@gridspace/raster-path 1.0.3 → 1.0.5

package/build/raster-worker.js

@@ -0,0 +1,2450 @@
+// src/core/raster-config.js
+var config = {};
+var device = null;
+var deviceCapabilities = null;
+var isInitialized = false;
+var cachedRasterizePipeline = null;
+var cachedRasterizeShaderModule = null;
+var cachedToolpathPipeline = null;
+var cachedToolpathShaderModule = null;
+var cachedRadialBatchPipeline = null;
+var cachedRadialBatchShaderModule = null;
+var EMPTY_CELL = -1e10;
+var log_pre = "[Worker]";
+var diagnostic = false;
+var lastlog;
+var debug = {
+  error: function() {
+    console.error(log_pre, ...arguments);
+  },
+  warn: function() {
+    console.warn(log_pre, ...arguments);
+  },
+  log: function() {
+    if (!config.quiet) {
+      let now = performance.now();
+      let since = (now - (lastlog ?? now) | 0).toString().padStart(4, " ");
+      console.log(log_pre, `[${since}]`, ...arguments);
+      lastlog = now;
+    }
+  },
+  ok: function() {
+    console.log(log_pre, "\u2705", ...arguments);
+  }
+};
+function round(v, d = 1) {
+  return parseFloat(v.toFixed(d));
+}
+var rasterizeShaderCode = `// Planar rasterization with spatial partitioning
+// Sentinel value for empty cells (far below any real geometry)
+const EMPTY_CELL: f32 = -1e10;
+
+struct Uniforms {
+    bounds_min_x: f32,
+    bounds_min_y: f32,
+    bounds_min_z: f32,
+    bounds_max_x: f32,
+    bounds_max_y: f32,
+    bounds_max_z: f32,
+    step_size: f32,
+    grid_width: u32,
+    grid_height: u32,
+    triangle_count: u32,
+    filter_mode: u32,  // 0 = UPWARD (terrain, keep highest), 1 = DOWNWARD (tool, keep lowest)
+    spatial_grid_width: u32,
+    spatial_grid_height: u32,
+    spatial_cell_size: f32,
+}
+
+@group(0) @binding(0) var<storage, read> triangles: array<f32>;
+@group(0) @binding(1) var<storage, read_write> output_points: array<f32>;
+@group(0) @binding(2) var<storage, read_write> valid_mask: array<u32>;
+@group(0) @binding(3) var<uniform> uniforms: Uniforms;
+@group(0) @binding(4) var<storage, read> spatial_cell_offsets: array<u32>;
+@group(0) @binding(5) var<storage, read> spatial_triangle_indices: array<u32>;
+
+// Fast 2D bounding box check for XY plane
+fn ray_hits_triangle_bbox_2d(ray_x: f32, ray_y: f32, v0: vec3<f32>, v1: vec3<f32>, v2: vec3<f32>) -> bool {
+    // Add small epsilon to catch near-misses (mesh vertex gaps, FP rounding)
+    let epsilon = 0.001;  // 1 micron tolerance
+    let min_x = min(min(v0.x, v1.x), v2.x) - epsilon;
+    let max_x = max(max(v0.x, v1.x), v2.x) + epsilon;
+    let min_y = min(min(v0.y, v1.y), v2.y) - epsilon;
+    let max_y = max(max(v0.y, v1.y), v2.y) + epsilon;
+
+    return ray_x >= min_x && ray_x <= max_x && ray_y >= min_y && ray_y <= max_y;
+}
+
+// Ray-triangle intersection using Möller-Trumbore algorithm
+fn ray_triangle_intersect(
+    ray_origin: vec3<f32>,
+    ray_dir: vec3<f32>,
+    v0: vec3<f32>,
+    v1: vec3<f32>,
+    v2: vec3<f32>
+) -> vec2<f32> {  // Returns (hit: 0.0 or 1.0, z: intersection_z)
+    // Larger epsilon needed because near-parallel triangles (small 'a') amplify errors via f=1/a
+    let EPSILON = 0.0001;
+
+    // Early rejection using 2D bounding box (very cheap!)
+    if (!ray_hits_triangle_bbox_2d(ray_origin.x, ray_origin.y, v0, v1, v2)) {
+        return vec2<f32>(0.0, 0.0);
+    }
+
+    // Calculate edges
+    let edge1 = v1 - v0;
+    let edge2 = v2 - v0;
+
+    // Cross product: ray_dir × edge2
+    let h = cross(ray_dir, edge2);
+
+    // Dot product: edge1 · h
+    let a = dot(edge1, h);
+
+    if (a > -EPSILON && a < EPSILON) {
+        return vec2<f32>(0.0, 0.0); // Ray parallel to triangle
+    }
+
+    let f = 1.0 / a;
+
+    // s = ray_origin - v0
+    let s = ray_origin - v0;
+
+    // u = f * (s · h)
+    let u = f * dot(s, h);
+
+    // Allow tolerance for edges/vertices to ensure watertight coverage
+    if (u < -EPSILON || u > 1.0 + EPSILON) {
+        return vec2<f32>(0.0, 0.0);
+    }
+
+    // Cross product: s × edge1
+    let q = cross(s, edge1);
+
+    // v = f * (ray_dir · q)
+    let v = f * dot(ray_dir, q);
+
+    // Allow tolerance for edges/vertices to ensure watertight coverage
+    if (v < -EPSILON || u + v > 1.0 + EPSILON) {
+        return vec2<f32>(0.0, 0.0);
+    }
+
+    // t = f * (edge2 · q)
+    let t = f * dot(edge2, q);
+
+    if (t > EPSILON) {
+        // Intersection found - calculate Z coordinate
+        let intersection_z = ray_origin.z + ray_dir.z * t;
+        return vec2<f32>(1.0, intersection_z);
+    }
+
+    return vec2<f32>(0.0, 0.0);
+}
+
+@compute @workgroup_size(16, 16)
+fn main(@builtin(global_invocation_id) global_id: vec3<u32>) {
+    let grid_x = global_id.x;
+    let grid_y = global_id.y;
+
+    if (grid_x >= uniforms.grid_width || grid_y >= uniforms.grid_height) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Calculate world position for this grid point (center of cell)
+    let world_x = uniforms.bounds_min_x + f32(grid_x) * uniforms.step_size;
+    let world_y = uniforms.bounds_min_y + f32(grid_y) * uniforms.step_size;
+
+    // Initialize best_z based on filter mode
+    var best_z: f32;
+    if (uniforms.filter_mode == 0u) {
+        best_z = -1e10;  // Terrain: keep highest Z
+    } else {
+        best_z = 1e10;   // Tool: keep lowest Z
+    }
+
+    var found = false;
+
+    // Ray from below mesh pointing up (+Z direction)
+    let ray_origin = vec3<f32>(world_x, world_y, uniforms.bounds_min_z - 1.0);
+    let ray_dir = vec3<f32>(0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
+
+    // Find which spatial grid cell this ray belongs to
+    let spatial_cell_x = u32((world_x - uniforms.bounds_min_x) / uniforms.spatial_cell_size);
+    let spatial_cell_y = u32((world_y - uniforms.bounds_min_y) / uniforms.spatial_cell_size);
+
+    // Clamp to spatial grid bounds
+    let clamped_cx = min(spatial_cell_x, uniforms.spatial_grid_width - 1u);
+    let clamped_cy = min(spatial_cell_y, uniforms.spatial_grid_height - 1u);
+
+    let spatial_cell_idx = clamped_cy * uniforms.spatial_grid_width + clamped_cx;
+
+    // Get triangle range for this cell
+    let start_idx = spatial_cell_offsets[spatial_cell_idx];
+    let end_idx = spatial_cell_offsets[spatial_cell_idx + 1u];
+
+    // Test only triangles in this spatial cell
+    for (var idx = start_idx; idx < end_idx; idx++) {
+        let tri_idx = spatial_triangle_indices[idx];
+        let tri_base = tri_idx * 9u;
+
+        // Read triangle vertices (already in local space and rotated if needed)
+        let v0 = vec3<f32>(
+            triangles[tri_base],
+            triangles[tri_base + 1u],
+            triangles[tri_base + 2u]
+        );
+        let v1 = vec3<f32>(
+            triangles[tri_base + 3u],
+            triangles[tri_base + 4u],
+            triangles[tri_base + 5u]
+        );
+        let v2 = vec3<f32>(
+            triangles[tri_base + 6u],
+            triangles[tri_base + 7u],
+            triangles[tri_base + 8u]
+        );
+
+        let result = ray_triangle_intersect(ray_origin, ray_dir, v0, v1, v2);
+        let hit = result.x;
+        let intersection_z = result.y;
+
+        if (hit > 0.5) {
+            if (uniforms.filter_mode == 0u) {
+                // Terrain: keep highest
+                if (intersection_z > best_z) {
+                    best_z = intersection_z;
+                    found = true;
+                }
+            } else {
+                // Tool: keep lowest
+                if (intersection_z < best_z) {
+                    best_z = intersection_z;
+                    found = true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Write output based on filter mode
+    let output_idx = grid_y * uniforms.grid_width + grid_x;
+
+    if (uniforms.filter_mode == 0u) {
+        // Terrain: Dense output (Z-only, sentinel value for empty cells)
+        if (found) {
+            output_points[output_idx] = best_z;
+        } else {
+            output_points[output_idx] = EMPTY_CELL;
+        }
+    } else {
+        // Tool: Sparse output (X, Y, Z triplets with valid mask)
+        output_points[output_idx * 3u] = f32(grid_x);
+        output_points[output_idx * 3u + 1u] = f32(grid_y);
+        output_points[output_idx * 3u + 2u] = best_z;
+
+        if (found) {
+            valid_mask[output_idx] = 1u;
+        } else {
+            valid_mask[output_idx] = 0u;
+        }
+    }
+}
+`;
+var toolpathShaderCode = `// Planar toolpath generation
+// Sentinel value for empty terrain cells (must match rasterize shader)
+const EMPTY_CELL: f32 = -1e10;
+const MAX_F32: f32 = 3.402823466e+38;
+
+struct SparseToolPoint {
+    x_offset: i32,
+    y_offset: i32,
+    z_value: f32,
+    padding: f32,
+}
+
+struct Uniforms {
+    terrain_width: u32,
+    terrain_height: u32,
+    tool_count: u32,
+    x_step: u32,
+    y_step: u32,
+    oob_z: f32,
+    points_per_line: u32,
+    num_scanlines: u32,
+    y_offset: u32,  // Offset to center Y position (for single-scanline radial mode)
+}
+
+@group(0) @binding(0) var<storage, read> terrain_map: array<f32>;
+@group(0) @binding(1) var<storage, read> sparse_tool: array<SparseToolPoint>;
+@group(0) @binding(2) var<storage, read_write> output_path: array<f32>;
+@group(0) @binding(3) var<uniform> uniforms: Uniforms;
+
+@compute @workgroup_size(16, 16)
+fn main(@builtin(global_invocation_id) global_id: vec3<u32>) {
+    let scanline = global_id.y;
+    let point_idx = global_id.x;
+
+    if (scanline >= uniforms.num_scanlines || point_idx >= uniforms.points_per_line) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let tool_center_x = i32(point_idx * uniforms.x_step);
+    let tool_center_y = i32(scanline * uniforms.y_step) + i32(uniforms.y_offset);
+
+    // var max_collision_z = -MAX_F32;  // Track maximum collision height
+    var max_collision_z = uniforms.oob_z;  // Track maximum collision height
+    var found_collision = false;
+
+    for (var i = 0u; i < uniforms.tool_count; i++) {
+        let tool_point = sparse_tool[i];
+        let terrain_x = tool_center_x + tool_point.x_offset;
+        let terrain_y = tool_center_y + tool_point.y_offset;
+
+        // Bounds check: X must always be in bounds
+        if (terrain_x < 0 || terrain_x >= i32(uniforms.terrain_width)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // Bounds check: Y must be within terrain strip bounds
+        // For single-scanline OUTPUT mode, the tool center is at Y=0 but the terrain
+        // strip contains the full Y range (tool width), so tool offsets access different Y rows
+        if (terrain_y < 0 || terrain_y >= i32(uniforms.terrain_height)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        let terrain_idx = u32(terrain_y) * uniforms.terrain_width + u32(terrain_x);
+        let terrain_z = terrain_map[terrain_idx];
+
+        // Check if terrain cell has geometry (not empty sentinel value)
+        if (terrain_z > EMPTY_CELL + 1.0) {
+            // Tool z_value is positive offset from tip (tip=0, shaft=+50)
+            // Subtract from terrain to find where tool center needs to be
+            let collision_z = terrain_z + tool_point.z_value;
+            max_collision_z = max(max_collision_z, collision_z);
+            found_collision = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    var output_z = uniforms.oob_z;
+    if (found_collision) {
+        output_z = max_collision_z;
+    }
+
+    let output_idx = scanline * uniforms.points_per_line + point_idx;
+    output_path[output_idx] = output_z;
+}
+`;
+var radialRasterizeShaderCode = `// Radial V2 rasterization with X-bucketing and rotating ray planes
+// Sentinel value for empty cells (far below any real geometry)
+const EMPTY_CELL: f32 = -1e10;
+const PI: f32 = 3.14159265359;
+
+struct Uniforms {
+    resolution: f32,           // Grid step size (mm)
+    angle_step: f32,           // Radians between angles
+    num_angles: u32,           // Total number of angular strips
+    max_radius: f32,           // Ray origin distance from X-axis (maxHypot * 1.01)
+    tool_width: f32,           // Tool width in mm
+    grid_y_height: u32,        // Tool width in pixels (toolWidth / resolution)
+    bucket_width: f32,         // Width of each X-bucket (mm)
+    bucket_grid_width: u32,    // Bucket width in pixels
+    global_min_x: f32,         // Global minimum X coordinate
+    z_floor: f32,              // Z value for empty cells
+    filter_mode: u32,          // 0 = max Z (terrain), 1 = min Z (tool)
+    num_buckets: u32,          // Total number of X-buckets
+    start_angle: f32,          // Starting angle offset in radians (for batching)
+    bucket_offset: u32,        // Offset for bucket batching (bucket_idx in batch writes to bucket_offset + bucket_idx in output)
+}
+
+struct BucketInfo {
+    min_x: f32,                // Bucket X range start (mm)
+    max_x: f32,                // Bucket X range end (mm)
+    start_index: u32,          // Index into triangle_indices array
+    count: u32                 // Number of triangles in this bucket
+}
+
+@group(0) @binding(0) var<storage, read> triangles: array<f32>;
+@group(0) @binding(1) var<storage, read_write> output: array<f32>;
+@group(0) @binding(2) var<uniform> uniforms: Uniforms;
+@group(0) @binding(3) var<storage, read> bucket_info: array<BucketInfo>;
+@group(0) @binding(4) var<storage, read> triangle_indices: array<u32>;
+
+// Note: AABB early rejection removed - X-bucketing already provides spatial filtering
+// A proper ray-AABB intersection test would be needed if we wanted bounding box culling,
+// but checking if ray_origin is inside AABB was incorrect and rejected valid triangles
+
+// Ray-triangle intersection using Möller-Trumbore algorithm
+fn ray_triangle_intersect(
+    ray_origin: vec3<f32>,
+    ray_dir: vec3<f32>,
+    v0: vec3<f32>,
+    v1: vec3<f32>,
+    v2: vec3<f32>
+) -> vec2<f32> {  // Returns (hit: 0.0 or 1.0, z: intersection_z)
+    let EPSILON = 0.0001;
+
+    // Calculate edges
+    let edge1 = v1 - v0;
+    let edge2 = v2 - v0;
+
+    // Cross product: ray_dir × edge2
+    let h = cross(ray_dir, edge2);
+
+    // Dot product: edge1 · h
+    let a = dot(edge1, h);
+
+    if (a > -EPSILON && a < EPSILON) {
+        return vec2<f32>(0.0, 0.0); // Ray parallel to triangle
+    }
+
+    let f = 1.0 / a;
+
+    // s = ray_origin - v0
+    let s = ray_origin - v0;
+
+    // u = f * (s · h)
+    let u = f * dot(s, h);
+
+    if (u < -EPSILON || u > 1.0 + EPSILON) {
+        return vec2<f32>(0.0, 0.0);
+    }
+
+    // Cross product: s × edge1
+    let q = cross(s, edge1);
+
+    // v = f * (ray_dir · q)
+    let v = f * dot(ray_dir, q);
+
+    if (v < -EPSILON || u + v > 1.0 + EPSILON) {
+        return vec2<f32>(0.0, 0.0);
+    }
+
+    // t = f * (edge2 · q)
+    let t = f * dot(edge2, q);
+
+    if (t > EPSILON) {
+        // Intersection found - return distance along ray (t parameter)
+        return vec2<f32>(1.0, t);
+    }
+
+    return vec2<f32>(0.0, 0.0);
+}
+
+@compute @workgroup_size(8, 8, 1)
+fn main(@builtin(global_invocation_id) global_id: vec3<u32>) {
+    let bucket_idx = global_id.z;
+    let grid_y = global_id.y;
+    let angle_idx = global_id.x;
+
+    // Bounds check
+    if (angle_idx >= uniforms.num_angles ||
+        grid_y >= uniforms.grid_y_height ||
+        bucket_idx >= uniforms.num_buckets) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let bucket = bucket_info[bucket_idx];
+    let angle = uniforms.start_angle + (f32(angle_idx) * uniforms.angle_step);
+
+    // Calculate bucket min grid X
+    let bucket_min_grid_x = u32((bucket.min_x - uniforms.global_min_x) / uniforms.resolution);
+
+    // Loop over X within this bucket
+    for (var local_x = 0u; local_x < uniforms.bucket_grid_width; local_x++) {
+        let grid_x = bucket_min_grid_x + local_x;
+        let world_x = uniforms.global_min_x + f32(grid_x) * uniforms.resolution;
+
+        // Rotating top-down scan: normal XY planar scan, rotated around X-axis
+        // Step 1: Define scan position in planar frame (X, Y, Z_above)
+        let scan_x = world_x;
+        let scan_y = f32(grid_y) * uniforms.resolution - uniforms.tool_width / 2.0;
+        let scan_z = uniforms.max_radius;  // Start above the model
+
+        // Step 2: Rotate position (scan_x, scan_y, scan_z) around X-axis by 'angle'
+        // X stays the same, rotate YZ plane: y' = y*cos - z*sin, z' = y*sin + z*cos
+        // NOTE: This uses right-handed rotation (positive angle rotates +Y towards +Z)
+        // To reverse rotation direction (left-handed or opposite), flip signs:
+        //   y' = y*cos + z*sin  (flip sign on z term)
+        //   z' = -y*sin + z*cos (flip sign on y term)
+        let ray_origin_x = scan_x;
+        let ray_origin_y = scan_y * cos(angle) - scan_z * sin(angle);
+        let ray_origin_z = scan_y * sin(angle) + scan_z * cos(angle);
+        let ray_origin = vec3<f32>(ray_origin_x, ray_origin_y, ray_origin_z);
+
+        // Step 3: Rotate ray direction (0, 0, -1) around X-axis by 'angle'
+        // X component stays 0, rotate YZ: dy = 0*cos - (-1)*sin = sin, dz = 0*sin + (-1)*cos = -cos
+        // NOTE: For reversed rotation, use: vec3<f32>(0.0, -sin(angle), -cos(angle))
+        let ray_dir = vec3<f32>(0.0, sin(angle), -cos(angle));
+
+        // Initialize best distance (closest hit)
+        var best_t: f32 = 1e10;  // Start with very large distance
+        var found = false;
+
+        // Ray-cast against triangles in this bucket
+        for (var i = 0u; i < bucket.count; i++) {
+            let tri_idx = triangle_indices[bucket.start_index + i];
+            let tri_base = tri_idx * 9u;
+
+            // Read triangle vertices
+            let v0 = vec3<f32>(
+                triangles[tri_base],
+                triangles[tri_base + 1u],
+                triangles[tri_base + 2u]
+            );
+            let v1 = vec3<f32>(
+                triangles[tri_base + 3u],
+                triangles[tri_base + 4u],
+                triangles[tri_base + 5u]
+            );
+            let v2 = vec3<f32>(
+                triangles[tri_base + 6u],
+                triangles[tri_base + 7u],
+                triangles[tri_base + 8u]
+            );
+
+            let result = ray_triangle_intersect(ray_origin, ray_dir, v0, v1, v2);
+            let hit = result.x;
+            let t = result.y;  // Distance along ray
+
+            if (hit > 0.5) {
+                // Keep closest hit (minimum t)
+                if (t < best_t) {
+                    best_t = t;
+                    found = true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Write output
+        // Layout: (bucket_offset + bucket_idx) * numAngles * bucketWidth * gridHeight
+        //       + angle_idx * bucketWidth * gridHeight
+        //       + grid_y * bucketWidth
+        //       + local_x
+        let output_idx = (uniforms.bucket_offset + bucket_idx) * uniforms.num_angles * uniforms.bucket_grid_width * uniforms.grid_y_height
+                       + angle_idx * uniforms.bucket_grid_width * uniforms.grid_y_height
+                       + grid_y * uniforms.bucket_grid_width
+                       + local_x;
+
+        if (found) {
+            // Terrain height = distance from scan origin minus ray travel distance
+            // Ray started at max_radius from X-axis, traveled best_t distance to hit
+            let terrain_height = uniforms.max_radius - best_t;
+            output[output_idx] = terrain_height;
+        } else {
+            output[output_idx] = uniforms.z_floor;
+        }
+    }
+}
+`;
+async function initWebGPU() {
+  if (isInitialized)
+    return true;
+  if (!navigator.gpu) {
+    debug.warn("WebGPU not supported");
+    return false;
+  }
+  try {
+    const adapter = await navigator.gpu.requestAdapter();
+    if (!adapter) {
+      debug.warn("WebGPU adapter not available");
+      return false;
+    }
+    const adapterLimits = adapter.limits;
+    debug.log("Adapter limits:", {
+      maxStorageBufferBindingSize: adapterLimits.maxStorageBufferBindingSize,
+      maxBufferSize: adapterLimits.maxBufferSize
+    });
+    device = await adapter.requestDevice({
+      requiredLimits: {
+        maxStorageBufferBindingSize: Math.min(
+          adapterLimits.maxStorageBufferBindingSize,
+          1024 * 1024 * 1024
+          // Request up to 1GB
+        ),
+        maxBufferSize: Math.min(
+          adapterLimits.maxBufferSize,
+          1024 * 1024 * 1024
+          // Request up to 1GB
+        )
+      }
+    });
+    cachedRasterizeShaderModule = device.createShaderModule({ code: rasterizeShaderCode });
+    cachedRasterizePipeline = device.createComputePipeline({
+      layout: "auto",
+      compute: { module: cachedRasterizeShaderModule, entryPoint: "main" }
+    });
+    cachedToolpathShaderModule = device.createShaderModule({ code: toolpathShaderCode });
+    cachedToolpathPipeline = device.createComputePipeline({
+      layout: "auto",
+      compute: { module: cachedToolpathShaderModule, entryPoint: "main" }
+    });
+    cachedRadialBatchShaderModule = device.createShaderModule({ code: radialRasterizeShaderCode });
+    cachedRadialBatchPipeline = device.createComputePipeline({
+      layout: "auto",
+      compute: { module: cachedRadialBatchShaderModule, entryPoint: "main" }
+    });
+    deviceCapabilities = {
+      maxStorageBufferBindingSize: device.limits.maxStorageBufferBindingSize,
+      maxBufferSize: device.limits.maxBufferSize,
+      maxComputeWorkgroupSizeX: device.limits.maxComputeWorkgroupSizeX,
+      maxComputeWorkgroupSizeY: device.limits.maxComputeWorkgroupSizeY
+    };
+    isInitialized = true;
+    debug.log("Initialized (pipelines cached)");
+    return true;
+  } catch (error) {
+    debug.error("Failed to initialize:", error);
+    return false;
+  }
+}
+function setConfig(newConfig) {
+  config = newConfig;
+}
+function updateConfig(updates) {
+  Object.assign(config, updates);
+}
+
+// src/core/raster-planar.js
+function calculateBounds(triangles) {
+  let min_x = Infinity, min_y = Infinity, min_z = Infinity;
+  let max_x = -Infinity, max_y = -Infinity, max_z = -Infinity;
+  for (let i = 0; i < triangles.length; i += 3) {
+    const x = triangles[i];
+    const y = triangles[i + 1];
+    const z = triangles[i + 2];
+    if (x < min_x)
+      min_x = x;
+    if (y < min_y)
+      min_y = y;
+    if (z < min_z)
+      min_z = z;
+    if (x > max_x)
+      max_x = x;
+    if (y > max_y)
+      max_y = y;
+    if (z > max_z)
+      max_z = z;
+  }
+  return {
+    min: { x: min_x, y: min_y, z: min_z },
+    max: { x: max_x, y: max_y, z: max_z }
+  };
+}
+function buildSpatialGrid(triangles, bounds, cellSize = 5) {
+  const gridWidth = Math.max(1, Math.ceil((bounds.max.x - bounds.min.x) / cellSize));
+  const gridHeight = Math.max(1, Math.ceil((bounds.max.y - bounds.min.y) / cellSize));
+  const totalCells = gridWidth * gridHeight;
+  const grid = new Array(totalCells);
+  for (let i = 0; i < totalCells; i++) {
+    grid[i] = [];
+  }
+  const triangleCount = triangles.length / 9;
+  for (let t = 0; t < triangleCount; t++) {
+    const base = t * 9;
+    const v0x = triangles[base], v0y = triangles[base + 1];
+    const v1x = triangles[base + 3], v1y = triangles[base + 4];
+    const v2x = triangles[base + 6], v2y = triangles[base + 7];
+    const epsilon = cellSize * 0.01;
+    const minX = Math.min(v0x, v1x, v2x) - epsilon;
+    const maxX = Math.max(v0x, v1x, v2x) + epsilon;
+    const minY = Math.min(v0y, v1y, v2y) - epsilon;
+    const maxY = Math.max(v0y, v1y, v2y) + epsilon;
+    let minCellX = Math.floor((minX - bounds.min.x) / cellSize);
+    let maxCellX = Math.floor((maxX - bounds.min.x) / cellSize);
+    let minCellY = Math.floor((minY - bounds.min.y) / cellSize);
+    let maxCellY = Math.floor((maxY - bounds.min.y) / cellSize);
+    minCellX = Math.max(0, Math.min(gridWidth - 1, minCellX));
+    maxCellX = Math.max(0, Math.min(gridWidth - 1, maxCellX));
+    minCellY = Math.max(0, Math.min(gridHeight - 1, minCellY));
+    maxCellY = Math.max(0, Math.min(gridHeight - 1, maxCellY));
+    for (let cy = minCellY; cy <= maxCellY; cy++) {
+      for (let cx = minCellX; cx <= maxCellX; cx++) {
+        const cellIdx = cy * gridWidth + cx;
+        grid[cellIdx].push(t);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  let totalTriangleRefs = 0;
+  for (let i = 0; i < totalCells; i++) {
+    totalTriangleRefs += grid[i].length;
+  }
+  const cellOffsets = new Uint32Array(totalCells + 1);
+  const triangleIndices = new Uint32Array(totalTriangleRefs);
+  let currentOffset = 0;
+  for (let i = 0; i < totalCells; i++) {
+    cellOffsets[i] = currentOffset;
+    for (let j = 0; j < grid[i].length; j++) {
+      triangleIndices[currentOffset++] = grid[i][j];
+    }
+  }
+  cellOffsets[totalCells] = currentOffset;
+  const avgPerCell = totalTriangleRefs / totalCells;
+  const toolWidth = bounds.max.x - bounds.min.x;
+  const toolHeight = bounds.max.y - bounds.min.y;
+  const toolDiameter = Math.max(toolWidth, toolHeight);
+  debug.log(`Spatial grid: ${gridWidth}x${gridHeight} ${totalTriangleRefs} tri-refs ~${avgPerCell.toFixed(0)}/${cellSize}mm cell (tool: ${toolDiameter.toFixed(2)}mm)`);
+  return {
+    gridWidth,
+    gridHeight,
+    cellSize,
+    cellOffsets,
+    triangleIndices,
+    avgTrianglesPerCell: avgPerCell
+  };
+}
+async function rasterizeMeshSingle(triangles, stepSize, filterMode, options = {}) {
+  const startTime = performance.now();
+  if (!isInitialized) {
+    const initStart = performance.now();
+    const success = await initWebGPU();
+    if (!success) {
+      throw new Error("WebGPU not available");
+    }
+    const initEnd = performance.now();
+    debug.log(`First-time init: ${(initEnd - initStart).toFixed(1)}ms`);
+  }
+  const boundsOverride = options.bounds || options.min ? options : null;
+  const bounds = boundsOverride || calculateBounds(triangles);
+  if (boundsOverride) {
+    if (bounds.min.x >= bounds.max.x || bounds.min.y >= bounds.max.y || bounds.min.z >= bounds.max.z) {
+      throw new Error(`Invalid bounds: min must be less than max. Got min(${bounds.min.x}, ${bounds.min.y}, ${bounds.min.z}) max(${bounds.max.x}, ${bounds.max.y}, ${bounds.max.z})`);
+    }
+  }
+  const gridWidth = Math.ceil((bounds.max.x - bounds.min.x) / stepSize) + 1;
+  const gridHeight = Math.ceil((bounds.max.y - bounds.min.y) / stepSize) + 1;
+  const totalGridPoints = gridWidth * gridHeight;
+  const floatsPerPoint = filterMode === 0 ? 1 : 3;
+  const outputSize = totalGridPoints * floatsPerPoint * 4;
+  const maxBufferSize = device.limits.maxBufferSize || 268435456;
+  if (outputSize > maxBufferSize) {
+    throw new Error(`Output buffer too large: ${(outputSize / 1024 / 1024).toFixed(2)} MB exceeds device limit of ${(maxBufferSize / 1024 / 1024).toFixed(2)} MB. Try a larger step size.`);
+  }
+  console.time(`${log_pre} Build Spatial Grid`);
+  const spatialGrid = buildSpatialGrid(triangles, bounds);
+  console.timeEnd(`${log_pre} Build Spatial Grid`);
+  const triangleBuffer = device.createBuffer({
+    size: triangles.byteLength,
+    usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST
+  });
+  device.queue.writeBuffer(triangleBuffer, 0, triangles);
+  const outputBuffer = device.createBuffer({
+    size: outputSize,
+    usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_SRC | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST
+  });
+  if (filterMode === 0) {
+    const initData = new Float32Array(totalGridPoints);
+    initData.fill(EMPTY_CELL);
+    device.queue.writeBuffer(outputBuffer, 0, initData);
+  }
+  const validMaskBuffer = device.createBuffer({
+    size: totalGridPoints * 4,
+    usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_SRC
+  });
+  const spatialCellOffsetsBuffer = device.createBuffer({
+    size: spatialGrid.cellOffsets.byteLength,
+    usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST
+  });
+  device.queue.writeBuffer(spatialCellOffsetsBuffer, 0, spatialGrid.cellOffsets);
+  const spatialTriangleIndicesBuffer = device.createBuffer({
+    size: spatialGrid.triangleIndices.byteLength,
+    usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST
+  });
+  device.queue.writeBuffer(spatialTriangleIndicesBuffer, 0, spatialGrid.triangleIndices);
+  const uniformData = new Float32Array([
+    bounds.min.x,
+    bounds.min.y,
+    bounds.min.z,
+    bounds.max.x,
+    bounds.max.y,
+    bounds.max.z,
+    stepSize,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0
+    // Padding for alignment
+  ]);
+  const uniformDataU32 = new Uint32Array(uniformData.buffer);
+  uniformDataU32[7] = gridWidth;
+  uniformDataU32[8] = gridHeight;
+  uniformDataU32[9] = triangles.length / 9;
+  uniformDataU32[10] = filterMode;
+  uniformDataU32[11] = spatialGrid.gridWidth;
+  uniformDataU32[12] = spatialGrid.gridHeight;
+  const uniformDataF32 = new Float32Array(uniformData.buffer);
+  uniformDataF32[13] = spatialGrid.cellSize;
+  const maxU32 = 4294967295;
+  if (gridWidth > maxU32 || gridHeight > maxU32) {
+    throw new Error(`Grid dimensions exceed u32 max: ${gridWidth}x${gridHeight}`);
+  }
+  const uniformBuffer = device.createBuffer({
+    size: uniformData.byteLength,
+    usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST
+  });
+  device.queue.writeBuffer(uniformBuffer, 0, uniformData);
+  await device.queue.onSubmittedWorkDone();
+  const bindGroup = device.createBindGroup({
+    layout: cachedRasterizePipeline.getBindGroupLayout(0),
+    entries: [
+      { binding: 0, resource: { buffer: triangleBuffer } },
+      { binding: 1, resource: { buffer: outputBuffer } },
+      { binding: 2, resource: { buffer: validMaskBuffer } },
+      { binding: 3, resource: { buffer: uniformBuffer } },
+      { binding: 4, resource: { buffer: spatialCellOffsetsBuffer } },
+      { binding: 5, resource: { buffer: spatialTriangleIndicesBuffer } }
+    ]
+  });
+  const commandEncoder = device.createCommandEncoder();
+  const passEncoder = commandEncoder.beginComputePass();
+  passEncoder.setPipeline(cachedRasterizePipeline);
+  passEncoder.setBindGroup(0, bindGroup);
+  const workgroupsX = Math.ceil(gridWidth / 16);
+  const workgroupsY = Math.ceil(gridHeight / 16);
+  const maxWorkgroupsPerDim = device.limits.maxComputeWorkgroupsPerDimension || 65535;
+  if (workgroupsX > maxWorkgroupsPerDim || workgroupsY > maxWorkgroupsPerDim) {
+    throw new Error(`Workgroup dispatch too large: ${workgroupsX}x${workgroupsY} exceeds limit of ${maxWorkgroupsPerDim}. Try a larger step size.`);
+  }
+  passEncoder.dispatchWorkgroups(workgroupsX, workgroupsY);
+  passEncoder.end();
+  const stagingOutputBuffer = device.createBuffer({
+    size: outputSize,
+    usage: GPUBufferUsage.MAP_READ | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST
+  });
+  const stagingValidMaskBuffer = device.createBuffer({
+    size: totalGridPoints * 4,
+    usage: GPUBufferUsage.MAP_READ | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST
+  });
+  commandEncoder.copyBufferToBuffer(outputBuffer, 0, stagingOutputBuffer, 0, outputSize);
+  commandEncoder.copyBufferToBuffer(validMaskBuffer, 0, stagingValidMaskBuffer, 0, totalGridPoints * 4);
+  device.queue.submit([commandEncoder.finish()]);
+  await device.queue.onSubmittedWorkDone();
+  await stagingOutputBuffer.mapAsync(GPUMapMode.READ);
+  await stagingValidMaskBuffer.mapAsync(GPUMapMode.READ);
+  const outputData = new Float32Array(stagingOutputBuffer.getMappedRange());
+  const validMaskData = new Uint32Array(stagingValidMaskBuffer.getMappedRange());
+  let result, pointCount;
+  if (filterMode === 0) {
+    result = new Float32Array(outputData);
+    pointCount = totalGridPoints;
+    if (config.debug) {
+      let zeroCount = 0;
+      let validCount = 0;
+      for (let i = 0; i < totalGridPoints; i++) {
+        if (result[i] > EMPTY_CELL + 1)
+          validCount++;
+        if (result[i] === 0)
+          zeroCount++;
+      }
+      let percentHit = validCount / totalGridPoints;
+      if (zeroCount > 0 || percentHit < 0.5) {
+        debug.log(totalGridPoints, "cells,", round(percentHit * 100), "% coverage,", zeroCount, "zeros");
+      }
+    }
+  } else {
+    const validPoints = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < totalGridPoints; i++) {
+      if (validMaskData[i] === 1) {
+        validPoints.push(
+          outputData[i * 3],
+          outputData[i * 3 + 1],
+          outputData[i * 3 + 2]
+        );
+      }
+    }
+    result = new Float32Array(validPoints);
+    pointCount = validPoints.length / 3;
+  }
+  stagingOutputBuffer.unmap();
+  stagingValidMaskBuffer.unmap();
+  triangleBuffer.destroy();
+  outputBuffer.destroy();
+  validMaskBuffer.destroy();
+  uniformBuffer.destroy();
+  spatialCellOffsetsBuffer.destroy();
+  spatialTriangleIndicesBuffer.destroy();
+  stagingOutputBuffer.destroy();
+  stagingValidMaskBuffer.destroy();
+  const endTime = performance.now();
+  const conversionTime = endTime - startTime;
+  if (filterMode === 0) {
+    if (result.length > 0) {
+      const firstZ = result[0] <= EMPTY_CELL + 1 ? "EMPTY" : result[0].toFixed(3);
+      const lastZ = result[result.length - 1] <= EMPTY_CELL + 1 ? "EMPTY" : result[result.length - 1].toFixed(3);
+    }
+  } else {
+    if (result.length > 0) {
+      const firstPoint = `(${result[0].toFixed(3)}, ${result[1].toFixed(3)}, ${result[2].toFixed(3)})`;
+      const lastIdx = result.length - 3;
+      const lastPoint = `(${result[lastIdx].toFixed(3)}, ${result[lastIdx + 1].toFixed(3)}, ${result[lastIdx + 2].toFixed(3)})`;
+    }
+  }
+  return {
+    positions: result,
+    pointCount,
+    bounds,
+    conversionTime,
+    gridWidth,
+    gridHeight,
+    isDense: filterMode === 0
+    // True for terrain (dense), false for tool (sparse)
+  };
+}
+function createTiles(bounds, stepSize, maxMemoryBytes) {
+  const width = bounds.max.x - bounds.min.x;
+  const height = bounds.max.y - bounds.min.y;
+  const aspectRatio = width / height;
+  const bytesPerPoint = 1 * 4;
+  const maxPointsPerTile = Math.floor(maxMemoryBytes / bytesPerPoint);
+  debug.log(`Dense terrain format: ${bytesPerPoint} bytes/point (was 16), can fit ${(maxPointsPerTile / 1e6).toFixed(1)}M points per tile`);
+  let tileGridW, tileGridH;
+  if (aspectRatio >= 1) {
+    tileGridH = Math.floor(Math.sqrt(maxPointsPerTile / aspectRatio));
+    tileGridW = Math.floor(tileGridH * aspectRatio);
+  } else {
+    tileGridW = Math.floor(Math.sqrt(maxPointsPerTile * aspectRatio));
+    tileGridH = Math.floor(tileGridW / aspectRatio);
+  }
+  while (tileGridW * tileGridH * bytesPerPoint > maxMemoryBytes) {
+    if (tileGridW > tileGridH) {
+      tileGridW--;
+    } else {
+      tileGridH--;
+    }
+  }
+  const tileWidth = tileGridW * stepSize;
+  const tileHeight = tileGridH * stepSize;
+  const tilesX = Math.ceil(width / tileWidth);
+  const tilesY = Math.ceil(height / tileHeight);
+  const actualTileWidth = width / tilesX;
+  const actualTileHeight = height / tilesY;
+  debug.log(`Creating ${tilesX}x${tilesY} = ${tilesX * tilesY} tiles (${actualTileWidth.toFixed(2)}mm \xD7 ${actualTileHeight.toFixed(2)}mm each)`);
+  debug.log(`Tile grid: ${Math.ceil(actualTileWidth / stepSize)}x${Math.ceil(actualTileHeight / stepSize)} points per tile`);
+  const tiles = [];
+  const overlap = stepSize * 2;
+  for (let ty = 0; ty < tilesY; ty++) {
+    for (let tx = 0; tx < tilesX; tx++) {
+      let tileMinX = bounds.min.x + tx * actualTileWidth;
+      let tileMinY = bounds.min.y + ty * actualTileHeight;
+      let tileMaxX = Math.min(bounds.max.x, tileMinX + actualTileWidth);
+      let tileMaxY = Math.min(bounds.max.y, tileMinY + actualTileHeight);
+      if (tx > 0)
+        tileMinX = Math.max(bounds.min.x, tileMinX - overlap);
+      if (ty > 0)
+        tileMinY = Math.max(bounds.min.y, tileMinY - overlap);
+      if (tx < tilesX - 1)
+        tileMaxX = Math.min(bounds.max.x, tileMaxX + overlap);
+      if (ty < tilesY - 1)
+        tileMaxY = Math.min(bounds.max.y, tileMaxY + overlap);
+      tiles.push({
+        id: `tile_${tx}_${ty}`,
+        bounds: {
+          min: { x: tileMinX, y: tileMinY, z: bounds.min.z },
+          max: { x: tileMaxX, y: tileMaxY, z: bounds.max.z }
+        }
+      });
+    }
+  }
+  return { tiles, tilesX, tilesY };
+}
+function stitchTiles(tileResults, fullBounds, stepSize) {
+  if (tileResults.length === 0) {
+    throw new Error("No tile results to stitch");
+  }
+  const isDense = tileResults[0].isDense;
+  if (isDense) {
+    debug.log(`Stitching ${tileResults.length} dense terrain tiles...`);
+    const globalWidth = Math.ceil((fullBounds.max.x - fullBounds.min.x) / stepSize) + 1;
+    const globalHeight = Math.ceil((fullBounds.max.y - fullBounds.min.y) / stepSize) + 1;
+    const totalGridCells = globalWidth * globalHeight;
+    const globalGrid = new Float32Array(totalGridCells);
+    globalGrid.fill(EMPTY_CELL);
+    debug.log(`Global grid: ${globalWidth}x${globalHeight} = ${totalGridCells.toLocaleString()} cells`);
+    for (const tile of tileResults) {
+      const tileOffsetX = Math.round((tile.tileBounds.min.x - fullBounds.min.x) / stepSize);
+      const tileOffsetY = Math.round((tile.tileBounds.min.y - fullBounds.min.y) / stepSize);
+      const tileWidth = tile.gridWidth;
+      const tileHeight = tile.gridHeight;
+      for (let ty = 0; ty < tileHeight; ty++) {
+        const globalY = tileOffsetY + ty;
+        if (globalY >= globalHeight)
+          continue;
+        for (let tx = 0; tx < tileWidth; tx++) {
+          const globalX = tileOffsetX + tx;
+          if (globalX >= globalWidth)
+            continue;
+          const tileIdx = ty * tileWidth + tx;
+          const globalIdx = globalY * globalWidth + globalX;
+          const tileZ = tile.positions[tileIdx];
+          if (tileZ > EMPTY_CELL + 1) {
+            const existingZ = globalGrid[globalIdx];
+            if (existingZ <= EMPTY_CELL + 1 || tileZ > existingZ) {
+              globalGrid[globalIdx] = tileZ;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    let validCount = 0;
+    for (let i = 0; i < totalGridCells; i++) {
+      if (globalGrid[i] > EMPTY_CELL + 1)
+        validCount++;
+    }
+    debug.log(`Stitched: ${totalGridCells} total cells, ${validCount} with geometry (${(validCount / totalGridCells * 100).toFixed(1)}% coverage)`);
+    return {
+      positions: globalGrid,
+      pointCount: totalGridCells,
+      bounds: fullBounds,
+      gridWidth: globalWidth,
+      gridHeight: globalHeight,
+      isDense: true,
+      conversionTime: tileResults.reduce((sum, r) => sum + (r.conversionTime || 0), 0),
+      tileCount: tileResults.length
+    };
+  } else {
+    debug.log(`Stitching ${tileResults.length} sparse tool tiles...`);
+    const pointMap = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+    for (const result of tileResults) {
+      const positions = result.positions;
+      const tileOffsetX = Math.round((result.tileBounds.min.x - fullBounds.min.x) / stepSize);
+      const tileOffsetY = Math.round((result.tileBounds.min.y - fullBounds.min.y) / stepSize);
+      for (let i = 0; i < positions.length; i += 3) {
+        const localGridX = positions[i];
+        const localGridY = positions[i + 1];
+        const z = positions[i + 2];
+        const globalGridX = localGridX + tileOffsetX;
+        const globalGridY = localGridY + tileOffsetY;
+        const key = `${globalGridX},${globalGridY}`;
+        const existing = pointMap.get(key);
+        if (!existing || z < existing.z) {
+          pointMap.set(key, { x: globalGridX, y: globalGridY, z });
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    const finalPointCount = pointMap.size;
+    const allPositions = new Float32Array(finalPointCount * 3);
+    let writeOffset = 0;
+    for (const point of pointMap.values()) {
+      allPositions[writeOffset++] = point.x;
+      allPositions[writeOffset++] = point.y;
+      allPositions[writeOffset++] = point.z;
+    }
+    debug.log(`Stitched: ${finalPointCount} unique sparse points`);
+    return {
+      positions: allPositions,
+      pointCount: finalPointCount,
+      bounds: fullBounds,
+      isDense: false,
+      conversionTime: tileResults.reduce((sum, r) => sum + (r.conversionTime || 0), 0),
+      tileCount: tileResults.length
+    };
+  }
+}
+function shouldUseTiling(bounds, stepSize) {
+  if (!config || !config.autoTiling)
+    return false;
+  if (!deviceCapabilities)
+    return false;
+  const gridWidth = Math.ceil((bounds.max.x - bounds.min.x) / stepSize) + 1;
+  const gridHeight = Math.ceil((bounds.max.y - bounds.min.y) / stepSize) + 1;
+  const totalPoints = gridWidth * gridHeight;
+  const gpuOutputBuffer = totalPoints * 1 * 4;
+  const totalGPUMemory = gpuOutputBuffer;
+  const configuredLimit = config.maxGPUMemoryMB * 1024 * 1024;
+  const deviceLimit = deviceCapabilities.maxStorageBufferBindingSize;
+  const maxSafeSize = Math.min(configuredLimit, deviceLimit) * config.gpuMemorySafetyMargin;
+  return totalGPUMemory > maxSafeSize;
+}
+async function rasterizeMesh(triangles, stepSize, filterMode, options = {}) {
+  const boundsOverride = options.bounds || options.min ? options : null;
+  const bounds = boundsOverride || calculateBounds(triangles);
+  if (shouldUseTiling(bounds, stepSize)) {
+    debug.log("Tiling required - switching to tiled rasterization");
+    const configuredLimit = config.maxGPUMemoryMB * 1024 * 1024;
+    const deviceLimit = deviceCapabilities.maxStorageBufferBindingSize;
+    const maxSafeSize = Math.min(configuredLimit, deviceLimit) * config.gpuMemorySafetyMargin;
+    const { tiles } = createTiles(bounds, stepSize, maxSafeSize);
+    const tileResults = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < tiles.length; i++) {
+      const tileStart = performance.now();
+      debug.log(`Processing tile ${i + 1}/${tiles.length}: ${tiles[i].id}`);
+      debug.log(`  Tile bounds: min(${tiles[i].bounds.min.x.toFixed(2)}, ${tiles[i].bounds.min.y.toFixed(2)}) max(${tiles[i].bounds.max.x.toFixed(2)}, ${tiles[i].bounds.max.y.toFixed(2)})`);
+      const tileResult = await rasterizeMeshSingle(triangles, stepSize, filterMode, {
+        ...tiles[i].bounds
+      });
+      const tileTime = performance.now() - tileStart;
+      debug.log(`  Tile ${i + 1} complete: ${tileResult.pointCount} points in ${tileTime.toFixed(1)}ms`);
+      tileResult.tileBounds = tiles[i].bounds;
+      tileResults.push(tileResult);
+    }
+    return stitchTiles(tileResults, bounds, stepSize);
+  } else {
+    return await rasterizeMeshSingle(triangles, stepSize, filterMode, options);
+  }
+}
+function createHeightMapFromPoints(points, gridStep, bounds = null) {
+  if (!points || points.length === 0) {
+    throw new Error("No points provided");
+  }
+  if (!bounds) {
+    throw new Error("Bounds required for height map creation");
+  }
+  const minX = bounds.min.x;
+  const minY = bounds.min.y;
+  const minZ = bounds.min.z;
+  const maxX = bounds.max.x;
+  const maxY = bounds.max.y;
+  const maxZ = bounds.max.z;
+  const width = Math.ceil((maxX - minX) / gridStep) + 1;
+  const height = Math.ceil((maxY - minY) / gridStep) + 1;
+  return {
+    grid: points,
+    // Dense Z-only array
+    width,
+    height,
+    minX,
+    minY,
+    minZ,
+    maxX,
+    maxY,
+    maxZ
+  };
+}
+
+// src/core/raster-tool.js
+function createSparseToolFromPoints(points) {
+  if (!points || points.length === 0) {
+    throw new Error("No tool points provided");
+  }
+  let minGridX = Infinity, minGridY = Infinity, minZ = Infinity;
+  let maxGridX = -Infinity, maxGridY = -Infinity;
+  for (let i = 0; i < points.length; i += 3) {
+    const gridX = points[i];
+    const gridY = points[i + 1];
+    const z = points[i + 2];
+    minGridX = Math.min(minGridX, gridX);
+    maxGridX = Math.max(maxGridX, gridX);
+    minGridY = Math.min(minGridY, gridY);
+    maxGridY = Math.max(maxGridY, gridY);
+    minZ = Math.min(minZ, z);
+  }
+  const width = Math.floor(maxGridX - minGridX) + 1;
+  const height = Math.floor(maxGridY - minGridY) + 1;
+  const centerX = Math.floor(minGridX) + Math.floor(width / 2);
+  const centerY = Math.floor(minGridY) + Math.floor(height / 2);
+  const xOffsets = [];
+  const yOffsets = [];
+  const zValues = [];
+  for (let i = 0; i < points.length; i += 3) {
+    const gridX = Math.floor(points[i]);
+    const gridY = Math.floor(points[i + 1]);
+    const z = points[i + 2];
+    const xOffset = gridX - centerX;
+    const yOffset = gridY - centerY;
+    const zValue = z;
+    xOffsets.push(xOffset);
+    yOffsets.push(yOffset);
+    zValues.push(zValue);
+  }
+  return {
+    count: xOffsets.length,
+    xOffsets: new Int32Array(xOffsets),
+    yOffsets: new Int32Array(yOffsets),
+    zValues: new Float32Array(zValues),
+    referenceZ: minZ
+  };
+}
+
+// src/core/path-planar.js
+async function generateToolpathSingle(terrainPoints, toolPoints, xStep, yStep, oobZ, gridStep, terrainBounds = null) {
+  const startTime = performance.now();
+  debug.log("Generating toolpath...");
+  debug.log(`Input: terrain ${terrainPoints.length / 3} points, tool ${toolPoints.length / 3} points, steps (${xStep}, ${yStep}), oobZ ${oobZ}, gridStep ${gridStep}`);
+  if (terrainBounds) {
+    debug.log(`Using terrain bounds: min(${terrainBounds.min.x.toFixed(2)}, ${terrainBounds.min.y.toFixed(2)}, ${terrainBounds.min.z.toFixed(2)}) max(${terrainBounds.max.x.toFixed(2)}, ${terrainBounds.max.y.toFixed(2)}, ${terrainBounds.max.z.toFixed(2)})`);
+  }
+  try {
+    const terrainMapData = createHeightMapFromPoints(terrainPoints, gridStep, terrainBounds);
+    debug.log(`Created terrain map: ${terrainMapData.width}x${terrainMapData.height}`);
+    const sparseToolData = createSparseToolFromPoints(toolPoints);
+    debug.log(`Created sparse tool: ${sparseToolData.count} points`);
+    const result = await runToolpathCompute(
+      terrainMapData,
+      sparseToolData,
+      xStep,
+      yStep,
+      oobZ,
+      startTime
+    );
+    return result;
+  } catch (error) {
+    debug.error("Error generating toolpath:", error);
+    throw error;
+  }
+}
+async function runToolpathCompute(terrainMapData, sparseToolData, xStep, yStep, oobZ, startTime) {
+  if (!isInitialized) {
+    const success = await initWebGPU();
+    if (!success) {
+      throw new Error("WebGPU not available");
+    }
+  }
+  const terrainBuffer = device.createBuffer({
+    size: terrainMapData.grid.byteLength,
+    usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST
+  });
+  device.queue.writeBuffer(terrainBuffer, 0, terrainMapData.grid);
+  const toolBufferData = new ArrayBuffer(sparseToolData.count * 16);
+  const toolBufferI32 = new Int32Array(toolBufferData);
+  const toolBufferF32 = new Float32Array(toolBufferData);
+  for (let i = 0; i < sparseToolData.count; i++) {
+    toolBufferI32[i * 4 + 0] = sparseToolData.xOffsets[i];
+    toolBufferI32[i * 4 + 1] = sparseToolData.yOffsets[i];
+    toolBufferF32[i * 4 + 2] = sparseToolData.zValues[i];
+    toolBufferF32[i * 4 + 3] = 0;
+  }
+  const toolBuffer = device.createBuffer({
+    size: toolBufferData.byteLength,
+    usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST
+  });
+  device.queue.writeBuffer(toolBuffer, 0, toolBufferData);
+  const pointsPerLine = Math.ceil(terrainMapData.width / xStep);
+  const numScanlines = Math.ceil(terrainMapData.height / yStep);
+  const outputSize = pointsPerLine * numScanlines;
+  const outputBuffer = device.createBuffer({
+    size: outputSize * 4,
+    usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_SRC
+  });
+  const uniformData = new Uint32Array([
+    terrainMapData.width,
+    terrainMapData.height,
+    sparseToolData.count,
+    xStep,
+    yStep,
+    0,
+    pointsPerLine,
+    numScanlines,
+    0
+    // y_offset (default 0 for planar mode)
+  ]);
+  const uniformDataFloat = new Float32Array(uniformData.buffer);
+  uniformDataFloat[5] = oobZ;
+  const uniformBuffer = device.createBuffer({
+    size: uniformData.byteLength,
+    usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST
+  });
+  device.queue.writeBuffer(uniformBuffer, 0, uniformData);
+  await device.queue.onSubmittedWorkDone();
+  const bindGroup = device.createBindGroup({
+    layout: cachedToolpathPipeline.getBindGroupLayout(0),
+    entries: [
+      { binding: 0, resource: { buffer: terrainBuffer } },
+      { binding: 1, resource: { buffer: toolBuffer } },
+      { binding: 2, resource: { buffer: outputBuffer } },
+      { binding: 3, resource: { buffer: uniformBuffer } }
+    ]
+  });
+  const commandEncoder = device.createCommandEncoder();
+  const passEncoder = commandEncoder.beginComputePass();
+  passEncoder.setPipeline(cachedToolpathPipeline);
+  passEncoder.setBindGroup(0, bindGroup);
+  const workgroupsX = Math.ceil(pointsPerLine / 16);
+  const workgroupsY = Math.ceil(numScanlines / 16);
+  passEncoder.dispatchWorkgroups(workgroupsX, workgroupsY);
+  passEncoder.end();
+  const stagingBuffer = device.createBuffer({
+    size: outputSize * 4,
+    usage: GPUBufferUsage.MAP_READ | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST
+  });
+  commandEncoder.copyBufferToBuffer(outputBuffer, 0, stagingBuffer, 0, outputSize * 4);
+  device.queue.submit([commandEncoder.finish()]);
+  await device.queue.onSubmittedWorkDone();
+  await stagingBuffer.mapAsync(GPUMapMode.READ);
+  const outputData = new Float32Array(stagingBuffer.getMappedRange());
+  const result = new Float32Array(outputData);
+  stagingBuffer.unmap();
+  terrainBuffer.destroy();
+  toolBuffer.destroy();
+  outputBuffer.destroy();
+  uniformBuffer.destroy();
+  stagingBuffer.destroy();
+  const endTime = performance.now();
+  return {
+    pathData: result,
+    numScanlines,
+    pointsPerLine,
+    generationTime: endTime - startTime
+  };
+}
+function createReusableToolpathBuffers(terrainWidth, terrainHeight, sparseToolData, xStep, yStep) {
+  const pointsPerLine = Math.ceil(terrainWidth / xStep);
+  const numScanlines = Math.ceil(terrainHeight / yStep);
+  const outputSize = pointsPerLine * numScanlines;
+  const terrainBuffer = device.createBuffer({
+    size: terrainWidth * terrainHeight * 4,
+    usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST
+  });
+  const toolBufferData = new ArrayBuffer(sparseToolData.count * 16);
+  const toolBufferI32 = new Int32Array(toolBufferData);
+  const toolBufferF32 = new Float32Array(toolBufferData);
+  for (let i = 0; i < sparseToolData.count; i++) {
+    toolBufferI32[i * 4 + 0] = sparseToolData.xOffsets[i];
+    toolBufferI32[i * 4 + 1] = sparseToolData.yOffsets[i];
+    toolBufferF32[i * 4 + 2] = sparseToolData.zValues[i];
+    toolBufferF32[i * 4 + 3] = 0;
+  }
+  const toolBuffer = device.createBuffer({
+    size: toolBufferData.byteLength,
+    usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST
+  });
+  device.queue.writeBuffer(toolBuffer, 0, toolBufferData);
+  const outputBuffer = device.createBuffer({
+    size: outputSize * 4,
+    usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_SRC
+  });
+  const uniformBuffer = device.createBuffer({
+    size: 36,
+    // 9 fields × 4 bytes (added y_offset field)
+    usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST
+  });
+  const stagingBuffer = device.createBuffer({
+    size: outputSize * 4,
+    usage: GPUBufferUsage.MAP_READ | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST
+  });
+  return {
+    terrainBuffer,
+    toolBuffer,
+    outputBuffer,
+    uniformBuffer,
+    stagingBuffer,
+    maxOutputSize: outputSize,
+    maxTerrainWidth: terrainWidth,
+    maxTerrainHeight: terrainHeight,
+    sparseToolData
+  };
+}
+function destroyReusableToolpathBuffers(buffers) {
+  buffers.terrainBuffer.destroy();
+  buffers.toolBuffer.destroy();
+  buffers.outputBuffer.destroy();
+  buffers.uniformBuffer.destroy();
+  buffers.stagingBuffer.destroy();
+}
+async function runToolpathComputeWithBuffers(terrainData, terrainWidth, terrainHeight, xStep, yStep, oobZ, buffers, startTime) {
+  device.queue.writeBuffer(buffers.terrainBuffer, 0, terrainData);
+  const pointsPerLine = Math.ceil(terrainWidth / xStep);
+  const numScanlines = Math.ceil(terrainHeight / yStep);
+  const outputSize = pointsPerLine * numScanlines;
+  const yOffset = numScanlines === 1 && terrainHeight > 1 ? Math.floor(terrainHeight / 2) : 0;
+  const uniformData = new Uint32Array([
+    terrainWidth,
+    terrainHeight,
+    buffers.sparseToolData.count,
+    xStep,
+    yStep,
+    0,
+    pointsPerLine,
+    numScanlines,
+    yOffset
+    // y_offset for radial single-scanline mode
+  ]);
+  const uniformDataFloat = new Float32Array(uniformData.buffer);
+  uniformDataFloat[5] = oobZ;
+  device.queue.writeBuffer(buffers.uniformBuffer, 0, uniformData);
+  await device.queue.onSubmittedWorkDone();
+  const bindGroup = device.createBindGroup({
+    layout: cachedToolpathPipeline.getBindGroupLayout(0),
+    entries: [
+      { binding: 0, resource: { buffer: buffers.terrainBuffer } },
+      { binding: 1, resource: { buffer: buffers.toolBuffer } },
+      { binding: 2, resource: { buffer: buffers.outputBuffer } },
+      { binding: 3, resource: { buffer: buffers.uniformBuffer } }
+    ]
+  });
+  const commandEncoder = device.createCommandEncoder();
+  const passEncoder = commandEncoder.beginComputePass();
+  passEncoder.setPipeline(cachedToolpathPipeline);
+  passEncoder.setBindGroup(0, bindGroup);
+  const workgroupsX = Math.ceil(pointsPerLine / 16);
+  const workgroupsY = Math.ceil(numScanlines / 16);
+  passEncoder.dispatchWorkgroups(workgroupsX, workgroupsY);
+  passEncoder.end();
+  commandEncoder.copyBufferToBuffer(buffers.outputBuffer, 0, buffers.stagingBuffer, 0, outputSize * 4);
+  device.queue.submit([commandEncoder.finish()]);
+  await device.queue.onSubmittedWorkDone();
+  await buffers.stagingBuffer.mapAsync(GPUMapMode.READ);
+  const outputData = new Float32Array(buffers.stagingBuffer.getMappedRange(), 0, outputSize);
+  const result = outputData.slice();
+  buffers.stagingBuffer.unmap();
+  const endTime = performance.now();
+  if (result.length > 0) {
+    const samples = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < Math.min(10, result.length); i++) {
+      samples.push(result[i].toFixed(3));
+    }
+  }
+  return {
+    pathData: result,
+    numScanlines,
+    pointsPerLine,
+    generationTime: endTime - startTime
+  };
+}
+async function generateToolpath(terrainPoints, toolPoints, xStep, yStep, oobZ, gridStep, terrainBounds = null, singleScanline = false) {
+  if (!terrainBounds) {
+    let minX = Infinity, minY = Infinity, minZ = Infinity;
+    let maxX = -Infinity, maxY = -Infinity, maxZ = -Infinity;
+    for (let i = 0; i < terrainPoints.length; i += 3) {
+      minX = Math.min(minX, terrainPoints[i]);
+      maxX = Math.max(maxX, terrainPoints[i]);
+      minY = Math.min(minY, terrainPoints[i + 1]);
+      maxY = Math.max(maxY, terrainPoints[i + 1]);
+      minZ = Math.min(minZ, terrainPoints[i + 2]);
+      maxZ = Math.max(maxZ, terrainPoints[i + 2]);
+    }
+    terrainBounds = {
+      min: { x: minX, y: minY, z: minZ },
+      max: { x: maxX, y: maxY, z: maxZ }
+    };
+  }
+  for (let i = 0; i < toolPoints.length; i += 3) {
+    if (toolPoints[i] === 0 && toolPoints[i + 1] === 0) {
+      debug.log("[WebGPU Worker]", { TOOL_CENTER: toolPoints[i + 2] });
+    }
+  }
+  debug.log(
+    "[WebGPU Worker]",
+    "toolZMin:",
+    [...toolPoints].filter((_, i) => i % 3 === 2).reduce((a, b) => Math.min(a, b), Infinity),
+    "toolZMax:",
+    [...toolPoints].filter((_, i) => i % 3 === 2).reduce((a, b) => Math.max(a, b), -Infinity)
+  );
+  let toolMinX = Infinity, toolMaxX = -Infinity;
+  let toolMinY = Infinity, toolMaxY = -Infinity;
+  for (let i = 0; i < toolPoints.length; i += 3) {
+    toolMinX = Math.min(toolMinX, toolPoints[i]);
+    toolMaxX = Math.max(toolMaxX, toolPoints[i]);
+    toolMinY = Math.min(toolMinY, toolPoints[i + 1]);
+    toolMaxY = Math.max(toolMaxY, toolPoints[i + 1]);
+  }
+  const toolWidthCells = toolMaxX - toolMinX;
+  const toolHeightCells = toolMaxY - toolMinY;
+  const toolWidthMm = toolWidthCells * gridStep;
+  const toolHeightMm = toolHeightCells * gridStep;
+  const outputWidth = Math.ceil((terrainBounds.max.x - terrainBounds.min.x) / gridStep) + 1;
+  const outputHeight = Math.ceil((terrainBounds.max.y - terrainBounds.min.y) / gridStep) + 1;
+  const outputPoints = Math.ceil(outputWidth / xStep) * Math.ceil(outputHeight / yStep);
+  const outputMemory = outputPoints * 4;
+  const configuredLimit = config.maxGPUMemoryMB * 1024 * 1024;
+  const deviceLimit = deviceCapabilities.maxStorageBufferBindingSize;
+  const maxSafeSize = Math.min(configuredLimit, deviceLimit) * config.gpuMemorySafetyMargin;
+  if (outputMemory <= maxSafeSize) {
+    return await generateToolpathSingle(terrainPoints, toolPoints, xStep, yStep, oobZ, gridStep, terrainBounds);
+  }
+  const tilingStartTime = performance.now();
+  debug.log("Using tiled toolpath generation");
+  debug.log(`Terrain: DENSE (${terrainPoints.length} cells = ${outputWidth}x${outputHeight})`);
+  debug.log(`Tool dimensions: ${toolWidthMm.toFixed(2)}mm \xD7 ${toolHeightMm.toFixed(2)}mm (${toolWidthCells}\xD7${toolHeightCells} cells)`);
+  const { tiles, maxTileGridWidth, maxTileGridHeight } = createToolpathTiles(terrainBounds, gridStep, xStep, yStep, toolWidthCells, toolHeightCells, maxSafeSize);
+  debug.log(`Created ${tiles.length} tiles`);
+  const pregenStartTime = performance.now();
+  debug.log(`Pre-generating ${tiles.length} tile terrain arrays...`);
+  const allTileTerrainPoints = [];
+  for (let i = 0; i < tiles.length; i++) {
+    const tile = tiles[i];
+    const tileMinGridX = Math.floor((tile.bounds.min.x - terrainBounds.min.x) / gridStep);
+    const tileMaxGridX = Math.ceil((tile.bounds.max.x - terrainBounds.min.x) / gridStep);
+    const tileMinGridY = Math.floor((tile.bounds.min.y - terrainBounds.min.y) / gridStep);
+    const tileMaxGridY = Math.ceil((tile.bounds.max.y - terrainBounds.min.y) / gridStep);
+    const tileWidth = tileMaxGridX - tileMinGridX + 1;
+    const tileHeight = tileMaxGridY - tileMinGridY + 1;
+    const paddedTileTerrainPoints = new Float32Array(maxTileGridWidth * maxTileGridHeight);
+    paddedTileTerrainPoints.fill(EMPTY_CELL);
+    for (let ty = 0; ty < tileHeight; ty++) {
+      const globalY = tileMinGridY + ty;
+      if (globalY < 0 || globalY >= outputHeight)
+        continue;
+      for (let tx = 0; tx < tileWidth; tx++) {
+        const globalX = tileMinGridX + tx;
+        if (globalX < 0 || globalX >= outputWidth)
+          continue;
+        const globalIdx = globalY * outputWidth + globalX;
+        const tileIdx = ty * maxTileGridWidth + tx;
+        paddedTileTerrainPoints[tileIdx] = terrainPoints[globalIdx];
+      }
+    }
+    allTileTerrainPoints.push({
+      data: paddedTileTerrainPoints,
+      actualWidth: tileWidth,
+      actualHeight: tileHeight
+    });
+  }
+  const pregenTime = performance.now() - pregenStartTime;
+  debug.log(`Pre-generation complete in ${pregenTime.toFixed(1)}ms`);
+  if (!isInitialized) {
+    const success = await initWebGPU();
+    if (!success) {
+      throw new Error("WebGPU not available");
+    }
+  }
+  const sparseToolData = createSparseToolFromPoints(toolPoints);
+  const reusableBuffers = createReusableToolpathBuffers(maxTileGridWidth, maxTileGridHeight, sparseToolData, xStep, yStep);
+  debug.log(`Created reusable GPU buffers for ${maxTileGridWidth}x${maxTileGridHeight} tiles`);
+  const tileResults = [];
+  let totalTileTime = 0;
+  for (let i = 0; i < tiles.length; i++) {
+    const tile = tiles[i];
+    const tileStartTime = performance.now();
+    debug.log(`Processing tile ${i + 1}/${tiles.length}...`);
+    const percent = Math.round((i + 1) / tiles.length * 100);
+    self.postMessage({
+      type: "toolpath-progress",
+      data: {
+        percent,
+        current: i + 1,
+        total: tiles.length,
+        layer: i + 1
+        // Using tile index as "layer" for consistency
+      }
+    });
+    debug.log(`Tile ${i + 1} using pre-generated terrain: ${allTileTerrainPoints[i].actualWidth}x${allTileTerrainPoints[i].actualHeight} (padded to ${maxTileGridWidth}x${maxTileGridHeight})`);
+    const tileToolpathResult = await runToolpathComputeWithBuffers(
+      allTileTerrainPoints[i].data,
+      maxTileGridWidth,
+      maxTileGridHeight,
+      xStep,
+      yStep,
+      oobZ,
+      reusableBuffers,
+      tileStartTime
+    );
+    const tileTime = performance.now() - tileStartTime;
+    totalTileTime += tileTime;
+    tileResults.push({
+      pathData: tileToolpathResult.pathData,
+      numScanlines: tileToolpathResult.numScanlines,
+      pointsPerLine: tileToolpathResult.pointsPerLine,
+      tile
+    });
+    debug.log(`Tile ${i + 1}/${tiles.length} complete: ${tileToolpathResult.numScanlines}\xD7${tileToolpathResult.pointsPerLine} in ${tileTime.toFixed(1)}ms`);
+  }
+  destroyReusableToolpathBuffers(reusableBuffers);
+  debug.log(`All tiles processed in ${totalTileTime.toFixed(1)}ms (avg ${(totalTileTime / tiles.length).toFixed(1)}ms per tile)`);
+  const stitchStartTime = performance.now();
+  const stitchedResult = stitchToolpathTiles(tileResults, terrainBounds, gridStep, xStep, yStep);
+  const stitchTime = performance.now() - stitchStartTime;
+  const totalTime = performance.now() - tilingStartTime;
+  debug.log(`Stitching took ${stitchTime.toFixed(1)}ms`);
+  debug.log(`Tiled toolpath complete: ${stitchedResult.numScanlines}\xD7${stitchedResult.pointsPerLine} in ${totalTime.toFixed(1)}ms total`);
+  stitchedResult.generationTime = totalTime;
+  return stitchedResult;
+}
+function createToolpathTiles(bounds, gridStep, xStep, yStep, toolWidthCells, toolHeightCells, maxMemoryBytes) {
+  const globalGridWidth = Math.ceil((bounds.max.x - bounds.min.x) / gridStep) + 1;
+  const globalGridHeight = Math.ceil((bounds.max.y - bounds.min.y) / gridStep) + 1;
+  const toolOverlapX = Math.ceil(toolWidthCells / 2);
+  const toolOverlapY = Math.ceil(toolHeightCells / 2);
+  let low = Math.max(toolOverlapX, toolOverlapY) * 2;
+  let high = Math.max(globalGridWidth, globalGridHeight);
+  let bestTileGridSize = high;
+  while (low <= high) {
+    const mid = Math.floor((low + high) / 2);
+    const outputW = Math.ceil(mid / xStep);
+    const outputH = Math.ceil(mid / yStep);
+    const memoryNeeded = outputW * outputH * 4;
+    if (memoryNeeded <= maxMemoryBytes) {
+      bestTileGridSize = mid;
+      low = mid + 1;
+    } else {
+      high = mid - 1;
+    }
+  }
+  const tilesX = Math.ceil(globalGridWidth / bestTileGridSize);
+  const tilesY = Math.ceil(globalGridHeight / bestTileGridSize);
+  const coreGridWidth = Math.ceil(globalGridWidth / tilesX);
+  const coreGridHeight = Math.ceil(globalGridHeight / tilesY);
+  const maxTileGridWidth = coreGridWidth + 2 * toolOverlapX;
+  const maxTileGridHeight = coreGridHeight + 2 * toolOverlapY;
+  debug.log(`Creating ${tilesX}\xD7${tilesY} tiles (${coreGridWidth}\xD7${coreGridHeight} cells core + ${toolOverlapX}\xD7${toolOverlapY} cells overlap)`);
+  debug.log(`Max tile dimensions: ${maxTileGridWidth}\xD7${maxTileGridHeight} cells (for buffer sizing)`);
+  const tiles = [];
+  for (let ty = 0; ty < tilesY; ty++) {
+    for (let tx = 0; tx < tilesX; tx++) {
+      const coreGridStartX = tx * coreGridWidth;
+      const coreGridStartY = ty * coreGridHeight;
+      const coreGridEndX = Math.min((tx + 1) * coreGridWidth, globalGridWidth) - 1;
+      const coreGridEndY = Math.min((ty + 1) * coreGridHeight, globalGridHeight) - 1;
+      let extGridStartX = coreGridStartX;
+      let extGridStartY = coreGridStartY;
+      let extGridEndX = coreGridEndX;
+      let extGridEndY = coreGridEndY;
+      if (tx > 0)
+        extGridStartX -= toolOverlapX;
+      if (ty > 0)
+        extGridStartY -= toolOverlapY;
+      if (tx < tilesX - 1)
+        extGridEndX += toolOverlapX;
+      if (ty < tilesY - 1)
+        extGridEndY += toolOverlapY;
+      extGridStartX = Math.max(0, extGridStartX);
+      extGridStartY = Math.max(0, extGridStartY);
+      extGridEndX = Math.min(globalGridWidth - 1, extGridEndX);
+      extGridEndY = Math.min(globalGridHeight - 1, extGridEndY);
+      const tileGridWidth = extGridEndX - extGridStartX + 1;
+      const tileGridHeight = extGridEndY - extGridStartY + 1;
+      const extMinX = bounds.min.x + extGridStartX * gridStep;
+      const extMinY = bounds.min.y + extGridStartY * gridStep;
+      const extMaxX = bounds.min.x + extGridEndX * gridStep;
+      const extMaxY = bounds.min.y + extGridEndY * gridStep;
+      const coreMinX = bounds.min.x + coreGridStartX * gridStep;
+      const coreMinY = bounds.min.y + coreGridStartY * gridStep;
+      const coreMaxX = bounds.min.x + coreGridEndX * gridStep;
+      const coreMaxY = bounds.min.y + coreGridEndY * gridStep;
+      tiles.push({
+        id: `tile_${tx}_${ty}`,
+        tx,
+        ty,
+        tilesX,
+        tilesY,
+        gridWidth: tileGridWidth,
+        gridHeight: tileGridHeight,
+        bounds: {
+          min: { x: extMinX, y: extMinY, z: bounds.min.z },
+          max: { x: extMaxX, y: extMaxY, z: bounds.max.z }
+        },
+        core: {
+          gridStart: { x: coreGridStartX, y: coreGridStartY },
+          gridEnd: { x: coreGridEndX, y: coreGridEndY },
+          min: { x: coreMinX, y: coreMinY },
+          max: { x: coreMaxX, y: coreMaxY }
+        }
+      });
+    }
+  }
+  return { tiles, maxTileGridWidth, maxTileGridHeight };
+}
+function stitchToolpathTiles(tileResults, globalBounds, gridStep, xStep, yStep) {
+  const globalWidth = Math.ceil((globalBounds.max.x - globalBounds.min.x) / gridStep) + 1;
+  const globalHeight = Math.ceil((globalBounds.max.y - globalBounds.min.y) / gridStep) + 1;
+  const globalPointsPerLine = Math.ceil(globalWidth / xStep);
+  const globalNumScanlines = Math.ceil(globalHeight / yStep);
+  debug.log(`Stitching toolpath: global grid ${globalWidth}x${globalHeight}, output ${globalPointsPerLine}x${globalNumScanlines}`);
+  const result = new Float32Array(globalPointsPerLine * globalNumScanlines);
+  result.fill(NaN);
+  const use1x1FastPath = xStep === 1 && yStep === 1;
+  for (const tileResult of tileResults) {
+    const tile = tileResult.tile;
+    const tileData = tileResult.pathData;
+    const coreGridStartX = tile.core.gridStart.x;
+    const coreGridStartY = tile.core.gridStart.y;
+    const coreGridEndX = tile.core.gridEnd.x;
+    const coreGridEndY = tile.core.gridEnd.y;
+    const extGridStartX = Math.round((tile.bounds.min.x - globalBounds.min.x) / gridStep);
+    const extGridStartY = Math.round((tile.bounds.min.y - globalBounds.min.y) / gridStep);
+    let copiedCount = 0;
+    const coreGridWidth = coreGridEndX - coreGridStartX + 1;
+    const coreGridHeight = coreGridEndY - coreGridStartY + 1;
+    const coreOutStartX = Math.floor(coreGridStartX / xStep);
+    const coreOutStartY = Math.floor(coreGridStartY / yStep);
+    const coreOutEndX = Math.floor(coreGridEndX / xStep);
+    const coreOutEndY = Math.floor(coreGridEndY / yStep);
+    const coreOutWidth = coreOutEndX - coreOutStartX + 1;
+    const coreOutHeight = coreOutEndY - coreOutStartY + 1;
+    const extOutStartX = Math.floor(extGridStartX / xStep);
+    const extOutStartY = Math.floor(extGridStartY / yStep);
+    for (let outY = 0; outY < coreOutHeight; outY++) {
+      const globalOutY = coreOutStartY + outY;
+      const tileOutY = globalOutY - extOutStartY;
+      if (globalOutY >= 0 && globalOutY < globalNumScanlines && tileOutY >= 0 && tileOutY < tileResult.numScanlines) {
+        const globalRowStart = globalOutY * globalPointsPerLine + coreOutStartX;
+        const tileRowStart = tileOutY * tileResult.pointsPerLine + (coreOutStartX - extOutStartX);
+        result.set(tileData.subarray(tileRowStart, tileRowStart + coreOutWidth), globalRowStart);
+        copiedCount += coreOutWidth;
+      }
+    }
+    debug.log(`  Tile ${tile.id}: copied ${copiedCount} values`);
+  }
+  let nanCount = 0;
+  for (let i = 0; i < result.length; i++) {
+    if (isNaN(result[i]))
+      nanCount++;
+  }
+  debug.log(`Stitching complete: ${result.length} total values, ${nanCount} still NaN`);
+  return {
+    pathData: result,
+    numScanlines: globalNumScanlines,
+    pointsPerLine: globalPointsPerLine,
+    generationTime: 0
+    // Sum from tiles if needed
+  };
+}
+
+// src/core/path-radial.js
+async function radialRasterize({
+  triangles,
+  bucketData,
+  resolution,
+  angleStep,
+  numAngles,
+  maxRadius,
+  toolWidth,
+  zFloor,
+  bounds,
+  startAngle = 0,
+  reusableBuffers = null,
+  returnBuffersForReuse = false,
+  batchInfo = {}
+}) {
+  if (!device) {
+    throw new Error("WebGPU not initialized");
+  }
+  const timings = {
+    start: performance.now(),
+    prep: 0,
+    gpu: 0,
+    stitch: 0
+  };
+  const bucketMinX = bucketData.buckets[0].minX;
+  const bucketMaxX = bucketData.buckets[bucketData.numBuckets - 1].maxX;
+  const gridWidth = Math.ceil((bucketMaxX - bucketMinX) / resolution);
+  const gridYHeight = Math.ceil(toolWidth / resolution);
+  const bucketGridWidth = Math.ceil((bucketData.buckets[0].maxX - bucketData.buckets[0].minX) / resolution);
+  const bucketTriangleCounts = bucketData.buckets.map((b) => b.count);
+  const minTriangles = Math.min(...bucketTriangleCounts);
+  const maxTriangles = Math.max(...bucketTriangleCounts);
+  const avgTriangles = bucketTriangleCounts.reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0) / bucketTriangleCounts.length;
+  const workPerWorkgroup = maxTriangles * numAngles * bucketGridWidth * gridYHeight;
+  const maxWorkPerBatch = 1e10;
+  const estimatedWorkPerBucket = avgTriangles * numAngles * bucketGridWidth * gridYHeight;
+  const THREADS_PER_WORKGROUP = 64;
+  const maxConcurrentThreads = config.maxConcurrentThreads || 32768;
+  const dispatchX = Math.ceil(numAngles / 8);
+  const dispatchY = Math.ceil(gridYHeight / 8);
+  const threadsPerBucket = dispatchX * dispatchY * THREADS_PER_WORKGROUP;
+  const threadLimitBuckets = Math.max(1, Math.floor(maxConcurrentThreads / threadsPerBucket));
+  let maxBucketsPerBatch;
+  if (estimatedWorkPerBucket === 0) {
+    maxBucketsPerBatch = Math.min(threadLimitBuckets, bucketData.numBuckets);
+  } else {
+    const workBasedLimit = Math.floor(maxWorkPerBatch / estimatedWorkPerBucket);
+    const idealBucketsPerBatch = Math.min(workBasedLimit, threadLimitBuckets);
+    const minBucketsPerBatch = Math.min(4, bucketData.numBuckets, threadLimitBuckets);
+    maxBucketsPerBatch = Math.max(minBucketsPerBatch, idealBucketsPerBatch);
+    maxBucketsPerBatch = Math.min(maxBucketsPerBatch, bucketData.numBuckets);
+  }
+  const numBucketBatches = Math.ceil(bucketData.numBuckets / maxBucketsPerBatch);
+  if (diagnostic) {
+    debug.log(`Radial: ${gridWidth}x${gridYHeight} grid, ${numAngles} angles, ${bucketData.buckets.length} buckets`);
+    debug.log(`Load: min=${minTriangles} max=${maxTriangles} avg=${avgTriangles.toFixed(0)} (${(maxTriangles / avgTriangles).toFixed(2)}x imbalance, worst=${(workPerWorkgroup / 1e6).toFixed(1)}M tests)`);
+    debug.log(`Thread limits: ${threadsPerBucket} threads/bucket, max ${threadLimitBuckets} buckets/dispatch (${maxConcurrentThreads} thread limit)`);
+    debug.log(`Estimated work/bucket: ${(estimatedWorkPerBucket / 1e6).toFixed(1)}M tests`);
+    debug.log(`Bucket batching: ${numBucketBatches} batches of ${maxBucketsPerBatch} buckets (work limit: ${Math.floor(maxWorkPerBatch / estimatedWorkPerBucket)}, thread limit: ${threadLimitBuckets})`);
+  }
+  let triangleBuffer, triangleIndicesBuffer;
+  let shouldCleanupBuffers = false;
+  if (reusableBuffers) {
+    triangleBuffer = reusableBuffers.triangleBuffer;
+    triangleIndicesBuffer = reusableBuffers.triangleIndicesBuffer;
+  } else {
+    shouldCleanupBuffers = true;
+    triangleBuffer = device.createBuffer({
+      size: triangles.byteLength,
+      usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
+      mappedAtCreation: true
+    });
+    new Float32Array(triangleBuffer.getMappedRange()).set(triangles);
+    triangleBuffer.unmap();
+    triangleIndicesBuffer = device.createBuffer({
+      size: bucketData.triangleIndices.byteLength,
+      usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
+      mappedAtCreation: true
+    });
+    new Uint32Array(triangleIndicesBuffer.getMappedRange()).set(bucketData.triangleIndices);
+    triangleIndicesBuffer.unmap();
+  }
+  const outputSize = numAngles * bucketData.numBuckets * bucketGridWidth * gridYHeight * 4;
+  const outputBuffer = device.createBuffer({
+    size: outputSize,
+    usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_SRC | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST
+  });
+  const initData = new Float32Array(outputSize / 4);
+  initData.fill(zFloor);
+  device.queue.writeBuffer(outputBuffer, 0, initData);
+  timings.prep = performance.now() - timings.start;
+  const gpuStart = performance.now();
+  const pipeline = cachedRadialBatchPipeline;
+  const commandEncoder = device.createCommandEncoder();
+  const passEncoder = commandEncoder.beginComputePass();
+  passEncoder.setPipeline(pipeline);
+  const batchBuffersToDestroy = [];
+  for (let batchIdx = 0; batchIdx < numBucketBatches; batchIdx++) {
+    const startBucket = batchIdx * maxBucketsPerBatch;
+    const endBucket = Math.min(startBucket + maxBucketsPerBatch, bucketData.numBuckets);
+    const bucketsInBatch = endBucket - startBucket;
+    const bucketInfoSize = bucketsInBatch * 16;
+    const bucketInfoBuffer = device.createBuffer({
+      size: bucketInfoSize,
+      usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
+      mappedAtCreation: true
+    });
+    const bucketView = new ArrayBuffer(bucketInfoSize);
+    const bucketFloatView = new Float32Array(bucketView);
+    const bucketUintView = new Uint32Array(bucketView);
+    for (let i = 0; i < bucketsInBatch; i++) {
+      const bucket = bucketData.buckets[startBucket + i];
+      const offset = i * 4;
+      bucketFloatView[offset] = bucket.minX;
+      bucketFloatView[offset + 1] = bucket.maxX;
+      bucketUintView[offset + 2] = bucket.startIndex;
+      bucketUintView[offset + 3] = bucket.count;
+    }
+    new Uint8Array(bucketInfoBuffer.getMappedRange()).set(new Uint8Array(bucketView));
+    bucketInfoBuffer.unmap();
+    const uniformBuffer = device.createBuffer({
+      size: 56,
+      // 14 fields * 4 bytes
+      usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
+      mappedAtCreation: true
+    });
+    const uniformView = new ArrayBuffer(56);
+    const floatView = new Float32Array(uniformView);
+    const uintView = new Uint32Array(uniformView);
+    floatView[0] = resolution;
+    floatView[1] = angleStep * (Math.PI / 180);
+    uintView[2] = numAngles;
+    floatView[3] = maxRadius;
+    floatView[4] = toolWidth;
+    uintView[5] = gridYHeight;
+    floatView[6] = bucketData.buckets[0].maxX - bucketData.buckets[0].minX;
+    uintView[7] = bucketGridWidth;
+    floatView[8] = bucketMinX;
+    floatView[9] = zFloor;
+    uintView[10] = 0;
+    uintView[11] = bucketData.numBuckets;
+    floatView[12] = startAngle * (Math.PI / 180);
+    uintView[13] = startBucket;
+    new Uint8Array(uniformBuffer.getMappedRange()).set(new Uint8Array(uniformView));
+    uniformBuffer.unmap();
+    const bindGroup = device.createBindGroup({
+      layout: pipeline.getBindGroupLayout(0),
+      entries: [
+        { binding: 0, resource: { buffer: triangleBuffer } },
+        { binding: 1, resource: { buffer: outputBuffer } },
+        { binding: 2, resource: { buffer: uniformBuffer } },
+        { binding: 3, resource: { buffer: bucketInfoBuffer } },
+        { binding: 4, resource: { buffer: triangleIndicesBuffer } }
+      ]
+    });
+    passEncoder.setBindGroup(0, bindGroup);
+    passEncoder.dispatchWorkgroups(dispatchX, dispatchY, bucketsInBatch);
+    if (diagnostic) {
+      const totalThreads = dispatchX * dispatchY * bucketsInBatch * THREADS_PER_WORKGROUP;
+      debug.log(`  Batch ${batchIdx + 1}/${numBucketBatches}: (${dispatchX}, ${dispatchY}, ${bucketsInBatch}) = ${totalThreads} threads, buckets ${startBucket}-${endBucket - 1}`);
+    }
+    batchBuffersToDestroy.push(uniformBuffer, bucketInfoBuffer);
+  }
+  passEncoder.end();
+  const stagingBuffer = device.createBuffer({
+    size: outputSize,
+    usage: GPUBufferUsage.MAP_READ | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST
+  });
+  commandEncoder.copyBufferToBuffer(outputBuffer, 0, stagingBuffer, 0, outputSize);
+  device.queue.submit([commandEncoder.finish()]);
+  await device.queue.onSubmittedWorkDone();
+  await stagingBuffer.mapAsync(GPUMapMode.READ);
+  const outputCopy = new Float32Array(stagingBuffer.getMappedRange().slice());
+  stagingBuffer.unmap();
+  for (const buffer of batchBuffersToDestroy) {
+    buffer.destroy();
+  }
+  outputBuffer.destroy();
+  stagingBuffer.destroy();
+  timings.gpu = performance.now() - gpuStart;
+  const stitchStart = performance.now();
+  const strips = [];
+  for (let angleIdx = 0; angleIdx < numAngles; angleIdx++) {
+    const stripData = new Float32Array(gridWidth * gridYHeight);
+    stripData.fill(zFloor);
+    for (let bucketIdx = 0; bucketIdx < bucketData.numBuckets; bucketIdx++) {
+      const bucket = bucketData.buckets[bucketIdx];
+      const bucketMinGridX = Math.floor((bucket.minX - bucketMinX) / resolution);
+      for (let localX = 0; localX < bucketGridWidth; localX++) {
+        const gridX = bucketMinGridX + localX;
+        if (gridX >= gridWidth)
+          continue;
+        for (let gridY = 0; gridY < gridYHeight; gridY++) {
+          const srcIdx = bucketIdx * numAngles * bucketGridWidth * gridYHeight + angleIdx * bucketGridWidth * gridYHeight + gridY * bucketGridWidth + localX;
+          const dstIdx = gridY * gridWidth + gridX;
+          stripData[dstIdx] = outputCopy[srcIdx];
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    let validCount = 0;
+    for (let i = 0; i < stripData.length; i++) {
+      if (stripData[i] !== zFloor)
+        validCount++;
+    }
+    strips.push({
+      angle: startAngle + angleIdx * angleStep,
+      positions: stripData,
+      // DENSE Z-only format!
+      gridWidth,
+      gridHeight: gridYHeight,
+      pointCount: validCount,
+      // Number of non-floor cells
+      bounds: {
+        min: { x: bucketMinX, y: 0, z: zFloor },
+        max: { x: bucketMaxX, y: toolWidth, z: bounds.max.z }
+      }
+    });
+  }
+  timings.stitch = performance.now() - stitchStart;
+  const totalTime = performance.now() - timings.start;
+  Object.assign(batchInfo, {
+    "prep": timings.prep | 0,
+    "raster": timings.gpu | 0,
+    "stitch": timings.stitch | 0
+  });
+  const result = { strips, timings };
+  if (returnBuffersForReuse && shouldCleanupBuffers) {
+    result.reusableBuffers = {
+      triangleBuffer,
+      triangleIndicesBuffer
+    };
+  } else if (shouldCleanupBuffers) {
+    triangleBuffer.destroy();
+    triangleIndicesBuffer.destroy();
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+async function generateRadialToolpaths({
+  triangles,
+  bucketData,
+  toolData,
+  resolution,
+  angleStep,
+  numAngles,
+  maxRadius,
+  toolWidth,
+  zFloor,
+  bounds,
+  xStep,
+  yStep
+}) {
+  debug.log("radial-generate-toolpaths", { triangles: triangles.length, numAngles, resolution });
+  const MAX_BUFFER_SIZE_MB = 1800;
+  const bytesPerCell = 4;
+  const xSize = bounds.max.x - bounds.min.x;
+  const ySize = bounds.max.y - bounds.min.y;
+  const gridXSize = Math.ceil(xSize / resolution);
+  const gridYHeight = Math.ceil(ySize / resolution);
+  const cellsPerAngle = gridXSize * gridYHeight;
+  const bytesPerAngle = cellsPerAngle * bytesPerCell;
+  const totalMemoryMB = numAngles * bytesPerAngle / (1024 * 1024);
+  const batchDivisor = config?.batchDivisor || 1;
+  let ANGLES_PER_BATCH, numBatches;
+  if (totalMemoryMB > MAX_BUFFER_SIZE_MB) {
+    const maxAnglesPerBatch = Math.floor(MAX_BUFFER_SIZE_MB * 1024 * 1024 / bytesPerAngle);
+    const adjustedMaxAngles = Math.floor(maxAnglesPerBatch / batchDivisor);
+    ANGLES_PER_BATCH = Math.max(1, Math.min(adjustedMaxAngles, numAngles));
+    numBatches = Math.ceil(numAngles / ANGLES_PER_BATCH);
+    const batchSizeMB = (ANGLES_PER_BATCH * bytesPerAngle / 1024 / 1024).toFixed(1);
+    debug.log(`Grid: ${gridXSize} x ${gridYHeight}, ${cellsPerAngle.toLocaleString()} cells/angle`);
+    debug.log(`Total memory: ${totalMemoryMB.toFixed(1)}MB exceeds limit, batching required`);
+    if (batchDivisor > 1) {
+      debug.log(`batchDivisor: ${batchDivisor}x (testing overhead: ${maxAnglesPerBatch} \u2192 ${adjustedMaxAngles} angles/batch)`);
+    }
+    debug.log(`Batch size: ${ANGLES_PER_BATCH} angles (~${batchSizeMB}MB per batch)`);
+    debug.log(`Processing ${numAngles} angles in ${numBatches} batch(es)`);
+  } else {
+    if (batchDivisor > 1) {
+      ANGLES_PER_BATCH = Math.max(10, Math.floor(numAngles / batchDivisor));
+      numBatches = Math.ceil(numAngles / ANGLES_PER_BATCH);
+      debug.log(`Grid: ${gridXSize} x ${gridYHeight}, ${cellsPerAngle.toLocaleString()} cells/angle`);
+      debug.log(`Total memory: ${totalMemoryMB.toFixed(1)}MB (fits in buffer normally)`);
+      debug.log(`batchDivisor: ${batchDivisor}x (artificially creating ${numBatches} batches for overhead testing)`);
+    } else {
+      ANGLES_PER_BATCH = numAngles;
+      numBatches = 1;
+      debug.log(`Grid: ${gridXSize} x ${gridYHeight}, ${cellsPerAngle.toLocaleString()} cells/angle`);
+      debug.log(`Total memory: ${totalMemoryMB.toFixed(1)}MB fits in buffer, processing all ${numAngles} angles in single batch`);
+    }
+  }
+  const allStripToolpaths = [];
+  let totalToolpathPoints = 0;
+  const pipelineStartTime = performance.now();
+  const sparseToolData = createSparseToolFromPoints(toolData.positions);
+  debug.log(`Created sparse tool: ${sparseToolData.count} points (reusing for all strips)`);
+  let batchReuseBuffers = null;
+  let batchTracking = [];
+  for (let batchIdx = 0; batchIdx < numBatches; batchIdx++) {
+    const batchStartTime = performance.now();
+    const startAngleIdx = batchIdx * ANGLES_PER_BATCH;
+    const endAngleIdx = Math.min(startAngleIdx + ANGLES_PER_BATCH, numAngles);
+    const batchNumAngles = endAngleIdx - startAngleIdx;
+    const batchStartAngle = startAngleIdx * angleStep;
+    const batchInfo = {
+      from: startAngleIdx,
+      to: endAngleIdx
+    };
+    batchTracking.push(batchInfo);
+    debug.log(`Batch ${batchIdx + 1}/${numBatches}: angles ${startAngleIdx}-${endAngleIdx - 1} (${batchNumAngles} angles), startAngle=${batchStartAngle.toFixed(1)}\xB0`);
+    const rasterStartTime = performance.now();
+    const shouldReturnBuffers = batchIdx === 0 && numBatches > 1;
+    const batchModelResult = await radialRasterize({
+      triangles,
+      bucketData,
+      resolution,
+      angleStep,
+      numAngles: batchNumAngles,
+      maxRadius,
+      toolWidth,
+      zFloor,
+      bounds,
+      startAngle: batchStartAngle,
+      reusableBuffers: batchReuseBuffers,
+      returnBuffersForReuse: shouldReturnBuffers,
+      batchInfo
+    });
+    const rasterTime = performance.now() - rasterStartTime;
+    if (batchIdx === 0 && batchModelResult.reusableBuffers) {
+      batchReuseBuffers = batchModelResult.reusableBuffers;
+    }
+    let maxStripWidth = 0;
+    let maxStripHeight = 0;
+    for (const strip of batchModelResult.strips) {
+      maxStripWidth = Math.max(maxStripWidth, strip.gridWidth);
+      maxStripHeight = Math.max(maxStripHeight, strip.gridHeight);
+    }
+    const reusableBuffers = createReusableToolpathBuffers(maxStripWidth, maxStripHeight, sparseToolData, xStep, maxStripHeight);
+    const toolpathStartTime = performance.now();
+    for (let i = 0; i < batchModelResult.strips.length; i++) {
+      const strip = batchModelResult.strips[i];
+      const globalStripIdx = startAngleIdx + i;
+      if (globalStripIdx % 10 === 0 || globalStripIdx === numAngles - 1) {
+        const stripProgress = (globalStripIdx + 1) / numAngles * 98;
+        self.postMessage({
+          type: "toolpath-progress",
+          data: {
+            percent: Math.round(stripProgress),
+            current: globalStripIdx + 1,
+            total: numAngles,
+            layer: globalStripIdx + 1
+          }
+        });
+      }
+      if (!strip.positions || strip.positions.length === 0)
+        continue;
+      if (diagnostic && (globalStripIdx === 0 || globalStripIdx === 360)) {
+        debug.log(`DJYWMVDM | Strip ${globalStripIdx} (${strip.angle.toFixed(1)}\xB0) INPUT terrain first 5 Z values: ${strip.positions.slice(0, 5).map((v) => v.toFixed(3)).join(",")}`);
+      }
+      const stripToolpathResult = await runToolpathComputeWithBuffers(
+        strip.positions,
+        strip.gridWidth,
+        strip.gridHeight,
+        xStep,
+        strip.gridHeight,
+        zFloor,
+        reusableBuffers,
+        pipelineStartTime
+      );
+      if (diagnostic && (globalStripIdx === 0 || globalStripIdx === 360)) {
+        debug.log(`DJYWMVDM | Strip ${globalStripIdx} (${strip.angle.toFixed(1)}\xB0) OUTPUT toolpath first 5 Z values: ${stripToolpathResult.pathData.slice(0, 5).map((v) => v.toFixed(3)).join(",")}`);
+      }
+      allStripToolpaths.push({
+        angle: strip.angle,
+        pathData: stripToolpathResult.pathData,
+        numScanlines: stripToolpathResult.numScanlines,
+        pointsPerLine: stripToolpathResult.pointsPerLine,
+        terrainBounds: strip.bounds
+      });
+      totalToolpathPoints += stripToolpathResult.pathData.length;
+    }
+    const toolpathTime = performance.now() - toolpathStartTime;
+    for (const strip of batchModelResult.strips) {
+      strip.positions = null;
+    }
+    destroyReusableToolpathBuffers(reusableBuffers);
+    const batchTotalTime = performance.now() - batchStartTime;
+    Object.assign(batchInfo, {
+      "prep": batchInfo.prep || 0,
+      "gpu": batchInfo.gpu || 0,
+      "stitch": batchInfo.stitch || 0,
+      "raster": batchInfo.raster || 0,
+      "paths": toolpathTime | 0,
+      "strips": allStripToolpaths.length,
+      "total": batchTotalTime | 0
+    });
+  }
+  console.table(batchTracking);
+  if (batchReuseBuffers) {
+    batchReuseBuffers.triangleBuffer.destroy();
+    batchReuseBuffers.triangleIndicesBuffer.destroy();
+    debug.log(`Destroyed cached GPU buffers after all batches`);
+  }
+  const pipelineTotalTime = performance.now() - pipelineStartTime;
+  debug.log(`Complete radial toolpath: ${allStripToolpaths.length} strips, ${totalToolpathPoints} total points in ${pipelineTotalTime.toFixed(0)}ms`);
+  self.postMessage({
+    type: "toolpath-progress",
+    data: {
+      percent: 100,
+      current: numAngles,
+      total: numAngles,
+      layer: numAngles
+    }
+  });
+  return {
+    strips: allStripToolpaths,
+    totalPoints: totalToolpathPoints,
+    numStrips: allStripToolpaths.length
+  };
+}
+
+// src/core/workload-calibrate.js
+var calibrateShaderCode = `// Workload Calibration Shader
+// Tests GPU watchdog limits by doing configurable amount of work per thread
+
+struct Uniforms {
+    workgroup_size_x: u32,
+    workgroup_size_y: u32,
+    workgroup_size_z: u32,
+    triangle_tests: u32,  // How many intersection tests to run
+}
+
+@group(0) @binding(0) var<storage, read_write> completion_flags: array<u32>;
+@group(0) @binding(1) var<uniform> uniforms: Uniforms;
+
+// Ray-triangle intersection using Möller-Trumbore algorithm
+// This is the actual production code - same ALU/cache characteristics
+fn ray_triangle_intersect(
+    ray_origin: vec3<f32>,
+    ray_dir: vec3<f32>,
+    v0: vec3<f32>,
+    v1: vec3<f32>,
+    v2: vec3<f32>
+) -> vec2<f32> {  // Returns (hit: 0.0 or 1.0, z: intersection_z)
+    let EPSILON = 0.0001;
+
+    // Calculate edges
+    let edge1 = v1 - v0;
+    let edge2 = v2 - v0;
+
+    // Cross product: ray_dir × edge2
+    let h = cross(ray_dir, edge2);
+
+    // Dot product: edge1 · h
+    let a = dot(edge1, h);
+
+    // Check if ray is parallel to triangle
+    if (abs(a) < EPSILON) {
+        return vec2<f32>(0.0, 0.0);
+    }
+
+    let f = 1.0 / a;
+    let s = ray_origin - v0;
+    let u = f * dot(s, h);
+
+    // Check if intersection is outside triangle (u parameter)
+    if (u < 0.0 || u > 1.0) {
+        return vec2<f32>(0.0, 0.0);
+    }
+
+    let q = cross(s, edge1);
+    let v = f * dot(ray_dir, q);
+
+    // Check if intersection is outside triangle (v parameter)
+    if (v < 0.0 || u + v > 1.0) {
+        return vec2<f32>(0.0, 0.0);
+    }
+
+    // Calculate intersection point along ray
+    let t = f * dot(edge2, q);
+
+    if (t > EPSILON) {
+        // Ray hit triangle
+        let intersection_z = ray_origin.z + t * ray_dir.z;
+        return vec2<f32>(1.0, intersection_z);
+    }
+
+    return vec2<f32>(0.0, 0.0);
+}
+
+@compute @workgroup_size(16, 16, 1)
+fn main(@builtin(global_invocation_id) global_id: vec3<u32>) {
+    let thread_index = global_id.z * (uniforms.workgroup_size_x * uniforms.workgroup_size_y) +
+                       global_id.y * uniforms.workgroup_size_x +
+                       global_id.x;
+
+    // Synthetic triangle vertices (deterministic, no memory reads needed)
+    let v0 = vec3<f32>(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
+    let v1 = vec3<f32>(1.0, 0.0, 0.0);
+    let v2 = vec3<f32>(0.5, 1.0, 0.0);
+
+    // Ray parameters based on thread ID (deterministic)
+    let ray_origin = vec3<f32>(
+        f32(global_id.x) * 0.1,
+        f32(global_id.y) * 0.1,
+        10.0
+    );
+    let ray_dir = vec3<f32>(0.0, 0.0, -1.0);
+
+    // Perform N intersection tests (configurable workload)
+    var hit_count = 0u;
+    for (var i = 0u; i < uniforms.triangle_tests; i++) {
+        // Slightly vary triangle vertices to prevent compiler optimization
+        let offset = f32(i) * 0.001;
+        let v0_offset = v0 + vec3<f32>(offset, 0.0, 0.0);
+        let v1_offset = v1 + vec3<f32>(0.0, offset, 0.0);
+        let v2_offset = v2 + vec3<f32>(offset, offset, 0.0);
+
+        let result = ray_triangle_intersect(ray_origin, ray_dir, v0_offset, v1_offset, v2_offset);
+        if (result.x > 0.5) {
+            hit_count += 1u;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Write completion flag (1 = thread completed all work)
+    // If this thread was killed by watchdog, this write never happens (stays 0)
+    completion_flags[thread_index] = 1u;
+}
+`;
+async function testWorkload(device2, pipeline, workgroupSize, triangleTests) {
+  const [x, y, z] = workgroupSize;
+  const totalThreads = x * y * z;
+  const completionBuffer = device2.createBuffer({
+    size: totalThreads * 4,
+    // u32 per thread
+    usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_SRC | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST
+  });
+  const zeroData = new Uint32Array(totalThreads);
+  device2.queue.writeBuffer(completionBuffer, 0, zeroData);
+  const uniformData = new Uint32Array([x, y, z, triangleTests]);
+  const uniformBuffer = device2.createBuffer({
+    size: uniformData.byteLength,
+    usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST
+  });
+  device2.queue.writeBuffer(uniformBuffer, 0, uniformData);
+  await device2.queue.onSubmittedWorkDone();
+  const bindGroup = device2.createBindGroup({
+    layout: pipeline.getBindGroupLayout(0),
+    entries: [
+      { binding: 0, resource: { buffer: completionBuffer } },
+      { binding: 1, resource: { buffer: uniformBuffer } }
+    ]
+  });
+  const startTime = performance.now();
+  const commandEncoder = device2.createCommandEncoder();
+  const passEncoder = commandEncoder.beginComputePass();
+  passEncoder.setPipeline(pipeline);
+  passEncoder.setBindGroup(0, bindGroup);
+  passEncoder.dispatchWorkgroups(1, 1, 1);
+  passEncoder.end();
+  const stagingBuffer = device2.createBuffer({
+    size: totalThreads * 4,
+    usage: GPUBufferUsage.MAP_READ | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST
+  });
+  commandEncoder.copyBufferToBuffer(completionBuffer, 0, stagingBuffer, 0, totalThreads * 4);
+  device2.queue.submit([commandEncoder.finish()]);
+  await device2.queue.onSubmittedWorkDone();
+  const elapsed = performance.now() - startTime;
+  await stagingBuffer.mapAsync(GPUMapMode.READ);
+  const completionData = new Uint32Array(stagingBuffer.getMappedRange());
+  const completionCopy = new Uint32Array(completionData);
+  stagingBuffer.unmap();
+  let failedThreads = 0;
+  for (let i = 0; i < totalThreads; i++) {
+    if (completionCopy[i] === 0) {
+      failedThreads++;
+    }
+  }
+  completionBuffer.destroy();
+  uniformBuffer.destroy();
+  stagingBuffer.destroy();
+  return {
+    success: failedThreads === 0,
+    failedThreads,
+    totalThreads,
+    elapsed
+  };
+}
+async function findMaxWork(device2, pipeline, workgroupSize, minWork, maxWork) {
+  let low = minWork;
+  let high = maxWork;
+  let lastSuccess = minWork;
+  while (low <= high) {
+    const mid = Math.floor((low + high) / 2);
+    const result = await testWorkload(device2, pipeline, workgroupSize, mid);
+    if (result.success) {
+      lastSuccess = mid;
+      low = mid + 1;
+    } else {
+      high = mid - 1;
+    }
+  }
+  return lastSuccess;
+}
+async function calibrateGPU(device2, options = {}) {
+  const {
+    workgroupSizes = [
+      [8, 8, 1],
+      [16, 16, 1],
+      [32, 32, 1],
+      [64, 64, 1]
+    ],
+    minWork = 1e3,
+    maxWork = 1e5,
+    verbose = true
+  } = options;
+  const shaderModule = device2.createShaderModule({ code: calibrateShaderCode });
+  const pipeline = device2.createComputePipeline({
+    layout: "auto",
+    compute: { module: shaderModule, entryPoint: "main" }
+  });
+  const results = [];
+  if (verbose) {
+    console.log("[Calibrate] Starting GPU calibration...");
+    console.log("[Calibrate] Testing workgroup sizes:", workgroupSizes);
+  }
+  for (const size of workgroupSizes) {
+    const [x, y, z] = size;
+    const totalThreads = x * y * z;
+    if (verbose) {
+      console.log(`[Calibrate] Testing ${x}x${y}x${z} (${totalThreads} threads)...`);
+    }
+    const minTest = await testWorkload(device2, pipeline, size, minWork);
+    if (!minTest.success) {
+      if (verbose) {
+        console.log(`[Calibrate]   \u274C Failed even at minimum work (${minWork} tests)`);
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+    const maxWorkFound = await findMaxWork(device2, pipeline, size, minWork, maxWork);
+    const finalTest = await testWorkload(device2, pipeline, size, maxWorkFound);
+    results.push({
+      workgroupSize: size,
+      totalThreads,
+      maxWork: maxWorkFound,
+      timingMs: finalTest.elapsed,
+      msPerThread: finalTest.elapsed / totalThreads,
+      testsPerSecond: maxWorkFound * totalThreads / (finalTest.elapsed / 1e3)
+    });
+    if (verbose) {
+      console.log(`[Calibrate]   \u2713 Max work: ${maxWorkFound} tests (${finalTest.elapsed.toFixed(1)}ms)`);
+      console.log(`[Calibrate]     ${(maxWorkFound * totalThreads).toLocaleString()} total ray-triangle tests`);
+    }
+  }
+  const maxWorkgroupResult = results[results.length - 1];
+  const minWorkPerThread = Math.min(...results.map((r) => r.maxWork));
+  const calibration = {
+    maxWorkgroupSize: maxWorkgroupResult.workgroupSize,
+    maxWorkPerThread: minWorkPerThread,
+    // Conservative: min across all sizes
+    safeWorkloadMatrix: results,
+    deviceInfo: {
+      maxComputeWorkgroupSizeX: device2.limits.maxComputeWorkgroupSizeX,
+      maxComputeWorkgroupSizeY: device2.limits.maxComputeWorkgroupSizeY,
+      maxComputeWorkgroupSizeZ: device2.limits.maxComputeWorkgroupSizeZ,
+      maxComputeWorkgroupsPerDimension: device2.limits.maxComputeWorkgroupsPerDimension
+    }
+  };
+  if (verbose) {
+    console.log("[Calibrate] Calibration complete:");
+    console.log(`[Calibrate]   Max safe workgroup: ${maxWorkgroupResult.workgroupSize.join("x")}`);
+    console.log(`[Calibrate]   Max work per thread: ${minWorkPerThread.toLocaleString()}`);
+  }
+  return calibration;
+}
+
+// src/core/raster-worker.js
+self.addEventListener("error", (event) => {
+  debug.error("Uncaught error:", event.error || event.message);
+  debug.error("Stack:", event.error?.stack);
+});
+self.addEventListener("unhandledrejection", (event) => {
+  debug.error("Unhandled promise rejection:", event.reason);
+});
+self.onmessage = async function(e) {
+  const { type, data } = e.data;
+  try {
+    switch (type) {
+      case "init":
+        setConfig(data?.config || {
+          maxGPUMemoryMB: 256,
+          gpuMemorySafetyMargin: 0.8,
+          tileOverlapMM: 10,
+          autoTiling: true,
+          batchDivisor: 1,
+          // For testing batching overhead: 1=optimal, 2=2x batches, 4=4x batches, etc.
+          maxConcurrentThreads: 32768
+          // GPU watchdog limit: max threads across all workgroups in a dispatch
+        });
+        const success = await initWebGPU();
+        self.postMessage({
+          type: "webgpu-ready",
+          data: {
+            success,
+            capabilities: deviceCapabilities
+          }
+        });
+        break;
+      case "update-config":
+        updateConfig(data.config);
+        debug.log("Config updated");
+        break;
+      case "rasterize":
+        const { triangles, stepSize, filterMode, boundsOverride } = data;
+        const rasterOptions = boundsOverride || {};
+        const rasterResult = await rasterizeMesh(triangles, stepSize, filterMode, rasterOptions);
+        self.postMessage({
+          type: "rasterize-complete",
+          data: rasterResult
+        }, [rasterResult.positions.buffer]);
+        break;
+      case "generate-toolpath":
+        const { terrainPositions, toolPositions, xStep, yStep, zFloor, gridStep, terrainBounds, singleScanline } = data;
+        const toolpathResult = await generateToolpath(
+          terrainPositions,
+          toolPositions,
+          xStep,
+          yStep,
+          zFloor,
+          gridStep,
+          terrainBounds,
+          singleScanline
+        );
+        self.postMessage({
+          type: "toolpath-complete",
+          data: toolpathResult
+        }, [toolpathResult.pathData.buffer]);
+        break;
+      case "radial-generate-toolpaths":
+        const radialToolpathResult = await generateRadialToolpaths(data);
+        const toolpathTransferBuffers = radialToolpathResult.strips.map((strip) => strip.pathData.buffer);
+        self.postMessage({
+          type: "radial-toolpaths-complete",
+          data: radialToolpathResult
+        }, toolpathTransferBuffers);
+        break;
+      case "calibrate":
+        const calibrationResult = await calibrateGPU(device, data?.options || {});
+        self.postMessage({
+          type: "calibrate-complete",
+          data: calibrationResult
+        });
+        break;
+      default:
+        self.postMessage({
+          type: "error",
+          message: "Unknown message type: " + type
+        });
+    }
+  } catch (error) {
+    debug.error("Error:", error);
+    self.postMessage({
+      type: "error",
+      message: error.message,
+      stack: error.stack
+    });
+  }
+};