}$) | Severely degraded | All | 0.7 | ±40% |\n| Management ($F_{MG}$) | Improved grassland | Temperate/Boreal | 1.14 | ±11% |\n| Management ($F_{MG}$) | Improved grassland | Tropical | 1.17 | ±9% |\n| Management ($F_{MG}$) | Improved grassland | Tropical Montane | 1.16 | ±40% |\n| Input (only applied to improved grassland) ($F_{CI}$) | Medium | All | 1 | NA |\n| Input (only applied to improved grassland) ($F_{CI}$) | High | All | 1.11 | ±7% |\n\nn.b., the error range does not include potential systematic error due to small sample sizes that may not be representative of the true impact for all regions of the world. The error represents +/- two standard deviations, expressed as a percent of the mean; where sufficient studies were not available for a statistical analysis a default, based on expert judgement, of + 40% is used as a measure of the error. NA denotes ‘Not Applicable’, for factor values that constitute reference values or nominal practices for the input or management classes.\n\nn.b.,  high intensity grazing may be moderately degraded, but do not represent excessive grazing intensity that leads to severe grassland degradation.\n\nn.b., there were not enough studies to estimate stock change factors for mineral soils in the tropical montane climate region.  As an approximation, the average stock change between the temperate and tropical regions was used to approximate the stock change for the tropical montane climate.\n\n**Table 10**. Relative stock change factors (over 20 years) for management activities on croplands defined according to the [IPCC (2019), volume 4, chapter 5, table 5.5](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html).\n\n| Factor | Level | Temperature regime | Moisture regime | IPCC defaults | Errors |\n| ------ | ----- | ------------------ | --------------- | ------------- | ------ |\n| Land use ($F_{LU}$) | Annual crops (long-term cultivated ) | Cool Temperate/Boreal | Dry | 0.77 | ±14% |\n| Land use ($F_{LU}$) | Annual crops (long-term cultivated ) | Cool Temperate/Boreal | Moist | 0.70 | ±12% |\n| Land use ($F_{LU}$) | Annual crops (long-term cultivated ) | Warm Temperate | Dry | 0.76 | ±12% |\n| Land use ($F_{LU}$) | Annual crops (long-term cultivated ) | Warm Temperate | Moist | 0.69 | ±16% |\n| Land use ($F_{LU}$) | Annual crops (long-term cultivated ) | Tropical | Dry | 0.92 | ±13% |\n| Land use ($F_{LU}$) | Annual crops (long-term cultivated ) | Tropical | Moist/Wet | 0.83 | ±11% |\n| Land use ($F_{LU}$) | Paddy rice | All | Dry and Moist/Wet | 1.35 | ±4% |\n| Land use ($F_{LU}$) | Perenial crops (tree crops) | Temperate/Boreal | Dry and Moist | 0.72 | ±22% |\n| Land use ($F_{LU}$) | Perenial crops (tree crops) | Tropical | Dry and Moist/Wet | 1.01 | ±25% |\n| Land use ($F_{LU}$) | Set aside (< 20 years) | Temperate/Boreal and Tropical | Dry | 0.93 | ±11% |\n| Land use ($F_{LU}$) | Set aside (< 20 years) | Temperate/Boreal and Tropical | Moist/Wet | 0.82 | ±17% |\n| Land use ($F_{LU}$) | Set aside (< 20 years) | Tropical Montane | NA | 0.88 | ±50% |\n| Tillage ($F_{MG}$) | Full | All | Dry and Moist/Wet | 1.00 | NA |\n| Tillage ($F_{MG}$) | Reduced | Cool Temperate/Boreal | Dry | 0.98 | ±5% |\n| Tillage ($F_{MG}$) | Reduced | Cool Temperate/Boreal | Moist | 1.04 | ±4% |\n| Tillage ($F_{MG}$) | Reduced | Warm Temperate | Dry | 0.99 | ±3% |\n| Tillage ($F_{MG}$) | Reduced | Warm Temperate | Moist | 1.05 | ±4% |\n| Tillage ($F_{MG}$) | Reduced | Tropical | Dry | 0.99 | ±7% |\n| Tillage ($F_{MG}$) | Reduced | Tropical | Moist/Wet | 1.04 | ±7% |\n| Tillage ($F_{MG}$) | No-till | Cool Temperate/Boreal | Dry | 1.03 | ±4% |\n| Tillage ($F_{MG}$) | No-till | Cool Temperate/Boreal | Moist | 1.09 | ±4% |\n| Tillage ($F_{MG}$) | No-till | Warm Temperate | Dry | 1.04 | ±3% |\n| Tillage ($F_{MG}$) | No-till | Warm Temperate | Moist | 1.10 | ±4% |\n| Tillage ($F_{MG}$) | No-till | Tropical | Dry | 1.04 | ±7% |\n| Tillage ($F_{MG}$) | No-till | Tropical | Moist/Wet | 1.10 | ±5% |\n| Input ($F_{CI}$) | Low | Temperate/Boreal | Dry | 0.95 | ±13% |\n| Input ($F_{CI}$) | Low | Temperate/Boreal | Moist | 0.92 | ±14% |\n| Input ($F_{CI}$) | Low | Tropical | Dry | 0.95 | ±13% |\n| Input ($F_{CI}$) | Low | Tropical | Moist/Wet | 0.92 | ±14% |\n| Input ($F_{CI}$) | Low | Tropical Montane | NA | 0.94 | ±50% |\n| Input ($F_{CI}$) | Medium | All | Dry and Moist/Wet | 1.00 | NA |\n| Input ($F_{CI}$) | High without manure | Temperate/Boreal and Tropical | Dry | 1.04 | ±13% |\n| Input ($F_{CI}$) | High without manure | Temperate/Boreal and Tropical | Moist/Wet | 1.11 | ±10% |\n| Input ($F_{CI}$) | High without manure | Tropical Montane | NA | 1.08 | ±50% |\n| Input ($F_{CI}$) | High with manure | Temperate/Boreal and Tropical | Dry | 1.37 | ±12% |\n| Input ($F_{CI}$) | High with manure | Temperate/Boreal and Tropical | Moist/Wet | 1.44 | ±13% |\n| Input ($F_{CI}$) | High with manure | Tropical Montane | NA | 1.41 | ±50% |\n\nn.b., the error range does not include potential systematic error due to small sample sizes that may not be representative of the true impact for all regions of the world. The error represents +/- two standard deviations, expressed as a percent of the mean; where sufficient studies were not available for a statistical analysis to derive a default, uncertainty was assumed to be + 50% based on expert opinion. NA denotes ‘Not Applicable’, where factor values constitute defined reference values, and the uncertainties are reflected in the reference C stocks and stock change factors for land use.\n\nn.b., where data were sufficient, separate values were determined for temperate and tropical temperature regimes; and dry, moist, and wet moisture regimes. Temperate and tropical zones correspond to those defined in Chapter 3; wet moisture regime corresponds to the combined moist and wet zones in the tropics and moist zone in temperate regions.\n\n n.b., there were not enough studies to estimate some of the stock change factors for mineral soils in the tropical montane climate region. As an approximation, the average stock change between the temperate and tropical regions was used to approximate the stock change for the tropical montane climate.\n\n### Step 3. Calculating SOC equilibriums\n\nFor each year in the inventory, we estimate the soil organic carbon equilibrium ($SOC_{eq}$), which describes the stable SOC stock that the [Site](/schema/Site) would reach if the land use and land management remained consistent for 20 years:\n\n$SOC_{eq} = SOC_{ref} * F_{LU} * F_{MG} * F_{CI}$\n\nWhere:\n\n- $SOC_{eq}$ = the SOC equilibrium for the [Site](/schema/Site) under a specific land use and land management regime, kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>.\n- $SOC_{ref}$ = the SOC stock for mineral soils in the reference condition, kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>.\n- $F_{LU}$ = the stock change factor for a particular land use, dimensionless.\n- $F_{MG}$ = the stock change factor for a particular land management regime, dimensionless.\n- $F_{CI}$ = the stock change factor for a particular carbon input regime, dimensionless.\n\n### Step 4. Interpolating between SOC equilibriums\n\nStarting from the earliest year in the inventory, we can then interpolate linearly between $SOC_{eq}$ values following changes in land use and/or land management for each year of the [Site](/schema/Site)'s inventory according to the following equation:\n\n$SOC_{0+T} = SOC_{0} + \\frac{min(T, 20)}{20}(SOC_{eq} - SOC_{0})$\n\nWhere:\n\n- $SOC_{0+T}$ = the soil organic carbon stock $T$ years after the most recent land use and/or land management change, kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>.\n- $SOC_{0}$ = the soil organic carbon stock when the land use and/or land management change occurred, kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>.\n- $SOC_{eq}$ = the soil organic carbon equilibrium for the [Site](/schema/Site) under the most recent land use, management regime and carbon input regime, kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>.\n- $T$ = the number of years since the most recent land use and/or land management change event, yr.\n\nIf $T>20$, it is capped to twenty as annual SOC stock changes are assumed to be negligible after the $SOC_{eq}$ has been reached if land use and land management remain consistent.\n\n## Data recommendations\n\nFor inventory years to be assigned the correct `IpccManagementCategory` and `IpccCarbonInputCategory`, it is imperative that the management data is as complete as possible.\n\nFor each year of the inventory, we recommend specifying the following:\n\n### For grassland years\n\n- Grassland condition, using the terms [`highIntensityGrazingPasture`](/term/highIntensityGrazingPasture), [`improvedPasture`](/term/improvedPasture), [`nativePasture`](/term/nativePasture), [`nominallyManagedPasture`](/term/nominallyManagedPasture) and/or [`severelyDegradedPasture`](/term/severelyDegradedPasture).\n- Irrigation, using terms in the [water regime glossary](/glossary?termType=waterRegime).\n- Inputs to soil, using the terms [`amendmentIncreasingSoilCarbonUsed`](/term/amendmentIncreasingSoilCarbonUsed), [`animalManureUsed`](/term/animalManureUsed), [`inorganicNitrogenFertiliserUsed`](/term/inorganicNitrogenFertiliserUsed) and/or [`organicFertiliserUsed`](/term/organicFertiliserUsed).\n- Any terms in the [land cover glossary](/glossary?termType=landCover) to specify the type of grass or fresh forage grown.\n\n### For cropland years\n\n- Tillage, using terms in the [tillage glossary](/glossary?termType=tillage).\n- Irrigation, using terms in the [water regime glossary](/glossary?termType=waterRegime).\n- Crop residue management, using terms in the [crop residue management glossary](/glossary?termType=cropResidueManagement).\n- Inputs to soil, using the terms [`amendmentIncreasingSoilCarbonUsed`](/term/amendmentIncreasingSoilCarbonUsed), [`animalManureUsed`](/term/animalManureUsed), [`inorganicNitrogenFertiliserUsed`](/term/inorganicNitrogenFertiliserUsed) and/or [`organicFertiliserUsed`](/term/organicFertiliserUsed).\n- Use of cover crops, using terms in the [land cover glossary](/glossary?termType=landCover) plus one of the following [Properties](/schema/Property): [`catchCrop`](/term/catchCrop), [`coverCrop`](/term/coverCrop), [`groundCover`](/term/groundCover), [`longFallowCrop`](/term/longFallowCrop) and/or [`shortFallowCrop`](/term/shortFallowCrop).\n\n## Example\n\nBelow is an example describing several changes in management and carbon input categories in an annual cropland: there is first a change in the carbon input category (from low to medium), followed by a change in the tillage category (from full to reduced tillage), followed by a second change in the carbon input category (from medium to high with manure). The outputs of the Tier 1 SOC model are displayed on Figure 6. The significant impact of the second change in the carbon input category on SOC stocks compared with the other two changes is illustrated clearly by the sharp increase in SOC stock between 2019 and 2023.\n\n| Eco-climate zone   | `IpccSoilCategory`         | $SOC_{ref}$ (kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>) |\n| ------------------ | -------------------------- | ---------------------------------- |\n| Cool temperate dry | `HIGH_ACTIVITY_CLAY_SOILS` | 43000                              |\n\n| Year | `IpccLandUseCategory` | `IpccManagementCategory` | `IpccCarbonInputCategory`   | `organicCarbonPerHa` (kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>) |\n| ---- | --------------------- | ------------------------ | --------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- |\n| 2014 | `ANNUAL_CROPS`        | `FULL_TILLAGE`           | `CROPLAND_LOW`              | 31455                                       |\n| 2015 | `ANNUAL_CROPS`        | `FULL_TILLAGE`           | `CROPLAND_LOW`              | 31455                                       |\n| 2016 | `ANNUAL_CROPS`        | `FULL_TILLAGE`           | `CROPLAND_LOW`              | 31455                                       |\n| 2017 | `ANNUAL_CROPS`        | `FULL_TILLAGE`           | `CROPLAND_MEDIUM`           | 31537                                       |\n| 2018 | `ANNUAL_CROPS`        | `FULL_TILLAGE`           | `CROPLAND_MEDIUM`           | 31620                                       |\n| 2019 | `ANNUAL_CROPS`        | `REDUCED_TILLAGE`        | `CROPLAND_MEDIUM`           | 31661                                       |\n| 2020 | `ANNUAL_CROPS`        | `REDUCED_TILLAGE`        | `CROPLAND_HIGH_WITH_MANURE` | 32301                                       |\n| 2021 | `ANNUAL_CROPS`        | `REDUCED_TILLAGE`        | `CROPLAND_HIGH_WITH_MANURE` | 32940                                       |\n| 2022 | `ANNUAL_CROPS`        | `REDUCED_TILLAGE`        | `CROPLAND_HIGH_WITH_MANURE` | 33580                                       |\n| 2023 | `ANNUAL_CROPS`        | `REDUCED_TILLAGE`        | `CROPLAND_HIGH_WITH_MANURE` | 34220                                       |\n\n![Graph displaying the Tier 1 SOC model outputs associated with the example above.](/assets/organicCarbonPerHa-figure8.png)\n\n**Figure 6**. Graph displaying the Tier 1 SOC model outputs associated with the example above.\n\n## Discussion\n\nWhile the Tier 1 methodology is useful due to its relatively low data requirements (_i.e._, user uploads generally report the required data and/or the required data can be easily gap-filled using other HESTIA models), the methodology does have some important limitations:\n- Neither `soilType` nor `usdaSoilType` are gap-filled using geospatial models by the HESTIA platform yet. Therefore, they must be specified in the user upload.\n- There are no factors for different land management and carbon input regimes for forests, paddy-rice cultivation and perennial crops. New factors should be calculated to make the model more useful for these land uses.\n- The model could be extended to meet the requirements of new reporting standards. Country-specific factors could be calculated to bump the method up to Tier 2.\n\n## References\n\nIPCC (2006). _2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories_. Volume 4: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use. IPCC, Switzerland. https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol4.html\n\nIPCC (2019). _2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories_. Volume 4: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use. IPCC, Switzerland. https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"collapsibles\">\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Returns</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li>A list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement\">Measurements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/organicCarbonPerHa\">organicCarbonPerHa</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#method\">method</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/ipcc2019\">ipcc2019</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#value\">value</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#sd\">sd</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#min\">min</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#max\">max</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#statsDefinition\">statsDefinition</a> with <code>simulated</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#observations\">observations</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#dates\">dates</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#depthUpper\">depthUpper</a> with <code>0</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#depthLower\">depthLower</a> with <code>30</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#methodClassification\">methodClassification</a> with <code>tier 1 model</code></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Requirements</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li>A <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site\">Site</a> with:<ul>\n<li>a <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#siteType\">siteType</a> = <code>forest</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>other natural vegetation</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>cropland</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>glass or high accessible cover</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>permanent pasture</code></li>\n<li>a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#management\">managements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=landCover\">landCover</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#measurements\">measurements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#value\">value</a> with <code>1</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>2</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>3</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>4</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>7</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>8</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>9</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>10</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>11</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>12</code> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/ecoClimateZone\">ecoClimateZone</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>optional:<ul>\n<li>a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#measurements\">measurements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=soilType\">soilType</a> <strong>or</strong> <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=usdaSoilType\">usdaSoilType</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#management\">managements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=cropResidueManagement\">cropResidueManagement</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#name\">name</a> containing &quot;burnt,removed&quot;</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=landUseManagement\">landUseManagement</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=tillage\">tillage</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=waterRegime\">waterRegime</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#name\">name</a> containing &quot;deep water,irrigated&quot;</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/amendmentIncreasingSoilCarbonUsed\">amendmentIncreasingSoilCarbonUsed</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/animalManureUsed\">animalManureUsed</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/inorganicNitrogenFertiliserUsed\">inorganicNitrogenFertiliserUsed</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/organicFertiliserUsed\">organicFertiliserUsed</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/shortBareFallow\">shortBareFallow</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>none of:<ul>\n<li>a <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#siteType\">siteType</a> = <code>glass or high accessible cover</code></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Lookups used</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/crop.csv\">crop.csv</a> -&gt; <code>IPCC_LAND_USE_CATEGORY</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/landCover.csv\">landCover.csv</a> -&gt; <code>IPCC_LAND_USE_CATEGORY</code>; <code>LOW_RESIDUE_PRODUCING_CROP</code>; <code>N_FIXING_CROP</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/landUseManagement.csv\">landUseManagement.csv</a> -&gt; <code>PRACTICE_INCREASING_C_INPUT</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/soilType.csv\">soilType.csv</a> -&gt; <code>IPCC_SOIL_CATEGORY</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/tillage.csv\">tillage.csv</a> -&gt; <code>IPCC_TILLAGE_MANAGEMENT_CATEGORY</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/usdaSoilType.csv\">usdaSoilType.csv</a> -&gt; <code>IPCC_SOIL_CATEGORY</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/measurement.csv\">measurement.csv</a> -&gt; <code>siteTypesAllowed</code></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  \n</div>"}