@graphty/webgpu-graph-algorithms 0.4.1 → 0.5.1

package/dist/webgpu-graph-algorithms.js

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-import { W as WebGpuGraphError, M as MAX_WORKGROUPS_PER_DIM, a as WGSL_RESERVED_WORDS, S as STATE_HEADER_BYTES, B as BufferUsage, i as isWebGpuGraphError, d as deviceLostError, U as UNIFORM_SLOT_BYTES, b as U32_MAX, F as FA2_DEFAULTS, c as MAX_ITERATIONS_PER_STEP, e as MAX_1D_ITEMS, h as hasErrorCode, f as FA2_FLAG_FIRST, P as PARTIAL_BYTES, L as LAYOUT_TUNING_DEFAULTS, T as TRACE_RECORD_BYTES } from "./chunks/context-CRbw2Wyo.js";
-import { A, E, G, g, j, k, l } from "./chunks/context-CRbw2Wyo.js";
+import { W as WebGpuGraphError, M as MAX_WORKGROUPS_PER_DIM, a as WGSL_RESERVED_WORDS, S as STATE_HEADER_BYTES, B as BufferUsage, i as isWebGpuGraphError, d as deviceLostError, U as UNIFORM_SLOT_BYTES, b as U32_MAX, F as FA2_DEFAULTS, c as MAX_ITERATIONS_PER_STEP, e as MAX_1D_ITEMS, h as hasErrorCode, f as FA2_FLAG_FIRST, P as PARTIAL_BYTES, L as LAYOUT_TUNING_DEFAULTS, T as TRACE_RECORD_BYTES, g as FR_ADAPTIVE_MAX_ITERATIONS, j as FR_START_TEMPERATURE, k as FA2_FLAG_ADAPTIVE, l as FR_REHEAT_FRACTION, m as FR_DEFAULTS, n as SE_DEFAULTS, o as SE_SCALE_REFERENCE_NODES } from "./chunks/context-BR7fx3vR.js";
+import { A, E, G, p, q, r, s } from "./chunks/context-BR7fx3vR.js";
 import { renumberPartition, makeMask, maskTest, expandEdges } from "@graphty/graph-format";
 function perDimension(caps) {
   return Math.min(MAX_WORKGROUPS_PER_DIM, caps.limits.maxComputeWorkgroupsPerDimension);
@@ -436,6 +436,8 @@ fn attraction(@builtin(workgroup_id) wid: vec3<u32>, @builtin(local_invocation_i
         if (HAS_WEIGHTS) { w = weights[a]; }
         let d = pos[j].xyz - pi.xyz;                           // toward j
         let len = max(length(d), FA2_DIST_FLOOR);
+        if (LAW == 1u) { w = length(d) / P.frK; }              // LAW 1 (FR, 7.20): |F| = d^2 / k along d / d, unfloored; the linear select below applies w as is
+        if (LAW == 2u) { w = P.springCoefficient * (len - P.springLength) / len; }   // LAW 2 (spring, ngraph generateCreateSpringForce.js:33-36): Hooke k_s (d - L) toward j
         let mag = select(w, w * log(1.0 + len) / len, LINLOG); // linear: |F| = w len; linlog: |F| = w log(1 + len)
         f = f + d * mag;
     }
@@ -460,6 +462,7 @@ fn integrate(@builtin(workgroup_id) wid: vec3<u32>, @builtin(local_invocation_id
     var p = vec4f(0.0);
     var free = false;
     var valid = false;
+    var ke = 0.0;
     if (i < P.n) {
         valid = true;
         let f = load_force(i);
@@ -468,7 +471,25 @@ fn integrate(@builtin(workgroup_id) wid: vec3<u32>, @builtin(local_invocation_id
         if (SWING_MODE == 0u) { swing_i = p.w * length(f - load_old(i)); }  // paper: m |F(t) - F(t-1)|, recomputed inline (7.2)
         let factor = S.speed / (1.0 + sqrt(S.speed * swing_i));
         let fixed = mask_bit(fixedMask[i >> 5u], i);
-        dp = select(f * factor, vec3f(0.0), fixed);                        // no clamp on dp (D25)
+        dp = select(f * factor, vec3f(0.0), fixed);                        // APPLY 0 (FA2): no clamp on dp (D25)
+        if (APPLY == 1u) {                                                  // APPLY 1 (FR, 7.20): move along F by min(|F|, t); a fixed node stays
+            let mag = length(f);
+            let t = select(P.temperature, S.temperature, (P.flags & FA2_FLAG_ADAPTIVE) != 0u);   // adaptive cooling: K1's state temperature
+            dp = vec3f(0.0);
+            if (mag > 0.0 && !fixed) { dp = f * (min(mag, t) / mag); }
+            ke = select(0.0, dot(f, f), !fixed);                              // the force energy of Hu's step control, folded like the spring preset's kinetic energy
+        }
+        if (APPLY == 2u) {                                                  // APPLY 2 (spring-electrical): ngraph's Euler step over the velocity in the oldForce slot (PD-2)
+            var v = load_old(i);
+            let fd = f - P.dragCoefficient * v;                             // drag (generateCreateDragForce.js:18)
+            v = v + (P.timeStep / p.w) * fd;                                 // v += (dt / m) F (generateIntegrator.js:27-29)
+            let sp = length(v);
+            if (sp > 1.0) { v = v / sp; }                                     // the unit speed clamp (generateIntegrator.js:33-37)
+            if (P.dim == 2u) { v.z = 0.0; }
+            dp = select(P.timeStep * v, vec3f(0.0), fixed);                  // dp = dt v; a pinned body is skipped (generateIntegrator.js:21, 39-41)
+            if (!fixed) { store_old(i, v); }
+            ke = select(0.0, 0.5 * p.w * dot(v, v), !fixed);                 // partials B under APPLY 2 (PD-4)
+        }
         if (P.dim == 2u) { dp.z = 0.0; }                                   // 2D never integrates z (7.13)
         p = vec4f(p.xyz + dp, p.w);
         pos[i] = p;
@@ -494,12 +515,14 @@ fn integrate(@builtin(workgroup_id) wid: vec3<u32>, @builtin(local_invocation_id
     let tHi = wg_reduce_vec4(hi, lid.x, 2u);
     let tDl = wg_reduce_f32(dl, lid.x, 0u);
     let tFr = wg_reduce_u32(fr, lid.x, 0u);
+    let tKe = wg_reduce_f32(ke, lid.x, 0u);
     if (lid.x == 0u) {
         let g = group_id(wid);
         partials[g].sum = tSum;
         partials[g].min = tLo;
         partials[g].max = tHi;
         partials[g].dispFree = vec2f(tDl, f32(tFr));
+        if (APPLY != 0u) { partials[g].swingTraction = vec2f(tKe, 0.0); }   // overwrites K3's epilogue: K4 never runs under FR or the preset (PD-4)
     }
 }`
 );
@@ -515,6 +538,11 @@ fn store_force(i: u32, f: vec3f) {
     force[3u * i + 2u] = f.z;
 }
 fn load_old(i: u32) -> vec3f { return vec3f(oldForce[3u * i], oldForce[3u * i + 1u], oldForce[3u * i + 2u]); }
+fn kick_magnitude(mi: f32, mj: f32) -> f32 {                   // the law's magnitude at d = FA2_DIST_FLOOR (PD-10)
+    if (LAW == 1u) { return P.frK * P.frK / FA2_DIST_FLOOR; }
+    if (LAW == 2u) { return -P.coulomb * mi * mj / FA2_DIST_FLOOR_SQ; }
+    return P.scalingRatio * mi * mj / FA2_DIST_FLOOR;
+}
 fn gravity_force(pi: vec4f) -> vec3f {                         // spec 7.9: centroid (GRAVITY_CENTER 0) or origin (1); regular or strong
     var q = pi.xyz;
     if (GRAVITY_CENTER == 0u) { q = pi.xyz - S.centroid.xyz; }
@@ -542,13 +570,15 @@ fn repulsion(@builtin(workgroup_id) wid: vec3<u32>, @builtin(local_invocation_id
             if (o.w > 0.0 && jj != i) {                                           // mass > 0 for every real node, 0 for the pad
                 let d = pi.xyz - o.xyz;
                 var d2 = dot(d, d);
-                if (d2 < FA2_COINCIDENT_SQ) {                                     // coincident: antisymmetric unit kick of magnitude k m_i m_j / 0.01 (7.2)
-                    f = f + kick_dir(i, jj, P.dim) * (P.scalingRatio * pi.w * o.w / FA2_DIST_FLOOR);
+                if (d2 < FA2_COINCIDENT_SQ) {                                     // coincident: antisymmetric unit kick of the law's magnitude at d = 0.01 (7.2; PD-10)
+                    f = f + kick_dir(i, jj, P.dim) * kick_magnitude(pi.w, o.w);
                     continue;
                 }
-                d2 = max(d2, FA2_DIST_FLOOR_SQ);                                  // d >= 0.01
+                if (LAW == 0u) { d2 = max(d2, FA2_DIST_FLOOR_SQ); }               // FA2 alone floors d >= 0.01 (7.2); FR and coulomb are unfloored (7.20)
                 let k = P.scalingRatio * pi.w * o.w;
-                f = f + d * (k / d2);                                             // |F| = k m_i m_j / d along d / d
+                if (LAW == 0u) { f = f + d * (k / d2); }                          // LAW 0 (FA2): |F| = k m_i m_j / d along d / d
+                if (LAW == 1u) { f = f + d * (P.frK * P.frK / d2); }              // LAW 1 (FR, 7.20): |F| = k^2 / d, mass ignored
+                if (LAW == 2u) { f = f + d * (-P.coulomb * pi.w * o.w / (d2 * sqrt(d2))); }   // LAW 2 (coulomb, ngraph generateQuadTree.js:131-132): |F| = -g m_i m_j / d^2
             }
         }
         workgroupBarrier();
@@ -629,6 +659,7 @@ fn stats_finalize(@builtin(local_invocation_id) lid: vec3<u32>) {
     var hi = vec4f(-F32_MAX);
     var disp = 0.0;
     var free = 0u;
+    var ke = 0.0;
     if (fold) {
         for (var g = lid.x; g < groups; g = g + WG) {   // sequential per lane in index order: deterministic
             let q = partials[g];
@@ -637,6 +668,7 @@ fn stats_finalize(@builtin(local_invocation_id) lid: vec3<u32>) {
             hi = max(hi, q.max);
             disp = disp + q.dispFree.x;
             free = free + u32(q.dispFree.y);
+            ke = ke + q.swingTraction.x;
         }
     }
     let tSum = wg_reduce_vec4(sum, lid.x, 0u);
@@ -644,6 +676,7 @@ fn stats_finalize(@builtin(local_invocation_id) lid: vec3<u32>) {
     let tHi = wg_reduce_vec4(hi, lid.x, 2u);
     let tDisp = wg_reduce_f32(disp, lid.x, 0u);
     let tFree = wg_reduce_u32(free, lid.x, 0u);
+    let tKe = wg_reduce_f32(ke, lid.x, 0u);
     if (lid.x == 0u) {
         if (fold) {
             let n = f32(P.n);
@@ -661,6 +694,29 @@ fn stats_finalize(@builtin(local_invocation_id) lid: vec3<u32>) {
         T[P.iterationIndex].meanDisplacement = S.meanDisplacement;
         T[P.iterationIndex].settledCount = S.settledCount;
         T[P.iterationIndex].iteration = S.iteration;
+        if (STATS_MODE == 1u) {                                    // FR: this iteration's temperature (7.20) into the state and the trace
+            if ((P.flags & FA2_FLAG_ADAPTIVE) != 0u) {                // adaptive cooling (Yifan Hu 2005 3.2): tKe is the previous iteration's sum |F|^2 over free nodes
+                if (fold) {
+                    var t = S.temperature;
+                    if (tKe < S.frEnergy) {
+                        S.frProgress = S.frProgress + 1u;
+                        if (S.frProgress >= FR_COOLING_PATIENCE) { S.frProgress = 0u; t = t / FR_COOLING_STEP; }
+                    } else {
+                        S.frProgress = 0u;
+                        t = t * FR_COOLING_STEP;
+                    }
+                    S.frEnergy = tKe;
+                    S.temperature = t;
+                }
+            } else {
+                S.temperature = P.temperature;
+            }
+            T[P.iterationIndex].modelScalar = S.temperature;
+        }
+        if (STATS_MODE == 2u) {                                    // spring-electrical: the kinetic energy K5 folded into partials B (PD-4); 0 on the first iteration after load()
+            S.kineticEnergy = tKe;
+            T[P.iterationIndex].modelScalar = tKe;
+        }
     }
 }`
 );
@@ -1021,7 +1077,15 @@ const FA2_PARAMS = UniformBlock.define("Fa2Params", [
   ["extentFactor", "f32"],
   ["gridMax", "u32"],
   ["levels", "u32"],
-  ["pad", "vec4f"]
+  ["pad", "vec4f"],
+  ["frK", "f32"],
+  ["temperature", "f32"],
+  ["springLength", "f32"],
+  ["springCoefficient", "f32"],
+  ["coulomb", "f32"],
+  ["dragCoefficient", "f32"],
+  ["timeStep", "f32"],
+  ["pad1", "f32"]
 ]);
 const FA2_STATE = UniformBlock.define(
   "Fa2State",
@@ -1042,7 +1106,10 @@ const FA2_STATE = UniformBlock.define(
     ["settledCount", "u32"],
     ["outsideGrid", "u32"],
     ["maxCellOccupancy", "u32"],
-    ["reserved0", "vec4f"],
+    ["temperature", "f32"],
+    ["kineticEnergy", "f32"],
+    ["frEnergy", "f32"],
+    ["frProgress", "u32"],
     ["reserved1", "vec4f"],
     ["reserved2", "vec4f"],
     ["reserved3", "vec4f"],
@@ -1064,7 +1131,7 @@ const FA2_TRACE = UniformBlock.define(
     ["meanDisplacement", "f32"],
     ["settledCount", "u32"],
     ["iteration", "u32"],
-    ["pad0", "u32"]
+    ["modelScalar", "f32"]
   ],
   { layout: "storage" }
 );
@@ -1197,7 +1264,7 @@ const FA2_STATS_FINALIZE = {
     decl(1, 2, "T", "storage", "array<Fa2Trace>"),
     decl(2, 0, "P", "uniform", "Fa2Params")
   ],
-  overrideDecls: [],
+  overrideDecls: [{ name: "STATS_MODE", type: "u32", default: 0 }],
   uniforms: [FA2_PARAMS, FA2_STATE, FA2_TRACE, FA2_PARTIAL],
   needs: ["subgroups"],
   snippetSlots: [],
@@ -1215,7 +1282,8 @@ const FA2_ATTRACTION = {
   overrideDecls: [
     { name: "LINLOG", type: "bool", default: false },
     { name: "DISTRIBUTED", type: "bool", default: false },
-    { name: "TIER", type: "u32", default: 0 }
+    { name: "TIER", type: "u32", default: 0 },
+    { name: "LAW", type: "u32", default: 0 }
   ],
   uniforms: [FA2_PARAMS],
   needs: [],
@@ -1238,7 +1306,8 @@ const FA2_REPULSION_EXACT = {
   overrideDecls: [
     { name: "SWING_MODE", type: "u32", default: 0 },
     { name: "STRONG_GRAVITY", type: "bool", default: false },
-    { name: "GRAVITY_CENTER", type: "u32", default: 0 }
+    { name: "GRAVITY_CENTER", type: "u32", default: 0 },
+    { name: "LAW", type: "u32", default: 0 }
   ],
   uniforms: [FA2_PARAMS, FA2_STATE, FA2_PARTIAL],
   needs: ["subgroups"],
@@ -1274,7 +1343,10 @@ const FA2_INTEGRATE = {
     decl(1, 5, "partials", "storage", "array<Fa2Partial>"),
     decl(2, 0, "P", "uniform", "Fa2Params")
   ],
-  overrideDecls: [{ name: "SWING_MODE", type: "u32", default: 0 }],
+  overrideDecls: [
+    { name: "SWING_MODE", type: "u32", default: 0 },
+    { name: "APPLY", type: "u32", default: 0 }
+  ],
   uniforms: [FA2_PARAMS, FA2_STATE, FA2_PARTIAL],
   needs: ["subgroups"],
   snippetSlots: [],
@@ -1475,9 +1547,9 @@ function checkDest$3(dest, n) {
     }
   );
 }
-function coreOf$3(ctx, s) {
+function coreOf$3(ctx, s2) {
   try {
-    return ctx.residency.core(s);
+    return ctx.residency.core(s2);
   } catch (error) {
     if (isWebGpuGraphError(error) && error.code === "E_TOO_LARGE" && error.details.path === "windowed") {
       throw new WebGpuGraphError(
@@ -1489,9 +1561,9 @@ function coreOf$3(ctx, s) {
     throw error;
   }
 }
-async function degree(ctx, s, options) {
+async function degree(ctx, s2, options) {
   ctx.assertReady();
-  const n = s.nodeCount;
+  const n = s2.nodeCount;
   const dest = checkDest$3(options?.dest, n);
   if (options?.signal?.aborted) {
     throw new WebGpuGraphError("E_ABORTED", "degree: the signal was aborted before any work started", {});
@@ -1500,8 +1572,8 @@ async function degree(ctx, s, options) {
     options?.onProgress?.(1, 1);
     return dest ?? new Uint32Array(0);
   }
-  const core = coreOf$3(ctx, s);
-  if (s.arcCount === 0) {
+  const core = coreOf$3(ctx, s2);
+  if (s2.arcCount === 0) {
     const zeros = dest ?? new Uint32Array(n);
     zeros.fill(0);
     options?.onProgress?.(1, 1);
@@ -1522,7 +1594,7 @@ async function degree(ctx, s, options) {
     await ctx.allocator.check();
     const kernel = await ctx.pipelines.kernel(kernelSpec("degree", graphOverrides(core, null)));
     const bytes = new ArrayBuffer(RANGE_PARAMS.byteLength);
-    RANGE_PARAMS.write(new DataView(bytes), { start: 0, end: n, arcBase: 0, arcEnd: s.arcCount, accumulate: 0, n });
+    RANGE_PARAMS.write(new DataView(bytes), { start: 0, end: n, arcBase: 0, arcEnd: s2.arcCount, accumulate: 0, n });
     ctx.device.queue.writeBuffer(params, 0, bytes);
     const outBinding = { buffer: out, offset: 0, size: byteLength, window: null };
     const paramsBinding = { buffer: params, offset: 0, size: RANGE_PARAMS.byteLength, window: null };
@@ -2065,9 +2137,9 @@ function checkDest$2(dest, n) {
     }
   );
 }
-function coreOf$2(ctx, s) {
+function coreOf$2(ctx, s2) {
   try {
-    return ctx.residency.core(s);
+    return ctx.residency.core(s2);
   } catch (error) {
     if (isWebGpuGraphError(error) && error.code === "E_TOO_LARGE" && error.details.path === "windowed") {
       throw new WebGpuGraphError(
@@ -2096,18 +2168,18 @@ function labelResult(labels, count) {
       const sizes = new Uint32Array(count);
       let next = 0;
       for (let v = 0; v < n; v++) {
-        let k2 = dense[labels[v]];
-        if (k2 === U32_MAX) {
-          k2 = next++;
-          dense[labels[v]] = k2;
+        let k = dense[labels[v]];
+        if (k === U32_MAX) {
+          k = next++;
+          dense[labels[v]] = k;
         }
-        sizes[k2]++;
+        sizes[k]++;
       }
       const built = Array.from(sizes, (size) => new Uint32Array(size));
       const filled = new Uint32Array(count);
       for (let v = 0; v < n; v++) {
-        const k2 = dense[labels[v]];
-        built[k2][filled[k2]++] = v;
+        const k = dense[labels[v]];
+        built[k][filled[k]++] = v;
       }
       groups = built;
       return built;
@@ -2147,9 +2219,9 @@ function checkLabels(raw) {
   }
   return count;
 }
-async function connectedComponents(ctx, s, options) {
+async function connectedComponents(ctx, s2, options) {
   ctx.assertReady();
-  const n = s.nodeCount;
+  const n = s2.nodeCount;
   const renumber = options?.renumber !== false;
   const dest = checkDest$2(options?.dest, n);
   if (options?.signal?.aborted) {
@@ -2159,8 +2231,8 @@ async function connectedComponents(ctx, s, options) {
     options?.onProgress?.(1, 1);
     return labelResult(dest ?? new Uint32Array(0), 0);
   }
-  const core = coreOf$2(ctx, s);
-  if (s.arcCount === 0) {
+  const core = coreOf$2(ctx, s2);
+  if (s2.arcCount === 0) {
     const labels = dest ?? new Uint32Array(n);
     for (let v = 0; v < n; v++) {
       labels[v] = v;
@@ -2168,7 +2240,7 @@ async function connectedComponents(ctx, s, options) {
     options?.onProgress?.(1, 1);
     return labelResult(labels, n);
   }
-  const edges = ctx.residency.view(s, "edgeList");
+  const edges = ctx.residency.view(s2, "edgeList");
   const edgeCount = edges.scalars.edgeCount[0];
   const scope = algorithmScope(ctx, ALGORITHM, RING_SLOTS$2);
   try {
@@ -2209,8 +2281,8 @@ async function connectedComponents(ctx, s, options) {
       [fillParams.offset]
     );
     const graph = graphBindings(core, null);
-    for (let r = 0; r < 2; r++) {
-      const params = wccParams({ items: n, stride: rowPlan.stride ?? n, r, giant: U32_MAX });
+    for (let r2 = 0; r2 < 2; r2++) {
+      const params = wccParams({ items: n, stride: rowPlan.stride ?? n, r: r2, giant: U32_MAX });
       const bound = linkSample.bind({ ...graph, comp: compBinding, P: params.binding });
       linkSample.dispatch(pass, bound, rowPlan, [params.offset]);
     }
@@ -2580,9 +2652,9 @@ function checkDest$1(dest, n, algorithm) {
     }
   );
 }
-function coreOf$1(ctx, s, algorithm) {
+function coreOf$1(ctx, s2, algorithm) {
   try {
-    return ctx.residency.core(s);
+    return ctx.residency.core(s2);
   } catch (error) {
     if (isWebGpuGraphError(error) && error.code === "E_TOO_LARGE" && error.details.path === "windowed") {
       throw new WebGpuGraphError(
@@ -2604,9 +2676,9 @@ function aborted$1(algorithm, batchId) {
     batchId === void 0 ? {} : { batchId }
   );
 }
-async function run(ctx, s, personalization, options, algorithm) {
+async function run(ctx, s2, personalization, options, algorithm) {
   ctx.assertReady();
-  const n = s.nodeCount;
+  const n = s2.nodeCount;
   const alpha = options?.dampingFactor ?? 0.85;
   const maxIterations = options?.maxIterations ?? 100;
   const tolerance = options?.tolerance ?? 1e-6;
@@ -2626,8 +2698,8 @@ async function run(ctx, s, personalization, options, algorithm) {
     options?.onProgress?.(maxIterations, maxIterations);
     return { scores: dest ?? new Float32Array(0), iterations: 0, converged: true, danglingMass: 0, precision: "f32" };
   }
-  const core = coreOf$1(ctx, s, algorithm);
-  if (s.arcCount === 0) {
+  const core = coreOf$1(ctx, s2, algorithm);
+  if (s2.arcCount === 0) {
     const scores = dest ?? new Float32Array(n);
     if (personalization === null) {
       scores.fill(1 / n);
@@ -2637,7 +2709,7 @@ async function run(ctx, s, personalization, options, algorithm) {
     options?.onProgress?.(maxIterations, maxIterations);
     return { scores, iterations: 0, converged: true, danglingMass: 1, precision: "f32" };
   }
-  const view = ctx.residency.view(s, "reverse");
+  const view = ctx.residency.view(s2, "reverse");
   const rev = coreOfView(view, view.scalars.arcCount[0]);
   const weights = useWeights ? void 0 : null;
   const weightedCore = useWeights ? core : { ...core, weights: null, hasWeights: false };
@@ -2686,13 +2758,13 @@ async function run(ctx, s, personalization, options, algorithm) {
     let cur = 0;
     let iterationsRun = 0;
     for (; ; ) {
-      const k2 = Math.min(PR_BATCH, maxIterations - iterationsRun);
+      const k = Math.min(PR_BATCH, maxIterations - iterationsRun);
       const batch = new CommandBatch(ctx, algorithm);
       const pass = batch.pass("iterations");
       if (iterationsRun === 0) {
         normaliser.record(pass, weightedCore, outWeightSumBinding);
       }
-      for (let i = 0; i < k2; i++) {
+      for (let i = 0; i < k; i++) {
         const params = scope.params(PR_PARAMS, {
           n,
           groups,
@@ -2731,7 +2803,7 @@ async function run(ctx, s, personalization, options, algorithm) {
       scope.flush();
       const submitted = batch.submit();
       const back = await submitted.readback;
-      iterationsRun += k2;
+      iterationsRun += k;
       ctx.assertReady();
       if (options?.signal?.aborted) {
         throw aborted$1(algorithm, submitted.id);
@@ -2760,11 +2832,11 @@ async function run(ctx, s, personalization, options, algorithm) {
     scope.dispose();
   }
 }
-function pageRank(ctx, s, options) {
-  return run(ctx, s, null, options, "pageRank");
+function pageRank(ctx, s2, options) {
+  return run(ctx, s2, null, options, "pageRank");
 }
-async function personalizedPageRank(ctx, s, personalization, options) {
-  const n = s.nodeCount;
+async function personalizedPageRank(ctx, s2, personalization, options) {
+  const n = s2.nodeCount;
   const invalid2 = (value, expected) => new WebGpuGraphError("E_INVALID_ARGUMENT", `personalizedPageRank: personalization must be ${expected}`, {
     argument: "personalization",
     value,
@@ -2788,7 +2860,7 @@ async function personalizedPageRank(ctx, s, personalization, options) {
   for (let v = 0; v < n; v++) {
     normalised2[v] = personalization[v] / total;
   }
-  return run(ctx, s, normalised2, options, "personalizedPageRank");
+  return run(ctx, s2, normalised2, options, "personalizedPageRank");
 }
 const BATCH = 8;
 const RING_SLOTS = 4 * BATCH + 8;
@@ -2809,9 +2881,9 @@ function checkDest(dest, n, algorithm) {
     }
   );
 }
-function coreOf(ctx, s, algorithm) {
+function coreOf(ctx, s2, algorithm) {
   try {
-    return ctx.residency.core(s);
+    return ctx.residency.core(s2);
   } catch (error) {
     if (isWebGpuGraphError(error) && error.code === "E_TOO_LARGE" && error.details.path === "windowed") {
       throw new WebGpuGraphError(
@@ -2823,8 +2895,8 @@ function coreOf(ctx, s, algorithm) {
     throw error;
   }
 }
-function reverseOf(ctx, s) {
-  const view = ctx.residency.view(s, "reverse");
+function reverseOf(ctx, s2) {
+  const view = ctx.residency.view(s2, "reverse");
   return coreOfView(view, view.scalars.arcCount[0]);
 }
 function aborted(algorithm, batchId) {
@@ -2871,10 +2943,10 @@ async function runPowerIteration(ctx, n, config) {
     const coefficients = { alpha: config.alpha, beta: config.beta, uniformP: config.uniformP };
     let iterationsRun = 0;
     for (; ; ) {
-      const k2 = Math.min(BATCH, config.maxIterations - iterationsRun);
+      const k = Math.min(BATCH, config.maxIterations - iterationsRun);
       const batch = new CommandBatch(ctx, config.label);
       const pass = batch.pass("iterations");
-      for (let i = 0; i < k2; i++) {
+      for (let i = 0; i < k; i++) {
         const iteration = iterationsRun + i + 1;
         const params = scope.params(PR_PARAMS, {
           n,
@@ -2896,12 +2968,12 @@ async function runPowerIteration(ctx, n, config) {
       }
       batch.endPass();
       const headerRequest = batch.readback(partialsBuffer, 0, PR_PARTIAL.byteLength);
-      const scoresRequest = batch.readback(ring[(iterationsRun + k2) % ring.length].buffer, 0, bytes);
-      const previousRequest = config.alternate === null ? null : batch.readback(ring[(iterationsRun + k2 - 1) % ring.length].buffer, 0, bytes);
+      const scoresRequest = batch.readback(ring[(iterationsRun + k) % ring.length].buffer, 0, bytes);
+      const previousRequest = config.alternate === null ? null : batch.readback(ring[(iterationsRun + k - 1) % ring.length].buffer, 0, bytes);
       scope.flush();
       const submitted = batch.submit();
       const back = await submitted.readback;
-      iterationsRun += k2;
+      iterationsRun += k;
       ctx.assertReady();
       if (config.signal?.aborted === true) {
         throw aborted(config.label, submitted.id);
@@ -2927,9 +2999,9 @@ async function runPowerIteration(ctx, n, config) {
     scope.dispose();
   }
 }
-function resolve(ctx, s, options, algorithm) {
+function resolve(ctx, s2, options, algorithm) {
   ctx.assertReady();
-  const n = s.nodeCount;
+  const n = s2.nodeCount;
   const maxIterations = options?.maxIterations ?? 100;
   const tolerance = options?.tolerance ?? 1e-6;
   if (!Number.isInteger(maxIterations) || maxIterations < 1) {
@@ -2987,58 +3059,58 @@ function latestOfKind(sameSeed, otherSeed) {
   const index = Math.max(fromSame, fromOther);
   return (index === chain.iterationsRun ? chain.scores : chain.previous) ?? chain.scores;
 }
-async function eigenvectorCentrality(ctx, s, options) {
+async function eigenvectorCentrality(ctx, s2, options) {
   const algorithm = "eigenvectorCentrality";
-  const r = resolve(ctx, s, options, algorithm);
-  if (r.n === 0) {
-    return empty(r.dest, r.maxIterations, options?.onProgress);
+  const r2 = resolve(ctx, s2, options, algorithm);
+  if (r2.n === 0) {
+    return empty(r2.dest, r2.maxIterations, options?.onProgress);
   }
-  const run2 = await runPowerIteration(ctx, r.n, {
+  const run2 = await runPowerIteration(ctx, r2.n, {
     normMode: 2,
-    adjacency: coreOf(ctx, s, algorithm),
+    adjacency: coreOf(ctx, s2, algorithm),
     alternate: null,
     alpha: 1,
     beta: 0,
     uniformP: 0,
-    maxIterations: r.maxIterations,
-    tolerance: r.tolerance,
-    weights: r.weights,
+    maxIterations: r2.maxIterations,
+    tolerance: r2.tolerance,
+    weights: r2.weights,
     label: algorithm,
     signal: options?.signal,
     onProgress: options?.onProgress
   });
-  return scoresOf(run2, r.dest, "l2");
+  return scoresOf(run2, r2.dest, "l2");
 }
-async function katzCentrality(ctx, s, options) {
+async function katzCentrality(ctx, s2, options) {
   const algorithm = "katzCentrality";
   const alpha = finite(options?.alpha, 0.1, "alpha");
   const beta = finite(options?.beta, 1, "beta");
-  const r = resolve(ctx, s, options, algorithm);
-  if (r.n === 0) {
-    return empty(r.dest, r.maxIterations, options?.onProgress);
+  const r2 = resolve(ctx, s2, options, algorithm);
+  if (r2.n === 0) {
+    return empty(r2.dest, r2.maxIterations, options?.onProgress);
   }
-  const run2 = await runPowerIteration(ctx, r.n, {
+  const run2 = await runPowerIteration(ctx, r2.n, {
     normMode: 4,
-    adjacency: reverseOf(ctx, s),
+    adjacency: reverseOf(ctx, s2),
     alternate: null,
     alpha,
     beta,
     uniformP: 1,
-    maxIterations: r.maxIterations,
-    tolerance: r.tolerance,
-    weights: r.weights,
+    maxIterations: r2.maxIterations,
+    tolerance: r2.tolerance,
+    weights: r2.weights,
     label: algorithm,
     signal: options?.signal,
     onProgress: options?.onProgress
   });
-  return scoresOf(run2, r.dest, "l2");
+  return scoresOf(run2, r2.dest, "l2");
 }
-async function hits(ctx, s, options) {
+async function hits(ctx, s2, options) {
   const algorithm = "hits";
-  const r = resolve(ctx, s, options, algorithm);
-  const total = 2 * r.maxIterations;
-  if (r.n === 0) {
-    const { scores, iterations, converged, precision } = empty(r.dest, total, options?.onProgress);
+  const r2 = resolve(ctx, s2, options, algorithm);
+  const total = 2 * r2.maxIterations;
+  if (r2.n === 0) {
+    const { scores, iterations, converged, precision } = empty(r2.dest, total, options?.onProgress);
     return { hubs: scores, authorities: new Float32Array(0), iterations, converged, precision };
   }
   const onProgress = options?.onProgress;
@@ -3047,14 +3119,14 @@ async function hits(ctx, s, options) {
     alpha: 1,
     beta: 0,
     uniformP: 0,
-    maxIterations: r.maxIterations,
-    tolerance: r.tolerance,
-    weights: r.weights,
+    maxIterations: r2.maxIterations,
+    tolerance: r2.tolerance,
+    weights: r2.weights,
     signal: options?.signal
   };
-  const forward = coreOf(ctx, s, algorithm);
-  const reverse = reverseOf(ctx, s);
-  const hubSeeded = await runPowerIteration(ctx, r.n, {
+  const forward = coreOf(ctx, s2, algorithm);
+  const reverse = reverseOf(ctx, s2);
+  const hubSeeded = await runPowerIteration(ctx, r2.n, {
     ...shared,
     adjacency: reverse,
     alternate: forward,
@@ -3063,17 +3135,17 @@ async function hits(ctx, s, options) {
       onProgress(done, total);
     }
   });
-  const authoritySeeded = await runPowerIteration(ctx, r.n, {
+  const authoritySeeded = await runPowerIteration(ctx, r2.n, {
     ...shared,
     adjacency: forward,
     alternate: reverse,
     label: `${algorithm}/authority-seeded`,
     onProgress: onProgress === void 0 ? void 0 : (done) => {
-      onProgress(r.maxIterations + done, total);
+      onProgress(r2.maxIterations + done, total);
     }
   });
   return {
-    hubs: normalised(latestOfKind(hubSeeded, authoritySeeded), r.dest, "sum"),
+    hubs: normalised(latestOfKind(hubSeeded, authoritySeeded), r2.dest, "sum"),
     authorities: normalised(latestOfKind(authoritySeeded, hubSeeded), null, "sum"),
     iterations: Math.max(hubSeeded.iterations, authoritySeeded.iterations),
     converged: hubSeeded.converged && authoritySeeded.converged,
@@ -3119,8 +3191,8 @@ function resolveCenter(center) {
   }
   return out;
 }
-function seedPositions(s, positions, seed, dim, scale, center, range) {
-  const n = s.nodeCount;
+function seedPositions(s2, positions, seed, dim, scale, center, range) {
+  const n = s2.nodeCount;
   if (dim !== 2 && dim !== 3) {
     throw new WebGpuGraphError("E_INVALID_ARGUMENT", `dim must be 2 or 3, got ${String(dim)}`, {
       argument: "dim",
@@ -3292,7 +3364,7 @@ function requireFields(block, required, what) {
       throw invalidArgument(
         what,
         field,
-        required.map((r) => r[0]),
+        required.map((r2) => r2[0]),
         `${what} block ${block.name} must declare ${field}`
       );
     }
@@ -3308,7 +3380,7 @@ function requireFields(block, required, what) {
 }
 function stableKey(record) {
   return JSON.stringify(
-    Object.keys(record).sort().map((k2) => [k2, record[k2]])
+    Object.keys(record).sort().map((k) => [k, record[k]])
   );
 }
 function withMs(stats, msPerIteration) {
@@ -3441,7 +3513,7 @@ class HeaderWriter {
     this.queued.clear();
   }
 }
-function createPending(k2, generation) {
+function createPending(k, generation) {
   let resolveFn = () => void 0;
   let rejectFn = () => void 0;
   const promise = new Promise((resolve2, reject) => {
@@ -3449,7 +3521,7 @@ function createPending(k2, generation) {
     rejectFn = reject;
   });
   return {
-    k: k2,
+    k,
     generation,
     promise,
     resolve: () => {
@@ -3778,6 +3850,15 @@ class ForceSimulation {
           `the model resolved ${inputs.mass.length} masses for ${n} nodes`
         );
       }
+      const fixedWords = Math.ceil(n / 32);
+      if (inputs.fixed !== void 0 && inputs.fixed !== null && inputs.fixed.length < fixedWords) {
+        throw invalidArgument(
+          "fixed",
+          inputs.fixed.length,
+          fixedWords,
+          `the model resolved a fixed mask of ${inputs.fixed.length} words, ${fixedWords} needed for ${n} nodes`
+        );
+      }
     }
     this.generationValue++;
     this.discardPending();
@@ -3802,6 +3883,10 @@ class ForceSimulation {
       this.fixedWords = makeMask(n);
       this.fixedDirty = false;
     }
+    if (inputs !== null && inputs.fixed !== void 0 && inputs.fixed !== null) {
+      this.fixedWords.set(inputs.fixed.subarray(0, Math.ceil(n / 32)));
+      this.fixedDirty = true;
+    }
     if (n === 0 || core === null || inputs === null) {
       this.weightsUpload = null;
       this.resources = null;
@@ -3863,14 +3948,14 @@ class ForceSimulation {
         )
       );
     }
-    const k2 = iterations ?? this.optionsValue.iterationsPerStep ?? FA2_DEFAULTS.iterationsPerStep;
-    if (!Number.isInteger(k2) || k2 < 1 || k2 > MAX_ITERATIONS_PER_STEP) {
+    const k = iterations ?? this.optionsValue.iterationsPerStep ?? FA2_DEFAULTS.iterationsPerStep;
+    if (!Number.isInteger(k) || k < 1 || k > MAX_ITERATIONS_PER_STEP) {
       return Promise.reject(
         invalidArgument(
           "iterations",
-          k2,
+          k,
           `an integer in [1, ${MAX_ITERATIONS_PER_STEP}]`,
-          `step(${k2}): iterations must be an integer in [1, ${MAX_ITERATIONS_PER_STEP}]`
+          `step(${k}): iterations must be an integer in [1, ${MAX_ITERATIONS_PER_STEP}]`
         )
       );
     }
@@ -3881,7 +3966,7 @@ class ForceSimulation {
       this.coalescedValue++;
       return this.pending[0].promise;
     }
-    const record = createPending(k2, this.generationValue);
+    const record = createPending(k, this.generationValue);
     this.pending.push(record);
     this.submitChain = this.submitChain.then(() => this.submitBatch(record));
     return record.promise;
@@ -3892,7 +3977,7 @@ class ForceSimulation {
    */
   async flush() {
     while (this.pending.length > 0) {
-      await Promise.allSettled(this.pending.map((r) => r.promise));
+      await Promise.allSettled(this.pending.map((r2) => r2.promise));
     }
   }
   /**
@@ -3931,8 +4016,8 @@ class ForceSimulation {
         if (signal?.aborted === true) {
           throw this.abortedError();
         }
-        const k2 = Math.min(batch, budget - this.iterationsDoneValue);
-        await this.step(k2);
+        const k = Math.min(batch, budget - this.iterationsDoneValue);
+        await this.step(k);
       }
       if (signal?.aborted === true) {
         throw this.abortedError();
@@ -4159,27 +4244,27 @@ class ForceSimulation {
    */
   recordAndSubmit(record) {
     const buffers = this.requireBuffers();
-    const { k: k2 } = record;
+    const { k } = record;
     const { device } = this.ctx;
     if (this.fixedDirty) {
       device.queue.writeBuffer(buffers.fixed, 0, this.fixedWords);
       this.fixedDirty = false;
     }
     this.flushStateWrites(buffers.state);
-    const first = this.ring.reserve(k2);
-    for (let i = 0; i < k2; i++) {
+    const first = this.ring.reserve(k);
+    for (let i = 0; i < k; i++) {
       const flags = i === 0 && this.firstPending ? FA2_FLAG_FIRST : 0;
       this.ring.write(first + i, this.model.params, this.paramsForSlot(this.iterationsSubmitted + i, i, flags));
     }
     this.ring.flush();
     const batch = new CommandBatch(this.ctx, `${this.label}/batch`, this.generationValue);
     const beforeEpilogue = this.lastIterationStage();
-    for (let i = 0; i < k2; i++) {
-      this.model.recordIteration(batch, first + i, this.tierValue, i === k2 - 1 ? void 0 : beforeEpilogue);
+    for (let i = 0; i < k; i++) {
+      this.model.recordIteration(batch, first + i, this.tierValue, i === k - 1 ? void 0 : beforeEpilogue);
     }
     batch.endPass();
     const scene = batch.readback(buffers.scene, 0, 12 * this.n);
-    const state = batch.readback(buffers.state, 0, STATE_HEADER_BYTES + k2 * this.traceBytes);
+    const state = batch.readback(buffers.state, 0, STATE_HEADER_BYTES + k * this.traceBytes);
     const { profiler } = this.ctx;
     const profile = profiler === null ? null : profiler.resolveInto(batch);
     const submitted = batch.submit();
@@ -4190,7 +4275,7 @@ class ForceSimulation {
     record.profile = profile;
     record.startedAt = performance.now();
     this.lastSubmittedBatchIdValue = submitted.id;
-    this.iterationsSubmitted += k2;
+    this.iterationsSubmitted += k;
     this.firstPending = false;
     return submitted;
   }
@@ -4211,11 +4296,11 @@ class ForceSimulation {
       return;
     }
     try {
-      const { k: k2 } = record;
+      const { k } = record;
       const { n } = this;
       const needed = Math.max(
         record.sceneOffset + 12 * n,
-        record.stateOffset + STATE_HEADER_BYTES + k2 * this.traceBytes
+        record.stateOffset + STATE_HEADER_BYTES + k * this.traceBytes
       );
       if (bytes.byteLength < needed) {
         record.resolve();
@@ -4223,15 +4308,15 @@ class ForceSimulation {
       }
       this.copyScene(owner, bytes, record);
       const header = new DataView(bytes, record.stateOffset, STATE_HEADER_BYTES);
-      const trace = new DataView(bytes, record.stateOffset + STATE_HEADER_BYTES, k2 * this.traceBytes);
+      const trace = new DataView(bytes, record.stateOffset + STATE_HEADER_BYTES, k * this.traceBytes);
       this.writer.absorb(header);
       const settledCount = this.model.state.readField(header, "settledCount");
       if (typeof settledCount !== "number") {
         throw invalidArgument("settledCount", settledCount, "a scalar", "settledCount must be a scalar field");
       }
       const ms = this.batchMilliseconds(record, bytes);
-      this.statsValue = withMs(this.model.readStats(header, trace), ms / k2);
-      this.iterationsDoneValue += k2;
+      this.statsValue = withMs(this.model.readStats(header, trace), ms / k);
+      this.iterationsDoneValue += k;
       this.settledCountValue = record.id <= this.reheatedAfterBatchId ? 0 : settledCount;
       this.settledValue = this.computeSettled();
       record.resolve();
@@ -4357,22 +4442,24 @@ class ForceSimulation {
    * The uniform values of one iteration slot: the model's values with the shared fields on top (PLAN DECISION 6).
    * @param global - the global iteration index (iterationsSubmitted + i)
    * @param index - the slot index within the batch (the trace slot)
-   * @param flags - FA2_FLAG_FIRST for the first iteration after load(), else 0
+   * @param flags - FA2_FLAG_FIRST for the first iteration after load(), else 0; the model's own flag bits are OR-ed in
    * @returns the values
    */
   paramsForSlot(global, index, flags) {
     const [cx, cy, cz] = this.center;
+    const model = this.model.paramsFor(global, this.optionsValue);
+    const modelFlags = typeof model.flags === "number" ? model.flags : 0;
     const shared = {
       n: this.n,
       dim: this.dimValue,
-      flags,
+      flags: flags | modelFlags,
       iterationIndex: index,
       seed: this.seedU32(),
       scale: this.scale,
       center: [cx, cy, cz, 0],
       settleThreshold: this.settleThreshold()
     };
-    return { ...this.model.paramsFor(global, this.optionsValue), ...shared };
+    return { ...model, ...shared };
   }
   /**
    * The option seed as a u32 (0 when unseeded), the near-field hash seed of P4.
@@ -4652,9 +4739,9 @@ class ForceSimulation {
       const dx = packed[4 * i] - mx;
       const dy = packed[4 * i + 1] - my;
       const dz = packed[4 * i + 2] - mz;
-      const q = dx * dx + dy * dy + dz * dz;
-      sumSq += q;
-      maxSq = Math.max(maxSq, q);
+      const q2 = dx * dx + dy * dy + dz * dz;
+      sumSq += q2;
+      maxSq = Math.max(maxSq, q2);
     }
     const { writer } = this;
     writer.set("iteration", 0);
@@ -4902,16 +4989,16 @@ function checkMass(mass, source) {
     }
   }
 }
-function degreePlusOne(s) {
-  const n = s.nodeCount;
-  const degree2 = s.outDegree();
+function degreePlusOne(s2) {
+  const n = s2.nodeCount;
+  const degree2 = s2.outDegree();
   const out = new Float32Array(n);
   for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
     out[i] = degree2[i] + 1;
   }
   return out;
 }
-function massFromColumn(s, column) {
+function massFromColumn(s2, column) {
   const { name } = column.meta;
   if (column.meta.components !== 1) {
     throw invalid$1(
@@ -4925,14 +5012,14 @@ function massFromColumn(s, column) {
   switch (column.dtype) {
     case "f32":
     case "f64": {
-      const view = s.nodes.gpuView(name);
+      const view = s2.nodes.gpuView(name);
       const out2 = view instanceof Float32Array ? view : new Float32Array(view);
       checkMass(out2, `node column "${name}"`);
       return out2;
     }
     case "u32":
     case "i32":
-      values = s.nodes.gpuView(name);
+      values = s2.nodes.gpuView(name);
       break;
     case "u8":
       values = column.data;
@@ -4945,21 +5032,21 @@ function massFromColumn(s, column) {
         `node column "${name}" is ${column.dtype}, not numeric`
       );
   }
-  const out = new Float32Array(s.nodeCount);
+  const out = new Float32Array(s2.nodeCount);
   for (let i = 0; i < out.length; i++) {
     out[i] = values[i];
   }
   checkMass(out, `node column "${name}"`);
   return out;
 }
-function resolveNodeMass(s, spec) {
-  const n = s.nodeCount;
+function resolveNodeMass(s2, spec) {
+  const n = s2.nodeCount;
   if (spec === null || spec === void 0) {
-    const column = s.nodes.byRole("mass");
+    const column = s2.nodes.byRole("mass");
     if (column === null) {
-      return degreePlusOne(s);
+      return degreePlusOne(s2);
     }
-    return massFromColumn(s, column);
+    return massFromColumn(s2, column);
   }
   if (spec instanceof Float32Array) {
     if (spec.length !== n) {
@@ -4969,7 +5056,7 @@ function resolveNodeMass(s, spec) {
     return spec;
   }
   if (typeof spec === "string") {
-    const column = s.nodes.get(spec);
+    const column = s2.nodes.get(spec);
     if (column === null) {
       throw invalid$1(
         "nodeMass",
@@ -4978,7 +5065,7 @@ function resolveNodeMass(s, spec) {
         `nodeMass names node column "${spec}", which the snapshot does not hold`
       );
     }
-    return massFromColumn(s, column);
+    return massFromColumn(s2, column);
   }
   if (ArrayBuffer.isView(spec)) {
     throw invalid$1(
@@ -4997,9 +5084,9 @@ function resolveNodeMass(s, spec) {
     }
   );
 }
-function resolveWeights(s, spec) {
+function resolveWeights(s2, spec) {
   if (spec === true) {
-    return { data: s.weights, source: "arcs", column: null };
+    return { data: s2.weights, source: "arcs", column: null };
   }
   if (spec === false || spec === null || spec === void 0) {
     return { data: null, source: "none", column: null };
@@ -5012,7 +5099,7 @@ function resolveWeights(s, spec) {
       "weight must be true, false, null or an edge column name"
     );
   }
-  const column = s.edges.get(spec);
+  const column = s2.edges.get(spec);
   if (column === null) {
     throw invalid$1(
       "weight",
@@ -5034,15 +5121,15 @@ function resolveWeights(s, spec) {
     case "f64":
     case "u32":
     case "i32": {
-      const view = s.edges.gpuView(spec);
-      const expanded = expandEdges(s, view);
+      const view = s2.edges.gpuView(spec);
+      const expanded = expandEdges(s2, view);
       const data = expanded instanceof Float32Array ? expanded : new Float32Array(expanded);
       return { data, source: "column", column };
     }
     case "string":
     case "list":
     case "json":
-      s.edges.gpuView(spec);
+      s2.edges.gpuView(spec);
       throw invalid$1("weight", spec, "a numeric edge column", `edge column "${spec}" is ${column.dtype}`);
     default:
       throw invalid$1(
@@ -5053,6 +5140,113 @@ function resolveWeights(s, spec) {
       );
   }
 }
+const FORCE_BYTES_PER_NODE = 12;
+const FILL_PARAMS_BUFFER = "fillParams";
+const U32_MODULUS = 4294967296;
+function describeValue(value) {
+  if (value === null) {
+    return "null";
+  }
+  if (typeof value === "number" || typeof value === "boolean" || typeof value === "string") {
+    return String(value);
+  }
+  if (typeof value === "undefined") {
+    return "undefined";
+  }
+  if (typeof value === "object" && "length" in value && typeof value.length === "number") {
+    return `[${value.length} values]`;
+  }
+  return typeof value;
+}
+function invalid(argument, value, expected) {
+  return new WebGpuGraphError("E_INVALID_ARGUMENT", `${argument} must be ${expected}; got ${describeValue(value)}`, {
+    argument,
+    value,
+    expected
+  });
+}
+function pickNumber(name, given, fallback, check, expected) {
+  const value = given === void 0 ? fallback : given;
+  if (typeof value !== "number" || !Number.isFinite(value) || !check(value)) {
+    throw invalid(name, value, expected);
+  }
+  return value;
+}
+function pickBoolean(name, given, fallback) {
+  const value = given === void 0 ? fallback : given;
+  if (typeof value !== "boolean") {
+    throw invalid(name, value, "a boolean");
+  }
+  return value;
+}
+function pickDim(given, fallback) {
+  const value = given === void 0 ? fallback : given;
+  if (value !== 2 && value !== 3) {
+    throw invalid("dim", value, "2 or 3");
+  }
+  return value;
+}
+function pickCenter(given, fallback) {
+  if (given === void 0) {
+    return fallback;
+  }
+  const expected = "an array of 2 or 3 finite numbers";
+  const value = given;
+  if (typeof value !== "object" || value === null || !("length" in value)) {
+    throw invalid("center", given, expected);
+  }
+  const { length } = value;
+  if (length !== 2 && length !== 3) {
+    throw invalid("center", given, expected);
+  }
+  const x = given[0];
+  const y = given[1];
+  const z = length === 3 ? given[2] : 0;
+  if (typeof x !== "number" || typeof y !== "number" || typeof z !== "number" || !Number.isFinite(x) || !Number.isFinite(y) || !Number.isFinite(z)) {
+    throw invalid("center", given, expected);
+  }
+  return [x, y, z];
+}
+function pickSeed(given, fallback) {
+  if (given === void 0) {
+    return fallback;
+  }
+  const value = given;
+  if (value !== null && (typeof value !== "number" || !Number.isFinite(value))) {
+    throw invalid("seed", given, "a finite number or null");
+  }
+  return value;
+}
+function isPositiveInteger(value) {
+  return Number.isInteger(value) && value >= 1;
+}
+function seedWord(seed) {
+  if (seed === null) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+  return Math.floor(Math.abs(seed)) % U32_MODULUS;
+}
+function scalar(values, name) {
+  const value = values[name];
+  if (typeof value !== "number") {
+    throw invalid(name, value, "a scalar field");
+  }
+  return value;
+}
+function vector(values, name) {
+  const value = values[name];
+  if (typeof value === "number") {
+    throw invalid(name, value, "a vector field");
+  }
+  return value;
+}
+function subset(merged, defaults) {
+  const out = {};
+  for (const name of Object.keys(defaults)) {
+    out[name] = name in merged ? merged[name] : defaults[name];
+  }
+  return out;
+}
 class RepulsionExact {
   /**
    * Holds the two compiled kernels; create() is the only caller.
@@ -5177,13 +5371,10 @@ class RepulsionExact {
   }
 }
 const FA2_STAGES = ["K1", "K2", "K3", "K4", "K5", "toScene"];
-const FORCE_BYTES_PER_NODE = 12;
-const FILL_PARAMS_BUFFER = "fillParams";
-const ONE_WORKGROUP = { x: 1, y: 1, z: 1, items: 1, stride: null };
-const K2_DEFAULTS = { LINLOG: false, DISTRIBUTED: false, TIER: 0, USE_PERM: false, HAS_WEIGHTS: false };
-const K5_DEFAULTS = { SWING_MODE: 0 };
-const U32_MODULUS = 4294967296;
-const DEFAULT_RESOLVED = Object.freeze({
+const ONE_WORKGROUP$2 = { x: 1, y: 1, z: 1, items: 1, stride: null };
+const K2_DEFAULTS$2 = { LINLOG: false, DISTRIBUTED: false, TIER: 0, USE_PERM: false, HAS_WEIGHTS: false };
+const K5_DEFAULTS$2 = { SWING_MODE: 0 };
+const DEFAULT_RESOLVED$2 = Object.freeze({
   ...FA2_DEFAULTS,
   nodeMass: null,
   nodeSize: null,
@@ -5191,110 +5382,6 @@ const DEFAULT_RESOLVED = Object.freeze({
   center: [0, 0, 0],
   seed: null
 });
-function describeValue(value) {
-  if (value === null) {
-    return "null";
-  }
-  if (typeof value === "number" || typeof value === "boolean" || typeof value === "string") {
-    return String(value);
-  }
-  if (typeof value === "undefined") {
-    return "undefined";
-  }
-  if (typeof value === "object" && "length" in value && typeof value.length === "number") {
-    return `[${value.length} values]`;
-  }
-  return typeof value;
-}
-function invalid(argument, value, expected) {
-  return new WebGpuGraphError("E_INVALID_ARGUMENT", `${argument} must be ${expected}; got ${describeValue(value)}`, {
-    argument,
-    value,
-    expected
-  });
-}
-function pickNumber(name, given, fallback, check, expected) {
-  const value = given === void 0 ? fallback : given;
-  if (typeof value !== "number" || !Number.isFinite(value) || !check(value)) {
-    throw invalid(name, value, expected);
-  }
-  return value;
-}
-function pickBoolean(name, given, fallback) {
-  const value = given === void 0 ? fallback : given;
-  if (typeof value !== "boolean") {
-    throw invalid(name, value, "a boolean");
-  }
-  return value;
-}
-function pickDim(given, fallback) {
-  const value = given === void 0 ? fallback : given;
-  if (value !== 2 && value !== 3) {
-    throw invalid("dim", value, "2 or 3");
-  }
-  return value;
-}
-function pickCenter(given, fallback) {
-  if (given === void 0) {
-    return fallback;
-  }
-  const expected = "an array of 2 or 3 finite numbers";
-  const value = given;
-  if (typeof value !== "object" || value === null || !("length" in value)) {
-    throw invalid("center", given, expected);
-  }
-  const { length } = value;
-  if (length !== 2 && length !== 3) {
-    throw invalid("center", given, expected);
-  }
-  const x = given[0];
-  const y = given[1];
-  const z = length === 3 ? given[2] : 0;
-  if (typeof x !== "number" || typeof y !== "number" || typeof z !== "number" || !Number.isFinite(x) || !Number.isFinite(y) || !Number.isFinite(z)) {
-    throw invalid("center", given, expected);
-  }
-  return [x, y, z];
-}
-function pickSeed(given, fallback) {
-  if (given === void 0) {
-    return fallback;
-  }
-  const value = given;
-  if (value !== null && (typeof value !== "number" || !Number.isFinite(value))) {
-    throw invalid("seed", given, "a finite number or null");
-  }
-  return value;
-}
-function isPositiveInteger(value) {
-  return Number.isInteger(value) && value >= 1;
-}
-function seedWord(seed) {
-  if (seed === null) {
-    return 0;
-  }
-  return Math.floor(Math.abs(seed)) % U32_MODULUS;
-}
-function scalar(values, name) {
-  const value = values[name];
-  if (typeof value !== "number") {
-    throw invalid(name, value, "a scalar field");
-  }
-  return value;
-}
-function vector(values, name) {
-  const value = values[name];
-  if (typeof value === "number") {
-    throw invalid(name, value, "a vector field");
-  }
-  return value;
-}
-function subset(merged, defaults) {
-  const out = {};
-  for (const name of Object.keys(defaults)) {
-    out[name] = name in merged ? merged[name] : defaults[name];
-  }
-  return out;
-}
 function repulsionOverrides(merged) {
   return {
     SWING_MODE: merged.SWING_MODE === 1 ? 1 : 0,
@@ -5304,7 +5391,7 @@ function repulsionOverrides(merged) {
 }
 function resolveForceAtlas2Options(options, previous) {
   const o = options ?? {};
-  const base = previous ?? DEFAULT_RESOLVED;
+  const base = previous ?? DEFAULT_RESOLVED$2;
   if (previous !== void 0 && o.maxInFlight !== void 0 && o.maxInFlight !== previous.maxInFlight) {
     throw new WebGpuGraphError(
       "E_INVALID_ARGUMENT",
@@ -5458,10 +5545,10 @@ class ForceAtlas2Model {
    * @param options - the simulation's current option record
    * @returns the per-load inputs
    */
-  inputs(s, options) {
+  inputs(s2, options) {
     const resolved = resolveForceAtlas2Options(options, this.current);
     const { repulsion, exactMaxNodes } = this.tuning;
-    const n = s.nodeCount;
+    const n = s2.nodeCount;
     if (repulsion === "grid" || repulsion === "auto" && n > exactMaxNodes) {
       throw new WebGpuGraphError(
         "E_UNSUPPORTED",
@@ -5472,7 +5559,7 @@ class ForceAtlas2Model {
         }
       );
     }
-    return { mass: resolveNodeMass(s, resolved.nodeMass), weights: resolveWeights(s, resolved.weight) };
+    return { mass: resolveNodeMass(s2, resolved.nodeMass), weights: resolveWeights(s2, resolved.weight) };
   }
   /**
    * { LINLOG, DISTRIBUTED, TIER: 0, SWING_MODE: compat === "networkx" ? 1 : 0, STRONG_GRAVITY, GRAVITY_CENTER:
@@ -5506,10 +5593,10 @@ class ForceAtlas2Model {
     const [repulsionSpec, speedSpec] = RepulsionExact.specs(repulsionOverrides(overrides));
     return [
       kernelSpec("fa2-stats-finalize"),
-      kernelSpec("fa2-attraction", subset(overrides, K2_DEFAULTS)),
+      kernelSpec("fa2-attraction", subset(overrides, K2_DEFAULTS$2)),
       repulsionSpec,
       speedSpec,
-      kernelSpec("fa2-integrate", subset(overrides, K5_DEFAULTS)),
+      kernelSpec("fa2-integrate", subset(overrides, K5_DEFAULTS$2)),
       kernelSpec("fa2-to-scene"),
       kernelSpec("fill")
     ];
@@ -5530,8 +5617,8 @@ class ForceAtlas2Model {
     }
     const [k1, k2, k5, toScene, fill] = await Promise.all([
       pipelines.kernel(kernelSpec("fa2-stats-finalize")),
-      pipelines.kernel(kernelSpec("fa2-attraction", subset(overrides, K2_DEFAULTS))),
-      pipelines.kernel(kernelSpec("fa2-integrate", subset(overrides, K5_DEFAULTS))),
+      pipelines.kernel(kernelSpec("fa2-attraction", subset(overrides, K2_DEFAULTS$2))),
+      pipelines.kernel(kernelSpec("fa2-integrate", subset(overrides, K5_DEFAULTS$2))),
       pipelines.kernel(kernelSpec("fa2-to-scene")),
       pipelines.kernel(kernelSpec("fill"))
     ]);
@@ -5655,7 +5742,7 @@ class ForceAtlas2Model {
         bound.fill.dispatch(pass, bound.fillOldBound, bound.fillPlan, [0]);
       }
     }
-    bound.k1.dispatch(pass, bound.k1Bound, ONE_WORKGROUP, [offset]);
+    bound.k1.dispatch(pass, bound.k1Bound, ONE_WORKGROUP$2, [offset]);
     if (stop < 1) {
       return;
     }
@@ -5805,7 +5892,7 @@ class ForceAtlas2Model {
     this.bound = null;
   }
 }
-function resolvePatch(patch, current) {
+function resolvePatch$2(patch, current) {
   return resolveForceAtlas2Options(patch, resolveForceAtlas2Options(current));
 }
 function createForceAtlas2(ctx, options) {
@@ -5813,16 +5900,981 @@ function createForceAtlas2(ctx, options) {
   const resolved = resolveForceAtlas2Options(options);
   const tuning = resolveLayoutTuning(options);
   const model = new ForceAtlas2Model(tuning, resolved);
-  return new ForceSimulation(ctx, model, resolved, tuning, resolvePatch);
-}
-function copyBetweenness(defaults) {
-  const copy = { ...defaults };
-  if (defaults.sources !== void 0) {
-    copy.sources = Object.freeze([...defaults.sources]);
+  return new ForceSimulation(ctx, model, resolved, tuning, resolvePatch$2);
+}
+const FR_STAGES = ["K1", "K2", "K3", "K5", "toScene"];
+const ONE_WORKGROUP$1 = { x: 1, y: 1, z: 1, items: 1, stride: null };
+const FR_OVERRIDES = Object.freeze({
+  LINLOG: false,
+  DISTRIBUTED: false,
+  TIER: 0,
+  SWING_MODE: 1,
+  STRONG_GRAVITY: false,
+  GRAVITY_CENTER: 0,
+  LAW: 1,
+  APPLY: 1,
+  STATS_MODE: 1
+});
+const K1_DEFAULTS$1 = { STATS_MODE: 0 };
+const K2_DEFAULTS$1 = {
+  LINLOG: false,
+  DISTRIBUTED: false,
+  TIER: 0,
+  USE_PERM: false,
+  HAS_WEIGHTS: false,
+  LAW: 0
+};
+const K3_DEFAULTS$1 = { SWING_MODE: 0, STRONG_GRAVITY: false, GRAVITY_CENTER: 0, LAW: 0 };
+const K5_DEFAULTS$1 = { SWING_MODE: 0, APPLY: 0 };
+const DEFAULT_RESOLVED$1 = Object.freeze({
+  ...FR_DEFAULTS,
+  center: [0, 0, 0],
+  seed: null
+});
+function resolveK(given, fallback) {
+  if (given === void 0) {
+    return fallback;
   }
-  return Object.freeze(copy);
+  if (given === null || given === 0 || Number.isNaN(given)) {
+    return null;
+  }
+  return pickNumber("k", given, 1, (v) => v > 0, "> 0 or null");
 }
-function copyAlgorithms(algorithms) {
+function pickCooling(given, fallback) {
+  if (given === void 0) {
+    return fallback;
+  }
+  if (given === "linear" || given === "adaptive") {
+    return given;
+  }
+  throw invalid("cooling", given, '"linear" | "adaptive"');
+}
+function resolveFruchtermanReingoldOptions(options, previous) {
+  const o = options ?? {};
+  const base = previous ?? DEFAULT_RESOLVED$1;
+  if (previous !== void 0 && o.maxInFlight !== void 0 && o.maxInFlight !== previous.maxInFlight) {
+    throw new WebGpuGraphError(
+      "E_INVALID_ARGUMENT",
+      `maxInFlight cannot change after creation (the uniform ring is sized by it): got ${describeValue(o.maxInFlight)}, current ${previous.maxInFlight}`,
+      { argument: "maxInFlight", value: o.maxInFlight, expected: previous.maxInFlight }
+    );
+  }
+  const fixed = o.fixed === void 0 ? base.fixed : o.fixed;
+  if (fixed !== null && typeof fixed !== "string" && !(fixed instanceof Uint32Array)) {
+    throw invalid("fixed", fixed, "a NodeMask (Uint32Array), the name of a bool node column, or null");
+  }
+  const cooling = pickCooling(o.cooling, base.cooling);
+  const iterationsFallback = previous === void 0 && cooling === "adaptive" && o.iterations === void 0 ? FR_ADAPTIVE_MAX_ITERATIONS : base.iterations;
+  const resolved = {
+    k: resolveK(o.k, base.k),
+    iterations: pickNumber(
+      "iterations",
+      o.iterations,
+      iterationsFallback,
+      (v) => Number.isInteger(v) && v >= 0,
+      "an integer >= 0"
+    ),
+    cooling,
+    fixed,
+    dim: pickDim(o.dim, base.dim),
+    scale: pickNumber("scale", o.scale, base.scale, (v) => v > 0, "> 0"),
+    center: pickCenter(o.center, base.center),
+    seed: pickSeed(o.seed, base.seed),
+    settleThreshold: pickNumber("settleThreshold", o.settleThreshold, base.settleThreshold, (v) => v >= 0, ">= 0"),
+    settleWindow: pickNumber(
+      "settleWindow",
+      o.settleWindow,
+      base.settleWindow,
+      isPositiveInteger,
+      "an integer >= 1"
+    ),
+    iterationsPerStep: pickNumber(
+      "iterationsPerStep",
+      o.iterationsPerStep,
+      base.iterationsPerStep,
+      (v) => isPositiveInteger(v) && v <= MAX_ITERATIONS_PER_STEP,
+      `an integer in [1, ${MAX_ITERATIONS_PER_STEP}]`
+    ),
+    maxInFlight: pickNumber("maxInFlight", o.maxInFlight, base.maxInFlight, isPositiveInteger, "an integer >= 1")
+  };
+  return Object.freeze(resolved);
+}
+function resolveFixed(s2, spec) {
+  const words = Math.ceil(s2.nodeCount / 32);
+  if (typeof spec === "string") {
+    const column = s2.nodes.get(spec);
+    if (column === null) {
+      throw invalid(
+        "fixed",
+        spec,
+        `the name of a bool node column (the snapshot holds no node column "${spec}")`
+      );
+    }
+    if (column.dtype !== "bool") {
+      throw invalid("fixed", spec, `the name of a bool node column ("${spec}" is ${column.dtype})`);
+    }
+    return new Uint32Array(column.data.subarray(0, words));
+  }
+  if (spec !== null) {
+    if (spec.length < words) {
+      throw invalid("fixed", spec.length, `a mask of at least ${words} words for ${s2.nodeCount} nodes`);
+    }
+    return new Uint32Array(spec.subarray(0, words));
+  }
+  const byRole = s2.nodes.byRole("fixed");
+  if (byRole !== null && byRole.dtype === "bool") {
+    return new Uint32Array(byRole.data.subarray(0, words));
+  }
+  return null;
+}
+class FruchtermanReingoldModel {
+  /**
+   * Creates the model for one simulation.
+   * @param tuning - the resolved GPU-only tuning (the tier rule; compat has no effect on this model)
+   * @param resolved - the resolved option record at creation
+   */
+  constructor(tuning, resolved) {
+    this.kind = "fruchtermanReingold";
+    this.stages = FR_STAGES;
+    this.params = FA2_PARAMS;
+    this.state = FA2_STATE;
+    this.trace = FA2_TRACE;
+    this.tempOrigin = 0;
+    this.pendingReheat = false;
+    this.resources = null;
+    this.bound = null;
+    this.openPass = null;
+    this.tuning = tuning;
+    this.current = resolved;
+  }
+  /**
+   * force 12n and oldForce 12n (zeroed; bound and never read, PD-2) plus the 256-byte FillParams uniform buffer the
+   * fill dispatch reads. n = 0 reports one node's worth of bytes so no zero-length buffer is ever created.
+   * @param n - the node count
+   * @param _dim - the layout dimension (the force arrays are stride 3 in both)
+   * @returns the three model-owned buffer specs
+   */
+  buffers(n, _dim) {
+    const bytes = Math.max(1, n) * FORCE_BYTES_PER_NODE;
+    const usage = BufferUsage.STORAGE | BufferUsage.COPY_SRC | BufferUsage.COPY_DST;
+    return [
+      { name: "force", byteLength: bytes, usage, zero: true },
+      { name: "oldForce", byteLength: bytes, usage, zero: true },
+      {
+        name: FILL_PARAMS_BUFFER,
+        byteLength: UNIFORM_SLOT_BYTES,
+        usage: BufferUsage.UNIFORM | BufferUsage.COPY_DST,
+        zero: false
+      }
+    ];
+  }
+  /**
+   * Mass 1 for every node and no weights (PD-11: FR has no mass and ignores weights), the fixed mask of the
+   * `fixed` option applied at load (PD-6). The tier rule is the simulation's (load() throws for the grid tier
+   * before calling this).
+   * @param s - the snapshot being loaded
+   * @param options - the simulation's current option record
+   * @returns the per-load inputs
+   */
+  inputs(s2, options) {
+    const resolved = resolveFruchtermanReingoldOptions(options, this.current);
+    return {
+      mass: new Float32Array(s2.nodeCount).fill(1),
+      weights: { data: null, source: "none", column: null },
+      fixed: resolveFixed(s2, resolved.fixed)
+    };
+  }
+  /**
+   * The constant FR override set (PD-1): no option changes a law, so setParams never recompiles.
+   * @param _options - an option record (unused: the set is constant)
+   * @returns the model's own override set
+   */
+  overrides(_options) {
+    return FR_OVERRIDES;
+  }
+  /**
+   * The six module specs of an override set in dispatch order -- K1, K2, K3, K5, toScene, fill -- each with only the
+   * override names its entry declares (K2 also USE_PERM / HAS_WEIGHTS), for warm() and the compile matrix.
+   * @param overrides - the merged override set (the model's plus USE_PERM / HAS_WEIGHTS)
+   * @param _subgroups - accepted for the ForceModel interface and unused (the composer picks the twin from caps)
+   * @returns the specs
+   */
+  specs(overrides, _subgroups) {
+    return [
+      kernelSpec("fa2-stats-finalize", subset(overrides, K1_DEFAULTS$1)),
+      kernelSpec("fa2-attraction", subset(overrides, K2_DEFAULTS$1)),
+      kernelSpec("fa2-repulsion-exact", subset(overrides, K3_DEFAULTS$1)),
+      kernelSpec("fa2-integrate", subset(overrides, K5_DEFAULTS$1)),
+      kernelSpec("fa2-to-scene"),
+      kernelSpec("fill")
+    ];
+  }
+  /**
+   * Compiles (through the cache) and binds every kernel against the buffers of this load(): K1, K2 (or the fill of
+   * force when arcCount === 0), K3, K5, toScene; writes the FillParams { count: 3n, value: 0, mode: 0 } into the
+   * model's uniform buffer. With n === 0 nothing is bound.
+   * @param resources - the graph, the shared and model buffers, the ring and the cache
+   * @param overrides - the merged override set
+   */
+  async bind(resources, overrides) {
+    this.dropBound();
+    this.resources = resources;
+    const { n, pipelines, caps, core, perm, ring, device } = resources;
+    if (n === 0) {
+      return;
+    }
+    const k1 = await pipelines.kernel(kernelSpec("fa2-stats-finalize", subset(overrides, K1_DEFAULTS$1)));
+    const k2 = await pipelines.kernel(kernelSpec("fa2-attraction", subset(overrides, K2_DEFAULTS$1)));
+    const k3 = await pipelines.kernel(kernelSpec("fa2-repulsion-exact", subset(overrides, K3_DEFAULTS$1)));
+    const k5 = await pipelines.kernel(kernelSpec("fa2-integrate", subset(overrides, K5_DEFAULTS$1)));
+    const toScene = await pipelines.kernel(kernelSpec("fa2-to-scene"));
+    const fill = await pipelines.kernel(kernelSpec("fill"));
+    if (this.resources !== resources) {
+      return;
+    }
+    const pos = resources.buffer("positions");
+    const scene = resources.buffer("scenePositions");
+    const fixed = resources.buffer("fixed");
+    const partials = resources.buffer("partials");
+    const state = resources.buffer("state");
+    const trace = resources.buffer("trace");
+    const force = resources.buffer("force");
+    const oldForce = resources.buffer("oldForce");
+    const fillParamsBuffer = resources.buffer(FILL_PARAMS_BUFFER);
+    const params = ring.binding(FA2_PARAMS);
+    const fillParams = {
+      buffer: fillParamsBuffer.buffer,
+      offset: fillParamsBuffer.offset,
+      size: FILL_PARAMS.byteLength,
+      window: null
+    };
+    const fillBytes = new ArrayBuffer(FILL_PARAMS.byteLength);
+    FILL_PARAMS.write(new DataView(fillBytes), { count: 3 * n, value: 0, mode: 0 });
+    device.queue.writeBuffer(fillParamsBuffer.buffer, fillParamsBuffer.offset, fillBytes);
+    const hasArcs = core.colIdx !== null;
+    const wg = k1.workgroupSize;
+    this.bound = {
+      n,
+      plan: plan1d(n, wg, caps),
+      fillPlan: plan1d(3 * n, wg, caps),
+      k1,
+      k1Bound: k1.bind({ partials, S: state, T: trace, P: params }),
+      k2,
+      k2Bound: hasArcs ? k2.bind({ ...graphBindings(core, perm, resources.weights), pos, force, P: params }) : null,
+      k3,
+      k3Bound: k3.bind({ pos, S: state, force, oldForce, fixedMask: fixed, partials, P: params }),
+      k5,
+      k5Bound: k5.bind({ force, oldForce, fixedMask: fixed, S: state, pos, partials, P: params }),
+      toScene,
+      toSceneBound: toScene.bind({ pos, scene, P: params }),
+      fill,
+      fillForceBound: hasArcs ? null : fill.bind({ dst: force, P: fillParams })
+    };
+  }
+  /**
+   * The Fa2Params values of one iteration: the FA2 fields at their neutral values (scalingRatio, gravity and
+   * jitterTolerance 0), `frK` = k or 1 / sqrt(n), and this iteration's temperature (PD-5 anchors here). Under
+   * `cooling: "adaptive"` the flags carry FA2_FLAG_ADAPTIVE and the kernels take the temperature from the state
+   * block instead (K1 updates it, K5 reads it); the uniform's value is then the start temperature and unused. The
+   * simulation overwrites the shared fields with the same values and OR-s in its own flags.
+   * @param iteration - the GLOBAL iteration index
+   * @param options - the simulation's current option record
+   * @returns the uniform values
+   */
+  paramsFor(iteration, options) {
+    const { n } = this.requireResources();
+    const resolved = resolveFruchtermanReingoldOptions(options, this.current);
+    const { nearMax, extentFactor } = this.tuning;
+    const adaptive = resolved.cooling === "adaptive";
+    return {
+      n,
+      dim: resolved.dim,
+      flags: adaptive ? FA2_FLAG_ADAPTIVE : 0,
+      tierStart: 0,
+      tierEnd: n,
+      iterationIndex: iteration,
+      seed: seedWord(resolved.seed),
+      nearMax,
+      scalingRatio: 0,
+      gravity: 0,
+      jitterTolerance: 0,
+      scale: resolved.scale,
+      center: [resolved.center[0], resolved.center[1], resolved.center[2], 0],
+      settleThreshold: resolved.settleThreshold,
+      extentFactor,
+      gridMax: 0,
+      levels: 0,
+      pad: [0, 0, 0, 0],
+      frK: resolved.k ?? 1 / Math.sqrt(n),
+      temperature: adaptive ? FR_START_TEMPERATURE : this.temperatureAt(iteration, resolved)
+    };
+  }
+  /**
+   * Records one iteration into the batch: K1, K2 (or the fill of force when arcCount === 0), K3, K5 in the batch's
+   * ONE compute pass (opened by the first call of a batch and reused by every later call with the same batch.id),
+   * then toScene in a second pass that ends it, stopping after stage `upTo` when given. With n === 0 nothing is
+   * recorded; a call before bind() completed is E_NOT_LOADED (never a silent no-op).
+   * @param batch - the batch being recorded
+   * @param slot - the UniformRing slot holding this iteration's Fa2Params
+   * @param tier - "exact" (the grid tier is E_UNSUPPORTED until P4)
+   * @param upTo - a stage name to stop after; undefined records every stage including toScene
+   */
+  recordIteration(batch, slot, tier, upTo) {
+    if (tier === "grid") {
+      throw new WebGpuGraphError("E_UNSUPPORTED", "the grid repulsion tier lands in P4", {
+        feature: "repulsion.grid",
+        hint: 'pass repulsion: "exact"'
+      });
+    }
+    const resources = this.requireResources();
+    const stop = upTo === void 0 ? FR_STAGES.length - 1 : this.stageIndex(upTo);
+    const { bound } = this;
+    if (bound === null) {
+      if (resources.n === 0) {
+        return;
+      }
+      throw new WebGpuGraphError(
+        "E_NOT_LOADED",
+        "the Fruchterman-Reingold model is not bound (bind() has not completed)",
+        { state: "loaded" }
+      );
+    }
+    const offset = resources.ring.offsetOf(slot);
+    const pass = this.openPass !== null && this.openPass.id === batch.id ? this.openPass.pass : batch.pass("fr");
+    this.openPass = { id: batch.id, pass };
+    bound.k1.dispatch(pass, bound.k1Bound, ONE_WORKGROUP$1, [offset]);
+    if (stop < 1) {
+      return;
+    }
+    if (bound.k2Bound !== null) {
+      bound.k2.dispatch(pass, bound.k2Bound, bound.plan, [offset]);
+    } else if (bound.fillForceBound !== null) {
+      bound.fill.dispatch(pass, bound.fillForceBound, bound.fillPlan, [0]);
+    }
+    if (stop < 2) {
+      return;
+    }
+    bound.k3.dispatch(pass, bound.k3Bound, bound.plan, [offset]);
+    if (stop < 3) {
+      return;
+    }
+    bound.k5.dispatch(pass, bound.k5Bound, bound.plan, [offset]);
+    if (stop < 4) {
+      return;
+    }
+    this.openPass = null;
+    const scenePass = batch.pass("fa2-to-scene");
+    bound.toScene.dispatch(scenePass, bound.toSceneBound, bound.plan, [offset]);
+  }
+  /**
+   * temperature = 0.1 (what stats reads before the first batch lands), kineticEnergy = 0; the temperature index
+   * restarts at 0 (PD-5).
+   * @param state - the state writer of the simulation
+   */
+  onLoad(state) {
+    this.resetAdaptive(state);
+    state.set("kineticEnergy", 0);
+    this.tempOrigin = 0;
+    this.pendingReheat = false;
+  }
+  /**
+   * temperature = 0.1, the adaptive controller's energy = +infinity (the first fold always counts as a fall) and
+   * its progress counter = 0: the state K1 reads under `cooling: "adaptive"`, and what stats reads before the first
+   * batch lands under either schedule.
+   * @param state - the state writer of the simulation
+   */
+  resetAdaptive(state) {
+    state.set("temperature", FR_START_TEMPERATURE);
+    state.set("frEnergy", Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY);
+    state.set("frProgress", 0);
+  }
+  /**
+   * Arms the re-anchoring of the temperature index at floor(0.7 * iterations), placed by the next paramsFor (PD-5);
+   * under `cooling: "adaptive"` restarts the controller at the start temperature instead.
+   * @param state - the state writer of the simulation
+   */
+  onReheat(state) {
+    this.pendingReheat = true;
+    if (this.current.cooling === "adaptive") {
+      this.resetAdaptive(state);
+    }
+  }
+  /**
+   * Replaces the record (a new k or budget takes effect at the next paramsFor: a new dt, a new frK; no recompile).
+   * The PD-16 `fixed` check already ran in the simulation's resolve callback.
+   * @param patch - the setParams patch
+   * @param _state - the state writer of the simulation (nothing to write)
+   */
+  onSetParams(patch, _state) {
+    this.current = resolveFruchtermanReingoldOptions(patch, this.current);
+  }
+  /**
+   * Decodes the state header and the k trace records of a completed batch into FruchtermanReingoldStats: the exact
+   * tier with null grid fields, msPerIteration null (the simulation owns the clock), the temperature K1 wrote.
+   * @param state - a DataView over the 256-byte state header
+   * @param trace - a DataView over the k Fa2Trace records of the batch
+   * @returns the stats
+   */
+  readStats(state, trace) {
+    const header = FA2_STATE.read(state);
+    const centroid = vector(header, "centroid");
+    const records = [];
+    const count = Math.floor(trace.byteLength / TRACE_RECORD_BYTES);
+    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+      const record = FA2_TRACE.read(trace, i * TRACE_RECORD_BYTES);
+      records.push({
+        temperature: scalar(record, "modelScalar"),
+        meanDisplacement: scalar(record, "meanDisplacement"),
+        settledCount: scalar(record, "settledCount")
+      });
+    }
+    return {
+      iteration: scalar(header, "iteration"),
+      meanDisplacement: scalar(header, "meanDisplacement"),
+      rmsRadius: scalar(header, "rmsRadius"),
+      layoutRadius: scalar(header, "radius"),
+      centroid: [centroid[0], centroid[1], centroid[2]],
+      repulsionTier: "exact",
+      maxCellOccupancy: null,
+      outsideGrid: null,
+      msPerIteration: null,
+      temperature: scalar(header, "temperature"),
+      trace: records
+    };
+  }
+  /**
+   * The temperature of a global iteration (PD-5): a pending reheat re-anchors tempOrigin so this iteration's
+   * temperature index is floor(0.7 * iterations); then max(0, 0.1 - dt * index), dt = 0.1 / (iterations + 1).
+   * @param global - the global iteration index
+   * @param resolved - the current record
+   * @returns the temperature (f64; the uniform slot rounds it to f32)
+   */
+  temperatureAt(global, resolved) {
+    if (this.pendingReheat) {
+      this.tempOrigin = global - Math.floor(FR_REHEAT_FRACTION * resolved.iterations);
+      this.pendingReheat = false;
+    }
+    const dt = FR_START_TEMPERATURE / (resolved.iterations + 1);
+    return Math.max(0, FR_START_TEMPERATURE - dt * (global - this.tempOrigin));
+  }
+  /**
+   * The resources of the last bind(), or E_NOT_LOADED before it.
+   * @returns the resources
+   */
+  requireResources() {
+    if (this.resources === null) {
+      throw new WebGpuGraphError(
+        "E_NOT_LOADED",
+        "the Fruchterman-Reingold model has not been bound (load() first)",
+        { state: "created" }
+      );
+    }
+    return this.resources;
+  }
+  /**
+   * The index of a stage name in FR_STAGES, or E_INVALID_ARGUMENT.
+   * @param upTo - the stage name
+   * @returns its index
+   */
+  stageIndex(upTo) {
+    for (let i = 0; i < FR_STAGES.length; i++) {
+      if (FR_STAGES[i] === upTo) {
+        return i;
+      }
+    }
+    throw invalid("upTo", upTo, FR_STAGES.join(" | "));
+  }
+  /** Drops the bind groups of the previous bind() (the buffers changed) and forgets the pass of a batch recorded before the rebind. */
+  dropBound() {
+    this.openPass = null;
+    const { bound } = this;
+    if (bound === null) {
+      return;
+    }
+    for (const kernel of [bound.k1, bound.k2, bound.k3, bound.k5, bound.toScene, bound.fill]) {
+      kernel.invalidate();
+    }
+    this.bound = null;
+  }
+}
+function resolvePatch$1(patch, current) {
+  if ("fixed" in patch) {
+    throw new WebGpuGraphError("E_INVALID_ARGUMENT", "setParams({ fixed }) is not a live option (spec 7.12)", {
+      argument: "fixed",
+      value: patch.fixed,
+      expected: "absent",
+      hint: "use setFixed(mask); fixed is applied at load()"
+    });
+  }
+  return resolveFruchtermanReingoldOptions(patch, resolveFruchtermanReingoldOptions(current));
+}
+function createFruchtermanReingold(ctx, options) {
+  ctx.assertReady();
+  const resolved = resolveFruchtermanReingoldOptions(options);
+  const tuning = resolveLayoutTuning(options);
+  const model = new FruchtermanReingoldModel(tuning, resolved);
+  return new ForceSimulation(
+    ctx,
+    model,
+    resolved,
+    tuning,
+    resolvePatch$1
+  );
+}
+const SE_STAGES = ["K1", "K2", "K3", "K5", "toScene"];
+const ONE_WORKGROUP = { x: 1, y: 1, z: 1, items: 1, stride: null };
+const SE_OVERRIDES = Object.freeze({
+  LINLOG: false,
+  DISTRIBUTED: false,
+  TIER: 0,
+  SWING_MODE: 1,
+  STRONG_GRAVITY: false,
+  GRAVITY_CENTER: 0,
+  LAW: 2,
+  APPLY: 2,
+  STATS_MODE: 2
+});
+const K1_DEFAULTS = { STATS_MODE: 0 };
+const K2_DEFAULTS = {
+  LINLOG: false,
+  DISTRIBUTED: false,
+  TIER: 0,
+  USE_PERM: false,
+  HAS_WEIGHTS: false,
+  LAW: 0
+};
+const K3_DEFAULTS = { SWING_MODE: 0, STRONG_GRAVITY: false, GRAVITY_CENTER: 0, LAW: 0 };
+const K5_DEFAULTS = { SWING_MODE: 0, APPLY: 0 };
+const VELOCITY_BUFFER = "velocity";
+const DEFAULT_RESOLVED = Object.freeze({
+  ...SE_DEFAULTS,
+  gravity: null,
+  springCoefficient: null,
+  center: [0, 0, 0],
+  seed: null
+});
+function springSizeFactor(n) {
+  return Math.min(1, SE_SCALE_REFERENCE_NODES / Math.max(1, n));
+}
+function pickNullable(name, given, fallback, ok, range) {
+  if (given === void 0) {
+    return fallback;
+  }
+  if (given === null) {
+    return null;
+  }
+  return pickNumber(name, given, 1, ok, `${range} or null`);
+}
+function resolveSpringElectricalOptions(options, previous) {
+  const o = options ?? {};
+  const base = previous ?? DEFAULT_RESOLVED;
+  if (previous !== void 0 && o.maxInFlight !== void 0 && o.maxInFlight !== previous.maxInFlight) {
+    throw new WebGpuGraphError(
+      "E_INVALID_ARGUMENT",
+      `maxInFlight cannot change after creation (the uniform ring is sized by it): got ${describeValue(o.maxInFlight)}, current ${previous.maxInFlight}`,
+      { argument: "maxInFlight", value: o.maxInFlight, expected: previous.maxInFlight }
+    );
+  }
+  const resolved = {
+    springLength: pickNumber("springLength", o.springLength, base.springLength, (v) => v > 0, "> 0"),
+    springCoefficient: pickNullable(
+      "springCoefficient",
+      o.springCoefficient,
+      base.springCoefficient,
+      (v) => v > 0,
+      "> 0"
+    ),
+    gravity: pickNullable("gravity", o.gravity, base.gravity, () => true, "a finite number (negative repels)"),
+    dragCoefficient: pickNumber("dragCoefficient", o.dragCoefficient, base.dragCoefficient, (v) => v >= 0, ">= 0"),
+    timeStep: pickNumber("timeStep", o.timeStep, base.timeStep, (v) => v > 0, "> 0"),
+    dim: pickDim(o.dim, base.dim),
+    scale: pickNumber("scale", o.scale, base.scale, (v) => v > 0, "> 0"),
+    center: pickCenter(o.center, base.center),
+    seed: pickSeed(o.seed, base.seed),
+    settleThreshold: pickNumber("settleThreshold", o.settleThreshold, base.settleThreshold, (v) => v >= 0, ">= 0"),
+    settleWindow: pickNumber(
+      "settleWindow",
+      o.settleWindow,
+      base.settleWindow,
+      isPositiveInteger,
+      "an integer >= 1"
+    ),
+    iterationsPerStep: pickNumber(
+      "iterationsPerStep",
+      o.iterationsPerStep,
+      base.iterationsPerStep,
+      (v) => isPositiveInteger(v) && v <= MAX_ITERATIONS_PER_STEP,
+      `an integer in [1, ${MAX_ITERATIONS_PER_STEP}]`
+    ),
+    maxInFlight: pickNumber("maxInFlight", o.maxInFlight, base.maxInFlight, isPositiveInteger, "an integer >= 1")
+  };
+  return Object.freeze(resolved);
+}
+function massOf(s2) {
+  const degree2 = s2.outDegree();
+  const out = new Float32Array(s2.nodeCount);
+  for (let i = 0; i < s2.nodeCount; i++) {
+    out[i] = 1 + degree2[i] / 3;
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+class SpringElectricalModel {
+  /**
+   * Creates the model for one simulation.
+   * @param tuning - the resolved GPU-only tuning
+   * @param resolved - the resolved option record at creation
+   */
+  constructor(tuning, resolved) {
+    this.kind = "springElectrical";
+    this.stages = SE_STAGES;
+    this.params = FA2_PARAMS;
+    this.state = FA2_STATE;
+    this.trace = FA2_TRACE;
+    this.resources = null;
+    this.bound = null;
+    this.openPass = null;
+    this.tuning = tuning;
+    this.current = resolved;
+  }
+  /**
+   * force 12n (zeroed), velocity 12n (zeroed: every load() starts at rest, `allocate()` / `clearKept()` honour
+   * `zero`) and the 256-byte FillParams uniform buffer. n = 0 reports one node's worth of bytes so no zero-length
+   * buffer is ever created.
+   * @param n - the node count
+   * @param _dim - the layout dimension (the arrays are stride 3 in both)
+   * @returns the three model-owned buffer specs
+   */
+  buffers(n, _dim) {
+    const bytes = Math.max(1, n) * FORCE_BYTES_PER_NODE;
+    const usage = BufferUsage.STORAGE | BufferUsage.COPY_SRC | BufferUsage.COPY_DST;
+    return [
+      { name: "force", byteLength: bytes, usage, zero: true },
+      { name: VELOCITY_BUFFER, byteLength: bytes, usage, zero: true },
+      {
+        name: FILL_PARAMS_BUFFER,
+        byteLength: UNIFORM_SLOT_BYTES,
+        usage: BufferUsage.UNIFORM | BufferUsage.COPY_DST,
+        zero: false
+      }
+    ];
+  }
+  /**
+   * { mass: 1 + degree / 3, weights: none } (PD-11): the preset has no mass or weight option, and K2 compiles
+   * HAS_WEIGHTS = false. No `fixed` (setFixed is the live API). The tier rule is the simulation's (load() throws
+   * E_UNSUPPORTED for the grid tier before calling this).
+   * @param s - the snapshot being loaded
+   * @param _options - the simulation's current option record (unused: nothing in it affects the inputs)
+   * @returns the per-load inputs
+   */
+  inputs(s2, _options) {
+    return { mass: massOf(s2), weights: { data: null, source: "none", column: null } };
+  }
+  /**
+   * The constant SE_OVERRIDES (PD-1): no option changes a law, so setParams never recompiles.
+   * @param _options - an option record (unused)
+   * @returns the model's own override set
+   */
+  overrides(_options) {
+    return SE_OVERRIDES;
+  }
+  /**
+   * The six module specs of an override set in dispatch order -- K1, K2, K3, K5, toScene, fill -- each with only the
+   * override names its entry declares (K2 also USE_PERM / HAS_WEIGHTS), for warm() and the compile matrix.
+   * @param overrides - the merged override set (the model's plus USE_PERM / HAS_WEIGHTS)
+   * @param _subgroups - accepted for the ForceModel interface and unused (the composer picks the twin from caps)
+   * @returns the specs
+   */
+  specs(overrides, _subgroups) {
+    return [
+      kernelSpec("fa2-stats-finalize", subset(overrides, K1_DEFAULTS)),
+      kernelSpec("fa2-attraction", subset(overrides, K2_DEFAULTS)),
+      kernelSpec("fa2-repulsion-exact", subset(overrides, K3_DEFAULTS)),
+      kernelSpec("fa2-integrate", subset(overrides, K5_DEFAULTS)),
+      kernelSpec("fa2-to-scene"),
+      kernelSpec("fill")
+    ];
+  }
+  /**
+   * Compiles (through the cache) and binds every kernel against the buffers of this load(): K1, K2 (or the fill of
+   * force when arcCount === 0), K3 and K5 with the velocity in their `oldForce` slot (PD-2), toScene; writes the
+   * FillParams { count: 3n, value: 0, mode: 0 } into the model's uniform buffer. With n === 0 nothing is bound.
+   * @param resources - the graph, the shared and model buffers, the ring and the cache
+   * @param overrides - the merged override set
+   */
+  async bind(resources, overrides) {
+    this.dropBound();
+    this.resources = resources;
+    const { n, pipelines, caps, core, perm, ring, device } = resources;
+    if (n === 0) {
+      return;
+    }
+    const [k1, k2, k3, k5, toScene, fill] = await Promise.all([
+      pipelines.kernel(kernelSpec("fa2-stats-finalize", subset(overrides, K1_DEFAULTS))),
+      pipelines.kernel(kernelSpec("fa2-attraction", subset(overrides, K2_DEFAULTS))),
+      pipelines.kernel(kernelSpec("fa2-repulsion-exact", subset(overrides, K3_DEFAULTS))),
+      pipelines.kernel(kernelSpec("fa2-integrate", subset(overrides, K5_DEFAULTS))),
+      pipelines.kernel(kernelSpec("fa2-to-scene")),
+      pipelines.kernel(kernelSpec("fill"))
+    ]);
+    if (this.resources !== resources) {
+      return;
+    }
+    const pos = resources.buffer("positions");
+    const scene = resources.buffer("scenePositions");
+    const fixed = resources.buffer("fixed");
+    const partials = resources.buffer("partials");
+    const state = resources.buffer("state");
+    const trace = resources.buffer("trace");
+    const force = resources.buffer("force");
+    const velocity = resources.buffer(VELOCITY_BUFFER);
+    const fillParamsBuffer = resources.buffer(FILL_PARAMS_BUFFER);
+    const params = ring.binding(FA2_PARAMS);
+    const fillParams = {
+      buffer: fillParamsBuffer.buffer,
+      offset: fillParamsBuffer.offset,
+      size: FILL_PARAMS.byteLength,
+      window: null
+    };
+    const fillBytes = new ArrayBuffer(FILL_PARAMS.byteLength);
+    FILL_PARAMS.write(new DataView(fillBytes), { count: 3 * n, value: 0, mode: 0 });
+    device.queue.writeBuffer(fillParamsBuffer.buffer, fillParamsBuffer.offset, fillBytes);
+    const hasArcs = core.colIdx !== null;
+    const wg = k1.workgroupSize;
+    this.bound = {
+      n,
+      plan: plan1d(n, wg, caps),
+      fillPlan: plan1d(3 * n, wg, caps),
+      k1,
+      k1Bound: k1.bind({ partials, S: state, T: trace, P: params }),
+      k2,
+      k2Bound: hasArcs ? k2.bind({ ...graphBindings(core, perm, resources.weights), pos, force, P: params }) : null,
+      k3,
+      k3Bound: k3.bind({ pos, S: state, force, oldForce: velocity, fixedMask: fixed, partials, P: params }),
+      k5,
+      k5Bound: k5.bind({ force, oldForce: velocity, fixedMask: fixed, S: state, pos, partials, P: params }),
+      toScene,
+      toSceneBound: toScene.bind({ pos, scene, P: params }),
+      fill,
+      fillForceBound: hasArcs ? null : fill.bind({ dst: force, P: fillParams })
+    };
+  }
+  /**
+   * The Fa2Params values of one iteration: the shared fields, the FA2 fields at 0 (no centre gravity, PD-12; no
+   * FR temperature) and ngraph's five constants with `gravity` in `coulomb`.
+   * @param iteration - the global iteration index
+   * @param options - the simulation's current option record
+   * @returns the uniform values
+   */
+  paramsFor(iteration, options) {
+    const { n } = this.requireResources();
+    const resolved = resolveSpringElectricalOptions(options, this.current);
+    const { nearMax, extentFactor } = this.tuning;
+    return {
+      n,
+      dim: resolved.dim,
+      flags: 0,
+      tierStart: 0,
+      tierEnd: n,
+      iterationIndex: iteration,
+      seed: seedWord(resolved.seed),
+      nearMax,
+      scalingRatio: 0,
+      gravity: 0,
+      jitterTolerance: 0,
+      scale: resolved.scale,
+      center: [resolved.center[0], resolved.center[1], resolved.center[2], 0],
+      settleThreshold: resolved.settleThreshold,
+      extentFactor,
+      gridMax: 0,
+      levels: 0,
+      pad: [0, 0, 0, 0],
+      frK: 0,
+      temperature: 0,
+      springLength: resolved.springLength,
+      springCoefficient: resolved.springCoefficient ?? SE_DEFAULTS.springCoefficient * springSizeFactor(n),
+      coulomb: resolved.gravity ?? SE_DEFAULTS.gravity * springSizeFactor(n),
+      dragCoefficient: resolved.dragCoefficient,
+      timeStep: resolved.timeStep
+    };
+  }
+  /**
+   * Records one iteration into the batch: K1, K2 (or the fill of force when arcCount === 0), K3, K5 in the batch's
+   * ONE K1-K5 compute pass, then toScene in a second pass that ends it, stopping after stage `upTo` when given.
+   * With n === 0 nothing is recorded; a call before bind() completed is E_NOT_LOADED.
+   * @param batch - the batch being recorded
+   * @param slot - the UniformRing slot holding this iteration's Fa2Params
+   * @param tier - "exact" (the grid tier is E_UNSUPPORTED; the simulation never passes "grid")
+   * @param upTo - a stage name to stop after; undefined records every stage including toScene
+   */
+  recordIteration(batch, slot, tier, upTo) {
+    if (tier === "grid") {
+      throw new WebGpuGraphError("E_UNSUPPORTED", "the grid repulsion tier lands in P4", {
+        feature: "repulsion.grid",
+        hint: 'pass repulsion: "exact"'
+      });
+    }
+    const resources = this.requireResources();
+    const stop = upTo === void 0 ? SE_STAGES.length - 1 : this.stageIndex(upTo);
+    const { bound } = this;
+    if (bound === null) {
+      if (resources.n === 0) {
+        return;
+      }
+      throw new WebGpuGraphError(
+        "E_NOT_LOADED",
+        "the spring-electrical model is not bound (bind() has not completed)",
+        { state: "loaded" }
+      );
+    }
+    const offset = resources.ring.offsetOf(slot);
+    const pass = this.openPass !== null && this.openPass.id === batch.id ? this.openPass.pass : batch.pass("se");
+    this.openPass = { id: batch.id, pass };
+    bound.k1.dispatch(pass, bound.k1Bound, ONE_WORKGROUP, [offset]);
+    if (stop < 1) {
+      return;
+    }
+    if (bound.k2Bound !== null) {
+      bound.k2.dispatch(pass, bound.k2Bound, bound.plan, [offset]);
+    } else if (bound.fillForceBound !== null) {
+      bound.fill.dispatch(pass, bound.fillForceBound, bound.fillPlan, [0]);
+    }
+    if (stop < 2) {
+      return;
+    }
+    bound.k3.dispatch(pass, bound.k3Bound, bound.plan, [offset]);
+    if (stop < 3) {
+      return;
+    }
+    bound.k5.dispatch(pass, bound.k5Bound, bound.plan, [offset]);
+    if (stop < 4) {
+      return;
+    }
+    this.openPass = null;
+    const scenePass = batch.pass("se-to-scene");
+    bound.toScene.dispatch(scenePass, bound.toSceneBound, bound.plan, [offset]);
+  }
+  /**
+   * kineticEnergy = 0 and temperature = 0 in the header (the velocities start at 0 through the buffer's `zero`).
+   * @param state - the state writer of the simulation
+   */
+  onLoad(state) {
+    state.set("kineticEnergy", 0);
+    state.set("temperature", 0);
+  }
+  /**
+   * Nothing: the velocities carry on (ngraph has no reheat; a drag lands in the next batch through the override
+   * list, spec 7.12).
+   * @param _state - the state writer of the simulation (unused)
+   */
+  onReheat(_state) {
+  }
+  /**
+   * Replaces the record with the patch applied (every option is a numeric tweak; nothing recompiles, no reset).
+   * @param patch - the setParams patch
+   * @param _state - the state writer of the simulation (unused)
+   */
+  onSetParams(patch, _state) {
+    this.current = resolveSpringElectricalOptions(patch, this.current);
+  }
+  /**
+   * Decodes the state header and the k trace records of a completed batch into SpringElectricalStats: the exact
+   * tier with null grid fields; msPerIteration null (the simulation owns the clock); `kineticEnergy` is the last
+   * folded value (one iteration behind the last integrate, PD-4).
+   * @param state - a DataView over the 256-byte state header
+   * @param trace - a DataView over the k Fa2Trace records of the batch
+   * @returns the stats
+   */
+  readStats(state, trace) {
+    const header = FA2_STATE.read(state);
+    const centroid = vector(header, "centroid");
+    const records = [];
+    const count = Math.floor(trace.byteLength / TRACE_RECORD_BYTES);
+    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+      const record = FA2_TRACE.read(trace, i * TRACE_RECORD_BYTES);
+      records.push({
+        kineticEnergy: scalar(record, "modelScalar"),
+        meanDisplacement: scalar(record, "meanDisplacement"),
+        settledCount: scalar(record, "settledCount")
+      });
+    }
+    return {
+      iteration: scalar(header, "iteration"),
+      meanDisplacement: scalar(header, "meanDisplacement"),
+      rmsRadius: scalar(header, "rmsRadius"),
+      layoutRadius: scalar(header, "radius"),
+      centroid: [centroid[0], centroid[1], centroid[2]],
+      repulsionTier: "exact",
+      maxCellOccupancy: null,
+      outsideGrid: null,
+      msPerIteration: null,
+      kineticEnergy: scalar(header, "kineticEnergy"),
+      trace: records
+    };
+  }
+  /**
+   * The resources of the last bind(), or E_NOT_LOADED before it.
+   * @returns the resources
+   */
+  requireResources() {
+    if (this.resources === null) {
+      throw new WebGpuGraphError(
+        "E_NOT_LOADED",
+        "the spring-electrical model has not been bound (load() first)",
+        { state: "created" }
+      );
+    }
+    return this.resources;
+  }
+  /**
+   * The index of a stage name in SE_STAGES, or E_INVALID_ARGUMENT.
+   * @param upTo - the stage name
+   * @returns its index
+   */
+  stageIndex(upTo) {
+    for (let i = 0; i < SE_STAGES.length; i++) {
+      if (SE_STAGES[i] === upTo) {
+        return i;
+      }
+    }
+    throw invalid("upTo", upTo, SE_STAGES.join(" | "));
+  }
+  /** Drops the bind groups of the previous bind() (the buffers changed) and forgets the pass of a batch recorded before the rebind. */
+  dropBound() {
+    this.openPass = null;
+    const { bound } = this;
+    if (bound === null) {
+      return;
+    }
+    for (const kernel of [bound.k1, bound.k2, bound.k3, bound.k5, bound.toScene, bound.fill]) {
+      kernel.invalidate();
+    }
+    this.bound = null;
+  }
+}
+function resolvePatch(patch, current) {
+  return resolveSpringElectricalOptions(patch, resolveSpringElectricalOptions(current));
+}
+function createSpringElectrical(ctx, options) {
+  ctx.assertReady();
+  const resolved = resolveSpringElectricalOptions(options);
+  const tuning = resolveLayoutTuning(options);
+  const model = new SpringElectricalModel(tuning, resolved);
+  return new ForceSimulation(
+    ctx,
+    model,
+    resolved,
+    tuning,
+    resolvePatch
+  );
+}
+function copyBetweenness(defaults) {
+  const copy = { ...defaults };
+  if (defaults.sources !== void 0) {
+    copy.sources = Object.freeze([...defaults.sources]);
+  }
+  return Object.freeze(copy);
+}
+function copyAlgorithms(algorithms) {
   const copy = { ...algorithms };
   if (algorithms.betweenness !== void 0) {
     copy.betweenness = copyBetweenness(algorithms.betweenness);
@@ -5858,6 +6910,24 @@ function createAccelerator(ctx, options) {
       ctx.assertReady();
       return createForceAtlas2(ctx, { ...o, ...frozen.layout });
     },
+    /**
+     * The Fruchterman-Reingold simulation with this accelerator's layout tuning (spec 3.3, 7.20; P5).
+     * @param o - the CPU option type (spec 9.3 FruchtermanReingoldOptions); GPU tuning keys come from `options.layout`
+     * @returns a fresh simulation in state "created"
+     */
+    fruchtermanReingold(o) {
+      ctx.assertReady();
+      return createFruchtermanReingold(ctx, { ...o, ...frozen.layout });
+    },
+    /**
+     * The spring-electrical preset with this accelerator's layout tuning (spec 3.3, 7.20; P5).
+     * @param o - the CPU option type (spec 9.3 SpringElectricalOptions, ngraph's names)
+     * @returns a fresh simulation in state "created"
+     */
+    springElectrical(o) {
+      ctx.assertReady();
+      return createSpringElectrical(ctx, { ...o, ...frozen.layout });
+    },
     /**
      * PageRank on the device (spec 8.2; contract 3.14).
      * @param gs - the snapshot
@@ -5935,8 +7005,8 @@ function createAccelerator(ctx, options) {
      * Destroys every device buffer recorded for the snapshot (spec 4.5); delegates to ctx.release.
      * @param s - the snapshot the app is done with
      */
-    release(s) {
-      ctx.release(s);
+    release(s2) {
+      ctx.release(s2);
     },
     /**
      * Disposes the context (spec 2.8); delegates to ctx.dispose, idempotent.
@@ -5950,22 +7020,26 @@ export {
   A as ARC_WINDOW_ALIGN,
   E as EXACT_MAX_NODES,
   FA2_DEFAULTS,
+  FR_DEFAULTS,
   G as GpuContext,
   LAYOUT_TUNING_DEFAULTS,
   MAX_1D_ITEMS,
   MAX_WORKGROUPS_PER_DIM,
-  g as PASSTHROUGH_FORMAT_CODES,
-  j as STORAGE_ALIGN,
-  k as WORKGROUP_SIZE,
+  p as PASSTHROUGH_FORMAT_CODES,
+  SE_DEFAULTS,
+  q as STORAGE_ALIGN,
+  r as WORKGROUP_SIZE,
   WebGpuGraphError,
   connectedComponents,
   createAccelerator,
   createForceAtlas2,
+  createFruchtermanReingold,
+  createSpringElectrical,
   degree,
   eigenvectorCentrality,
   hasErrorCode,
   hits,
-  l as isSoftwareAdapter,
+  s as isSoftwareAdapter,
   isWebGpuGraphError,
   katzCentrality,
   pageRank,