@hebcal/core 6.11.1 → 6.13.1

package/dist/esm/zmanim.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"version":3,"file":"zmanim.js","sources":["../../../src/zmanim.ts"],"sourcesContent":["import 'temporal-polyfill/global';\nimport {GeoLocation, NOAACalculator} from '@hebcal/noaa';\nimport {HDate, getPseudoISO, getTimezoneOffset, isDate, pad2} from '@hebcal/hdate';\nimport {Molad} from './molad.js';\n\n/**\n * Converts an instant to a `Date`, discarding milliseconds.\n *\n * Zmanim are read out to the minute, and every accessor here reduces to an\n * instant, so we ask `@hebcal/noaa` for epoch milliseconds rather than a\n * `Temporal.ZonedDateTime`. Resolving the IANA zone to build a\n * `ZonedDateTime` costs roughly 750ns and nothing downstream uses it, which\n * made it the single most expensive step in a sunrise/sunset calculation.\n * @private\n */\nfunction millisToDate(millis: number): Date {\n  const res = new Date(millis);\n  // UTC setter: a local-time setter re-resolves the wall-clock time and, in\n  // the repeated hour at the end of DST in the process time zone, would move\n  // the instant an hour earlier. See hebcal/hebcal-es6#786.\n  res.setUTCMilliseconds(0);\n  return res;\n}\n\n/**\n * The zenith of astronomical sunrise and sunset. The sun is 90° from the vertical 0°\n */\nconst GEOMETRIC_ZENITH: number = 90;\n\n/**\n * The zenith of 1.583° below geometric zenith (90°). This calculation is used for\n * calculating _netz amiti_ (sunrise) and _shkiah amiti_ (sunset) based on the opinion of the\n * [Baal Hatanya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shneur_Zalman_of_Liadi).\n *\n * @see Zmanim.sunriseBaalHatanya\n * @see Zmanim.sunsetBaalHatanya\n */\nconst ZENITH_1_POINT_583: number = GEOMETRIC_ZENITH + 1.583;\n\n/**\n * The zenith of civil twilight; the sun is 6° below the horizon.\n * Matches `NOAACalculator.CIVIL_ZENITH`.\n */\nconst CIVIL_ZENITH: number = GEOMETRIC_ZENITH + 6;\n\n/**\n * Length of one temporal (halachic) hour in milliseconds, i.e. one twelfth of\n * the day. Mirrors `NOAACalculator.getTemporalHour()`, including its floor, so\n * that results stay identical to the `ZonedDateTime` code path.\n * @private\n */\nfunction temporalHourMillis(startOfDay: number, endOfDay: number): number {\n  return Math.floor((endOfDay - startOfDay) / 12);\n}\n\n/**\n * Calculate halachic times (zmanim / זְמַנִּים) for a given day and location.\n * Calculations are available for tzeit / tzais (nightfall),\n * shkiah (sunset) and more.\n *\n * Zmanim are estimated using an algorithm published by the US National Oceanic\n * and Atmospheric Administration. The NOAA solar calculator is based on equations\n * from _Astronomical Algorithms_ by Jean Meeus.\n *\n * The sunrise and sunset results are theoretically accurate to within a minute for\n * locations between +/- 72° latitude, and within 10 minutes outside of those latitudes.\n * However, due to variations in atmospheric composition, temperature, pressure and\n * conditions, observed values may vary from calculations.\n * https://gml.noaa.gov/grad/solcalc/calcdetails.html\n *\n * @example\n * import {GeoLocation, Zmanim} from '@hebcal/core';\n * const latitude = 41.822232;\n * const longitude = -71.448292;\n * const tzid = 'America/New_York';\n * const friday = new Date(2023, 8, 8);\n * const gloc = new GeoLocation(null, latitude, longitude, 0, tzid);\n * const zmanim = new Zmanim(gloc, friday, false);\n * const candleLighting = zmanim.sunsetOffset(-18, true);\n * const timeStr = Zmanim.formatISOWithTimeZone(tzid, candleLighting);\n * // '2023-09-08T18:49:00-04:00'\n */\nexport class Zmanim {\n  private readonly hdate: HDate;\n  private readonly plainDate: Temporal.PlainDate;\n  private readonly gloc: GeoLocation;\n  private readonly noaa: NOAACalculator;\n  private useElevation: boolean;\n  /**\n   * Initialize a Zmanim instance.\n   * @param gloc GeoLocation including latitude, longitude, and timezone\n   * @param date Regular or Hebrew Date. If `date` is a regular `Date`,\n   *    hours, minutes, seconds and milliseconds are ignored.\n   * @param useElevation use elevation for calculations (default `false`).\n   *    If `true`, use elevation to affect the calculation of all sunrise/sunset based\n   *    zmanim. Note: there are some zmanim such as degree-based zmanim that are driven\n   *    by the amount of light in the sky and are not impacted by elevation.\n   *    These zmanim intentionally do not support elevation adjustment.\n   */\n  constructor(gloc: GeoLocation, date: Date | HDate, useElevation: boolean) {\n    this.hdate = new HDate(date);\n    const dt = isDate(date) ? date : this.hdate.greg();\n    // The constructor is ~1.8x cheaper than PlainDate.from(), which has to\n    // walk a property bag and apply overflow handling. The fields come from a\n    // real Date, so they are always in range and never need constraining.\n    this.plainDate = new Temporal.PlainDate(\n      dt.getFullYear(),\n      dt.getMonth() + 1,\n      dt.getDate()\n    );\n    this.gloc = gloc;\n    this.noaa = new NOAACalculator(gloc, this.plainDate);\n    this.useElevation = Boolean(useElevation);\n  }\n  /**\n   * Returns `true` if this instance uses the location's elevation when\n   * calculating sunrise/sunset-based zmanim.\n   */\n  getUseElevation(): boolean {\n    return this.useElevation;\n  }\n  /**\n   * Enables or disables elevation adjustment for sunrise/sunset-based zmanim.\n   *\n   * Degree-based zmanim (such as {@link alotHaShachar} or {@link tzeit})\n   * estimate the amount of light in the sky and are never affected by this\n   * setting.\n   * @param useElevation `true` to include the location's elevation\n   */\n  setUseElevation(useElevation: boolean) {\n    this.useElevation = useElevation;\n  }\n  /**\n   * Convenience function to get the time when sun is above or below the horizon\n   * for a certain angle (in degrees).\n   * This function does not support elevation adjustment.\n   * @param angle degrees of solar depression below the horizon; for example\n   *  `8.5` means the center of the sun is 8.5° below the horizon\n   * @param rising `true` for the morning (before sunrise), `false` for the\n   *  evening (after sunset)\n   */\n  timeAtAngle(angle: number, rising: boolean): Date {\n    const offsetZenith = GEOMETRIC_ZENITH + angle;\n    return millisToDate(\n      rising\n        ? this.sunriseMillis(offsetZenith, true)\n        : this.sunsetMillis(offsetZenith, true)\n    );\n  }\n  /**\n   * Sunrise for a given zenith as epoch milliseconds, mirroring what\n   * `NOAACalculator.getSunrise()` / `getSeaLevelSunrise()` /\n   * `getSunriseOffsetByDegrees()` compute, minus the `ZonedDateTime`.\n   *\n   * Note that noaa's degree-based accessors pass `adjustForElevation = true`\n   * as well; the adjustment is a no-op unless the zenith is exactly\n   * {@link GEOMETRIC_ZENITH}, which is why degree-based zmanim are unaffected\n   * by elevation.\n   * @private\n   */\n  private sunriseMillis(zenith: number, useElevation: boolean): number {\n    const utc = useElevation\n      ? this.noaa.getUTCSunrise0(zenith)\n      : this.noaa.getUTCSeaLevelSunrise(zenith);\n    return this.noaa.getEpochMillisFromTime(utc, true);\n  }\n  /**\n   * Sunset counterpart of {@link sunriseMillis}.\n   * @private\n   */\n  private sunsetMillis(zenith: number, useElevation: boolean): number {\n    const utc = useElevation\n      ? this.noaa.getUTCSunset0(zenith)\n      : this.noaa.getUTCSeaLevelSunset(zenith);\n    return this.noaa.getEpochMillisFromTime(utc, false);\n  }\n  /**\n   * Upper edge of the Sun appears over the eastern horizon in the morning (0.833° above horizon)\n   * If elevation is enabled, this function will include elevation in the calculation.\n   */\n  sunrise(): Date {\n    return millisToDate(this.sunriseMillis(GEOMETRIC_ZENITH, this.useElevation));\n  }\n  /**\n   * Upper edge of the Sun appears over the eastern horizon in the morning (0.833° above horizon).\n   * This function does not support elevation adjustment.\n   */\n  seaLevelSunrise(): Date {\n    return millisToDate(this.sunriseMillis(GEOMETRIC_ZENITH, false));\n  }\n  /**\n   * When the upper edge of the Sun disappears below the horizon (0.833° below horizon).\n   * If elevation is enabled, this function will include elevation in the calculation.\n   */\n  sunset(): Date {\n    return millisToDate(this.sunsetMillis(GEOMETRIC_ZENITH, this.useElevation));\n  }\n  /**\n   * When the upper edge of the Sun disappears below the horizon (0.833° below horizon).\n   * This function does not support elevation adjustment.\n   */\n  seaLevelSunset(): Date {\n    return millisToDate(this.sunsetMillis(GEOMETRIC_ZENITH, false));\n  }\n  /**\n   * Civil dawn; Sun is 6° below the horizon in the morning.\n   * Because degree-based functions estimate the amount of light in the sky,\n   * the result is not impacted by elevation.\n   */\n  dawn(): Date {\n    return millisToDate(this.sunriseMillis(CIVIL_ZENITH, true));\n  }\n  /**\n   * Civil dusk; Sun is 6° below the horizon in the evening.\n   * Because degree-based functions estimate the amount of light in the sky,\n   * the result is not impacted by elevation.\n   */\n  dusk(): Date {\n    return millisToDate(this.sunsetMillis(CIVIL_ZENITH, true));\n  }\n  /**\n   * Returns sunset for the previous day.\n   * If elevation is enabled, this function will include elevation in the calculation.\n   */\n  gregEve(): Date {\n    const prev0 = this.plainDate.subtract({days: 1});\n    const prev = new Date(prev0.year, prev0.month - 1, prev0.day);\n    const zman = new Zmanim(this.gloc, prev, this.useElevation);\n    return zman.sunset();\n  }\n  /**\n   * Length in milliseconds of one halachic hour of the night, calculated as\n   * one twelfth of the time between the previous day's sunset and this\n   * day's sunrise. Used internally by {@link chatzotNight}.\n   */\n  nightHour(): number {\n    return (this.sunrise().getTime() - this.gregEve().getTime()) / 12; // ms in hour\n  }\n  /**\n   * Midday – Chatzot; Sunrise plus 6 halachic hours.\n   *\n   * Unlike most sunrise/sunset-based zmanim, this is always computed from\n   * sea-level sunrise and sunset, so it is not affected by the\n   * `useElevation` setting.\n   */\n  chatzot(): Date {\n    const startOfDay = this.sunriseMillis(GEOMETRIC_ZENITH, false);\n    const endOfDay = this.sunsetMillis(GEOMETRIC_ZENITH, false);\n    // NOAACalculator.getSunTransit(): sunrise plus 6 temporal hours\n    return millisToDate(startOfDay + temporalHourMillis(startOfDay, endOfDay) * 6);\n  }\n  /**\n   * Midnight – Chatzot; Sunset plus 6 halachic hours.\n   * If elevation is enabled, this function will include elevation in the calculation.\n   */\n  chatzotNight(): Date {\n    return new Date(this.sunrise().getTime() - this.nightHour() * 6);\n  }\n  /**\n   * Dawn – Alot haShachar; Sun is 16.1° below the horizon in the morning.\n   * Because degree-based functions estimate the amount of light in the sky,\n   * the result is not impacted by elevation.\n   */\n  alotHaShachar(): Date {\n    return this.timeAtAngle(16.1, true);\n  }\n  /**\n   * Dawn – Alot haShachar; calculated as 72 minutes before sunrise or\n   * sea level sunrise.\n   */\n  alotHaShachar72(): Date {\n    return this.sunriseOffset(-72, false, false);\n  }\n  /**\n   * Same as {@link alotHaShachar72}, but returns a `Temporal.ZonedDateTime`\n   * with seconds precision (instead of a `Date` rounded to the minute), or\n   * `null` if sunrise cannot be calculated for this date and location.\n   */\n  alotHaShachar72zdt(): Temporal.ZonedDateTime | null {\n    const zdt = this.useElevation\n      ? this.noaa.getSunrise()\n      : this.noaa.getSeaLevelSunrise();\n    if (!zdt) {\n      return null;\n    }\n    return zdt.subtract({minutes: 72});\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Earliest talis & tefillin – Misheyakir; Sun is 11.5° below the horizon in the morning.\n   * Because degree-based functions estimate the amount of light in the sky,\n   * the result is not impacted by elevation.\n   */\n  misheyakir(): Date {\n    return this.timeAtAngle(11.5, true);\n  }\n  /**\n   * Earliest talis & tefillin – Misheyakir Machmir; Sun is 10.2° below the horizon in the morning.\n   * Because degree-based functions estimate the amount of light in the sky,\n   * the result is not impacted by elevation.\n   */\n  misheyakirMachmir(): Date {\n    return this.timeAtAngle(10.2, true);\n  }\n  private getShaahZmanisBasedZmanMillis(\n    startOfDay: number,\n    endOfDay: number,\n    hours: number\n  ): number {\n    const offset = Math.trunc(temporalHourMillis(startOfDay, endOfDay) * hours);\n    return startOfDay + offset;\n  }\n  /**\n   * Utility method for using elevation-aware sunrise/sunset\n   * @param hours number of _shaos zmaniyos_ (solar hours) after sunrise\n   */\n  private getShaahZmanisBasedZman(hours: number): Date {\n    const startOfDay = this.sunriseMillis(GEOMETRIC_ZENITH, this.useElevation);\n    const endOfDay = this.sunsetMillis(GEOMETRIC_ZENITH, this.useElevation);\n    return millisToDate(\n      this.getShaahZmanisBasedZmanMillis(startOfDay, endOfDay, hours)\n    );\n  }\n  /**\n   * Latest Shema (Gra); Sunrise plus 3 halachic hours, according to the Gra.\n   * If elevation is enabled, this function will include elevation in the calculation.\n   */\n  sofZmanShma(): Date {\n    // Gra\n    return this.getShaahZmanisBasedZman(3);\n  }\n  /**\n   * Latest Shacharit (Gra); Sunrise plus 4 halachic hours, according to the Gra.\n   *\n   * This method returns the latest *zman tfila* (time to recite the morning prayers)\n   * that is 4 *shaos zmaniyos* (solar hours) after sunrise or sea level sunrise\n   * (depending on the `useElevation` setting), according\n   * to the [GRA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilna_Gaon).\n   *\n   * If elevation is enabled, this function will include elevation in the calculation.\n   */\n  sofZmanTfilla(): Date {\n    // Gra\n    return this.getShaahZmanisBasedZman(4);\n  }\n  /**\n   * This method returns the latest time for burning _chametz_ on _Erev Pesach_ according to the opinion\n   * of the [GRA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilna_Gaon). This time is 5 halachic hours into the day, based on\n   * the opinion of the GRA that the day is calculated from sunrise to sunset.\n   *\n   * If elevation is enabled, this function will include elevation in the calculation.\n   * @return the `Date` of the latest time for burning _chametz_ on _Erev Pesach_. If the calculation can't be\n   *         computed, such as in the Arctic Circle where there is at least one day a year where the sun does not\n   *         rise and one where it does not set, an `Invalid Date` will be returned.\n   */\n  sofZmanBiurChametzGRA(): Date {\n    return this.getShaahZmanisBasedZman(5);\n  }\n  /**\n   * Returns a 2-element array with alot (a `Date`, 72 minutes before sunrise)\n   * and the length in milliseconds of one halachic hour of the resulting day.\n   * Used internally by the Magen Avraham zmanim.\n   * @param forceSeaLevel ignore the `useElevation` setting and use sea-level\n   *  sunrise and sunset\n   */\n  getTemporalHour72(forceSeaLevel: boolean): [Date, number] {\n    const alot72 = this.sunriseOffset(-72, false, forceSeaLevel);\n    const tzeit72 = this.sunsetOffset(72, false, forceSeaLevel);\n    const temporalHour = (tzeit72.getTime() - alot72.getTime()) / 12;\n    return [alot72, temporalHour];\n  }\n  /**\n   * Returns a 2-element array with alot (a `Date`, when the sun is `angle`\n   * degrees below the horizon in the morning) and the length in milliseconds\n   * of one halachic hour of the resulting day. Used internally by the\n   * degree-based Magen Avraham zmanim.\n   * @param angle degrees of solar depression below the horizon\n   */\n  getTemporalHourByDeg(angle: number): [Date, number] {\n    const alot = this.timeAtAngle(angle, true);\n    const tzeit = this.timeAtAngle(angle, false);\n    const temporalHour = (tzeit.getTime() - alot.getTime()) / 12;\n    return [alot, temporalHour];\n  }\n  /**\n   * Latest Shema (MGA); Sunrise plus 3 halachic hours, according to Magen Avraham.\n   * Based on the opinion of the MGA that the day is calculated from\n   * dawn being fixed 72 minutes before sea-level sunrise, and nightfall is fixed\n   * 72 minutes after sea-level sunset.\n   */\n  sofZmanShmaMGA(): Date {\n    // Magen Avraham\n    const [alot72, temporalHour] = this.getTemporalHour72(true);\n    const offset = Math.floor(3 * temporalHour);\n    return new Date(alot72.getTime() + offset);\n  }\n  /**\n   * Latest Shema (MGA); Sunrise plus 3 halachic hours, according to Magen Avraham.\n   * Based on the opinion of the MGA that the day is calculated from\n   * dawn to nightfall with both being 16.1° below the horizon.\n   */\n  sofZmanShmaMGA16Point1(): Date {\n    const [alot, temporalHour] = this.getTemporalHourByDeg(16.1);\n    const offset = Math.floor(3 * temporalHour);\n    return new Date(alot.getTime() + offset);\n  }\n  /**\n   * Latest Shema (MGA); Sunrise plus 3 halachic hours, according to Magen Avraham.\n   * Based on the opinion of the MGA that the day is calculated from\n   * dawn to nightfall with both being 19.8° below the horizon.\n   *\n   * This calculation is based on the position of the sun 90 minutes after sunset in Jerusalem\n   * around the equinox / equilux which calculates to 19.8° below geometric zenith.\n   * https://kosherjava.com/2022/01/12/equinox-vs-equilux-zmanim-calculations/\n   */\n  sofZmanShmaMGA19Point8(): Date {\n    const [alot, temporalHour] = this.getTemporalHourByDeg(19.8);\n    const offset = Math.floor(3 * temporalHour);\n    return new Date(alot.getTime() + offset);\n  }\n  /**\n   * Latest Shacharit (MGA); Sunrise plus 4 halachic hours, according to Magen Avraham\n   */\n  sofZmanTfillaMGA(): Date {\n    // Magen Avraham\n    const [alot72, temporalHour] = this.getTemporalHour72(true);\n    const offset = Math.floor(4 * temporalHour);\n    return new Date(alot72.getTime() + offset);\n  }\n  /**\n   * Latest Shacharit (MGA); Sunrise plus 4 halachic hours, according to Magen Avraham.\n   * Based on the opinion of the MGA that the day is calculated from\n   * dawn to nightfall with both being 16.1° below the horizon.\n   */\n  sofZmanTfillaMGA16Point1(): Date {\n    const [alot, temporalHour] = this.getTemporalHourByDeg(16.1);\n    const offset = Math.floor(4 * temporalHour);\n    return new Date(alot.getTime() + offset);\n  }\n  /**\n   * Latest Shacharit (MGA); Sunrise plus 4 halachic hours, according to Magen Avraham.\n   * Based on the opinion of the MGA that the day is calculated from\n   * dawn to nightfall with both being 19.8° below the horizon.\n   *\n   * This calculation is based on the position of the sun 90 minutes after sunset in Jerusalem\n   * around the equinox / equilux which calculates to 19.8° below geometric zenith.\n   * https://kosherjava.com/2022/01/12/equinox-vs-equilux-zmanim-calculations/\n   */\n  sofZmanTfillaMGA19Point8(): Date {\n    const [alot, temporalHour] = this.getTemporalHourByDeg(19.8);\n    const offset = Math.floor(4 * temporalHour);\n    return new Date(alot.getTime() + offset);\n  }\n  /**\n   * Earliest Mincha – Mincha Gedola (GRA); Sunrise plus 6.5 halachic hours.\n   * If elevation is enabled, this function will include elevation in the calculation.\n   *\n   * This method returns *mincha gedola*, the earliest time one can pray mincha,\n   * that is 6.5 shaos zmaniyos (solar hours) after sunrise or sea level sunrise\n   * (depending on the `useElevation` setting), according\n   * to the [GRA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilna_Gaon).\n   *\n   * The Ramba\"m is of the opinion that it is better to delay *mincha* until\n   * *mincha ketana* while the Ra\"sh, Tur, GRA and others are of the\n   * opinion that *mincha* can be prayed *lechatchila* starting at *mincha gedola*.\n   */\n  minchaGedola(): Date {\n    return this.getShaahZmanisBasedZman(6.5);\n  }\n  /**\n   * Earliest Mincha – Mincha Gedola (MGA); Sunrise plus 6.5 halachic hours.\n   * If elevation is enabled, this function will include elevation in the calculation.\n   *\n   * This method returns the time of *mincha gedola* according to the Magen Avraham\n   * with the day starting 72 minutes before sunrise and ending 72 minutes after sunset.\n   * This is the earliest time to pray *mincha*.\n   */\n  minchaGedolaMGA(): Date {\n    const [alot72, temporalHour] = this.getTemporalHour72(false);\n    const offset = Math.floor(6.5 * temporalHour);\n    return new Date(alot72.getTime() + offset);\n  }\n  /**\n   * Preferable earliest time to recite Minchah – Mincha Ketana; Sunrise plus 9.5 halachic hours.\n   * If elevation is enabled, this function will include elevation in the calculation.\n   *\n   * This method returns *mincha ketana*, the preferred earliest time to pray *mincha* in the\n   * opinion of the [Rambam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides) and others,\n   * that is 9.5 *shaos zmaniyos* (solar hours) after sunrise or sea level sunrise\n   * (depending on the `useElevation` setting), according\n   * to the [GRA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilna_Gaon).\n   */\n  minchaKetana(): Date {\n    return this.getShaahZmanisBasedZman(9.5);\n  }\n  /**\n   * This method returns the time of *mincha ketana* according to the Magen Avraham\n   * with the day starting 72 minutes before sunrise and ending 72 minutes after sunset.\n   * This is the preferred earliest time to pray *mincha* according to the opinion of\n   * the [Rambam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides) and others.\n   *\n   * If elevation is enabled, this function will include elevation in the calculation.\n   */\n  minchaKetanaMGA(): Date {\n    const [alot72, temporalHour] = this.getTemporalHour72(false);\n    return new Date(alot72.getTime() + Math.floor(9.5 * temporalHour));\n  }\n  /**\n   * Plag haMincha; Sunrise plus 10.75 halachic hours.\n   * If elevation is enabled, this function will include elevation in the calculation.\n   */\n  plagHaMincha(): Date {\n    return this.getShaahZmanisBasedZman(10.75);\n  }\n  /**\n   * Nightfall – Tzeit HaKochavim; the sun is `angle` degrees below the\n   * horizon in the evening.\n   *\n   * Because degree-based functions estimate the amount of light in the sky,\n   * the result is not impacted by elevation.\n   * @param [angle=8.5] optional time for solar depression.\n   *   Default is 8.5 degrees for 3 small stars, use 7.083 degrees for 3 medium-sized stars.\n   */\n  tzeit(angle = 8.5): Date {\n    return this.timeAtAngle(angle, false);\n  }\n  /**\n   * Nightfall – Tzeit HaKochavim; calculated as 72 minutes after sunset\n   * (or sea-level sunset, depending on the `useElevation` setting).\n   *\n   * Returns a `Temporal.ZonedDateTime` with seconds precision, or `null` if\n   * sunset cannot be calculated for this date and location.\n   */\n  tzeit72(): Temporal.ZonedDateTime | null {\n    const zdt = this.useElevation\n      ? this.noaa.getSunset()\n      : this.noaa.getSeaLevelSunset();\n    if (!zdt) {\n      return null;\n    }\n    return zdt.add({minutes: 72});\n  }\n  /**\n   * Alias for sunrise\n   */\n  neitzHaChama(): Date {\n    return this.sunrise();\n  }\n  /**\n   * Alias for sunset\n   */\n  shkiah(): Date {\n    return this.sunset();\n  }\n  /**\n   * Rabbeinu Tam holds that bein hashmashos is a specific time\n   * between sunset and tzeis hakochavim.\n   * One opinion on how to calculate this time is that\n   * it is 13.5 minutes before tzies 7.083.\n   * Because degree-based functions estimate the amount of light in the sky,\n   * the result is not impacted by elevation.\n   */\n  beinHaShmashos(): Date {\n    const tzeit = this.tzeit(7.083);\n    const millis = tzeit.getTime();\n    if (isNaN(millis)) {\n      return tzeit;\n    }\n    return new Date(millis - 13.5 * 60 * 1000);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Used by Molad based _zmanim_ to determine if _zmanim_ occur during the current day.\n   * @return previous midnight\n   */\n  private getMidnightLastNight(): Temporal.ZonedDateTime {\n    // reset hour, minutes, seconds and millis\n    return this.plainDate.toZonedDateTime({\n      timeZone: this.gloc.getTimeZone(),\n    });\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Used by Molad based _zmanim_ to determine if _zmanim_ occur during the current day.\n   * @return following midnight\n   */\n  private getMidnightTonight(): Temporal.ZonedDateTime {\n    return this.plainDate.add({days: 1}).toZonedDateTime({\n      timeZone: this.gloc.getTimeZone(),\n    });\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Returns the Date of the _molad_ based time if it occurs on the current date. Since _Kiddush Levana_\n   * can only be said during the day, there are parameters to limit it to between _alos_ and _tzais_. If\n   * the time occurs between _alos_ and _tzais_, _tzais_ will be returned.\n   *\n   * @param moladBasedTime\n   *            the _molad_ based time such as _molad_, _tchilas_ and _sof zman Kiddush Levana_\n   * @param alos\n   *            optional start of day to limit _molad_ times to the end of the night before or beginning of the next night.\n   *            Ignored if either _alos_ or _tzais_ are null.\n   * @param tzais\n   *            optional end of day to limit _molad_ times to the end of the night before or beginning of the next night.\n   *            Ignored if either _tzais_ or _alos_ are null\n   * @param techila\n   *            is it the start of _Kiddush Levana_ time or the end? If it is start roll it to the next _tzais_,\n   *            and if it is the end, return the end of the previous night (_alos_ passed in). Ignored if either\n   *            _alos_ or _tzais_ are null.\n   * @return the _molad_ based time. If the _zman_ does not occur during the current date, `null` will be\n   *         returned.\n   */\n  private getMoladBasedTime(\n    moladBasedTime: Temporal.ZonedDateTime,\n    alos: Temporal.ZonedDateTime | null,\n    tzais: Temporal.ZonedDateTime | null,\n    techila: boolean\n  ): Temporal.ZonedDateTime | null {\n    const lastMidnight: Temporal.ZonedDateTime = this.getMidnightLastNight();\n    const midnightTonight: Temporal.ZonedDateTime = this.getMidnightTonight();\n\n    if (\n      Temporal.ZonedDateTime.compare(moladBasedTime, lastMidnight) < 0 ||\n      Temporal.ZonedDateTime.compare(moladBasedTime, midnightTonight) > 0\n    ) {\n      return null; // Invalid time, bailout\n    }\n    if (alos === null || tzais === null) {\n      return moladBasedTime.withTimeZone(this.gloc.getTimeZone()); // Not enough info to adjust\n    }\n    if (\n      Temporal.ZonedDateTime.compare(moladBasedTime, alos) > 0 &&\n      Temporal.ZonedDateTime.compare(moladBasedTime, tzais) < 0\n    ) {\n      // It's the daytime (after alos but before tzais)\n      // get the next/prev night\n      return techila ? tzais : alos;\n    }\n    // It's the night, the provided time is valid\n    return moladBasedTime.withTimeZone(this.gloc.getTimeZone());\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Returns the latest time of Kiddush Levana according to the\n   * [Maharil's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaakov_ben_Moshe_Levi_Moelin) opinion that it is calculated as\n   * halfway between _molad_ and _molad_. This adds half the 29 days, 12 hours and 793 chalakim time between\n   * _molad_ and _molad_ (14 days, 18 hours, 22 minutes and 666 milliseconds) to the month's _molad_.\n   *\n   * The _sof zman Kiddush Levana_ will be returned even if it occurs during the day, unless both `alos` and\n   * `tzais` are supplied.\n   *\n   * @param alos\n   *            the beginning of the Jewish day. If _Kidush Levana_ occurs during the day (starting at _alos_ and\n   *            ending at _tzais_), the time returned will be alos. If either the _alos_ or _tzais_ parameters\n   *            are null, no daytime adjustment will be made.\n   * @param tzais\n   *            the end of the Jewish day. If Kidush Levana occurs during the day (starting at alos and ending at\n   *            tzais), the time returned will be alos. If either the alos or tzais parameters are null, no daytime\n   *            adjustment will be made.\n   * @return the `Temporal.ZonedDateTime` representing the moment halfway between molad and molad. If the time\n   *         occurs between _alos_ and _tzais_, _alos_ will be returned. If the _zman_ will not occur on this\n   *         day, `null` will be returned.\n   */\n  public getSofZmanKidushLevanaBetweenMoldos(\n    alos: Temporal.ZonedDateTime | null = null,\n    tzais: Temporal.ZonedDateTime | null = null\n  ): Temporal.ZonedDateTime | null {\n    const hd = this.hdate;\n\n    // Do not calculate for impossible dates, but account for extreme cases. In the extreme case of Rapa Iti in French\n    // Polynesia on Dec 2027 when kiddush Levana 3 days can be said on _Rosh Chodesh_, the sof zman Kiddush Levana\n    // will be on the 12th of the Teves. In the case of Anadyr, Russia on Jan, 2071, sof zman Kiddush Levana between the\n    // moldos will occur is on the night of 17th of Shevat. See Rabbi Dovid Heber's Shaarei Zmanim chapter 4 (pages 28 and 32).\n    if (hd.getDate() < 11 || hd.getDate() > 16) {\n      return null;\n    }\n    const molad = new Molad(hd.getFullYear(), hd.getMonth());\n    return this.getMoladBasedTime(\n      molad.getSofZmanKidushLevanaBetweenMoldos(),\n      alos,\n      tzais,\n      false\n    );\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Returns the latest time of _Kiddush Levana_ calculated as 15 days after the molad. This is the opinion of\n   * the Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chaim 426). It should be noted that some opinions hold that the\n   * [Rema](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Isserles), who brings down the opinion of the\n   * [Maharil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaakov_ben_Moshe_Levi_Moelin) of calculating\n   * {@link getSofZmanKidushLevanaBetweenMoldos half way between _molad_ and _molad_}, is of\n   * the opinion that the Mechaber agrees to his opinion. Also see the Aruch Hashulchan. For additional details on\n   * the subject, see Rabbi Dovid Heber's very detailed write-up in Siman Daled (chapter 4) of\n   * [Shaarei Zmanim](https://hebrewbooks.org/53000).\n   *\n   * The _sof zman Kiddush Levana_ will be returned even if it occurs during the day, unless both `alos` and\n   * `tzais` are supplied.\n   *\n   * @param alos\n   *            the beginning of the Jewish day. If either the _alos_ or _tzais_ parameters are null, no daytime\n   *            adjustment will be made.\n   * @param tzais\n   *            the end of the Jewish day. If either the _alos_ or _tzais_ parameters are null, no daytime\n   *            adjustment will be made.\n   * @return the `Temporal.ZonedDateTime` representing the moment 15 days after the _molad_. If the time occurs\n   *         between _alos_ and _tzais_, _alos_ will be returned. If the _zman_ will not occur on this day,\n   *         `null` will be returned.\n   */\n  public getSofZmanKidushLevana15Days(\n    alos: Temporal.ZonedDateTime | null = null,\n    tzais: Temporal.ZonedDateTime | null = null\n  ): Temporal.ZonedDateTime | null {\n    const hd = this.hdate;\n\n    // Do not calculate for impossible dates, but account for extreme cases. In the extreme case of Rapa Iti in\n    // French Polynesia on Dec 2027 when kiddush Levana 3 days can be said on _Rosh Chodesh_, the sof zman Kiddush\n    // Levana will be on the 12th of the Teves. in the case of Anadyr, Russia on Jan, 2071, sof zman kiddush levana will\n    // occur after midnight on the 17th of Shevat. See Rabbi Dovid Heber's Shaarei Zmanim chapter 4 (pages 28 and 32).\n    if (hd.getDate() < 11 || hd.getDate() > 17) {\n      return null;\n    }\n    const molad = new Molad(hd.getFullYear(), hd.getMonth());\n    return this.getMoladBasedTime(\n      molad.getSofZmanKidushLevana15Days(),\n      alos,\n      tzais,\n      false\n    );\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Returns the earliest time of _Kiddush Levana_ according to\n   * [Rabbeinu Yonah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonah_Gerondi)'s opinion that it can be said 3 days after the _molad_.\n   * If the time of _tchilas zman Kiddush Levana_ occurs during the day (between _alos_ and _tzais_ passed to\n   * this method) it will return the following _tzais_. If null is passed for either _alos_ or _tzais_, the actual\n   * _tchilas zman Kiddush Levana_ will be returned, regardless of if it is during the day or not.\n   *\n   * @param alos\n   *            the beginning of the Jewish day. If Kidush Levana occurs during the day (starting at _alos_ and ending\n   *            at _tzais_), the time returned will be _tzais_. If either the _alos_ or _tzais_ parameters\n   *            are null, no daytime adjustment will be made.\n   * @param tzais\n   *            the end of the Jewish day. If _Kidush Levana_ occurs during the day (starting at _alos_ and ending at\n   *            _tzais_), the time returned will be _tzais_. If either the _alos_ or _tzais_ parameters\n   *            are null, no daytime adjustment will be made.\n   *\n   * @return the `Temporal.ZonedDateTime` representing the moment 3 days after the molad. If the time occurs\n   *         between _alos_ and _tzais_, _tzais_ will be returned. If the _zman_ will not occur on this day,\n   *         `null` will be returned.\n   */\n  public getTchilasZmanKidushLevana3Days(\n    alos: Temporal.ZonedDateTime | null = null,\n    tzais: Temporal.ZonedDateTime | null = null\n  ): Temporal.ZonedDateTime | null {\n    const hd = this.hdate;\n\n    // Do not calculate for impossible dates, but account for extreme cases. Tchilas zman kiddush Levana 3 days for\n    // the extreme case of Rapa Iti in French Polynesia on Dec 2027 when kiddush Levana 3 days can be said on the evening\n    // of the 30th, the second night of Rosh Chodesh. The 3rd day after the _molad_ will be on the 4th of the month.\n    // In the case of Anadyr, Russia on Jan, 2071, when sof zman kiddush levana is on the 17th of the month, the 3rd day\n    // from the molad will be on the 5th day of Shevat. See Rabbi Dovid Heber's Shaarei Zmanim chapter 4 (pages 28 and 32).\n    if (hd.getDate() > 5 && hd.getDate() < 30) {\n      return null;\n    }\n\n    const molad = new Molad(hd.getFullYear(), hd.getMonth());\n    let zman: Temporal.ZonedDateTime | null = this.getMoladBasedTime(\n      molad.getTchilasZmanKidushLevana3Days(),\n      alos,\n      tzais,\n      true\n    );\n\n    // Get the following month's zman kiddush Levana for the extreme case of Rapa Iti in French Polynesia on Dec 2027 when\n    // kiddush Levana can be said on Rosh Chodesh (the evening of the 30th). See Rabbi Dovid Heber's Shaarei Zmanim chapter 4 (page 32)\n    if (zman === null && hd.getDate() === 30) {\n      const hd2 = hd.add(1, 'week');\n      const molad2 = new Molad(hd2.getFullYear(), hd2.getMonth());\n      zman = this.getMoladBasedTime(\n        molad2.getTchilasZmanKidushLevana3Days(),\n        null,\n        null,\n        true\n      );\n    }\n\n    return zman;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Returns the point in time of the _Molad_, if it occurs on this date. For the traditional day of week, hour,\n   * minute and chalakim, see {@link Molad} and its {@link Molad.render} method.\n   *\n   * @return the `Temporal.ZonedDateTime` representing the moment of the molad. If the _molad_ does not occur on\n   *         this day, `null` will be returned.\n   */\n  public getZmanMolad(): Temporal.ZonedDateTime | null {\n    const hd = this.hdate;\n\n    // Optimize to not calculate for impossible dates, but account for extreme cases. The molad in the extreme case of Rapa\n    // Iti in French Polynesia on Dec 2027 occurs on the night of the 27th of Kislev. In the case of Anadyr, Russia on\n    // Jan 2071, the molad will be on the 2nd day of Shevat. See Rabbi Dovid Heber's Shaarei Zmanim chapter 4 (pages 28 and 32).\n    if (hd.getDate() > 2 && hd.getDate() < 27) {\n      return null;\n    }\n\n    const molad = new Molad(hd.getFullYear(), hd.getMonth());\n    let zman: Temporal.ZonedDateTime | null = this.getMoladBasedTime(\n      molad.getInstant(),\n      null,\n      null,\n      true\n    );\n\n    // deal with molad that happens on the end of the previous month\n    if (zman === null && hd.getDate() > 26) {\n      const hd2 = hd.add(1, 'week');\n      const molad2 = new Molad(hd2.getFullYear(), hd2.getMonth());\n      zman = this.getMoladBasedTime(molad2.getInstant(), null, null, true);\n    }\n    return zman;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Returns the earliest time of _Kiddush Levana_ according to the opinions that it should not be said until 7\n   * days after the _molad_. The time will be returned even if it occurs during the day when _Kiddush Levana_\n   * can't be recited, unless both `alos` and `tzais` are supplied.\n   *\n   * @param alos\n   *            the beginning of the Jewish day. If _Kidush Levana_ occurs during the day (starting at _alos_ and\n   *            ending at _tzais_), the time returned will be _tzais_. If either the _alos_ or _tzais_ parameters\n   *            are null, no daytime adjustment will be made.\n   * @param tzais\n   *            the end of the Jewish day. If either the _alos_ or _tzais_ parameters are null, no daytime\n   *            adjustment will be made.\n   * @return the `Temporal.ZonedDateTime` representing the moment 7 days after the molad. If the _zman_\n   *         will not occur on this day, `null` will be returned.\n   */\n  public getTchilasZmanKidushLevana7Days(\n    alos: Temporal.ZonedDateTime | null = null,\n    tzais: Temporal.ZonedDateTime | null = null\n  ): Temporal.ZonedDateTime | null {\n    const hd = this.hdate;\n\n    // Optimize to not calculate for impossible dates, but account for extreme cases. Tchilas zman kiddush Levana 7 days for\n    // the extreme case of Rapa Iti in French Polynesia on Jan 2028 (when kiddush Levana 3 days can be said on the evening\n    // of the 30th, the second night of Rosh Chodesh), the 7th day after the molad will be on the 4th of the month.\n    // In the case of Anadyr, Russia on Jan, 2071, when sof zman kiddush levana is on the 17th of the month, the 7th day\n    // from the molad will be on the 9th day of Shevat. See Rabbi Dovid Heber's Shaarei Zmanim chapter 4 (pages 28 and 32).\n    if (hd.getDate() < 4 || hd.getDate() > 9) {\n      return null;\n    }\n    const molad = new Molad(hd.getFullYear(), hd.getMonth());\n    return this.getMoladBasedTime(\n      molad.getTchilasZmanKidushLevana7Days(),\n      alos,\n      tzais,\n      true\n    );\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * A method that returns the [Baal Hatanya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shneur_Zalman_of_Liadi)'s\n   * _netz amiti_ (sunrise) without\n   * elevation adjustment. This forms the base for the Baal Hatanya's dawn-based calculations that are\n   * calculated as a dip below the horizon before sunrise.\n   *\n   * According to the Baal Hatanya, _netz amiti_, or true (halachic) sunrise, is when the top of the sun's\n   * disk is visible at an elevation similar to the mountains of Eretz Yisrael. The time is calculated as the point at which\n   * the center of the sun's disk is 1.583° below the horizon. This degree-based calculation can be found in Rabbi Shalom\n   * DovBer Levine's commentary on\n   * [The Baal Hatanya's Seder Hachnasas Shabbos](https://www.chabadlibrary.org/books/pdf/Seder-Hachnosas-Shabbos.pdf).\n   * From an elevation of 546 meters, the top of [Har Hacarmel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Carmel),\n   * the sun disappears when it is 1° 35' or 1.583° below the sea level horizon. This in turn is based on the Gemara\n   * [Shabbos 35a](https://hebrewbooks.org/shas.aspx?mesechta=2&daf=35). There are other opinions brought down by\n   * Rabbi Levine, including Rabbi Yosef Yitzchok Feigelstock who calculates it as the degrees below the horizon 4 minutes after\n   * sunset in Yerushalayim (on the equinox). That is brought down as 1.583°. This is identical to the 1° 35' _zman_\n   * and is probably a typo and should be 1.683°. These calculations are used by most\n   * [Chabad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chabad) calendars that use the Baal Hatanya's _zmanim_. See\n   * [About Our Zmanim Calculations @ Chabad.org](https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/3209349/jewish/About-Our-Zmanim-Calculations.htm).\n   *\n   * Note: _netz amiti_ is used only for calculating certain _zmanim_, and is intentionally unpublished. For\n   * practical purposes, daytime _mitzvos_ like _shofar_ and _lulav_ should not be done until after the\n   * published time for _netz_ / sunrise.\n   *\n   * @return the exact sea level _netz amiti_ (sunrise) time. If the calculation can't be\n   *         computed, such as in the Arctic Circle where there is at least one day a year where the sun does not rise, and one\n   *         where it does not set, `null` will be returned.\n   */\n  private getSunriseBaalHatanya(): number {\n    return this.sunriseMillis(ZENITH_1_POINT_583, true);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * A method that returns the [Baal Hatanya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shneur_Zalman_of_Liadi)'s\n   * _shkiah amiti_ (sunset) without\n   * elevation adjustment. This forms the base for the Baal Hatanya's dusk-based calculations that are calculated\n   * as a dip below the horizon after sunset.\n   *\n   * According to the Baal Hatanya, _shkiah amiti_, true (_halachic_) sunset, is when the top of the\n   * sun's disk disappears from view at an elevation similar to the mountains of _Eretz Yisrael_.\n   * This time is calculated as the point at which the center of the sun's disk is 1.583 degrees below the horizon.\n   *\n   * Note: _shkiah amiti_ is used only for calculating certain _zmanim_, and is intentionally unpublished. For\n   * practical purposes, all daytime mitzvos should be completed before the published time for _shkiah_ / sunset.\n   *\n   * For further explanation of the calculations used for the Baal Hatanya's _zmanim_ in this library, see\n   * [About Our Zmanim Calculations @ Chabad.org](https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/3209349/jewish/About-Our-Zmanim-Calculations.htm).\n   *\n   * @return the exact sea level _shkiah amiti_ (sunset) time. If the calculation\n   *         can't be computed, such as in the Arctic Circle where there is at least one day a year where the sun does not\n   *         rise, and one where it does not set, `null` will be returned.\n   */\n  private getSunsetBaalHatanya(): number {\n    return this.sunsetMillis(ZENITH_1_POINT_583, true);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Returns the [Baal Hatanya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shneur_Zalman_of_Liadi)'s _alos_\n   * (dawn) calculated as the time when the sun is 16.9° below the eastern geometric horizon\n   * before {@link sunrise}.\n   *\n   * The zenith of 16.9° below is based on the calculation that the time between dawn\n   * and _netz amiti_ (sunrise) is 72 minutes, the time that it takes to walk 4 mil at 18 minutes\n   * a mil ([Rambam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides) and others). The sun's position at 72\n   * minutes before _netz amiti_ (sunrise) in Jerusalem\n   * [around the equinox / equilux](https://kosherjava.com/2022/01/12/equinox-vs-equilux-zmanim-calculations/)\n   * is 16.9° below geometric zenith.\n   *\n   * @return the `Date` of dawn. If the calculation can't be computed, such as in northern and southern\n   *         locations even south of the Arctic Circle and north of the Antarctic Circle where the sun may not reach\n   *         low enough below the horizon for this calculation, an `Invalid Date` will be returned.\n   */\n  public alosBaalHatanya(): Date {\n    return this.timeAtAngle(16.9, true);\n  }\n\n  private getShaahZmanisBaalHatanya(hours: number): Date {\n    return millisToDate(\n      this.getShaahZmanisBasedZmanMillis(\n        this.getSunriseBaalHatanya(),\n        this.getSunsetBaalHatanya(),\n        hours\n      )\n    );\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * This method returns the latest _zman krias shema_ (time to recite Shema in the morning). This time is 3\n   * _shaos zmaniyos_ (solar hours) after _netz amiti_ (sunrise), based on the opinion of the Baal Hatanya\n   * that the day is calculated from _netz amiti_ (sunrise) to _shkiah amiti_ (sunset).\n   *\n   * @return the `Date` of the latest _zman shema_ according to the Baal Hatanya. If the calculation\n   *         can't be computed, such as in the Arctic Circle where there is at least one day a year where the sun does\n   *         not rise and one where it does not set, an `Invalid Date` will be returned.\n   */\n  public sofZmanShmaBaalHatanya(): Date {\n    return this.getShaahZmanisBaalHatanya(3);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * This method returns the latest _zman tfilah_ (time to recite the morning prayers). This time is 4\n   * halachic hours into the day, based on the opinion of the Baal Hatanya that the day is\n   * calculated from _netz amiti_ (sunrise) to _shkiah amiti_ (sunset).\n   *\n   * @return the `Date` of the latest _zman tfilah_. If the calculation can't be computed, such as in\n   *         the Arctic Circle where there is at least one day a year where the sun does not rise and one where it does\n   *         not set, an `Invalid Date` will be returned.\n   */\n  public sofZmanTfilaBaalHatanya(): Date {\n    return this.getShaahZmanisBaalHatanya(4);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * This method returns the time of _mincha gedola_. _Mincha gedola_ is the earliest time one can pray\n   * _mincha_. The [Rambam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides) is of the opinion that it is\n   * better to delay _mincha_ until {@link minchaKetanaBaalHatanya | _mincha ketana_} while the\n   * [Ra\"sh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asher_ben_Jehiel),\n   * [Tur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_ben_Asher),\n   * [GRA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilna_Gaon) and others are of the opinion that _mincha_ can be prayed\n   * _lechatchila_ starting at _mincha gedola_. This is calculated as 6.5 sea level solar hours after\n   * _netz amiti_ (sunrise), based on the opinion of the Baal Hatanya that the day is calculated from\n   * _netz amiti_ (sunrise) to _shkiah amiti_ (sunset).\n   * @return the `Date` of the time of _mincha gedola_ according to the Baal Hatanya. If the calculation\n   *         can't be computed, such as in the Arctic Circle where there is at least one day a year where the sun does not rise\n   *         and one where it does not set, an `Invalid Date` will be returned.\n   */\n  public minchaGedolaBaalHatanya(): Date {\n    return this.getShaahZmanisBaalHatanya(6.5);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * This method returns the time of _mincha ketana_. This is the preferred earliest time to pray\n   * _mincha_ in the opinion of the [Rambam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides) and others.\n   * For more information on this see the documentation on {@link minchaGedolaBaalHatanya | _mincha gedola_}.\n   * This is calculated as 9.5 sea level solar hours after _netz amiti_ (sunrise), based on the opinion of\n   * the Baal Hatanya that the day is calculated from _netz amiti_ (sunrise) to _shkiah amiti_ (sunset).\n   *\n   * @return the `Date` of the time of _mincha ketana_. If the calculation can't be computed, such as\n   *         in the Arctic Circle where there is at least one day a year where the sun does not rise and one where it\n   *         does not set, an `Invalid Date` will be returned.\n   */\n  public minchaKetanaBaalHatanya(): Date {\n    return this.getShaahZmanisBaalHatanya(9.5);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * This method returns the time of _plag hamincha_. This is calculated as 10.75 sea level solar hours\n   * after _netz amiti_ (sunrise), based on the opinion of the Baal Hatanya that the day is calculated\n   * from _netz amiti_ (sunrise) to _shkiah amiti_ (sunset).\n   *\n   * @return the `Date` of the time of _plag hamincha_ according to the Baal Hatanya. If the calculation\n   *         can't be computed, such as in the Arctic Circle where there is at least one day a year where the sun does\n   *         not rise and one where it does not set, an `Invalid Date` will be returned.\n   */\n  public plagHaminchaBaalHatanya(): Date {\n    return this.getShaahZmanisBaalHatanya(10.75);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * A method that returns _tzais_ (nightfall) when the sun is 6° below the western geometric horizon\n   * (90°) after {@link sunset}. This is the time the Baal Hatanya calls _shkiah amiti_ plus the\n   * interval it takes the sun to descend a further 6°.\n   *\n   * @return the `Date` of nightfall. If the calculation can't be computed, such as in northern and southern\n   *         locations — even south of the Arctic Circle and north of the Antarctic Circle — where the sun may not\n   *         reach low enough below the horizon for this calculation, an `Invalid Date` will be returned.\n   */\n  public tzaisBaalHatanya(): Date {\n    return this.timeAtAngle(6, false);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Uses timeFormat to return a date like '20:34'.\n   * Returns `XX:XX` if the date is invalid.\n   * @param dt the time to format\n   * @param timeFormat formatter to use, e.g. from\n   *   {@link Location.getTimeFormatter}\n   */\n  static formatTime(dt: Date, timeFormat: Intl.DateTimeFormat): string {\n    if (isNaN(dt.getTime())) {\n      return 'XX:XX'; // Invalid Date\n    }\n    const time = timeFormat.format(dt);\n    // Rewrite the h24 midnight (\"24:15\") that some locales produce. Checking\n    // the two leading characters avoids the throwaway array that split(':')\n    // allocated on every event; this runs once per timed event, and the\n    // Intl.format() call above is already the expensive part.\n    if (\n      time.charCodeAt(0) === 0x32 && // '2'\n      time.charCodeAt(1) === 0x34 && // '4'\n      time.charCodeAt(2) === 0x3a // ':'\n    ) {\n      return '00' + time.substring(2);\n    }\n    return time;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Discards seconds, rounding to nearest minute.\n   * @param dt\n   */\n  static roundTime(dt: Date): Date {\n    const millis = dt.getTime();\n    if (isNaN(millis)) {\n      return dt;\n    }\n    // Round up to next minute if needed\n    const millisOnly = dt.getMilliseconds();\n    const seconds = dt.getSeconds();\n    if (seconds === 0 && millisOnly === 0) {\n      return dt;\n    }\n    const secAndMillis = seconds * 1000 + millisOnly;\n    const delta = secAndMillis >= 30000 ? 60000 - secAndMillis : -1 * secAndMillis;\n    return new Date(millis + delta);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get offset string (like \"+05:00\" or \"-08:00\") from tzid (like \"Europe/Moscow\")\n   * @param tzid\n   * @param date\n   */\n  static timeZoneOffset(tzid: string, date: Date): string {\n    const offset = getTimezoneOffset(tzid, date);\n    const offsetAbs = Math.abs(offset);\n    const hours = Math.floor(offsetAbs / 60);\n    const minutes = offsetAbs % 60;\n    return (offset < 0 ? '+' : '-') + pad2(hours) + ':' + pad2(minutes);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Returns a string like \"2022-04-01T13:06:00-11:00\"\n   * @param tzid\n   * @param date\n   */\n  static formatISOWithTimeZone(tzid: string, date: Date): string {\n    if (isNaN(date.getTime())) {\n      return '0000-00-00T00:00:00Z';\n    }\n    return (\n      getPseudoISO(tzid, date).substring(0, 19) + Zmanim.timeZoneOffset(tzid, date)\n    );\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Returns sunrise + `offset` minutes (either positive or negative).\n   * If elevation is enabled, this function will include elevation in the calculation\n   *  unless `forceSeaLevel` is `true`.\n   * @param offset minutes\n   * @param roundMinute round time to nearest minute (default true)\n   * @param forceSeaLevel use sea-level sunrise (default false)\n   */\n  sunriseOffset(offset: number, roundMinute = true, forceSeaLevel = false): Date {\n    const sunrise = forceSeaLevel ? this.seaLevelSunrise() : this.sunrise();\n    if (isNaN(sunrise.getTime())) {\n      return sunrise;\n    }\n    if (roundMinute) {\n      // For positive offsets only, round up to next minute if needed\n      if (offset > 0 && sunrise.getUTCSeconds() >= 30) {\n        offset++;\n      }\n      sunrise.setUTCSeconds(0, 0);\n    }\n    return new Date(sunrise.getTime() + offset * 60 * 1000);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Returns sunset + `offset` minutes (either positive or negative).\n   * If elevation is enabled, this function will include elevation in the calculation\n   *  unless `forceSeaLevel` is `true`.\n   * @param offset minutes\n   * @param roundMinute round time to nearest minute (default true)\n   * @param forceSeaLevel use sea-level sunset (default false)\n   */\n  sunsetOffset(offset: number, roundMinute = true, forceSeaLevel = false): Date {\n    const sunset = forceSeaLevel ? this.seaLevelSunset() : this.sunset();\n    if (isNaN(sunset.getTime())) {\n      return sunset;\n    }\n    if (roundMinute) {\n      // For Havdalah only, round up to next minute if needed\n      if (offset > 0 && sunset.getUTCSeconds() >= 30) {\n        offset++;\n      }\n      sunset.setUTCSeconds(0, 0);\n    }\n    return new Date(sunset.getTime() + offset * 60 * 1000);\n  }\n  /**\n   * Returns the Hebrew date relative to the specified location and Gregorian date,\n   * taking into consideration whether the time is before or after sunset.\n   *\n   * For example, if the given date and is `2024-09-22T10:35` (before sunset), and\n   * sunset for the specified location is **19:04**, then this function would\n   * return a Hebrew date of `19th of Elul, 5784`.\n   * If the given date is the same Gregorian day after sunset\n   * (for example `2024-09-22T20:07`), this function would return a\n   * Hebrew date of `20th of Elul, 5784`.\n   * @example\n   * import {GeoLocation, Zmanim, HDate} from '@hebcal/core';\n   * const latitude = 48.85341;\n   * const longitude = 2.3488;\n   * const timezone = 'Europe/Paris';\n   * const gloc = new GeoLocation(null, latitude, longitude, 0, timezone);\n   * const before = Zmanim.makeSunsetAwareHDate(gloc, new Date('2024-09-22T17:38:46.123Z'), false);\n   * console.log(before.toString()); // '19 Elul 5784'\n   * const after = Zmanim.makeSunsetAwareHDate(gloc, new Date('2024-09-22T23:45:18.345Z'), false);\n   * console.log(after.toString()); // '20 Elul 5784'\n   */\n  static makeSunsetAwareHDate(\n    gloc: GeoLocation,\n    date: Date,\n    useElevation: boolean\n  ): HDate {\n    const zmanim = new Zmanim(gloc, date, useElevation);\n    const sunset = zmanim.sunset();\n    let hd = new HDate(date);\n    const sunsetMillis = sunset.getTime();\n    if (isNaN(sunsetMillis)) {\n      return hd;\n    }\n    if (date.getTime() >= sunsetMillis) {\n      hd = hd.next();\n    }\n    return hd;\n  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+{"version":3,"file":"zmanim.js","sources":["../../../src/zmanim.ts"],"sourcesContent":["import 'temporal-polyfill/global';\nimport {GeoLocation, NOAACalculator} from '@hebcal/noaa';\nimport {HDate, getPseudoISO, getTimezoneOffset, isDate, pad2} from '@hebcal/hdate';\nimport {Molad} from './molad.js';\n\n/**\n * Converts an instant to a `Date`, discarding milliseconds.\n *\n * Zmanim are read out to the minute, and every accessor here reduces to an\n * instant, so we ask `@hebcal/noaa` for epoch milliseconds rather than a\n * `Temporal.ZonedDateTime`. Resolving the IANA zone to build a\n * `ZonedDateTime` costs roughly 750ns and nothing downstream uses it, which\n * made it the single most expensive step in a sunrise/sunset calculation.\n */\nfunction millisToDate(millis: number): Date {\n  const res = new Date(millis);\n  // UTC setter: a local-time setter re-resolves the wall-clock time and, in\n  // the repeated hour at the end of DST in the process time zone, would move\n  // the instant an hour earlier. See hebcal/hebcal-es6#786.\n  res.setUTCMilliseconds(0);\n  return res;\n}\n\n/**\n * The zenith of astronomical sunrise and sunset. The sun is 90° from the vertical 0°\n */\nconst GEOMETRIC_ZENITH = 90;\n\n/**\n * The zenith of 1.583° below geometric zenith (90°). This calculation is used for\n * calculating _netz amiti_ (sunrise) and _shkiah amiti_ (sunset) based on the opinion of the\n * [Baal Hatanya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shneur_Zalman_of_Liadi).\n *\n * @see Zmanim.sunriseBaalHatanya\n * @see Zmanim.sunsetBaalHatanya\n */\nconst ZENITH_1_POINT_583 = GEOMETRIC_ZENITH + 1.583;\n\n/**\n * The zenith of civil twilight; the sun is 6° below the horizon.\n * Matches `NOAACalculator.CIVIL_ZENITH`.\n */\nconst CIVIL_ZENITH = GEOMETRIC_ZENITH + 6;\n\n/**\n * Length of one temporal (halachic) hour in milliseconds, i.e. one twelfth of\n * the day. Mirrors `NOAACalculator.getTemporalHour()`, including its floor, so\n * that results stay identical to the `ZonedDateTime` code path.\n */\nfunction temporalHourMillis(startOfDay: number, endOfDay: number): number {\n  return Math.floor((endOfDay - startOfDay) / 12);\n}\n\n/**\n * Returns the moment `hours` temporal hours after `startOfDay`, where one\n * temporal hour lasts `temporalHour` milliseconds\n */\nfunction addTemporalHours(\n  startOfDay: Date,\n  temporalHour: number,\n  hours: number\n): Date {\n  return new Date(startOfDay.getTime() + Math.floor(hours * temporalHour));\n}\n\n/**\n * Calculate halachic times (zmanim / זְמַנִּים) for a given day and location.\n * Calculations are available for tzeit / tzais (nightfall),\n * shkiah (sunset) and more.\n *\n * Zmanim are estimated using an algorithm published by the US National Oceanic\n * and Atmospheric Administration. The NOAA solar calculator is based on equations\n * from _Astronomical Algorithms_ by Jean Meeus.\n *\n * The sunrise and sunset results are theoretically accurate to within a minute for\n * locations between +/- 72° latitude, and within 10 minutes outside of those latitudes.\n * However, due to variations in atmospheric composition, temperature, pressure and\n * conditions, observed values may vary from calculations.\n * https://gml.noaa.gov/grad/solcalc/calcdetails.html\n *\n * @example\n * import {GeoLocation, Zmanim} from '@hebcal/core';\n * const latitude = 41.822232;\n * const longitude = -71.448292;\n * const tzid = 'America/New_York';\n * const friday = new Date(2023, 8, 8);\n * const gloc = new GeoLocation(null, latitude, longitude, 0, tzid);\n * const zmanim = new Zmanim(gloc, friday, false);\n * const candleLighting = zmanim.sunsetOffset(-18, true);\n * const timeStr = Zmanim.formatISOWithTimeZone(tzid, candleLighting);\n * // '2023-09-08T18:49:00-04:00'\n */\nexport class Zmanim {\n  private readonly hdate: HDate;\n  private readonly plainDate: Temporal.PlainDate;\n  private readonly gloc: GeoLocation;\n  private readonly noaa: NOAACalculator;\n  private useElevation: boolean;\n  /**\n   * Initialize a Zmanim instance.\n   * @param gloc GeoLocation including latitude, longitude, and timezone\n   * @param date Regular or Hebrew Date. If `date` is a regular `Date`,\n   *    hours, minutes, seconds and milliseconds are ignored.\n   * @param useElevation use elevation for calculations (default `false`).\n   *    If `true`, use elevation to affect the calculation of all sunrise/sunset based\n   *    zmanim. Note: there are some zmanim such as degree-based zmanim that are driven\n   *    by the amount of light in the sky and are not impacted by elevation.\n   *    These zmanim intentionally do not support elevation adjustment.\n   */\n  constructor(gloc: GeoLocation, date: Date | HDate, useElevation: boolean) {\n    this.hdate = new HDate(date);\n    const dt = isDate(date) ? date : this.hdate.greg();\n    // The constructor is ~1.8x cheaper than PlainDate.from(), which has to\n    // walk a property bag and apply overflow handling. The fields come from a\n    // real Date, so they are always in range and never need constraining.\n    this.plainDate = new Temporal.PlainDate(\n      dt.getFullYear(),\n      dt.getMonth() + 1,\n      dt.getDate()\n    );\n    this.gloc = gloc;\n    this.noaa = new NOAACalculator(gloc, this.plainDate);\n    this.useElevation = Boolean(useElevation);\n  }\n  /**\n   * Returns `true` if this instance uses the location's elevation when\n   * calculating sunrise/sunset-based zmanim.\n   */\n  getUseElevation(): boolean {\n    return this.useElevation;\n  }\n  /**\n   * Enables or disables elevation adjustment for sunrise/sunset-based zmanim.\n   *\n   * Degree-based zmanim (such as {@link alotHaShachar} or {@link tzeit})\n   * estimate the amount of light in the sky and are never affected by this\n   * setting.\n   * @param useElevation `true` to include the location's elevation\n   */\n  setUseElevation(useElevation: boolean) {\n    this.useElevation = useElevation;\n  }\n  /**\n   * Convenience function to get the time when sun is above or below the horizon\n   * for a certain angle (in degrees).\n   * This function does not support elevation adjustment.\n   * @param angle degrees of solar depression below the horizon; for example\n   *  `8.5` means the center of the sun is 8.5° below the horizon\n   * @param rising `true` for the morning (before sunrise), `false` for the\n   *  evening (after sunset)\n   */\n  timeAtAngle(angle: number, rising: boolean): Date {\n    const offsetZenith = GEOMETRIC_ZENITH + angle;\n    return millisToDate(\n      rising\n        ? this.sunriseMillis(offsetZenith, true)\n        : this.sunsetMillis(offsetZenith, true)\n    );\n  }\n  /**\n   * Sunrise for a given zenith as epoch milliseconds, mirroring what\n   * `NOAACalculator.getSunrise()` / `getSeaLevelSunrise()` /\n   * `getSunriseOffsetByDegrees()` compute, minus the `ZonedDateTime`.\n   *\n   * Note that noaa's degree-based accessors pass `adjustForElevation = true`\n   * as well; the adjustment is a no-op unless the zenith is exactly\n   * {@link GEOMETRIC_ZENITH}, which is why degree-based zmanim are unaffected\n   * by elevation.\n   */\n  private sunriseMillis(zenith: number, useElevation: boolean): number {\n    const utc = useElevation\n      ? this.noaa.getUTCSunrise0(zenith)\n      : this.noaa.getUTCSeaLevelSunrise(zenith);\n    return this.noaa.getEpochMillisFromTime(utc, true);\n  }\n  /**\n   * Sunset counterpart of {@link sunriseMillis}.\n   */\n  private sunsetMillis(zenith: number, useElevation: boolean): number {\n    const utc = useElevation\n      ? this.noaa.getUTCSunset0(zenith)\n      : this.noaa.getUTCSeaLevelSunset(zenith);\n    return this.noaa.getEpochMillisFromTime(utc, false);\n  }\n  /**\n   * Upper edge of the Sun appears over the eastern horizon in the morning (0.833° above horizon)\n   * If elevation is enabled, this function will include elevation in the calculation.\n   */\n  sunrise(): Date {\n    return millisToDate(this.sunriseMillis(GEOMETRIC_ZENITH, this.useElevation));\n  }\n  /**\n   * Upper edge of the Sun appears over the eastern horizon in the morning (0.833° above horizon).\n   * This function does not support elevation adjustment.\n   */\n  seaLevelSunrise(): Date {\n    return millisToDate(this.sunriseMillis(GEOMETRIC_ZENITH, false));\n  }\n  /**\n   * When the upper edge of the Sun disappears below the horizon (0.833° below horizon).\n   * If elevation is enabled, this function will include elevation in the calculation.\n   */\n  sunset(): Date {\n    return millisToDate(this.sunsetMillis(GEOMETRIC_ZENITH, this.useElevation));\n  }\n  /**\n   * When the upper edge of the Sun disappears below the horizon (0.833° below horizon).\n   * This function does not support elevation adjustment.\n   */\n  seaLevelSunset(): Date {\n    return millisToDate(this.sunsetMillis(GEOMETRIC_ZENITH, false));\n  }\n  /**\n   * Civil dawn; Sun is 6° below the horizon in the morning.\n   * Because degree-based functions estimate the amount of light in the sky,\n   * the result is not impacted by elevation.\n   */\n  dawn(): Date {\n    return millisToDate(this.sunriseMillis(CIVIL_ZENITH, true));\n  }\n  /**\n   * Civil dusk; Sun is 6° below the horizon in the evening.\n   * Because degree-based functions estimate the amount of light in the sky,\n   * the result is not impacted by elevation.\n   */\n  dusk(): Date {\n    return millisToDate(this.sunsetMillis(CIVIL_ZENITH, true));\n  }\n  /**\n   * Returns sunset for the previous day.\n   * If elevation is enabled, this function will include elevation in the calculation.\n   */\n  gregEve(): Date {\n    const prev0 = this.plainDate.subtract({days: 1});\n    const prev = new Date(prev0.year, prev0.month - 1, prev0.day);\n    const zman = new Zmanim(this.gloc, prev, this.useElevation);\n    return zman.sunset();\n  }\n  /**\n   * Length in milliseconds of one halachic hour of the night, calculated as\n   * one twelfth of the time between the previous day's sunset and this\n   * day's sunrise. Used internally by {@link chatzotNight}.\n   */\n  nightHour(): number {\n    return (this.sunrise().getTime() - this.gregEve().getTime()) / 12; // ms in hour\n  }\n  /**\n   * Midday – Chatzot; Sunrise plus 6 halachic hours.\n   *\n   * Unlike most sunrise/sunset-based zmanim, this is always computed from\n   * sea-level sunrise and sunset, so it is not affected by the\n   * `useElevation` setting.\n   */\n  chatzot(): Date {\n    const startOfDay = this.sunriseMillis(GEOMETRIC_ZENITH, false);\n    const endOfDay = this.sunsetMillis(GEOMETRIC_ZENITH, false);\n    // NOAACalculator.getSunTransit(): sunrise plus 6 temporal hours\n    return millisToDate(startOfDay + temporalHourMillis(startOfDay, endOfDay) * 6);\n  }\n  /**\n   * Midnight – Chatzot; Sunset plus 6 halachic hours.\n   * If elevation is enabled, this function will include elevation in the calculation.\n   */\n  chatzotNight(): Date {\n    return new Date(this.sunrise().getTime() - this.nightHour() * 6);\n  }\n  /**\n   * Dawn – Alot haShachar; Sun is 16.1° below the horizon in the morning.\n   * Because degree-based functions estimate the amount of light in the sky,\n   * the result is not impacted by elevation.\n   */\n  alotHaShachar(): Date {\n    return this.timeAtAngle(16.1, true);\n  }\n  /**\n   * Dawn – Alot haShachar; calculated as 72 minutes before sunrise or\n   * sea level sunrise.\n   */\n  alotHaShachar72(): Date {\n    return this.sunriseOffset(-72, false, false);\n  }\n  /**\n   * Same as {@link alotHaShachar72}, but returns a `Temporal.ZonedDateTime`\n   * with seconds precision (instead of a `Date` rounded to the minute), or\n   * `null` if sunrise cannot be calculated for this date and location.\n   */\n  alotHaShachar72zdt(): Temporal.ZonedDateTime | null {\n    const zdt = this.useElevation\n      ? this.noaa.getSunrise()\n      : this.noaa.getSeaLevelSunrise();\n    if (!zdt) {\n      return null;\n    }\n    return zdt.subtract({minutes: 72});\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Earliest talis & tefillin – Misheyakir; Sun is 11.5° below the horizon in the morning.\n   * Because degree-based functions estimate the amount of light in the sky,\n   * the result is not impacted by elevation.\n   */\n  misheyakir(): Date {\n    return this.timeAtAngle(11.5, true);\n  }\n  /**\n   * Earliest talis & tefillin – Misheyakir Machmir; Sun is 10.2° below the horizon in the morning.\n   * Because degree-based functions estimate the amount of light in the sky,\n   * the result is not impacted by elevation.\n   */\n  misheyakirMachmir(): Date {\n    return this.timeAtAngle(10.2, true);\n  }\n  private getShaahZmanisBasedZmanMillis(\n    startOfDay: number,\n    endOfDay: number,\n    hours: number\n  ): number {\n    const offset = Math.trunc(temporalHourMillis(startOfDay, endOfDay) * hours);\n    return startOfDay + offset;\n  }\n  /**\n   * Utility method for using elevation-aware sunrise/sunset\n   * @param hours number of _shaos zmaniyos_ (solar hours) after sunrise\n   */\n  private getShaahZmanisBasedZman(hours: number): Date {\n    const startOfDay = this.sunriseMillis(GEOMETRIC_ZENITH, this.useElevation);\n    const endOfDay = this.sunsetMillis(GEOMETRIC_ZENITH, this.useElevation);\n    return millisToDate(\n      this.getShaahZmanisBasedZmanMillis(startOfDay, endOfDay, hours)\n    );\n  }\n  /**\n   * Latest Shema (Gra); Sunrise plus 3 halachic hours, according to the Gra.\n   * If elevation is enabled, this function will include elevation in the calculation.\n   */\n  sofZmanShma(): Date {\n    // Gra\n    return this.getShaahZmanisBasedZman(3);\n  }\n  /**\n   * Latest Shacharit (Gra); Sunrise plus 4 halachic hours, according to the Gra.\n   *\n   * This method returns the latest *zman tfila* (time to recite the morning prayers)\n   * that is 4 *shaos zmaniyos* (solar hours) after sunrise or sea level sunrise\n   * (depending on the `useElevation` setting), according\n   * to the [GRA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilna_Gaon).\n   *\n   * If elevation is enabled, this function will include elevation in the calculation.\n   */\n  sofZmanTfilla(): Date {\n    // Gra\n    return this.getShaahZmanisBasedZman(4);\n  }\n  /**\n   * This method returns the latest time for burning _chametz_ on _Erev Pesach_ according to the opinion\n   * of the [GRA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilna_Gaon). This time is 5 halachic hours into the day, based on\n   * the opinion of the GRA that the day is calculated from sunrise to sunset.\n   *\n   * If elevation is enabled, this function will include elevation in the calculation.\n   * @return the `Date` of the latest time for burning _chametz_ on _Erev Pesach_. If the calculation can't be\n   *         computed, such as in the Arctic Circle where there is at least one day a year where the sun does not\n   *         rise and one where it does not set, an `Invalid Date` will be returned.\n   */\n  sofZmanBiurChametzGRA(): Date {\n    return this.getShaahZmanisBasedZman(5);\n  }\n  /**\n   * Returns a 2-element array with alot (a `Date`, 72 minutes before sunrise)\n   * and the length in milliseconds of one halachic hour of the resulting day.\n   * Used internally by the Magen Avraham zmanim.\n   * @param forceSeaLevel ignore the `useElevation` setting and use sea-level\n   *  sunrise and sunset\n   */\n  getTemporalHour72(forceSeaLevel: boolean): [Date, number] {\n    const alot72 = this.sunriseOffset(-72, false, forceSeaLevel);\n    const tzeit72 = this.sunsetOffset(72, false, forceSeaLevel);\n    const temporalHour = (tzeit72.getTime() - alot72.getTime()) / 12;\n    return [alot72, temporalHour];\n  }\n  /**\n   * Returns a 2-element array with alot (a `Date`, when the sun is `angle`\n   * degrees below the horizon in the morning) and the length in milliseconds\n   * of one halachic hour of the resulting day. Used internally by the\n   * degree-based Magen Avraham zmanim.\n   * @param angle degrees of solar depression below the horizon\n   */\n  getTemporalHourByDeg(angle: number): [Date, number] {\n    const alot = this.timeAtAngle(angle, true);\n    const tzeit = this.timeAtAngle(angle, false);\n    const temporalHour = (tzeit.getTime() - alot.getTime()) / 12;\n    return [alot, temporalHour];\n  }\n  /**\n   * Latest Shema (MGA); Sunrise plus 3 halachic hours, according to Magen Avraham.\n   * Based on the opinion of the MGA that the day is calculated from\n   * dawn being fixed 72 minutes before sea-level sunrise, and nightfall is fixed\n   * 72 minutes after sea-level sunset.\n   */\n  sofZmanShmaMGA(): Date {\n    // Magen Avraham\n    const [alot72, temporalHour] = this.getTemporalHour72(true);\n    return addTemporalHours(alot72, temporalHour, 3);\n  }\n  /**\n   * Latest Shema (MGA); Sunrise plus 3 halachic hours, according to Magen Avraham.\n   * Based on the opinion of the MGA that the day is calculated from\n   * dawn to nightfall with both being 16.1° below the horizon.\n   */\n  sofZmanShmaMGA16Point1(): Date {\n    const [alot, temporalHour] = this.getTemporalHourByDeg(16.1);\n    return addTemporalHours(alot, temporalHour, 3);\n  }\n  /**\n   * Latest Shema (MGA); Sunrise plus 3 halachic hours, according to Magen Avraham.\n   * Based on the opinion of the MGA that the day is calculated from\n   * dawn to nightfall with both being 19.8° below the horizon.\n   *\n   * This calculation is based on the position of the sun 90 minutes after sunset in Jerusalem\n   * around the equinox / equilux which calculates to 19.8° below geometric zenith.\n   * https://kosherjava.com/2022/01/12/equinox-vs-equilux-zmanim-calculations/\n   */\n  sofZmanShmaMGA19Point8(): Date {\n    const [alot, temporalHour] = this.getTemporalHourByDeg(19.8);\n    return addTemporalHours(alot, temporalHour, 3);\n  }\n  /**\n   * Latest Shacharit (MGA); Sunrise plus 4 halachic hours, according to Magen Avraham\n   */\n  sofZmanTfillaMGA(): Date {\n    // Magen Avraham\n    const [alot72, temporalHour] = this.getTemporalHour72(true);\n    return addTemporalHours(alot72, temporalHour, 4);\n  }\n  /**\n   * Latest Shacharit (MGA); Sunrise plus 4 halachic hours, according to Magen Avraham.\n   * Based on the opinion of the MGA that the day is calculated from\n   * dawn to nightfall with both being 16.1° below the horizon.\n   */\n  sofZmanTfillaMGA16Point1(): Date {\n    const [alot, temporalHour] = this.getTemporalHourByDeg(16.1);\n    return addTemporalHours(alot, temporalHour, 4);\n  }\n  /**\n   * Latest Shacharit (MGA); Sunrise plus 4 halachic hours, according to Magen Avraham.\n   * Based on the opinion of the MGA that the day is calculated from\n   * dawn to nightfall with both being 19.8° below the horizon.\n   *\n   * This calculation is based on the position of the sun 90 minutes after sunset in Jerusalem\n   * around the equinox / equilux which calculates to 19.8° below geometric zenith.\n   * https://kosherjava.com/2022/01/12/equinox-vs-equilux-zmanim-calculations/\n   */\n  sofZmanTfillaMGA19Point8(): Date {\n    const [alot, temporalHour] = this.getTemporalHourByDeg(19.8);\n    return addTemporalHours(alot, temporalHour, 4);\n  }\n  /**\n   * Earliest Mincha – Mincha Gedola (GRA); Sunrise plus 6.5 halachic hours.\n   * If elevation is enabled, this function will include elevation in the calculation.\n   *\n   * This method returns *mincha gedola*, the earliest time one can pray mincha,\n   * that is 6.5 shaos zmaniyos (solar hours) after sunrise or sea level sunrise\n   * (depending on the `useElevation` setting), according\n   * to the [GRA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilna_Gaon).\n   *\n   * The Ramba\"m is of the opinion that it is better to delay *mincha* until\n   * *mincha ketana* while the Ra\"sh, Tur, GRA and others are of the\n   * opinion that *mincha* can be prayed *lechatchila* starting at *mincha gedola*.\n   */\n  minchaGedola(): Date {\n    return this.getShaahZmanisBasedZman(6.5);\n  }\n  /**\n   * Earliest Mincha – Mincha Gedola (MGA); Sunrise plus 6.5 halachic hours.\n   * If elevation is enabled, this function will include elevation in the calculation.\n   *\n   * This method returns the time of *mincha gedola* according to the Magen Avraham\n   * with the day starting 72 minutes before sunrise and ending 72 minutes after sunset.\n   * This is the earliest time to pray *mincha*.\n   */\n  minchaGedolaMGA(): Date {\n    const [alot72, temporalHour] = this.getTemporalHour72(false);\n    return addTemporalHours(alot72, temporalHour, 6.5);\n  }\n  /**\n   * Preferable earliest time to recite Minchah – Mincha Ketana; Sunrise plus 9.5 halachic hours.\n   * If elevation is enabled, this function will include elevation in the calculation.\n   *\n   * This method returns *mincha ketana*, the preferred earliest time to pray *mincha* in the\n   * opinion of the [Rambam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides) and others,\n   * that is 9.5 *shaos zmaniyos* (solar hours) after sunrise or sea level sunrise\n   * (depending on the `useElevation` setting), according\n   * to the [GRA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilna_Gaon).\n   */\n  minchaKetana(): Date {\n    return this.getShaahZmanisBasedZman(9.5);\n  }\n  /**\n   * This method returns the time of *mincha ketana* according to the Magen Avraham\n   * with the day starting 72 minutes before sunrise and ending 72 minutes after sunset.\n   * This is the preferred earliest time to pray *mincha* according to the opinion of\n   * the [Rambam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides) and others.\n   *\n   * If elevation is enabled, this function will include elevation in the calculation.\n   */\n  minchaKetanaMGA(): Date {\n    const [alot72, temporalHour] = this.getTemporalHour72(false);\n    return addTemporalHours(alot72, temporalHour, 9.5);\n  }\n  /**\n   * Plag haMincha; Sunrise plus 10.75 halachic hours.\n   * If elevation is enabled, this function will include elevation in the calculation.\n   */\n  plagHaMincha(): Date {\n    return this.getShaahZmanisBasedZman(10.75);\n  }\n  /**\n   * Nightfall – Tzeit HaKochavim; the sun is `angle` degrees below the\n   * horizon in the evening.\n   *\n   * Because degree-based functions estimate the amount of light in the sky,\n   * the result is not impacted by elevation.\n   * @param [angle=8.5] optional time for solar depression.\n   *   Default is 8.5 degrees for 3 small stars, use 7.083 degrees for 3 medium-sized stars.\n   */\n  tzeit(angle = 8.5): Date {\n    return this.timeAtAngle(angle, false);\n  }\n  /**\n   * Nightfall – Tzeit HaKochavim; calculated as 72 minutes after sunset\n   * (or sea-level sunset, depending on the `useElevation` setting).\n   *\n   * Returns a `Temporal.ZonedDateTime` with seconds precision, or `null` if\n   * sunset cannot be calculated for this date and location.\n   */\n  tzeit72(): Temporal.ZonedDateTime | null {\n    const zdt = this.useElevation\n      ? this.noaa.getSunset()\n      : this.noaa.getSeaLevelSunset();\n    if (!zdt) {\n      return null;\n    }\n    return zdt.add({minutes: 72});\n  }\n  /**\n   * Alias for sunrise\n   */\n  neitzHaChama(): Date {\n    return this.sunrise();\n  }\n  /**\n   * Alias for sunset\n   */\n  shkiah(): Date {\n    return this.sunset();\n  }\n  /**\n   * Rabbeinu Tam holds that bein hashmashos is a specific time\n   * between sunset and tzeis hakochavim.\n   * One opinion on how to calculate this time is that\n   * it is 13.5 minutes before tzies 7.083.\n   * Because degree-based functions estimate the amount of light in the sky,\n   * the result is not impacted by elevation.\n   */\n  beinHaShmashos(): Date {\n    const tzeit = this.tzeit(7.083);\n    const millis = tzeit.getTime();\n    if (isNaN(millis)) {\n      return tzeit;\n    }\n    return new Date(millis - 13.5 * 60 * 1000);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Used by Molad based _zmanim_ to determine if _zmanim_ occur during the current day.\n   * @return previous midnight\n   */\n  private getMidnightLastNight(): Temporal.ZonedDateTime {\n    // reset hour, minutes, seconds and millis\n    return this.plainDate.toZonedDateTime({\n      timeZone: this.gloc.getTimeZone(),\n    });\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Used by Molad based _zmanim_ to determine if _zmanim_ occur during the current day.\n   * @return following midnight\n   */\n  private getMidnightTonight(): Temporal.ZonedDateTime {\n    return this.plainDate.add({days: 1}).toZonedDateTime({\n      timeZone: this.gloc.getTimeZone(),\n    });\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Returns the Date of the _molad_ based time if it occurs on the current date. Since _Kiddush Levana_\n   * can only be said during the day, there are parameters to limit it to between _alos_ and _tzais_. If\n   * the time occurs between _alos_ and _tzais_, _tzais_ will be returned.\n   *\n   * @param moladBasedTime\n   *            the _molad_ based time such as _molad_, _tchilas_ and _sof zman Kiddush Levana_\n   * @param alos\n   *            optional start of day to limit _molad_ times to the end of the night before or beginning of the next night.\n   *            Ignored if either _alos_ or _tzais_ are null.\n   * @param tzais\n   *            optional end of day to limit _molad_ times to the end of the night before or beginning of the next night.\n   *            Ignored if either _tzais_ or _alos_ are null\n   * @param techila\n   *            is it the start of _Kiddush Levana_ time or the end? If it is start roll it to the next _tzais_,\n   *            and if it is the end, return the end of the previous night (_alos_ passed in). Ignored if either\n   *            _alos_ or _tzais_ are null.\n   * @return the _molad_ based time. If the _zman_ does not occur during the current date, `null` will be\n   *         returned.\n   */\n  private getMoladBasedTime(\n    moladBasedTime: Temporal.ZonedDateTime,\n    alos: Temporal.ZonedDateTime | null,\n    tzais: Temporal.ZonedDateTime | null,\n    techila: boolean\n  ): Temporal.ZonedDateTime | null {\n    const lastMidnight = this.getMidnightLastNight();\n    const midnightTonight = this.getMidnightTonight();\n\n    if (\n      Temporal.ZonedDateTime.compare(moladBasedTime, lastMidnight) < 0 ||\n      Temporal.ZonedDateTime.compare(moladBasedTime, midnightTonight) > 0\n    ) {\n      return null; // Invalid time, bailout\n    }\n    if (alos === null || tzais === null) {\n      return moladBasedTime.withTimeZone(this.gloc.getTimeZone()); // Not enough info to adjust\n    }\n    if (\n      Temporal.ZonedDateTime.compare(moladBasedTime, alos) > 0 &&\n      Temporal.ZonedDateTime.compare(moladBasedTime, tzais) < 0\n    ) {\n      // It's the daytime (after alos but before tzais)\n      // get the next/prev night\n      return techila ? tzais : alos;\n    }\n    // It's the night, the provided time is valid\n    return moladBasedTime.withTimeZone(this.gloc.getTimeZone());\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Returns the latest time of Kiddush Levana according to the\n   * [Maharil's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaakov_ben_Moshe_Levi_Moelin) opinion that it is calculated as\n   * halfway between _molad_ and _molad_. This adds half the 29 days, 12 hours and 793 chalakim time between\n   * _molad_ and _molad_ (14 days, 18 hours, 22 minutes and 666 milliseconds) to the month's _molad_.\n   *\n   * The _sof zman Kiddush Levana_ will be returned even if it occurs during the day, unless both `alos` and\n   * `tzais` are supplied.\n   *\n   * @param alos\n   *            the beginning of the Jewish day. If _Kidush Levana_ occurs during the day (starting at _alos_ and\n   *            ending at _tzais_), the time returned will be alos. If either the _alos_ or _tzais_ parameters\n   *            are null, no daytime adjustment will be made.\n   * @param tzais\n   *            the end of the Jewish day. If Kidush Levana occurs during the day (starting at alos and ending at\n   *            tzais), the time returned will be alos. If either the alos or tzais parameters are null, no daytime\n   *            adjustment will be made.\n   * @return the `Temporal.ZonedDateTime` representing the moment halfway between molad and molad. If the time\n   *         occurs between _alos_ and _tzais_, _alos_ will be returned. If the _zman_ will not occur on this\n   *         day, `null` will be returned.\n   */\n  getSofZmanKidushLevanaBetweenMoldos(\n    alos: Temporal.ZonedDateTime | null = null,\n    tzais: Temporal.ZonedDateTime | null = null\n  ): Temporal.ZonedDateTime | null {\n    const hd = this.hdate;\n\n    // Do not calculate for impossible dates, but account for extreme cases. In the extreme case of Rapa Iti in French\n    // Polynesia on Dec 2027 when kiddush Levana 3 days can be said on _Rosh Chodesh_, the sof zman Kiddush Levana\n    // will be on the 12th of the Teves. In the case of Anadyr, Russia on Jan, 2071, sof zman Kiddush Levana between the\n    // moldos will occur is on the night of 17th of Shevat. See Rabbi Dovid Heber's Shaarei Zmanim chapter 4 (pages 28 and 32).\n    if (hd.getDate() < 11 || hd.getDate() > 16) {\n      return null;\n    }\n    const molad = new Molad(hd.getFullYear(), hd.getMonth());\n    return this.getMoladBasedTime(\n      molad.getSofZmanKidushLevanaBetweenMoldos(),\n      alos,\n      tzais,\n      false\n    );\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Returns the latest time of _Kiddush Levana_ calculated as 15 days after the molad. This is the opinion of\n   * the Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chaim 426). It should be noted that some opinions hold that the\n   * [Rema](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Isserles), who brings down the opinion of the\n   * [Maharil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaakov_ben_Moshe_Levi_Moelin) of calculating\n   * {@link getSofZmanKidushLevanaBetweenMoldos half way between _molad_ and _molad_}, is of\n   * the opinion that the Mechaber agrees to his opinion. Also see the Aruch Hashulchan. For additional details on\n   * the subject, see Rabbi Dovid Heber's very detailed write-up in Siman Daled (chapter 4) of\n   * [Shaarei Zmanim](https://hebrewbooks.org/53000).\n   *\n   * The _sof zman Kiddush Levana_ will be returned even if it occurs during the day, unless both `alos` and\n   * `tzais` are supplied.\n   *\n   * @param alos\n   *            the beginning of the Jewish day. If either the _alos_ or _tzais_ parameters are null, no daytime\n   *            adjustment will be made.\n   * @param tzais\n   *            the end of the Jewish day. If either the _alos_ or _tzais_ parameters are null, no daytime\n   *            adjustment will be made.\n   * @return the `Temporal.ZonedDateTime` representing the moment 15 days after the _molad_. If the time occurs\n   *         between _alos_ and _tzais_, _alos_ will be returned. If the _zman_ will not occur on this day,\n   *         `null` will be returned.\n   */\n  getSofZmanKidushLevana15Days(\n    alos: Temporal.ZonedDateTime | null = null,\n    tzais: Temporal.ZonedDateTime | null = null\n  ): Temporal.ZonedDateTime | null {\n    const hd = this.hdate;\n\n    // Do not calculate for impossible dates, but account for extreme cases. In the extreme case of Rapa Iti in\n    // French Polynesia on Dec 2027 when kiddush Levana 3 days can be said on _Rosh Chodesh_, the sof zman Kiddush\n    // Levana will be on the 12th of the Teves. in the case of Anadyr, Russia on Jan, 2071, sof zman kiddush levana will\n    // occur after midnight on the 17th of Shevat. See Rabbi Dovid Heber's Shaarei Zmanim chapter 4 (pages 28 and 32).\n    if (hd.getDate() < 11 || hd.getDate() > 17) {\n      return null;\n    }\n    const molad = new Molad(hd.getFullYear(), hd.getMonth());\n    return this.getMoladBasedTime(\n      molad.getSofZmanKidushLevana15Days(),\n      alos,\n      tzais,\n      false\n    );\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Returns the earliest time of _Kiddush Levana_ according to\n   * [Rabbeinu Yonah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonah_Gerondi)'s opinion that it can be said 3 days after the _molad_.\n   * If the time of _tchilas zman Kiddush Levana_ occurs during the day (between _alos_ and _tzais_ passed to\n   * this method) it will return the following _tzais_. If null is passed for either _alos_ or _tzais_, the actual\n   * _tchilas zman Kiddush Levana_ will be returned, regardless of if it is during the day or not.\n   *\n   * @param alos\n   *            the beginning of the Jewish day. If Kidush Levana occurs during the day (starting at _alos_ and ending\n   *            at _tzais_), the time returned will be _tzais_. If either the _alos_ or _tzais_ parameters\n   *            are null, no daytime adjustment will be made.\n   * @param tzais\n   *            the end of the Jewish day. If _Kidush Levana_ occurs during the day (starting at _alos_ and ending at\n   *            _tzais_), the time returned will be _tzais_. If either the _alos_ or _tzais_ parameters\n   *            are null, no daytime adjustment will be made.\n   *\n   * @return the `Temporal.ZonedDateTime` representing the moment 3 days after the molad. If the time occurs\n   *         between _alos_ and _tzais_, _tzais_ will be returned. If the _zman_ will not occur on this day,\n   *         `null` will be returned.\n   */\n  getTchilasZmanKidushLevana3Days(\n    alos: Temporal.ZonedDateTime | null = null,\n    tzais: Temporal.ZonedDateTime | null = null\n  ): Temporal.ZonedDateTime | null {\n    const hd = this.hdate;\n\n    // Do not calculate for impossible dates, but account for extreme cases. Tchilas zman kiddush Levana 3 days for\n    // the extreme case of Rapa Iti in French Polynesia on Dec 2027 when kiddush Levana 3 days can be said on the evening\n    // of the 30th, the second night of Rosh Chodesh. The 3rd day after the _molad_ will be on the 4th of the month.\n    // In the case of Anadyr, Russia on Jan, 2071, when sof zman kiddush levana is on the 17th of the month, the 3rd day\n    // from the molad will be on the 5th day of Shevat. See Rabbi Dovid Heber's Shaarei Zmanim chapter 4 (pages 28 and 32).\n    if (hd.getDate() > 5 && hd.getDate() < 30) {\n      return null;\n    }\n\n    const molad = new Molad(hd.getFullYear(), hd.getMonth());\n    let zman: Temporal.ZonedDateTime | null = this.getMoladBasedTime(\n      molad.getTchilasZmanKidushLevana3Days(),\n      alos,\n      tzais,\n      true\n    );\n\n    // Get the following month's zman kiddush Levana for the extreme case of Rapa Iti in French Polynesia on Dec 2027 when\n    // kiddush Levana can be said on Rosh Chodesh (the evening of the 30th). See Rabbi Dovid Heber's Shaarei Zmanim chapter 4 (page 32)\n    if (zman === null && hd.getDate() === 30) {\n      const hd2 = hd.add(1, 'week');\n      const molad2 = new Molad(hd2.getFullYear(), hd2.getMonth());\n      zman = this.getMoladBasedTime(\n        molad2.getTchilasZmanKidushLevana3Days(),\n        null,\n        null,\n        true\n      );\n    }\n\n    return zman;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Returns the point in time of the _Molad_, if it occurs on this date. For the traditional day of week, hour,\n   * minute and chalakim, see {@link Molad} and its {@link Molad.render} method.\n   *\n   * @return the `Temporal.ZonedDateTime` representing the moment of the molad. If the _molad_ does not occur on\n   *         this day, `null` will be returned.\n   */\n  getZmanMolad(): Temporal.ZonedDateTime | null {\n    const hd = this.hdate;\n\n    // Optimize to not calculate for impossible dates, but account for extreme cases. The molad in the extreme case of Rapa\n    // Iti in French Polynesia on Dec 2027 occurs on the night of the 27th of Kislev. In the case of Anadyr, Russia on\n    // Jan 2071, the molad will be on the 2nd day of Shevat. See Rabbi Dovid Heber's Shaarei Zmanim chapter 4 (pages 28 and 32).\n    if (hd.getDate() > 2 && hd.getDate() < 27) {\n      return null;\n    }\n\n    const molad = new Molad(hd.getFullYear(), hd.getMonth());\n    let zman: Temporal.ZonedDateTime | null = this.getMoladBasedTime(\n      molad.getInstant(),\n      null,\n      null,\n      true\n    );\n\n    // deal with molad that happens on the end of the previous month\n    if (zman === null && hd.getDate() > 26) {\n      const hd2 = hd.add(1, 'week');\n      const molad2 = new Molad(hd2.getFullYear(), hd2.getMonth());\n      zman = this.getMoladBasedTime(molad2.getInstant(), null, null, true);\n    }\n    return zman;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Returns the earliest time of _Kiddush Levana_ according to the opinions that it should not be said until 7\n   * days after the _molad_. The time will be returned even if it occurs during the day when _Kiddush Levana_\n   * can't be recited, unless both `alos` and `tzais` are supplied.\n   *\n   * @param alos\n   *            the beginning of the Jewish day. If _Kidush Levana_ occurs during the day (starting at _alos_ and\n   *            ending at _tzais_), the time returned will be _tzais_. If either the _alos_ or _tzais_ parameters\n   *            are null, no daytime adjustment will be made.\n   * @param tzais\n   *            the end of the Jewish day. If either the _alos_ or _tzais_ parameters are null, no daytime\n   *            adjustment will be made.\n   * @return the `Temporal.ZonedDateTime` representing the moment 7 days after the molad. If the _zman_\n   *         will not occur on this day, `null` will be returned.\n   */\n  getTchilasZmanKidushLevana7Days(\n    alos: Temporal.ZonedDateTime | null = null,\n    tzais: Temporal.ZonedDateTime | null = null\n  ): Temporal.ZonedDateTime | null {\n    const hd = this.hdate;\n\n    // Optimize to not calculate for impossible dates, but account for extreme cases. Tchilas zman kiddush Levana 7 days for\n    // the extreme case of Rapa Iti in French Polynesia on Jan 2028 (when kiddush Levana 3 days can be said on the evening\n    // of the 30th, the second night of Rosh Chodesh), the 7th day after the molad will be on the 4th of the month.\n    // In the case of Anadyr, Russia on Jan, 2071, when sof zman kiddush levana is on the 17th of the month, the 7th day\n    // from the molad will be on the 9th day of Shevat. See Rabbi Dovid Heber's Shaarei Zmanim chapter 4 (pages 28 and 32).\n    if (hd.getDate() < 4 || hd.getDate() > 9) {\n      return null;\n    }\n    const molad = new Molad(hd.getFullYear(), hd.getMonth());\n    return this.getMoladBasedTime(\n      molad.getTchilasZmanKidushLevana7Days(),\n      alos,\n      tzais,\n      true\n    );\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * A method that returns the [Baal Hatanya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shneur_Zalman_of_Liadi)'s\n   * _netz amiti_ (sunrise) without\n   * elevation adjustment. This forms the base for the Baal Hatanya's dawn-based calculations that are\n   * calculated as a dip below the horizon before sunrise.\n   *\n   * According to the Baal Hatanya, _netz amiti_, or true (halachic) sunrise, is when the top of the sun's\n   * disk is visible at an elevation similar to the mountains of Eretz Yisrael. The time is calculated as the point at which\n   * the center of the sun's disk is 1.583° below the horizon. This degree-based calculation can be found in Rabbi Shalom\n   * DovBer Levine's commentary on\n   * [The Baal Hatanya's Seder Hachnasas Shabbos](https://www.chabadlibrary.org/books/pdf/Seder-Hachnosas-Shabbos.pdf).\n   * From an elevation of 546 meters, the top of [Har Hacarmel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Carmel),\n   * the sun disappears when it is 1° 35' or 1.583° below the sea level horizon. This in turn is based on the Gemara\n   * [Shabbos 35a](https://hebrewbooks.org/shas.aspx?mesechta=2&daf=35). There are other opinions brought down by\n   * Rabbi Levine, including Rabbi Yosef Yitzchok Feigelstock who calculates it as the degrees below the horizon 4 minutes after\n   * sunset in Yerushalayim (on the equinox). That is brought down as 1.583°. This is identical to the 1° 35' _zman_\n   * and is probably a typo and should be 1.683°. These calculations are used by most\n   * [Chabad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chabad) calendars that use the Baal Hatanya's _zmanim_. See\n   * [About Our Zmanim Calculations @ Chabad.org](https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/3209349/jewish/About-Our-Zmanim-Calculations.htm).\n   *\n   * Note: _netz amiti_ is used only for calculating certain _zmanim_, and is intentionally unpublished. For\n   * practical purposes, daytime _mitzvos_ like _shofar_ and _lulav_ should not be done until after the\n   * published time for _netz_ / sunrise.\n   *\n   * @return the exact sea level _netz amiti_ (sunrise) time. If the calculation can't be\n   *         computed, such as in the Arctic Circle where there is at least one day a year where the sun does not rise, and one\n   *         where it does not set, `null` will be returned.\n   */\n  private getSunriseBaalHatanya(): number {\n    return this.sunriseMillis(ZENITH_1_POINT_583, true);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * A method that returns the [Baal Hatanya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shneur_Zalman_of_Liadi)'s\n   * _shkiah amiti_ (sunset) without\n   * elevation adjustment. This forms the base for the Baal Hatanya's dusk-based calculations that are calculated\n   * as a dip below the horizon after sunset.\n   *\n   * According to the Baal Hatanya, _shkiah amiti_, true (_halachic_) sunset, is when the top of the\n   * sun's disk disappears from view at an elevation similar to the mountains of _Eretz Yisrael_.\n   * This time is calculated as the point at which the center of the sun's disk is 1.583 degrees below the horizon.\n   *\n   * Note: _shkiah amiti_ is used only for calculating certain _zmanim_, and is intentionally unpublished. For\n   * practical purposes, all daytime mitzvos should be completed before the published time for _shkiah_ / sunset.\n   *\n   * For further explanation of the calculations used for the Baal Hatanya's _zmanim_ in this library, see\n   * [About Our Zmanim Calculations @ Chabad.org](https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/3209349/jewish/About-Our-Zmanim-Calculations.htm).\n   *\n   * @return the exact sea level _shkiah amiti_ (sunset) time. If the calculation\n   *         can't be computed, such as in the Arctic Circle where there is at least one day a year where the sun does not\n   *         rise, and one where it does not set, `null` will be returned.\n   */\n  private getSunsetBaalHatanya(): number {\n    return this.sunsetMillis(ZENITH_1_POINT_583, true);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Returns the [Baal Hatanya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shneur_Zalman_of_Liadi)'s _alos_\n   * (dawn) calculated as the time when the sun is 16.9° below the eastern geometric horizon\n   * before {@link sunrise}.\n   *\n   * The zenith of 16.9° below is based on the calculation that the time between dawn\n   * and _netz amiti_ (sunrise) is 72 minutes, the time that it takes to walk 4 mil at 18 minutes\n   * a mil ([Rambam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides) and others). The sun's position at 72\n   * minutes before _netz amiti_ (sunrise) in Jerusalem\n   * [around the equinox / equilux](https://kosherjava.com/2022/01/12/equinox-vs-equilux-zmanim-calculations/)\n   * is 16.9° below geometric zenith.\n   *\n   * @return the `Date` of dawn. If the calculation can't be computed, such as in northern and southern\n   *         locations even south of the Arctic Circle and north of the Antarctic Circle where the sun may not reach\n   *         low enough below the horizon for this calculation, an `Invalid Date` will be returned.\n   */\n  alosBaalHatanya(): Date {\n    return this.timeAtAngle(16.9, true);\n  }\n\n  private getShaahZmanisBaalHatanya(hours: number): Date {\n    return millisToDate(\n      this.getShaahZmanisBasedZmanMillis(\n        this.getSunriseBaalHatanya(),\n        this.getSunsetBaalHatanya(),\n        hours\n      )\n    );\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * This method returns the latest _zman krias shema_ (time to recite Shema in the morning). This time is 3\n   * _shaos zmaniyos_ (solar hours) after _netz amiti_ (sunrise), based on the opinion of the Baal Hatanya\n   * that the day is calculated from _netz amiti_ (sunrise) to _shkiah amiti_ (sunset).\n   *\n   * @return the `Date` of the latest _zman shema_ according to the Baal Hatanya. If the calculation\n   *         can't be computed, such as in the Arctic Circle where there is at least one day a year where the sun does\n   *         not rise and one where it does not set, an `Invalid Date` will be returned.\n   */\n  sofZmanShmaBaalHatanya(): Date {\n    return this.getShaahZmanisBaalHatanya(3);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * This method returns the latest _zman tfilah_ (time to recite the morning prayers). This time is 4\n   * halachic hours into the day, based on the opinion of the Baal Hatanya that the day is\n   * calculated from _netz amiti_ (sunrise) to _shkiah amiti_ (sunset).\n   *\n   * @return the `Date` of the latest _zman tfilah_. If the calculation can't be computed, such as in\n   *         the Arctic Circle where there is at least one day a year where the sun does not rise and one where it does\n   *         not set, an `Invalid Date` will be returned.\n   */\n  sofZmanTfilaBaalHatanya(): Date {\n    return this.getShaahZmanisBaalHatanya(4);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * This method returns the time of _mincha gedola_. _Mincha gedola_ is the earliest time one can pray\n   * _mincha_. The [Rambam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides) is of the opinion that it is\n   * better to delay _mincha_ until {@link minchaKetanaBaalHatanya | _mincha ketana_} while the\n   * [Ra\"sh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asher_ben_Jehiel),\n   * [Tur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_ben_Asher),\n   * [GRA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilna_Gaon) and others are of the opinion that _mincha_ can be prayed\n   * _lechatchila_ starting at _mincha gedola_. This is calculated as 6.5 sea level solar hours after\n   * _netz amiti_ (sunrise), based on the opinion of the Baal Hatanya that the day is calculated from\n   * _netz amiti_ (sunrise) to _shkiah amiti_ (sunset).\n   * @return the `Date` of the time of _mincha gedola_ according to the Baal Hatanya. If the calculation\n   *         can't be computed, such as in the Arctic Circle where there is at least one day a year where the sun does not rise\n   *         and one where it does not set, an `Invalid Date` will be returned.\n   */\n  minchaGedolaBaalHatanya(): Date {\n    return this.getShaahZmanisBaalHatanya(6.5);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * This method returns the time of _mincha ketana_. This is the preferred earliest time to pray\n   * _mincha_ in the opinion of the [Rambam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides) and others.\n   * For more information on this see the documentation on {@link minchaGedolaBaalHatanya | _mincha gedola_}.\n   * This is calculated as 9.5 sea level solar hours after _netz amiti_ (sunrise), based on the opinion of\n   * the Baal Hatanya that the day is calculated from _netz amiti_ (sunrise) to _shkiah amiti_ (sunset).\n   *\n   * @return the `Date` of the time of _mincha ketana_. If the calculation can't be computed, such as\n   *         in the Arctic Circle where there is at least one day a year where the sun does not rise and one where it\n   *         does not set, an `Invalid Date` will be returned.\n   */\n  minchaKetanaBaalHatanya(): Date {\n    return this.getShaahZmanisBaalHatanya(9.5);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * This method returns the time of _plag hamincha_. This is calculated as 10.75 sea level solar hours\n   * after _netz amiti_ (sunrise), based on the opinion of the Baal Hatanya that the day is calculated\n   * from _netz amiti_ (sunrise) to _shkiah amiti_ (sunset).\n   *\n   * @return the `Date` of the time of _plag hamincha_ according to the Baal Hatanya. If the calculation\n   *         can't be computed, such as in the Arctic Circle where there is at least one day a year where the sun does\n   *         not rise and one where it does not set, an `Invalid Date` will be returned.\n   */\n  plagHaminchaBaalHatanya(): Date {\n    return this.getShaahZmanisBaalHatanya(10.75);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * A method that returns _tzais_ (nightfall) when the sun is 6° below the western geometric horizon\n   * (90°) after {@link sunset}. This is the time the Baal Hatanya calls _shkiah amiti_ plus the\n   * interval it takes the sun to descend a further 6°.\n   *\n   * @return the `Date` of nightfall. If the calculation can't be computed, such as in northern and southern\n   *         locations — even south of the Arctic Circle and north of the Antarctic Circle — where the sun may not\n   *         reach low enough below the horizon for this calculation, an `Invalid Date` will be returned.\n   */\n  tzaisBaalHatanya(): Date {\n    return this.timeAtAngle(6, false);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Uses timeFormat to return a date like '20:34'.\n   * Returns `XX:XX` if the date is invalid.\n   * @param dt the time to format\n   * @param timeFormat formatter to use, e.g. from\n   *   {@link Location.getTimeFormatter}\n   */\n  static formatTime(dt: Date, timeFormat: Intl.DateTimeFormat): string {\n    if (isNaN(dt.getTime())) {\n      return 'XX:XX'; // Invalid Date\n    }\n    const time = timeFormat.format(dt);\n    // Rewrite the h24 midnight (\"24:15\") that some locales produce. Checking\n    // the two leading characters avoids the throwaway array that split(':')\n    // allocated on every event; this runs once per timed event, and the\n    // Intl.format() call above is already the expensive part.\n    if (\n      time.charCodeAt(0) === 0x32 && // '2'\n      time.charCodeAt(1) === 0x34 && // '4'\n      time.charCodeAt(2) === 0x3a // ':'\n    ) {\n      return `00${time.substring(2)}`;\n    }\n    return time;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Discards seconds, rounding to nearest minute.\n   * @param dt\n   */\n  static roundTime(dt: Date): Date {\n    const millis = dt.getTime();\n    if (isNaN(millis)) {\n      return dt;\n    }\n    // Round up to next minute if needed\n    const millisOnly = dt.getMilliseconds();\n    const seconds = dt.getSeconds();\n    if (seconds === 0 && millisOnly === 0) {\n      return dt;\n    }\n    const secAndMillis = seconds * 1000 + millisOnly;\n    const delta = secAndMillis >= 30000 ? 60000 - secAndMillis : -1 * secAndMillis;\n    return new Date(millis + delta);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get offset string (like \"+05:00\" or \"-08:00\") from tzid (like \"Europe/Moscow\")\n   * @param tzid\n   * @param date\n   */\n  static timeZoneOffset(tzid: string, date: Date): string {\n    const offset = getTimezoneOffset(tzid, date);\n    const offsetAbs = Math.abs(offset);\n    const hours = Math.floor(offsetAbs / 60);\n    const minutes = offsetAbs % 60;\n    const sign = offset < 0 ? '+' : '-';\n    return `${sign}${pad2(hours)}:${pad2(minutes)}`;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Returns a string like \"2022-04-01T13:06:00-11:00\"\n   * @param tzid\n   * @param date\n   */\n  static formatISOWithTimeZone(tzid: string, date: Date): string {\n    if (isNaN(date.getTime())) {\n      return '0000-00-00T00:00:00Z';\n    }\n    return (\n      getPseudoISO(tzid, date).substring(0, 19) + Zmanim.timeZoneOffset(tzid, date)\n    );\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Returns sunrise + `offset` minutes (either positive or negative).\n   * If elevation is enabled, this function will include elevation in the calculation\n   *  unless `forceSeaLevel` is `true`.\n   * @param offset minutes\n   * @param roundMinute round time to nearest minute (default true)\n   * @param forceSeaLevel use sea-level sunrise (default false)\n   */\n  sunriseOffset(offset: number, roundMinute = true, forceSeaLevel = false): Date {\n    const sunrise = forceSeaLevel ? this.seaLevelSunrise() : this.sunrise();\n    if (isNaN(sunrise.getTime())) {\n      return sunrise;\n    }\n    if (roundMinute) {\n      // For positive offsets only, round up to next minute if needed\n      if (offset > 0 && sunrise.getUTCSeconds() >= 30) {\n        offset++;\n      }\n      sunrise.setUTCSeconds(0, 0);\n    }\n    return new Date(sunrise.getTime() + offset * 60 * 1000);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Returns sunset + `offset` minutes (either positive or negative).\n   * If elevation is enabled, this function will include elevation in the calculation\n   *  unless `forceSeaLevel` is `true`.\n   * @param offset minutes\n   * @param roundMinute round time to nearest minute (default true)\n   * @param forceSeaLevel use sea-level sunset (default false)\n   */\n  sunsetOffset(offset: number, roundMinute = true, forceSeaLevel = false): Date {\n    const sunset = forceSeaLevel ? this.seaLevelSunset() : this.sunset();\n    if (isNaN(sunset.getTime())) {\n      return sunset;\n    }\n    if (roundMinute) {\n      // For Havdalah only, round up to next minute if needed\n      if (offset > 0 && sunset.getUTCSeconds() >= 30) {\n        offset++;\n      }\n      sunset.setUTCSeconds(0, 0);\n    }\n    return new Date(sunset.getTime() + offset * 60 * 1000);\n  }\n  /**\n   * Returns the Hebrew date relative to the specified location and Gregorian date,\n   * taking into consideration whether the time is before or after sunset.\n   *\n   * For example, if the given date and is `2024-09-22T10:35` (before sunset), and\n   * sunset for the specified location is **19:04**, then this function would\n   * return a Hebrew date of `19th of Elul, 5784`.\n   * If the given date is the same Gregorian day after sunset\n   * (for example `2024-09-22T20:07`), this function would return a\n   * Hebrew date of `20th of Elul, 5784`.\n   * @example\n   * import {GeoLocation, Zmanim, HDate} from '@hebcal/core';\n   * const latitude = 48.85341;\n   * const longitude = 2.3488;\n   * const timezone = 'Europe/Paris';\n   * const gloc = new GeoLocation(null, latitude, longitude, 0, timezone);\n   * const before = Zmanim.makeSunsetAwareHDate(gloc, new Date('2024-09-22T17:38:46.123Z'), false);\n   * console.log(before.toString()); // '19 Elul 5784'\n   * const after = Zmanim.makeSunsetAwareHDate(gloc, new Date('2024-09-22T23:45:18.345Z'), false);\n   * console.log(after.toString()); // '20 Elul 5784'\n   */\n  static makeSunsetAwareHDate(\n    gloc: GeoLocation,\n    date: Date,\n    useElevation: boolean\n  ): HDate {\n    const zmanim = new Zmanim(gloc, date, useElevation);\n    const sunset = zmanim.sunset();\n    let hd = new HDate(date);\n    const sunsetMillis = sunset.getTime();\n    if (isNaN(sunsetMillis)) {\n      return hd;\n    }\n    if (date.getTime() >= sunsetMillis) {\n      hd = hd.next();\n    }\n    return hd;\n  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package/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@hebcal/core",
-  "version": "6.11.1",
+  "version": "6.13.1",
   "author": "Michael J. Radwin (https://github.com/mjradwin)",
   "contributors": [
     "Eyal Schachter (https://github.com/Scimonster)",
@@ -76,21 +76,21 @@
     "@rollup/plugin-node-resolve": "^16.0.3",
     "@rollup/plugin-terser": "^1.0.0",
     "@rollup/plugin-typescript": "^12.3.0",
-    "@types/node": "^26.6.3",
-    "@vitest/coverage-v8": "^5.0.2",
+    "@types/node": "^26.6.4",
+    "@vitest/coverage-v8": "^5.0.3",
     "gettext-parser": "^9.1.1",
-    "oxlint": "^1.86.0",
+    "oxlint": "^1.87.0",
     "prettier": "^3.9.9",
     "pretty-bytes": "^7.2.0",
-    "rollup": "^4.63.5",
+    "rollup": "^4.64.0",
     "rollup-plugin-bundle-size": "^1.0.3",
     "rollup-plugin-visualizer": "^7.1.1",
     "tslib": "^2.8.1",
     "typescript": "^6.0.3",
-    "vitest": "^5.0.2"
+    "vitest": "^5.0.3"
   },
   "dependencies": {
-    "@hebcal/hdate": "^0.22.8",
+    "@hebcal/hdate": "^0.23.0",
     "@hebcal/noaa": "^0.12.3",
     "quick-lru": "^7.3.0",
     "temporal-polyfill": "^1.0.5"

package/po/he-x-NoNikud.po

@@ -56,3 +56,6 @@ msgstr "סוכות ו׳ (חוה״מ)"
 
 msgid "Sukkot VII (Hoshana Raba)"
 msgstr "סוכות ז׳ (הושענא רבה)"
+
+msgid "Swords of Iron War Memorial Day"
+msgstr "יום הזיכרון לחללי מלחמת חרבות ברזל"

package/po/he.po

@@ -647,3 +647,6 @@ msgstr "בִּעוּר חָמֵץ"
 
 msgid "Finish eating chametz"
 msgstr "סוֹף זְמַן אֲכִילַת חָמֵץ"
+
+msgid "Swords of Iron War Memorial Day"
+msgstr "יוֹם הַזִּכָּרוֹן לְחַלְלֵי מִלְחֶמֶת חַרְבוֹת בַּרְזֶל"