@hebcal/noaa 0.8.3 → 0.8.4

package/dist/esm/index.js

@@ -0,0 +1,1053 @@
+import { Temporal } from 'temporal-polyfill';
+/**
+ * java.lang.Math.toRadians
+ * @param degrees
+ */
+function degreesToRadians(degrees) {
+    return (degrees * Math.PI) / 180;
+}
+/**
+ * java.lang.Math.toDegrees
+ * @param radians
+ */
+function radiansToDegrees(radians) {
+    return (radians * 180) / Math.PI;
+}
+const Long_MIN_VALUE = NaN;
+/**
+ * A class that contains location information such as latitude and longitude required for astronomical calculations. The
+ * elevation field may not be used by some calculation engines and would be ignored if set. Check the documentation for
+ * specific implementations of the {@link AstronomicalCalculator} to see if elevation is calculated as part of the
+ * algorithm.
+ *
+ * @author © Eliyahu Hershfeld 2004 - 2016
+ * @version 1.1
+ */
+export class GeoLocation {
+    /**
+     * Method to get the elevation in Meters.
+     *
+     * @return Returns the elevation in Meters.
+     */
+    getElevation() {
+        return this.elevation;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Method to set the elevation in Meters <b>above </b> sea level.
+     *
+     * @param elevation
+     *            The elevation to set in Meters. An IllegalArgumentException will be thrown if the value is a negative.
+     */
+    setElevation(elevation) {
+        this.elevation = elevation;
+    }
+    constructor(name = 'Greenwich, England', latitude = 51.4772, longitude = 0, elevationOrTimeZoneId, timeZoneId) {
+        /**
+         * @see #getLocationName()
+         * @see #setLocationName(String)
+         */
+        this.locationName = null;
+        let elevation = 0;
+        if (timeZoneId) {
+            elevation = elevationOrTimeZoneId;
+        }
+        else {
+            timeZoneId = elevationOrTimeZoneId;
+        }
+        this.setLocationName(name);
+        this.setLatitude(latitude);
+        this.setLongitude(longitude);
+        this.setElevation(elevation);
+        this.setTimeZone(timeZoneId);
+    }
+    setLatitude(latitude) {
+        this.latitude = latitude;
+    }
+    /**
+     * @return Returns the latitude.
+     */
+    getLatitude() {
+        return this.latitude;
+    }
+    setLongitude(longitude) {
+        this.longitude = longitude;
+    }
+    /**
+     * @return Returns the longitude.
+     */
+    getLongitude() {
+        return this.longitude;
+    }
+    /**
+     * @return Returns the location name.
+     */
+    getLocationName() {
+        return this.locationName;
+    }
+    /**
+     * @param name
+     *            The setter method for the display name.
+     */
+    setLocationName(name) {
+        this.locationName = name;
+    }
+    /**
+     * @return Returns the timeZone.
+     */
+    getTimeZone() {
+        return this.timeZoneId;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Method to set the TimeZone. If this is ever set after the GeoLocation is set in the
+     * {@link AstronomicalCalendar}, it is critical that
+     * {@link AstronomicalCalendar#getCalendar()}.
+     * {@link java.util.Calendar#setTimeZone(TimeZone) setTimeZone(TimeZone)} be called in order for the
+     * AstronomicalCalendar to output times in the expected offset. This situation will arise if the
+     * AstronomicalCalendar is ever {@link AstronomicalCalendar#clone() cloned}.
+     *
+     * @param timeZone
+     *            The timeZone to set.
+     */
+    setTimeZone(timeZoneId) {
+        this.timeZoneId = timeZoneId;
+    }
+}
+/**
+ * The commonly used average solar refraction. Calendrical Calculations lists a more accurate global average of
+ * 34.478885263888294
+ * @private
+ */
+const refraction = 34 / 60;
+// private double refraction = 34.478885263888294 / 60d;
+/**
+ * The commonly used average solar radius in minutes of a degree.
+ * @private
+ */
+const solarRadius = 16 / 60;
+/**
+ * The commonly used average earth radius in KM. At this time, this only affects elevation adjustment and not the
+ * sunrise and sunset calculations. The value currently defaults to 6356.9 KM.
+ * @private
+ */
+const earthRadius = 6356.9; // in KM
+/**
+ * Implementation of sunrise and sunset methods to calculate astronomical times based on the <a
+ * href="http://noaa.gov">NOAA</a> algorithm. This calculator uses the Java algorithm based on the implementation by <a
+ * href="http://noaa.gov">NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>'s <a href =
+ * "http://www.srrb.noaa.gov/highlights/sunrise/sunrise.html">Surface Radiation Research Branch</a>. NOAA's <a
+ * href="http://www.srrb.noaa.gov/highlights/sunrise/solareqns.PDF">implementation</a> is based on equations from <a
+ * href="http://www.willbell.com/math/mc1.htm">Astronomical Algorithms</a> by <a
+ * href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Meeus">Jean Meeus</a>. Added to the algorithm is an adjustment of the zenith
+ * to account for elevation. The algorithm can be found in the <a
+ * href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunrise_equation">Wikipedia Sunrise Equation</a> article.
+ *
+ * @author &copy; Eliyahu Hershfeld 2011 - 2019
+ */
+export class NOAACalculator {
+    /**
+     * The getSunrise method Returns a <code>Date</code> representing the
+     * {@link AstronomicalCalculator#getElevationAdjustment(double) elevation adjusted} sunrise time. The zenith used
+     * for the calculation uses {@link #GEOMETRIC_ZENITH geometric zenith} of 90&deg; plus
+     * {@link AstronomicalCalculator#getElevationAdjustment(double)}. This is adjusted by the
+     * {@link AstronomicalCalculator} to add approximately 50/60 of a degree to account for 34 archminutes of refraction
+     * and 16 archminutes for the sun's radius for a total of {@link AstronomicalCalculator#adjustZenith 90.83333&deg;}.
+     * See documentation for the specific implementation of the {@link AstronomicalCalculator} that you are using.
+     *
+     * @return the <code>Date</code> representing the exact sunrise time. If the calculation can't be computed such as
+     *         in the Arctic Circle where there is at least one day a year where the sun does not rise, and one where it
+     *         does not set, a null will be returned. See detailed explanation on top of the page.
+     * @see AstronomicalCalculator#adjustZenith
+     * @see #getSeaLevelSunrise()
+     * @see AstronomicalCalendar#getUTCSunrise
+     */
+    getSunrise() {
+        const sunrise = this.getUTCSunrise0(NOAACalculator.GEOMETRIC_ZENITH);
+        if (Number.isNaN(sunrise))
+            return null;
+        return this.getDateFromTime(sunrise, true);
+    }
+    /**
+     * A method that returns the sunrise without {@link AstronomicalCalculator#getElevationAdjustment(double) elevation
+     * adjustment}. Non-sunrise and sunset calculations such as dawn and dusk, depend on the amount of visible light,
+     * something that is not affected by elevation. This method returns sunrise calculated at sea level. This forms the
+     * base for dawn calculations that are calculated as a dip below the horizon before sunrise.
+     *
+     * @return the <code>Date</code> representing the exact sea-level sunrise time. If the calculation can't be computed
+     *         such as in the Arctic Circle where there is at least one day a year where the sun does not rise, and one
+     *         where it does not set, a null will be returned. See detailed explanation on top of the page.
+     * @see AstronomicalCalendar#getSunrise
+     * @see AstronomicalCalendar#getUTCSeaLevelSunrise
+     * @see #getSeaLevelSunset()
+     */
+    getSeaLevelSunrise() {
+        const sunrise = this.getUTCSeaLevelSunrise(NOAACalculator.GEOMETRIC_ZENITH);
+        if (Number.isNaN(sunrise))
+            return null;
+        return this.getDateFromTime(sunrise, true);
+    }
+    /**
+     * A method that returns the beginning of civil twilight (dawn) using a zenith of {@link #CIVIL_ZENITH 96&deg;}.
+     *
+     * @return The <code>Date</code> of the beginning of civil twilight using a zenith of 96&deg;. If the calculation
+     *         can't be computed, null will be returned. See detailed explanation on top of the page.
+     * @see #CIVIL_ZENITH
+     */
+    getBeginCivilTwilight() {
+        return this.getSunriseOffsetByDegrees(NOAACalculator.CIVIL_ZENITH);
+    }
+    /**
+     * A method that returns the beginning of nautical twilight using a zenith of {@link #NAUTICAL_ZENITH 102&deg;}.
+     *
+     * @return The <code>Date</code> of the beginning of nautical twilight using a zenith of 102&deg;. If the
+     *         calculation can't be computed null will be returned. See detailed explanation on top of the page.
+     * @see #NAUTICAL_ZENITH
+     */
+    getBeginNauticalTwilight() {
+        return this.getSunriseOffsetByDegrees(NOAACalculator.NAUTICAL_ZENITH);
+    }
+    /**
+     * A method that returns the beginning of astronomical twilight using a zenith of {@link #ASTRONOMICAL_ZENITH
+     * 108&deg;}.
+     *
+     * @return The <code>Date</code> of the beginning of astronomical twilight using a zenith of 108&deg;. If the
+     *         calculation can't be computed, null will be returned. See detailed explanation on top of the page.
+     * @see #ASTRONOMICAL_ZENITH
+     */
+    getBeginAstronomicalTwilight() {
+        return this.getSunriseOffsetByDegrees(NOAACalculator.ASTRONOMICAL_ZENITH);
+    }
+    /**
+     * The getSunset method Returns a <code>Date</code> representing the
+     * {@link AstronomicalCalculator#getElevationAdjustment(double) elevation adjusted} sunset time. The zenith used for
+     * the calculation uses {@link #GEOMETRIC_ZENITH geometric zenith} of 90&deg; plus
+     * {@link AstronomicalCalculator#getElevationAdjustment(double)}. This is adjusted by the
+     * {@link AstronomicalCalculator} to add approximately 50/60 of a degree to account for 34 archminutes of refraction
+     * and 16 archminutes for the sun's radius for a total of {@link AstronomicalCalculator#adjustZenith 90.83333&deg;}.
+     * See documentation for the specific implementation of the {@link AstronomicalCalculator} that you are using. Note:
+     * In certain cases the calculates sunset will occur before sunrise. This will typically happen when a timezone
+     * other than the local timezone is used (calculating Los Angeles sunset using a GMT timezone for example). In this
+     * case the sunset date will be incremented to the following date.
+     *
+     * @return the <code>Date</code> representing the exact sunset time. If the calculation can't be computed such as in
+     *         the Arctic Circle where there is at least one day a year where the sun does not rise, and one where it
+     *         does not set, a null will be returned. See detailed explanation on top of the page.
+     * @see AstronomicalCalculator#adjustZenith
+     * @see #getSeaLevelSunset()
+     * @see AstronomicalCalendar#getUTCSunset
+     */
+    getSunset() {
+        const sunset = this.getUTCSunset0(NOAACalculator.GEOMETRIC_ZENITH);
+        if (Number.isNaN(sunset))
+            return null;
+        return this.getDateFromTime(sunset, false);
+    }
+    /**
+     * A method that returns the sunset without {@link AstronomicalCalculator#getElevationAdjustment(double) elevation
+     * adjustment}. Non-sunrise and sunset calculations such as dawn and dusk, depend on the amount of visible light,
+     * something that is not affected by elevation. This method returns sunset calculated at sea level. This forms the
+     * base for dusk calculations that are calculated as a dip below the horizon after sunset.
+     *
+     * @return the <code>Date</code> representing the exact sea-level sunset time. If the calculation can't be computed
+     *         such as in the Arctic Circle where there is at least one day a year where the sun does not rise, and one
+     *         where it does not set, a null will be returned. See detailed explanation on top of the page.
+     * @see AstronomicalCalendar#getSunset
+     * @see AstronomicalCalendar#getUTCSeaLevelSunset 2see {@link #getSunset()}
+     */
+    getSeaLevelSunset() {
+        const sunset = this.getUTCSeaLevelSunset(NOAACalculator.GEOMETRIC_ZENITH);
+        if (Number.isNaN(sunset))
+            return null;
+        return this.getDateFromTime(sunset, false);
+    }
+    /**
+     * A method that returns the end of civil twilight using a zenith of {@link #CIVIL_ZENITH 96&deg;}.
+     *
+     * @return The <code>Date</code> of the end of civil twilight using a zenith of {@link #CIVIL_ZENITH 96&deg;}. If
+     *         the calculation can't be computed, null will be returned. See detailed explanation on top of the page.
+     * @see #CIVIL_ZENITH
+     */
+    getEndCivilTwilight() {
+        return this.getSunsetOffsetByDegrees(NOAACalculator.CIVIL_ZENITH);
+    }
+    /**
+     * A method that returns the end of nautical twilight using a zenith of {@link #NAUTICAL_ZENITH 102&deg;}.
+     *
+     * @return The <code>Date</code> of the end of nautical twilight using a zenith of {@link #NAUTICAL_ZENITH 102&deg;}
+     *         . If the calculation can't be computed, null will be returned. See detailed explanation on top of the
+     *         page.
+     * @see #NAUTICAL_ZENITH
+     */
+    getEndNauticalTwilight() {
+        return this.getSunsetOffsetByDegrees(NOAACalculator.NAUTICAL_ZENITH);
+    }
+    /**
+     * A method that returns the end of astronomical twilight using a zenith of {@link #ASTRONOMICAL_ZENITH 108&deg;}.
+     *
+     * @return the <code>Date</code> of the end of astronomical twilight using a zenith of {@link #ASTRONOMICAL_ZENITH
+     *         108&deg;}. If the calculation can't be computed, null will be returned. See detailed explanation on top
+     *         of the page.
+     * @see #ASTRONOMICAL_ZENITH
+     */
+    getEndAstronomicalTwilight() {
+        return this.getSunsetOffsetByDegrees(NOAACalculator.ASTRONOMICAL_ZENITH);
+    }
+    /**
+     * A utility method that returns a date offset by the offset time passed in. Please note that the level of light
+     * during twilight is not affected by elevation, so if this is being used to calculate an offset before sunrise or
+     * after sunset with the intent of getting a rough "level of light" calculation, the sunrise or sunset time passed
+     * to this method should be sea level sunrise and sunset.
+     *
+     * @param time
+     *            the start time
+     * @param offset
+     *            the offset in milliseconds to add to the time.
+     * @return the {@link java.util.Date} with the offset in milliseconds added to it
+     */
+    static getTimeOffset(time, offset) {
+        if (time === null || offset === Long_MIN_VALUE || Number.isNaN(offset)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return time.add({ milliseconds: offset });
+    }
+    /**
+     * A utility method that returns the time of an offset by degrees below or above the horizon of
+     * {@link #getSunrise() sunrise}. Note that the degree offset is from the vertical, so for a calculation of 14&deg;
+     * before sunrise, an offset of 14 + {@link #GEOMETRIC_ZENITH} = 104 would have to be passed as a parameter.
+     *
+     * @param offsetZenith
+     *            the degrees before {@link #getSunrise()} to use in the calculation. For time after sunrise use
+     *            negative numbers. Note that the degree offset is from the vertical, so for a calculation of 14&deg;
+     *            before sunrise, an offset of 14 + {@link #GEOMETRIC_ZENITH} = 104 would have to be passed as a
+     *            parameter.
+     * @return The {@link java.util.Date} of the offset after (or before) {@link #getSunrise()}. If the calculation
+     *         can't be computed such as in the Arctic Circle where there is at least one day a year where the sun does
+     *         not rise, and one where it does not set, a null will be returned. See detailed explanation on top of the
+     *         page.
+     */
+    getSunriseOffsetByDegrees(offsetZenith) {
+        const dawn = this.getUTCSunrise0(offsetZenith);
+        if (Number.isNaN(dawn))
+            return null;
+        return this.getDateFromTime(dawn, true);
+    }
+    /**
+     * A utility method that returns the time of an offset by degrees below or above the horizon of {@link #getSunset()
+     * sunset}. Note that the degree offset is from the vertical, so for a calculation of 14&deg; after sunset, an
+     * offset of 14 + {@link #GEOMETRIC_ZENITH} = 104 would have to be passed as a parameter.
+     *
+     * @param offsetZenith
+     *            the degrees after {@link #getSunset()} to use in the calculation. For time before sunset use negative
+     *            numbers. Note that the degree offset is from the vertical, so for a calculation of 14&deg; after
+     *            sunset, an offset of 14 + {@link #GEOMETRIC_ZENITH} = 104 would have to be passed as a parameter.
+     * @return The {@link java.util.Date}of the offset after (or before) {@link #getSunset()}. If the calculation can't
+     *         be computed such as in the Arctic Circle where there is at least one day a year where the sun does not
+     *         rise, and one where it does not set, a null will be returned. See detailed explanation on top of the
+     *         page.
+     */
+    getSunsetOffsetByDegrees(offsetZenith) {
+        const sunset = this.getUTCSunset0(offsetZenith);
+        if (Number.isNaN(sunset))
+            return null;
+        return this.getDateFromTime(sunset, false);
+    }
+    /**
+     * A constructor that takes in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geolocation">geolocation</a> information as a
+     * parameter. The default {@link AstronomicalCalculator#getDefault() AstronomicalCalculator} used for solar
+     * calculations is the the {@link NOAACalculator}.
+     *
+     * @param geoLocation
+     *            The location information used for calculating astronomical sun times.
+     *
+     * @see #setAstronomicalCalculator(AstronomicalCalculator) for changing the calculator class.
+     */
+    constructor(geoLocation, date) {
+        this.date = date;
+        this.geoLocation = geoLocation;
+    }
+    /**
+     * A method that returns the sunrise in UTC time without correction for time zone offset from GMT and without using
+     * daylight savings time.
+     *
+     * @param zenith
+     *            the degrees below the horizon. For time after sunrise use negative numbers.
+     * @return The time in the format: 18.75 for 18:45:00 UTC/GMT. If the calculation can't be computed such as in the
+     *         Arctic Circle where there is at least one day a year where the sun does not rise, and one where it does
+     *         not set, {@link Double#NaN} will be returned. See detailed explanation on top of the page.
+     */
+    getUTCSunrise0(zenith) {
+        return this.getUTCSunrise(this.getAdjustedDate(), this.geoLocation, zenith, true);
+    }
+    /**
+     * A method that returns the sunrise in UTC time without correction for time zone offset from GMT and without using
+     * daylight savings time. Non-sunrise and sunset calculations such as dawn and dusk, depend on the amount of visible
+     * light, something that is not affected by elevation. This method returns UTC sunrise calculated at sea level. This
+     * forms the base for dawn calculations that are calculated as a dip below the horizon before sunrise.
+     *
+     * @param zenith
+     *            the degrees below the horizon. For time after sunrise use negative numbers.
+     * @return The time in the format: 18.75 for 18:45:00 UTC/GMT. If the calculation can't be computed such as in the
+     *         Arctic Circle where there is at least one day a year where the sun does not rise, and one where it does
+     *         not set, {@link Double#NaN} will be returned. See detailed explanation on top of the page.
+     * @see AstronomicalCalendar#getUTCSunrise
+     * @see AstronomicalCalendar#getUTCSeaLevelSunset
+     */
+    getUTCSeaLevelSunrise(zenith) {
+        return this.getUTCSunrise(this.getAdjustedDate(), this.geoLocation, zenith, false);
+    }
+    /**
+     * A method that returns the sunset in UTC time without correction for time zone offset from GMT and without using
+     * daylight savings time.
+     *
+     * @param zenith
+     *            the degrees below the horizon. For time after sunset use negative numbers.
+     * @return The time in the format: 18.75 for 18:45:00 UTC/GMT. If the calculation can't be computed such as in the
+     *         Arctic Circle where there is at least one day a year where the sun does not rise, and one where it does
+     *         not set, {@link Double#NaN} will be returned. See detailed explanation on top of the page.
+     * @see AstronomicalCalendar#getUTCSeaLevelSunset
+     */
+    getUTCSunset0(zenith) {
+        return this.getUTCSunset(this.getAdjustedDate(), this.geoLocation, zenith, true);
+    }
+    /**
+     * A method that returns the sunset in UTC time without correction for elevation, time zone offset from GMT and
+     * without using daylight savings time. Non-sunrise and sunset calculations such as dawn and dusk, depend on the
+     * amount of visible light, something that is not affected by elevation. This method returns UTC sunset calculated
+     * at sea level. This forms the base for dusk calculations that are calculated as a dip below the horizon after
+     * sunset.
+     *
+     * @param zenith
+     *            the degrees below the horizon. For time before sunset use negative numbers.
+     * @return The time in the format: 18.75 for 18:45:00 UTC/GMT. If the calculation can't be computed such as in the
+     *         Arctic Circle where there is at least one day a year where the sun does not rise, and one where it does
+     *         not set, {@link Double#NaN} will be returned. See detailed explanation on top of the page.
+     * @see AstronomicalCalendar#getUTCSunset
+     * @see AstronomicalCalendar#getUTCSeaLevelSunrise
+     */
+    getUTCSeaLevelSunset(zenith) {
+        return this.getUTCSunset(this.getAdjustedDate(), this.geoLocation, zenith, false);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Adjusts the <code>Calendar</code> to deal with edge cases where the location crosses the antimeridian.
+     * @private
+     * @see GeoLocation#getAntimeridianAdjustment()
+     * @return the adjusted Calendar
+     */
+    getAdjustedDate() {
+        return this.date;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Method to return the adjustment to the zenith required to account for the elevation. Since a person at a higher
+     * elevation can see farther below the horizon, the calculation for sunrise / sunset is calculated below the horizon
+     * used at sea level. This is only used for sunrise and sunset and not times before or after it such as
+     * {@link AstronomicalCalendar#getBeginNauticalTwilight() nautical twilight} since those
+     * calculations are based on the level of available light at the given dip below the horizon, something that is not
+     * affected by elevation, the adjustment should only made if the zenith == 90&deg; {@link #adjustZenith adjusted}
+     * for refraction and solar radius. The algorithm used is
+     *
+     * <pre>
+     * elevationAdjustment = Math.toDegrees(Math.acos(earthRadiusInMeters / (earthRadiusInMeters + elevationMeters)));
+     * </pre>
+     *
+     * The source of this algorithm is <a href="http://www.calendarists.com">Calendrical Calculations</a> by Edward M.
+     * Reingold and Nachum Dershowitz. An alternate algorithm that produces an almost identical (but not accurate)
+     * result found in Ma'aglay Tzedek by Moishe Kosower and other sources is:
+     *
+     * <pre>
+     * elevationAdjustment = 0.0347 * Math.sqrt(elevationMeters);
+     * </pre>
+     *
+     * @param elevation
+     *            elevation in Meters.
+     * @return the adjusted zenith
+     */
+    getElevationAdjustment(elevation) {
+        // double elevationAdjustment = 0.0347 * Math.sqrt(elevation);
+        const elevationAdjustment = radiansToDegrees(Math.acos(earthRadius / (earthRadius + elevation / 1000)));
+        return elevationAdjustment;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Adjusts the zenith of astronomical sunrise and sunset to account for solar refraction, solar radius and
+     * elevation. The value for Sun's zenith and true rise/set Zenith (used in this class and subclasses) is the angle
+     * that the center of the Sun makes to a line perpendicular to the Earth's surface. If the Sun were a point and the
+     * Earth were without an atmosphere, true sunset and sunrise would correspond to a 90&deg; zenith. Because the Sun
+     * is not a point, and because the atmosphere refracts light, this 90&deg; zenith does not, in fact, correspond to
+     * true sunset or sunrise, instead the centre of the Sun's disk must lie just below the horizon for the upper edge
+     * to be obscured. This means that a zenith of just above 90&deg; must be used. The Sun subtends an angle of 16
+     * minutes of arc (this can be changed via the {@link #setSolarRadius(double)} method , and atmospheric refraction
+     * accounts for 34 minutes or so (this can be changed via the {@link #setRefraction(double)} method), giving a total
+     * of 50 arcminutes. The total value for ZENITH is 90+(5/6) or 90.8333333&deg; for true sunrise/sunset. Since a
+     * person at an elevation can see blow the horizon of a person at sea level, this will also adjust the zenith to
+     * account for elevation if available. Note that this will only adjust the value if the zenith is exactly 90 degrees.
+     * For values below and above this no correction is done. As an example, astronomical twilight is when the sun is
+     * 18&deg; below the horizon or {@link AstronomicalCalendar#ASTRONOMICAL_ZENITH 108&deg;
+     * below the zenith}. This is traditionally calculated with none of the above mentioned adjustments. The same goes
+     * for various <em>tzais</em> and <em>alos</em> times such as the
+     * {@link ZmanimCalendar#ZENITH_16_POINT_1 16.1&deg;} dip used in
+     * {@link ComplexZmanimCalendar#getAlos16Point1Degrees()}.
+     *
+     * @param zenith
+     *            the azimuth below the vertical zenith of 90&deg;. For sunset typically the {@link #adjustZenith
+     *            zenith} used for the calculation uses geometric zenith of 90&deg; and {@link #adjustZenith adjusts}
+     *            this slightly to account for solar refraction and the sun's radius. Another example would be
+     *            {@link AstronomicalCalendar#getEndNauticalTwilight()} that passes
+     *            {@link AstronomicalCalendar#NAUTICAL_ZENITH} to this method.
+     * @param elevation
+     *            elevation in Meters.
+     * @return The zenith adjusted to include the {@link #getSolarRadius sun's radius}, {@link #getRefraction
+     *         refraction} and {@link #getElevationAdjustment elevation} adjustment. This will only be adjusted for
+     *         sunrise and sunset (if the zenith == 90&deg;)
+     * @see #getElevationAdjustment(double)
+     */
+    adjustZenith(zenith, elevation) {
+        let adjustedZenith = zenith;
+        if (zenith === NOAACalculator.GEOMETRIC_ZENITH) {
+            // only adjust if it is exactly sunrise or sunset
+            adjustedZenith =
+                zenith +
+                    (solarRadius + refraction + this.getElevationAdjustment(elevation));
+        }
+        return adjustedZenith;
+    }
+    /**
+     * @see AstronomicalCalculator#getUTCSunrise(Calendar, GeoLocation, double, boolean)
+     */
+    getUTCSunrise(date, geoLocation, zenith, adjustForElevation) {
+        const elevation = adjustForElevation
+            ? geoLocation.getElevation()
+            : 0;
+        const adjustedZenith = this.adjustZenith(zenith, elevation);
+        let sunrise = NOAACalculator.getSunriseUTC(NOAACalculator.getJulianDay(date), geoLocation.getLatitude(), -geoLocation.getLongitude(), adjustedZenith);
+        sunrise = sunrise / 60;
+        // ensure that the time is >= 0 and < 24
+        while (sunrise < 0) {
+            sunrise += 24;
+        }
+        while (sunrise >= 24) {
+            sunrise -= 24;
+        }
+        return sunrise;
+    }
+    /**
+     * @see AstronomicalCalculator#getUTCSunset(Calendar, GeoLocation, double, boolean)
+     */
+    getUTCSunset(date, geoLocation, zenith, adjustForElevation) {
+        const elevation = adjustForElevation
+            ? geoLocation.getElevation()
+            : 0;
+        const adjustedZenith = this.adjustZenith(zenith, elevation);
+        let sunset = NOAACalculator.getSunsetUTC(NOAACalculator.getJulianDay(date), geoLocation.getLatitude(), -geoLocation.getLongitude(), adjustedZenith);
+        sunset = sunset / 60;
+        // ensure that the time is >= 0 and < 24
+        while (sunset < 0) {
+            sunset += 24;
+        }
+        while (sunset >= 24) {
+            sunset -= 24;
+        }
+        return sunset;
+    }
+    /**
+     * A utility method that will allow the calculation of a temporal (solar) hour based on the sunrise and sunset
+     * passed as parameters to this method. An example of the use of this method would be the calculation of a
+     * non-elevation adjusted temporal hour by passing in {@link #getSeaLevelSunrise() sea level sunrise} and
+     * {@link #getSeaLevelSunset() sea level sunset} as parameters.
+     *
+     * @param startOfday
+     *            The start of the day.
+     * @param endOfDay
+     *            The end of the day.
+     *
+     * @return the <code>long</code> millisecond length of the temporal hour. If the calculation can't be computed a
+     *         {@link Long#MIN_VALUE} will be returned. See detailed explanation on top of the page.
+     *
+     * @see #getTemporalHour()
+     */
+    getTemporalHour(startOfday = this.getSeaLevelSunrise(), endOfDay = this.getSeaLevelSunset()) {
+        if (startOfday === null || endOfDay === null) {
+            return Long_MIN_VALUE;
+        }
+        const delta = endOfDay.epochMilliseconds - startOfday.epochMilliseconds;
+        return Math.floor(delta / 12);
+    }
+    /**
+     * A method that returns sundial or solar noon. It occurs when the Sun is <a href
+     * ="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit_%28astronomy%29">transiting</a> the <a
+     * href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_%28astronomy%29">celestial meridian</a>. In this class it is
+     * calculated as halfway between the sunrise and sunset passed to this method. This time can be slightly off the
+     * real transit time due to changes in declination (the lengthening or shortening day).
+     *
+     * @param startOfDay
+     *            the start of day for calculating the sun's transit. This can be sea level sunrise, visual sunrise (or
+     *            any arbitrary start of day) passed to this method.
+     * @param endOfDay
+     *            the end of day for calculating the sun's transit. This can be sea level sunset, visual sunset (or any
+     *            arbitrary end of day) passed to this method.
+     *
+     * @return the <code>Date</code> representing Sun's transit. If the calculation can't be computed such as in the
+     *         Arctic Circle where there is at least one day a year where the sun does not rise, and one where it does
+     *         not set, null will be returned. See detailed explanation on top of the page.
+     */
+    getSunTransit(startOfDay = this.getSeaLevelSunrise(), endOfDay = this.getSeaLevelSunset()) {
+        const temporalHour = this.getTemporalHour(startOfDay, endOfDay);
+        return NOAACalculator.getTimeOffset(startOfDay, temporalHour * 6);
+    }
+    /**
+     * A method that returns a <code>Date</code> from the time passed in as a parameter.
+     * @protected
+     * @param time
+     *            The time to be set as the time for the <code>Date</code>. The time expected is in the format: 18.75
+     *            for 6:45:00 PM.
+     * @param isSunrise true if the time is sunrise, and false if it is sunset
+     * @return The Date.
+     */
+    getDateFromTime(time, isSunrise) {
+        if (Number.isNaN(time)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        let calculatedTime = time;
+        let cal = this.getAdjustedDate();
+        //    let cal = new Temporal.PlainDate(adj.year, adj.month, adj.day);
+        const hours = Math.trunc(calculatedTime); // retain only the hours
+        calculatedTime -= hours;
+        const minutes = Math.trunc((calculatedTime *= 60)); // retain only the minutes
+        calculatedTime -= minutes;
+        const seconds = Math.trunc((calculatedTime *= 60)); // retain only the seconds
+        calculatedTime -= seconds; // remaining milliseconds
+        // Check if a date transition has occurred, or is about to occur - this indicates the date of the event is
+        // actually not the target date, but the day prior or after
+        const localTimeHours = Math.trunc(this.geoLocation.getLongitude() / 15);
+        if (isSunrise && localTimeHours + hours > 18) {
+            cal = cal.add({ days: -1 });
+            //      cal = cal.minus({days: 1});
+        }
+        else if (!isSunrise && localTimeHours + hours < 6) {
+            cal = cal.add({ days: 1 });
+        }
+        return cal
+            .toZonedDateTime({
+            timeZone: 'UTC',
+            plainTime: new Temporal.PlainTime(hours, minutes, seconds, Math.trunc(calculatedTime * 1000)),
+        })
+            .withTimeZone(this.geoLocation.getTimeZone());
+    }
+    /**
+     * Return the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_day">Julian day</a> from a Java Calendar
+     * @private
+     * @param calendar
+     *            The Java Calendar
+     * @return the Julian day corresponding to the date Note: Number is returned for start of day. Fractional days
+     *         should be added later.
+     */
+    static getJulianDay(date) {
+        let { year, month } = date;
+        const { day } = date;
+        if (month <= 2) {
+            year -= 1;
+            month += 12;
+        }
+        const a = Math.trunc(year / 100);
+        const b = Math.trunc(2 - a + a / 4);
+        return (Math.floor(365.25 * (year + 4716)) +
+            Math.floor(30.6001 * (month + 1)) +
+            day +
+            b -
+            1524.5);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Convert <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_day">Julian day</a> to centuries since J2000.0.
+     * @private
+     * @param julianDay
+     *            the Julian Day to convert
+     * @return the centuries since 2000 Julian corresponding to the Julian Day
+     */
+    static getJulianCenturiesFromJulianDay(julianDay) {
+        return ((julianDay - NOAACalculator.JULIAN_DAY_JAN_1_2000) /
+            NOAACalculator.JULIAN_DAYS_PER_CENTURY);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Convert centuries since J2000.0 to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_day">Julian day</a>.
+     * @private
+     * @param julianCenturies
+     *            the number of Julian centuries since J2000.0
+     * @return the Julian Day corresponding to the Julian centuries passed in
+     */
+    static getJulianDayFromJulianCenturies(julianCenturies) {
+        return (julianCenturies * NOAACalculator.JULIAN_DAYS_PER_CENTURY +
+            NOAACalculator.JULIAN_DAY_JAN_1_2000);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Returns the Geometric <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_longitude">Mean Longitude</a> of the Sun.
+     * @private
+     * @param julianCenturies
+     *            the number of Julian centuries since J2000.0
+     * @return the Geometric Mean Longitude of the Sun in degrees
+     */
+    static getSunGeometricMeanLongitude(julianCenturies) {
+        let longitude = 280.46646 + julianCenturies * (36000.76983 + 0.0003032 * julianCenturies);
+        while (longitude > 360) {
+            longitude -= 360;
+        }
+        while (longitude < 0) {
+            longitude += 360;
+        }
+        return longitude; // in degrees
+    }
+    /**
+     * Returns the Geometric <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_anomaly">Mean Anomaly</a> of the Sun.
+     * @private
+     * @param julianCenturies
+     *            the number of Julian centuries since J2000.0
+     * @return the Geometric Mean Anomaly of the Sun in degrees
+     */
+    static getSunGeometricMeanAnomaly(julianCenturies) {
+        return (357.52911 + julianCenturies * (35999.05029 - 0.0001537 * julianCenturies)); // in degrees
+    }
+    /**
+     * Return the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eccentricity_%28orbit%29">eccentricity of earth's orbit</a>.
+     * @private
+     * @param julianCenturies
+     *            the number of Julian centuries since J2000.0
+     * @return the unitless eccentricity
+     */
+    static getEarthOrbitEccentricity(julianCenturies) {
+        return (0.016708634 -
+            julianCenturies * (0.000042037 + 0.0000001267 * julianCenturies)); // unitless
+    }
+    /**
+     * Returns the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equation_of_the_center">equation of center</a> for the sun.
+     * @private
+     * @param julianCenturies
+     *            the number of Julian centuries since J2000.0
+     * @return the equation of center for the sun in degrees
+     */
+    static getSunEquationOfCenter(julianCenturies) {
+        const m = NOAACalculator.getSunGeometricMeanAnomaly(julianCenturies);
+        const mrad = degreesToRadians(m);
+        const sinm = Math.sin(mrad);
+        const sin2m = Math.sin(mrad + mrad);
+        const sin3m = Math.sin(mrad + mrad + mrad);
+        return (sinm *
+            (1.914602 - julianCenturies * (0.004817 + 0.000014 * julianCenturies)) +
+            sin2m * (0.019993 - 0.000101 * julianCenturies) +
+            sin3m * 0.000289); // in degrees
+    }
+    /**
+     * Return the true longitude of the sun
+     * @private
+     * @param julianCenturies
+     *            the number of Julian centuries since J2000.0
+     * @return the sun's true longitude in degrees
+     */
+    static getSunTrueLongitude(julianCenturies) {
+        const sunLongitude = NOAACalculator.getSunGeometricMeanLongitude(julianCenturies);
+        const center = NOAACalculator.getSunEquationOfCenter(julianCenturies);
+        return sunLongitude + center; // in degrees
+    }
+    /**
+     * Return the apparent longitude of the sun
+     * @private
+     * @param julianCenturies
+     *            the number of Julian centuries since J2000.0
+     * @return sun's apparent longitude in degrees
+     */
+    static getSunApparentLongitude(julianCenturies) {
+        const sunTrueLongitude = NOAACalculator.getSunTrueLongitude(julianCenturies);
+        const omega = 125.04 - 1934.136 * julianCenturies;
+        const lambda = sunTrueLongitude - 0.00569 - 0.00478 * Math.sin(degreesToRadians(omega));
+        return lambda; // in degrees
+    }
+    /**
+     * Returns the mean <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_tilt">obliquity of the ecliptic</a> (Axial tilt).
+     * @private
+     * @param julianCenturies
+     *            the number of Julian centuries since J2000.0
+     * @return the mean obliquity in degrees
+     */
+    static getMeanObliquityOfEcliptic(julianCenturies) {
+        const seconds = 21.448 -
+            julianCenturies *
+                (46.815 + julianCenturies * (0.00059 - julianCenturies * 0.001813));
+        return 23 + (26 + seconds / 60) / 60; // in degrees
+    }
+    /**
+     * Returns the corrected <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_tilt">obliquity of the ecliptic</a> (Axial
+     * tilt).
+     * @private
+     * @param julianCenturies
+     *            the number of Julian centuries since J2000.0
+     * @return the corrected obliquity in degrees
+     */
+    static getObliquityCorrection(julianCenturies) {
+        const obliquityOfEcliptic = NOAACalculator.getMeanObliquityOfEcliptic(julianCenturies);
+        const omega = 125.04 - 1934.136 * julianCenturies;
+        return obliquityOfEcliptic + 0.00256 * Math.cos(degreesToRadians(omega)); // in degrees
+    }
+    /**
+     * Return the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declination">declination</a> of the sun.
+     * @private
+     * @param julianCenturies
+     *            the number of Julian centuries since J2000.0
+     * @return
+     *            the sun's declination in degrees
+     */
+    static getSunDeclination(julianCenturies) {
+        const obliquityCorrection = NOAACalculator.getObliquityCorrection(julianCenturies);
+        const lambda = NOAACalculator.getSunApparentLongitude(julianCenturies);
+        const sint = Math.sin(degreesToRadians(obliquityCorrection)) *
+            Math.sin(degreesToRadians(lambda));
+        const theta = radiansToDegrees(Math.asin(sint));
+        return theta; // in degrees
+    }
+    /**
+     * Return the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equation_of_time">Equation of Time</a> - the difference between
+     * true solar time and mean solar time
+     * @private
+     * @param julianCenturies
+     *            the number of Julian centuries since J2000.0
+     * @return equation of time in minutes of time
+     */
+    static getEquationOfTime(julianCenturies) {
+        const epsilon = NOAACalculator.getObliquityCorrection(julianCenturies);
+        const geomMeanLongSun = NOAACalculator.getSunGeometricMeanLongitude(julianCenturies);
+        const eccentricityEarthOrbit = NOAACalculator.getEarthOrbitEccentricity(julianCenturies);
+        const geomMeanAnomalySun = NOAACalculator.getSunGeometricMeanAnomaly(julianCenturies);
+        let y = Math.tan(degreesToRadians(epsilon) / 2);
+        y *= y;
+        const sin2l0 = Math.sin(2 * degreesToRadians(geomMeanLongSun));
+        const sinm = Math.sin(degreesToRadians(geomMeanAnomalySun));
+        const cos2l0 = Math.cos(2 * degreesToRadians(geomMeanLongSun));
+        const sin4l0 = Math.sin(4 * degreesToRadians(geomMeanLongSun));
+        const sin2m = Math.sin(2 * degreesToRadians(geomMeanAnomalySun));
+        const equationOfTime = y * sin2l0 -
+            2 * eccentricityEarthOrbit * sinm +
+            4 * eccentricityEarthOrbit * y * sinm * cos2l0 -
+            0.5 * y * y * sin4l0 -
+            1.25 * eccentricityEarthOrbit * eccentricityEarthOrbit * sin2m;
+        return radiansToDegrees(equationOfTime) * 4; // in minutes of time
+    }
+    /**
+     * Return the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hour_angle">hour angle</a> of the sun at sunrise for the
+     * latitude.
+     * @private
+     * @param lat
+     *            , the latitude of observer in degrees
+     * @param solarDec
+     *            the declination angle of sun in degrees
+     * @param zenith
+     *            the zenith
+     * @return hour angle of sunrise in radians
+     */
+    static getSunHourAngleAtSunrise(lat, solarDec, zenith) {
+        const latRad = degreesToRadians(lat);
+        const sdRad = degreesToRadians(solarDec);
+        return Math.acos(Math.cos(degreesToRadians(zenith)) /
+            (Math.cos(latRad) * Math.cos(sdRad)) -
+            Math.tan(latRad) * Math.tan(sdRad)); // in radians
+    }
+    /**
+     * Returns the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hour_angle">hour angle</a> of the sun at sunset for the
+     * latitude. TODO: use - {@link #getSunHourAngleAtSunrise(double, double, double)} implementation to avoid
+     * duplication of code.
+     * @private
+     * @param lat
+     *            the latitude of observer in degrees
+     * @param solarDec
+     *            the declination angle of sun in degrees
+     * @param zenith
+     *            the zenith
+     * @return the hour angle of sunset in radians
+     */
+    static getSunHourAngleAtSunset(lat, solarDec, zenith) {
+        const latRad = degreesToRadians(lat);
+        const sdRad = degreesToRadians(solarDec);
+        const hourAngle = Math.acos(Math.cos(degreesToRadians(zenith)) /
+            (Math.cos(latRad) * Math.cos(sdRad)) -
+            Math.tan(latRad) * Math.tan(sdRad));
+        return -hourAngle; // in radians
+    }
+    /**
+     * Return the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_coordinate_system">Solar Elevation</a> for the
+     * horizontal coordinate system at the given location at the given time. Can be negative if the sun is below the
+     * horizon. Not corrected for altitude.
+     *
+     * @param cal
+     *            time of calculation
+     * @param lat
+     *            latitude of location for calculation
+     * @param lon
+     *            longitude of location for calculation
+     * @return solar elevation in degrees - horizon is 0 degrees, civil twilight is -6 degrees
+     */
+    static getSolarElevation(date, lat, lon) {
+        const julianDay = NOAACalculator.getJulianDay(date.toPlainDate());
+        const julianCenturies = NOAACalculator.getJulianCenturiesFromJulianDay(julianDay);
+        const equationOfTime = NOAACalculator.getEquationOfTime(julianCenturies);
+        let longitude = date.hour + 12 + (date.minute + equationOfTime + date.second / 60) / 60;
+        longitude = -((longitude * 360) / 24) % 360;
+        const hourAngleRad = degreesToRadians(lon - longitude);
+        const declination = NOAACalculator.getSunDeclination(julianCenturies);
+        const decRad = degreesToRadians(declination);
+        const latRad = degreesToRadians(lat);
+        return radiansToDegrees(Math.asin(Math.sin(latRad) * Math.sin(decRad) +
+            Math.cos(latRad) * Math.cos(decRad) * Math.cos(hourAngleRad)));
+    }
+    /**
+     * Return the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_coordinate_system">Solar Azimuth</a> for the
+     * horizontal coordinate system at the given location at the given time. Not corrected for altitude. True south is 0
+     * degrees.
+     *
+     * @param cal
+     *            time of calculation
+     * @param latitude
+     *            latitude of location for calculation
+     * @param lon
+     *            longitude of location for calculation
+     * @return FIXME
+     */
+    static getSolarAzimuth(date, latitude, lon) {
+        const julianDay = NOAACalculator.getJulianDay(date.toPlainDate());
+        const julianCenturies = NOAACalculator.getJulianCenturiesFromJulianDay(julianDay);
+        const equationOfTime = NOAACalculator.getEquationOfTime(julianCenturies);
+        let longitude = date.hour + 12 + (date.minute + equationOfTime + date.second / 60) / 60;
+        longitude = -((longitude * 360) / 24) % 360;
+        const hourAngleRad = degreesToRadians(lon - longitude);
+        const declination = NOAACalculator.getSunDeclination(julianCenturies);
+        const decRad = degreesToRadians(declination);
+        const latRad = degreesToRadians(latitude);
+        return (radiansToDegrees(Math.atan(Math.sin(hourAngleRad) /
+            (Math.cos(hourAngleRad) * Math.sin(latRad) -
+                Math.tan(decRad) * Math.cos(latRad)))) + 180);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Return the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Coordinated_Time">Universal Coordinated Time</a> (UTC)
+     * of sunrise for the given day at the given location on earth
+     * @private
+     * @param julianDay
+     *            the Julian day
+     * @param latitude
+     *            the latitude of observer in degrees
+     * @param longitude
+     *            the longitude of observer in degrees
+     * @param zenith
+     *            the zenith
+     * @return the time in minutes from zero UTC
+     */
+    static getSunriseUTC(julianDay, latitude, longitude, zenith) {
+        const julianCenturies = NOAACalculator.getJulianCenturiesFromJulianDay(julianDay);
+        // Find the time of solar noon at the location, and use that declination. This is better than start of the
+        // Julian day
+        const noonmin = NOAACalculator.getSolarNoonUTC(julianCenturies, longitude);
+        const tnoon = NOAACalculator.getJulianCenturiesFromJulianDay(julianDay + noonmin / 1440);
+        // First pass to approximate sunrise (using solar noon)
+        let eqTime = NOAACalculator.getEquationOfTime(tnoon);
+        let solarDec = NOAACalculator.getSunDeclination(tnoon);
+        let hourAngle = NOAACalculator.getSunHourAngleAtSunrise(latitude, solarDec, zenith);
+        let delta = longitude - radiansToDegrees(hourAngle);
+        let timeDiff = 4 * delta; // in minutes of time
+        let timeUTC = 720 + timeDiff - eqTime; // in minutes
+        // Second pass includes fractional Julian Day in gamma calc
+        const newt = NOAACalculator.getJulianCenturiesFromJulianDay(NOAACalculator.getJulianDayFromJulianCenturies(julianCenturies) +
+            timeUTC / 1440);
+        eqTime = NOAACalculator.getEquationOfTime(newt);
+        solarDec = NOAACalculator.getSunDeclination(newt);
+        hourAngle = NOAACalculator.getSunHourAngleAtSunrise(latitude, solarDec, zenith);
+        delta = longitude - radiansToDegrees(hourAngle);
+        timeDiff = 4 * delta;
+        timeUTC = 720 + timeDiff - eqTime; // in minutes
+        return timeUTC;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Return the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Coordinated_Time">Universal Coordinated Time</a> (UTC)
+     * of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noon#Solar_noon">solar noon</a> for the given day at the given location
+     * on earth.
+     * @private
+     * @param julianCenturies
+     *            the number of Julian centuries since J2000.0
+     * @param longitude
+     *            the longitude of observer in degrees
+     * @return the time in minutes from zero UTC
+     */
+    static getSolarNoonUTC(julianCenturies, longitude) {
+        // First pass uses approximate solar noon to calculate eqtime
+        const tnoon = NOAACalculator.getJulianCenturiesFromJulianDay(NOAACalculator.getJulianDayFromJulianCenturies(julianCenturies) +
+            longitude / 360);
+        let eqTime = NOAACalculator.getEquationOfTime(tnoon);
+        const solNoonUTC = 720 + longitude * 4 - eqTime; // min
+        const newt = NOAACalculator.getJulianCenturiesFromJulianDay(NOAACalculator.getJulianDayFromJulianCenturies(julianCenturies) -
+            0.5 +
+            solNoonUTC / 1440);
+        eqTime = NOAACalculator.getEquationOfTime(newt);
+        return 720 + longitude * 4 - eqTime; // min
+    }
+    /**
+     * Return the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Coordinated_Time">Universal Coordinated Time</a> (UTC)
+     * of sunset for the given day at the given location on earth
+     * @private
+     * @param julianDay
+     *            the Julian day
+     * @param latitude
+     *            the latitude of observer in degrees
+     * @param longitude
+     *            : longitude of observer in degrees
+     * @param zenith
+     *            the zenith
+     * @return the time in minutes from zero Universal Coordinated Time (UTC)
+     */
+    static getSunsetUTC(julianDay, latitude, longitude, zenith) {
+        const julianCenturies = NOAACalculator.getJulianCenturiesFromJulianDay(julianDay);
+        // Find the time of solar noon at the location, and use that declination. This is better than start of the
+        // Julian day
+        const noonmin = NOAACalculator.getSolarNoonUTC(julianCenturies, longitude);
+        const tnoon = NOAACalculator.getJulianCenturiesFromJulianDay(julianDay + noonmin / 1440);
+        // First calculates sunrise and approx length of day
+        let eqTime = NOAACalculator.getEquationOfTime(tnoon);
+        let solarDec = NOAACalculator.getSunDeclination(tnoon);
+        let hourAngle = NOAACalculator.getSunHourAngleAtSunset(latitude, solarDec, zenith);
+        let delta = longitude - radiansToDegrees(hourAngle);
+        let timeDiff = 4 * delta;
+        let timeUTC = 720 + timeDiff - eqTime;
+        // Second pass includes fractional Julian Day in gamma calc
+        const newt = NOAACalculator.getJulianCenturiesFromJulianDay(NOAACalculator.getJulianDayFromJulianCenturies(julianCenturies) +
+            timeUTC / 1440);
+        eqTime = NOAACalculator.getEquationOfTime(newt);
+        solarDec = NOAACalculator.getSunDeclination(newt);
+        hourAngle = NOAACalculator.getSunHourAngleAtSunset(latitude, solarDec, zenith);
+        delta = longitude - radiansToDegrees(hourAngle);
+        timeDiff = 4 * delta;
+        timeUTC = 720 + timeDiff - eqTime; // in minutes
+        return timeUTC;
+    }
+}
+/**
+ * The zenith of astronomical sunrise and sunset. The sun is 90&deg; from the vertical 0&deg;
+ * @private
+ */
+NOAACalculator.GEOMETRIC_ZENITH = 90;
+/**
+ * Default value for Sun's zenith and true rise/set Zenith (used in this class and subclasses) is the angle that the
+ * center of the Sun makes to a line perpendicular to the Earth's surface. If the Sun were a point and the Earth
+ * were without an atmosphere, true sunset and sunrise would correspond to a 90&deg; zenith. Because the Sun is not
+ * a point, and because the atmosphere refracts light, this 90&deg; zenith does not, in fact, correspond to true
+ * sunset or sunrise, instead the center of the Sun's disk must lie just below the horizon for the upper edge to be
+ * obscured. This means that a zenith of just above 90&deg; must be used. The Sun subtends an angle of 16 minutes of
+ * arc (this can be changed via the {@link #setSunRadius(double)} method , and atmospheric refraction accounts for
+ * 34 minutes or so (this can be changed via the {@link #setRefraction(double)} method), giving a total of 50
+ * arcminutes. The total value for ZENITH is 90+(5/6) or 90.8333333&deg; for true sunrise/sunset.
+ */
+// const ZENITH: number = GEOMETRIC_ZENITH + 5.0 / 6.0;
+/** Sun's zenith at civil twilight (96&deg;). */
+NOAACalculator.CIVIL_ZENITH = 96;
+/** Sun's zenith at nautical twilight (102&deg;). */
+NOAACalculator.NAUTICAL_ZENITH = 102;
+/** Sun's zenith at astronomical twilight (108&deg;). */
+NOAACalculator.ASTRONOMICAL_ZENITH = 108;
+/**
+ * The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_day">Julian day</a> of January 1, 2000
+ * @private
+ */
+NOAACalculator.JULIAN_DAY_JAN_1_2000 = 2451545;
+/**
+ * Julian days per century
+ * @private
+ */
+NOAACalculator.JULIAN_DAYS_PER_CENTURY = 36525;