@google-cloud/kcmd 0.0.0-stage → 0.2.0

package/build/ts/kcmd/semantic/validate.js

@@ -0,0 +1,2266 @@
+"use strict";
+// Push-time validation gate for a semantic model.
+//
+// Runs once over the shared, already-parsed models (see loadSemanticModels)
+// before any destination leg, so a real `kcmd push` AND a `--validate-only` dry
+// run enforce the same requirements. Returns one message per violation (an
+// empty array means valid); push prints them and aborts, and `kcmd import`
+// reports them. Kept separate from the loader -- which validates a document
+// against the schema -- because these are deployment requirements, not schema
+// rules, and they read the GOOGLE deployment-target extension the BigQuery leg
+// owns.
+Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", { value: true });
+exports.validatePushRequirements = validatePushRequirements;
+exports.validateDeployments = validateDeployments;
+exports.validateInlineDialects = validateInlineDialects;
+exports.validateInheritedColumns = validateInheritedColumns;
+exports.inlineBindingWarnings = inlineBindingWarnings;
+exports.validateActions = validateActions;
+exports.validateInheritance = validateInheritance;
+exports.validateExpressionReferences = validateExpressionReferences;
+exports.deploymentTableErrors = deploymentTableErrors;
+exports.spannerMetricsErrors = spannerMetricsErrors;
+exports.kcV2Aspects = kcV2Aspects;
+exports.withProfileFiles = withProfileFiles;
+exports.localChecks = localChecks;
+exports.pruningLines = pruningLines;
+exports.validateBigQueryDataSources = validateBigQueryDataSources;
+exports.validateSpannerActionStatements = validateSpannerActionStatements;
+exports.validateBigQueryActionStatements = validateBigQueryActionStatements;
+const context_1 = require("../gcp/context");
+const bigquery_1 = require("./bigquery");
+const deploy_bigquery_1 = require("./deploy_bigquery");
+const deploy_spanner_1 = require("./deploy_spanner");
+const deployment_target_1 = require("./deployment_target");
+const ir_1 = require("./ir");
+const kc_ids_1 = require("./kc_ids");
+const loader_1 = require("./loader");
+const names_1 = require("./names");
+const parameters_1 = require("./parameters");
+const resolve_inheritance_1 = require("./resolve_inheritance");
+const resolve_profiles_1 = require("./resolve_profiles");
+const sql_expr_utils_1 = require("./sql_expr_utils");
+const sql_identifiers_1 = require("./sql_identifiers");
+// Checks every model against the push requirements and returns the collected
+// error messages (empty when all models pass), each tagged with the model's
+// source document so the author can find it.
+//
+// `fieldsPruned` says the caller has already dropped every field the selected
+// binding profile leaves unbound, so `entity.fields` is a subset of what the
+// author declared. Checks that read a field list have to stand down for such a
+// model (see validateConstraints).
+//
+// `warnings` collects non-fatal messages (such as an expression the SQL parser
+// could not read, whose field references were therefore not checked) for the
+// caller to print.
+//
+// `v2Aspects` says push writes the second-generation Knowledge Catalog types
+// (the CLI sets it unless KC_V2_ASPECTS=0).
+function validatePushRequirements(models, opts = {}) {
+    const errors = [];
+    for (const { document, model } of models) {
+        errors.push(...nameAndDescriptionErrors(model, document, !!opts.v2Aspects));
+        let deployInfo;
+        try {
+            // One pass over the model's GOOGLE extension(s): both checks below read
+            // the same parse rather than re-parsing the JSON per reader.
+            deployInfo = (0, deploy_bigquery_1.googleDeploymentTargets)(model);
+        }
+        catch (err) {
+            // Malformed GOOGLE extension JSON: surface it as a validation error here
+            // rather than letting it throw out of a later leg as an uncaught stack.
+            errors.push(`${err.message || err} (${document})`);
+            continue;
+        }
+        // A model that targets a graph (BigQuery OR Spanner) must have every
+        // relationship's join columns bound. The loader accepts a column-less
+        // relationship so a purely logical model (an OWL import) loads and pushes
+        // to Knowledge Catalog, but a graph deploy would emit an invalid
+        // `DESTINATION KEY () REFERENCES Dest ()` for such an edge -- so reject it
+        // here rather than generate broken DDL. A model with no graph target
+        // skips it.
+        if (deployInfo.bigQuery.length + deployInfo.spanner.length > 0) {
+            for (const rel of model.relationships ?? []) {
+                // An M:N edge binds through its junction table (association), so its
+                // direct source/destination columns are empty by design -- the graph
+                // generators render it from `rel.association`. Only a plain FK edge
+                // needs direct join columns.
+                if (rel.association)
+                    continue;
+                if (!rel.source.columns.length && !rel.destination.columns.length) {
+                    errors.push(`relationship '${rel.name}' in model '${model.name}' (${document}) targets a graph but has no join columns; add its ` +
+                        `from_columns and to_columns to the relationship in the model ` +
+                        `before a BigQuery or Spanner Graph deploy.`);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        errors.push(...validateInheritance([{ document, model }]));
+        errors.push(...validateColumnsAndRelationships(model, document));
+        errors.push(...relationshipKeyErrors(model, document));
+        const flaggedMetrics = new Set();
+        errors.push(...validateExpressionReferences([{ document, model }], !!opts.fieldsPruned, opts.warnings, flaggedMetrics));
+        if (deployInfo.bigQuery.length > 0) {
+            errors.push(...measurePlacementErrors(model, document, flaggedMetrics));
+        }
+        // An action reaches Knowledge Catalog only, so its checks are
+        // target-independent: each parameter's type must resolve to something in
+        // the ontology, the executor must carry the coordinates a runtime needs to
+        // dispatch it, and each guard must name a constraint the model declares.
+        // (The "exactly one executor kind" rule is already guaranteed by the loader
+        // schema, so it cannot reach here.)
+        errors.push(...validateActions(model, document, !!opts.fieldsPruned, true));
+        // Constraints are logical invariants, target-independent like actions.
+        errors.push(...validateConstraints(model, document, !!opts.fieldsPruned));
+    }
+    return errors;
+}
+// Each name in `model` that breaks its kind's pattern or length limit, each
+// pair of relationships whose names give one Knowledge Catalog link ID, and
+// each description too long for the Knowledge Catalog entry that stores it.
+// The link-ID check applies with `v2Aspects` off only.
+// The loader checks names too; this check is for a model built in memory and
+// a profile that reaches `model.profiles` some other way. Link IDs and
+// description limits are checked at push only, since only push writes them.
+function nameAndDescriptionErrors(model, document, v2Aspects) {
+    const at = `model '${model.name}' (${document})`;
+    const errors = [];
+    const check = (kind, name) => {
+        const problem = (0, names_1.nameProblem)(kind, name);
+        if (problem)
+            errors.push(`${at}: ${problem}`);
+    };
+    const tooLong = (what, description) => {
+        if (description !== undefined &&
+            description.length > names_1.MAX_ENTRY_DESCRIPTION) {
+            errors.push(`${at}: the description of ${what} is ${description.length} characters long; a Knowledge Catalog ` +
+                `entry's description holds at most ${names_1.MAX_ENTRY_DESCRIPTION}.`);
+        }
+    };
+    check('model', model.name);
+    tooLong(`model '${model.name}'`, model.description);
+    for (const e of model.entities ?? []) {
+        check('entity', e.name);
+        tooLong(`entity '${e.name}'`, e.description);
+        for (const f of e.fields ?? [])
+            check('field', f.name);
+    }
+    for (const m of model.metrics ?? []) {
+        check('metric', m.name);
+        tooLong(`metric '${m.name}'`, m.description);
+    }
+    // The relationship that first took each link ID.
+    const byLinkId = new Map();
+    for (const r of model.relationships ?? []) {
+        check('relationship', r.name);
+        tooLong(`relationship '${r.name}'`, r.description);
+        if (v2Aspects)
+            continue;
+        const linkId = (0, kc_ids_1.relationshipLinkId)(model.name, r.name);
+        const first = byLinkId.get(linkId);
+        if (first === undefined) {
+            byLinkId.set(linkId, r.name);
+        }
+        else {
+            errors.push(`Relationships '${first}' and '${r.name}' in model '${model.name}' (${document}) collide on Knowledge Catalog link ` +
+                `ID '${linkId}'; rename one of them.`);
+        }
+    }
+    for (const d of model.deployments ?? [])
+        check('deployment', d.name);
+    for (const p of model.profiles ?? [])
+        check('profile', p.name);
+    const reserved = (0, resolve_profiles_1.reservedProfileNameError)(document, model.profiles ?? []);
+    if (reserved)
+        errors.push(reserved);
+    return errors;
+}
+// Checks each deployment of `model` against the rules of its engine, under the
+// profile it names in `model.profiles` or the model file's own bindings, and
+// returns one message per problem, naming every deployment it applies to.
+function validateDeployments(model, document, load = {}) {
+    // The deployments each problem applies to, keyed by the text that follows
+    // their names in the message.
+    const problems = new Map();
+    const add = (deployment, problem) => problems.set(problem, [...(problems.get(problem) ?? []), deployment]);
+    const unbound = unboundInline(model);
+    const unboundFields = unboundGraphFields(model);
+    // The metrics the reference rules report, which the BigQuery rule leaves to
+    // them.
+    let referenced;
+    for (const d of model.deployments ?? []) {
+        // A profile file that does not load is not in `model.profiles`, and is
+        // left out; push reports the file.
+        const named = model.profiles?.find(p => p.name === d.profile);
+        if ((d.profile ?? resolve_profiles_1.DEFAULT_PROFILE) !== resolve_profiles_1.DEFAULT_PROFILE && !named)
+            continue;
+        const resolved = (0, deployment_target_1.resolveModelDeployments)(model, [d.name]);
+        const engine = 'error' in resolved ? undefined : resolved.deployments[0].engine;
+        const alloyDb = engine === 'alloydb';
+        // The model the deployment's bindings give, less what they leave
+        // unavailable. The completeness check reports a named profile that does
+        // not apply, and the fields its metrics read.
+        const bound = named ? profiled(model, named, load) : (0, resolve_profiles_1.pruneUnavailable)(model, resolve_profiles_1.DEFAULT_PROFILE, alloyDb ? 'ALLOYDB' : (0, resolve_profiles_1.sourcesDialect)(model));
+        if (!bound)
+            continue;
+        const available = bound.model.metrics ?? [];
+        if (engine === 'bigquery' || engine === 'spanner') {
+            for (const p of graphNameProblems(bound.model, engine))
+                add(d.name, p);
+        }
+        if (named) {
+            if (engine === 'spanner' && available.length) {
+                add(d.name, `targets Spanner, which has no measures, and profile '${named.name}' leaves metric(s) ${(0, loader_1.listed)(available.map(m => `'${m.name}'`))} available; name ` +
+                    `them in its 'metrics_exclude', or set it to "*".`);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            if (unbound) {
+                add(d.name, `uses the model file's own bindings, which leave ${unbound}; a deployment needs every entity and relationship ` +
+                    `bound.`);
+            }
+            if (unboundFields && (engine === 'bigquery' || engine === 'spanner')) {
+                add(d.name, `uses the model file's own bindings, ${unboundFields}`);
+            }
+        }
+        // A Spanner deployment deploys no metric.
+        if (engine === 'spanner')
+            continue;
+        for (const { name, field } of named ? [] : bound.report.droppedMetrics) {
+            if (field === undefined)
+                continue;
+            add(d.name, `uses the model file's own bindings, under which metric '${name}' reads field '${field}', which ${bound.report.unboundFields.includes(field) ?
+                'has no expression' :
+                'reads a field with no expression, directly or through ' +
+                    'other fields'}; a deployment needs every field its ` +
+                `metrics read bound.`);
+        }
+        if (engine !== 'bigquery')
+            continue;
+        if (!referenced) {
+            referenced = new Set();
+            validateExpressionReferences([{ document, model }], false, [], referenced);
+        }
+        for (const m of available) {
+            const problem = !referenced.has(m.name) && measureProblem(bound.model, m);
+            if (problem) {
+                add(d.name, `targets BigQuery, where metric '${m.name}' cannot be a measure: ${problem}.`);
+            }
+        }
+        for (const p of bigQueryOptionProblems(bound.model))
+            add(d.name, p);
+    }
+    // The verb that starts each problem agrees with the number of deployments.
+    return [...problems].map(([problem, names]) => {
+        const many = names.length > 1;
+        return `model '${model.name}' (${document}) deployment${many ? 's' : ''} ${(0, loader_1.listed)(names.map(n => `'${n}'`))} ${many ? problem.replace(/^(use|target)s /, '$1 ') : problem}`;
+    });
+}
+// `model` with `profile` applied and what it leaves unavailable pruned, or
+// undefined when the profile does not apply.
+function profiled(model, profile, load) {
+    try {
+        return (0, resolve_profiles_1.pruneUnavailable)((0, resolve_profiles_1.applyProfile)(model, profile, { load }), profile.name);
+    }
+    catch (err) {
+        if (!(err instanceof loader_1.SemanticModelError))
+            throw err;
+        return undefined;
+    }
+}
+// Why `metric` cannot be a BigQuery measure, or undefined when it can. Leaves
+// out a metric that measurePlacementErrors or the inheritance rules report:
+// one that reads several entities or none, or one on an abstract or extended
+// entity.
+function measureProblem(model, metric) {
+    const text = (0, ir_1.expressionForDialect)(metric, 'BIGQUERY');
+    if (text === undefined)
+        return undefined;
+    const columns = (0, sql_expr_utils_1.columnsForSource)(text, 'BIGQUERY');
+    if (!columns)
+        return undefined;
+    const entities = model.entities ?? [];
+    const placed = (0, sql_expr_utils_1.measureEntities)(text, entities.map(e => e.name), metric.entity);
+    if (placed.length !== 1)
+        return undefined;
+    const entity = entities.find(e => e.name === placed[0]);
+    if (!entity || entity.abstract ||
+        entities.some(e => e.extends?.includes(entity.name))) {
+        return undefined;
+    }
+    if (!(0, sql_expr_utils_1.isSingleAggregate)(text, 'BIGQUERY')) {
+        return 'it is not SUM, AVG, COUNT, MIN or MAX over one operand';
+    }
+    if (!(0, resolve_profiles_1.statesKey)(entity.keys, entity.uniqueKeys)) {
+        return `it belongs to entity '${entity.name}', which has no primary key ` +
+            `or unique key, so the graph has no node table for it`;
+    }
+    return undefined;
+}
+// The BigQuery graph's rules for placing each metric of `model` as a measure,
+// one message per metric that breaks them, skipping each one in
+// `alreadyFlagged`, which validateExpressionReferences has reported. The
+// generator (`bigquery.ts`) places a measure on the one entity whose
+// qualifier its BigQuery SQL writes before a column, or on its anchor when the
+// SQL writes none (see measureEntities), and skips a metric that has no
+// BigQuery or ANSI_SQL text. validateExpressionReferences reads every dialect
+// entry together and lets an authored anchor settle SQL that reads two
+// entities, so it does not catch each metric the generator would skip.
+function measurePlacementErrors(model, document, alreadyFlagged) {
+    const errors = [];
+    const entityNames = (model.entities ?? []).map(e => e.name);
+    for (const metric of model.metrics ?? []) {
+        if (alreadyFlagged.has(metric.name))
+            continue;
+        const prefix = `metric '${metric.name}' in model '${model.name}' (${document})`;
+        // The text BigQuery runs: its `BIGQUERY` entry, else its `ANSI_SQL` one,
+        // else `expression` for a metric held without a dialect list.
+        const bqText = (0, ir_1.expressionForDialect)(metric, 'BIGQUERY');
+        if (bqText === undefined && metric.importedExpression !== undefined) {
+            errors.push(`${prefix} targets a BigQuery graph with only a '${metric.importedDialect ?? 'vendor'}' expression; supply a ` +
+                `'BIGQUERY' or 'ANSI_SQL' expression${(0, resolve_profiles_1.importTranspiles)(metric, 'BIGQUERY', model) ?
+                    `, or add one with '${(0, resolve_profiles_1.importCommand)('--transpile', model.version)}'` :
+                    ''}.`);
+            continue;
+        }
+        const placed = (0, sql_expr_utils_1.measureEntities)(bqText ?? '', entityNames, metric.entity);
+        if (placed.length > 1) {
+            errors.push(`${prefix} targets a BigQuery graph and its BigQuery SQL reads ` +
+                `several entities (${placed.join(', ')}); a BigQuery measure ` +
+                `belongs to one entity's node table, so scope its expression to ` +
+                `one entity.`);
+        }
+        else if (placed.length === 0) {
+            const anchor = model.version === loader_1.OSSIE_VERSION ?
+                `'entity' in a GOOGLE custom_extensions block on the metric` :
+                `top-level 'entity'`;
+            errors.push(`${prefix} targets a BigQuery graph but does not resolve to a ` +
+                `single entity; the BigQuery generator places a measure on the ` +
+                `entity its BigQuery SQL reads, or on ${anchor}.`);
+        }
+    }
+    return errors;
+}
+// Checks that the model file's Spanner tables are all in one database, so they
+// share one dialect, and that each bound field has a text for the dialect of
+// its entity's source. Returns one message per problem.
+function validateInlineDialects(model, document) {
+    const errors = [];
+    const databases = new Map();
+    for (const e of model.entities ?? []) {
+        const db = (0, loader_1.databaseOf)(e.authoredSource ?? '');
+        if (db?.startsWith('spanner/') && !databases.has(db)) {
+            databases.set(db, e.name);
+        }
+    }
+    if (databases.size > 1) {
+        const named = [...databases.values()].map(n => `'${n}'`).join(', ');
+        errors.push(`model '${model.name}' (${document}) binds entities in more than one ` +
+            `Spanner database (${named}); bind the model file's entities to ` +
+            `tables in one Spanner database.`);
+    }
+    for (const { entity: e, field: f, table: { name: dialect } } of (0, resolve_profiles_1.fieldsOnTables)(model)) {
+        if (!(0, resolve_profiles_1.noTextFor)(f, [dialect]))
+            continue;
+        errors.push(`field '${e.name}.${f.name}' in model '${model.name}' (${document}) has no expression for ${dialect} or ANSI_SQL, and ` +
+            `the model file binds entity '${e.name}' to ${/^[AEIOU]/.test(dialect) ? 'an' : 'a'} ${dialect} source${(0, resolve_profiles_1.importHint)(f, dialect, model)}.`);
+    }
+    return errors;
+}
+// One message for each field a concrete entity with a source inherits without
+// restating it, when the inherited expression reads a column. Empty when the
+// hierarchy does not resolve, which push reports elsewhere.
+function validateInheritedColumns(model, document) {
+    if ((0, resolve_profiles_1.inheritanceErrorOf)(model))
+        return [];
+    const entities = model.entities ?? [];
+    const dialect = (0, resolve_profiles_1.sourcesDialect)(model);
+    const errors = [];
+    for (const e of entities.filter(e => !e.abstract && e.dataSource)) {
+        for (const f of (0, resolve_profiles_1.inheritedNamesOf)(model, e.name)) {
+            const read = !e.fields.some(x => x.name === f) &&
+                (0, resolve_profiles_1.columnBinding)(model, e.name, f, dialect);
+            if (!read)
+                continue;
+            errors.push(`entity '${e.name}' in model '${model.name}' (${document}): field '${f}' is inherited from '${read.owner}', whose expression reads ` +
+                `column '${read.column}' of that entity's table; restate it with ` +
+                `an expression for this entity's table.`);
+        }
+    }
+    return errors;
+}
+// The warning for a model file whose own bindings are incomplete and that no
+// deployment uses. With `namedProfiles`, it says 'default' is unbound, and
+// otherwise that the model cannot be queried at all.
+function inlineBindingWarnings(model, document, namedProfiles) {
+    const unbound = unboundInline(model);
+    const used = (model.deployments ?? []).some(d => (d.profile ?? resolve_profiles_1.DEFAULT_PROFILE) === resolve_profiles_1.DEFAULT_PROFILE);
+    if (!unbound || used)
+        return [];
+    const where = `model '${model.name}' (${document})`;
+    return [
+        namedProfiles ?
+            `${where} has an unbound 'default' profile: the model file leaves ${unbound}. It cannot be queried through 'default'.` :
+            `${where} is non-executable: the model file leaves ${unbound}, and the model declares no named profile. It cannot be ` +
+                `queried until it is bound.`,
+    ];
+}
+// What the model file's own bindings leave unbound, such as "entity 'a'
+// without a source", or '' when nothing is.
+function unboundInline(model) {
+    const sourceless = (model.entities ?? [])
+        .filter(e => !e.abstract && !e.dataSource)
+        .map(e => e.name);
+    const unjoined = (model.relationships ?? [])
+        .filter(r => !r.association &&
+        !(r.source.columns.length && r.destination.columns.length))
+        .map(r => r.name);
+    const part = (names, one, many, without) => names.length ? `${names.length === 1 ? one : many} ${(0, loader_1.listed)(names.map(n => `'${n}'`))} without ${without}` :
+        '';
+    return [
+        part(sourceless, 'entity', 'entities', 'a source'),
+        part(unjoined, 'relationship', 'relationships', 'join columns'),
+    ].filter(p => p).join(' and ');
+}
+// The fields the model file's own bindings leave without an expression on
+// each concrete leaf entity, counting the fields it inherits, as the end of a
+// deployment's error, or undefined when there are none.
+function unboundGraphFields(model) {
+    const extended = new Set((model.entities ?? []).flatMap(e => e.extends ?? []));
+    const fields = (0, resolve_profiles_1.resolvedEntities)(model)
+        .filter(e => !e.abstract && !extended.has(e.name))
+        .flatMap(e => (e.fields ?? [])
+        .filter(f => !(0, ir_1.isFieldBound)(f))
+        .map(f => `'${e.name}.${f.name}'`));
+    if (!fields.length)
+        return undefined;
+    const many = fields.length > 1;
+    return `which leave ${many ? 'fields' : 'field'} ${(0, loader_1.listed)(fields)} without an expression; a graph deployment ` +
+        `needs every field of a concrete leaf entity bound. Give ${many ? 'each field' : 'the field'} an expression, or use a ` +
+        `named profile that lists ${many ? 'them' : 'it'} in 'fields_exclude'.`;
+}
+// The error for a metric whose name matches, ignoring case, a declared or
+// inherited field of `owner`, or undefined.
+function metricFieldCollisionError(metric, owner, fieldsByEntity, model, document) {
+    const fields = owner === undefined ? undefined : fieldsByEntity.get(owner);
+    if (!fields)
+        return undefined;
+    const lower = metric.name.toLowerCase();
+    const match = [...fields].find(f => f.toLowerCase() === lower);
+    if (match === undefined)
+        return undefined;
+    return `Metric '${metric.name}' in model '${model.name}' (${document}) collides with field '${match}' on entity '${owner}'; metrics and fields on the same entity share a ` +
+        `namespace.`;
+}
+// The names a graph on `engine` cannot hold in `model`, compared ignoring
+// case, each as the end of a sentence about a deployment. A metric named like
+// a field of its own entity is left to metricFieldCollisionError.
+function graphNameProblems(model, engine) {
+    const at = `targets ${engine === 'bigquery' ? 'BigQuery' : 'Spanner'}, where`;
+    const same = (a, b) => a.toLowerCase() === b.toLowerCase();
+    const problems = [];
+    for (const r of model.relationships ?? []) {
+        const e = model.entities?.find(e => same(e.name, r.name));
+        if (!e)
+            continue;
+        problems.push(`${at} entity '${e.name}' and relationship '${r.name}' cannot both ` +
+            `name a table: node and edge tables share one set of names, ` +
+            `compared ignoring case; rename one.`);
+    }
+    if (engine === 'spanner')
+        return problems;
+    const tables = (0, resolve_profiles_1.resolvedEntities)(model).filter(e => (0, resolve_profiles_1.statesKey)(e.keys, e.uniqueKeys));
+    for (const m of model.metrics ?? []) {
+        const owner = m.authoredEntity ?? m.entity;
+        for (const e of tables.filter(e => e.name !== owner)) {
+            const f = e.fields.find(f => same(f.name, m.name));
+            if (!f)
+                continue;
+            problems.push(`${at} metric '${m.name}' cannot share its name with field '${e.name}.${f.name}': a measure's name must differ from every ` +
+                `property name in the graph, compared ignoring case; rename one.`);
+        }
+    }
+    return problems;
+}
+// What a BigQuery graph rejects in the OPTIONS kcmd writes for `model`, each
+// as the end of a sentence about a deployment. It reads only the labels and
+// properties the generator writes OPTIONS for.
+function bigQueryOptionProblems(model) {
+    const problems = [];
+    const check = (kind, name, description, synonyms = [], entity) => {
+        const what = `${kind} '${entity ? `${entity}.` : ''}${name}'`;
+        if (description && description.length > names_1.MAX_BIGQUERY_DESCRIPTION) {
+            problems.push(`the description kcmd writes for ${what} is ${description.length} characters long; a label or ` +
+                `property's description holds at most ${names_1.MAX_BIGQUERY_DESCRIPTION}.`);
+        }
+        if (synonyms.length > names_1.MAX_BIGQUERY_SYNONYM_COUNT) {
+            problems.push(`${what} has ${synonyms.length} synonyms; a label or property ` +
+                `holds at most ${names_1.MAX_BIGQUERY_SYNONYM_COUNT}.`);
+        }
+        const firstByLower = new Map();
+        for (const s of synonyms) {
+            const lower = s.toLowerCase();
+            if (!s)
+                problems.push(`${what} has an empty synonym; remove it.`);
+            if (s.length > names_1.MAX_BIGQUERY_SYNONYM_LENGTH) {
+                problems.push(`a synonym of ${what} is ${s.length} characters long; a ` +
+                    `synonym holds at most ${names_1.MAX_BIGQUERY_SYNONYM_LENGTH}.`);
+            }
+            if (lower === name.toLowerCase()) {
+                problems.push(`${what} has the synonym '${s}', which BigQuery treats as ` +
+                    `the ${kind}'s own name; remove it.`);
+            }
+            const first = firstByLower.get(lower);
+            if (first === undefined) {
+                firstByLower.set(lower, s);
+            }
+            else {
+                problems.push(`${what} has the synonyms '${first}' and '${s}', which ` +
+                    `BigQuery treats as one; remove one.`);
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    const element = (kind, x) => check(kind, x.name, (0, bigquery_1.elementDescription)(x.description, x.aiContext), x.aiContext?.synonyms);
+    const tables = (0, resolve_profiles_1.resolvedEntities)(model).filter(e => (0, resolve_profiles_1.statesKey)(e.keys, e.uniqueKeys));
+    const extended = new Set(tables.flatMap(e => e.extends ?? []));
+    for (const e of tables) {
+        if (!extended.has(e.name))
+            element('entity', e);
+        for (const f of e.fields) {
+            if ((0, ir_1.expressionForDialect)(f, 'BIGQUERY') === undefined)
+                continue;
+            check('field', f.name, (0, bigquery_1.fieldDescription)(f), f.aiContext?.synonyms, e.name);
+        }
+    }
+    for (const r of model.relationships ?? [])
+        element('relationship', r);
+    for (const m of model.metrics ?? [])
+        element('metric', m);
+    return problems.map(p => `targets BigQuery, where ${p}`);
+}
+// Static, target-independent checks for a model's actions. Returns one message
+// per violation. What can be statically wrong once the model has parsed:
+//   - a parameter projects from a concept the model does not declare, or a
+//     field that concept does not have (the loader kept it and only warned) --
+//     each reported as itself, because "fix the concept" and "fix the field"
+//     are two different repairs;
+//   - a parameter resolved to no scalar type at all, or to something that is
+//     not one -- the commonest case being an entity name written as the
+//     parameter's `type`, which is the old object-reference spelling;
+//   - an executor is missing a coordinate a runtime needs to dispatch it (an
+//     empty server/tool, endpoint/method, or service/method) -- the schema
+//     accepts empty strings, so this is caught here rather than at parse;
+//   - a guard names a constraint the model does not declare;
+//   - an `affects` entry names a concept the model does not declare, names
+//     fields on a 'delete' (which takes the whole instance), or names a field
+//     the concept does not have.
+//
+// Every `affects` check is a hard error for the reason the guard check is: an
+// entry that names nothing real leaves a reader believing the blast radius is
+// described when it is not, and a consumer routing on it would route on a
+// concept that does not exist.
+function validateActions(model, document, fieldsPruned, checkDescriptions) {
+    const errors = [];
+    const actions = model.actions ?? [];
+    if (!actions.length)
+        return errors;
+    const constraintNames = new Set((model.constraints ?? []).map(c => c.name));
+    // Built when an `affects` entry or a projected parameter will actually read
+    // it, and through `ifResolvable` because declaredConcepts resolves
+    // inheritance.
+    //
+    // `fieldsPruned` stands the whole lookup down, which is what a profile push
+    // needs: pruning removes unbound and unavailable fields, so the field a
+    // parameter projects from may be gone from the model in hand even though the
+    // author's document names one that exists. A parameter needs only
+    // the logical definition and the loader already copied it down, so nothing
+    // about the push depends on resolving the reference a second time here.
+    // A `type` naming something that is not a scalar counts too, and it is the
+    // case that most needs the lookup: the message worth printing is "that is an
+    // entity, project the field you meant", and only the concept table can tell
+    // an entity from a typo. Leaving it out meant the one model making exactly
+    // this mistake -- the migration from an entity-reference parameter, with no
+    // `affects` and nothing yet projected -- got the generic "not a scalar
+    // datatype" instead of the instruction.
+    const needsConcepts = actions.some(a => a.affects?.length ||
+        a.parameters.some(p => p.concept ||
+            (p.type &&
+                !ir_1.DATA_TYPES.includes(p.type))));
+    const concepts = !fieldsPruned && needsConcepts ?
+        ifResolvable(() => declaredConcepts(model)) :
+        undefined;
+    for (const action of actions) {
+        const where = `action '${action.name}' in model '${model.name}' (${document})`;
+        // Two parameters are confusable when a caller cannot tell from their types
+        // which is which, so this keys on the datatype the caller actually sees in
+        // the tool schema. Projecting the SAME field is the stronger case of that
+        // -- two Account.accountId parameters are not merely both integers, they
+        // denote the same kind of thing -- but it needs no key of its own: a
+        // projected parameter takes the field's type, so a same-field pair is
+        // already a same-type pair. The projection only picks the wording below.
+        const byIdentity = new Map();
+        for (const param of action.parameters) {
+            errors.push(...parameterTypeErrors(param, where, concepts));
+            if (param.required === true && param.default !== undefined) {
+                errors.push(`${where} has parameter '${param.name}' with both ` +
+                    `'required: true' and a 'default'; a parameter with a default is ` +
+                    `optional.`);
+            }
+            // Every parameter is a scalar now, so every default is checkable --
+            // including one on a parameter whose definition came from a field.
+            if (param.default !== undefined && param.default !== null &&
+                param.type !== undefined) {
+                const bound = (0, parameters_1.bindScalar)(param, param.default);
+                if ('error' in bound) {
+                    errors.push(`${where} has parameter '${param.name}' whose default '${param.default}' is invalid: ${bound.error}`);
+                }
+            }
+            const identity = param.type ?? '';
+            if (identity === '')
+                continue;
+            const list = byIdentity.get(identity) ?? [];
+            list.push(param);
+            byIdentity.set(identity, list);
+        }
+        if (checkDescriptions) {
+            for (const [identity, params] of byIdentity) {
+                if (params.length <= 1)
+                    continue;
+                // A description has to be the parameter's OWN to separate it from its
+                // twin. Two parameters projected from one field come out of the loader
+                // carrying that field's wording verbatim, so both are described and
+                // neither is distinguished -- an identical description is worth no
+                // more here than a missing one.
+                const shares = new Map();
+                for (const p of params) {
+                    const said = p.description?.trim() ?? '';
+                    shares.set(said, (shares.get(said) ?? 0) + 1);
+                }
+                const indistinct = params.filter(p => shares.get(p.description?.trim() ?? '') > 1 ||
+                    !p.description?.trim());
+                if (indistinct.length > 0) {
+                    const names = indistinct.map(p => `'${p.name}'`);
+                    // Name the projection only when every one of them came from the one
+                    // field AND that field is what more than one parameter came from.
+                    // A mixed bucket has nothing in common but the datatype. So does a
+                    // bucket holding a single projection beside a described parameter of
+                    // the same type: the projection is indistinct, but blaming
+                    // "multiple parameters projected from Account.accountId" names a
+                    // duplication that is not there, and sends the author looking for a
+                    // second projection to delete.
+                    const pairOf = (p) => p.concept !== undefined ? `${p.concept}.${p.field}` : '';
+                    const projections = new Set(indistinct.map(pairOf));
+                    const only = projections.size === 1 ? [...projections][0] : '';
+                    const from = only !== '' && params.filter(p => pairOf(p) === only).length > 1 ?
+                        only :
+                        '';
+                    const shared = from !== '' ?
+                        `multiple parameters projected from '${from}'` :
+                        `multiple parameters of type '${identity}'`;
+                    const one = names.length === 1;
+                    errors.push(`${where} has ${shared}, so ${one ? `parameter ${names[0]}` :
+                        `parameters ${names.slice(0, -1).join(', ')} and ${names[names.length - 1]}`} must ${one ? 'have' : 'each have'} a 'description' of ${one ? 'its' :
+                        'their'} own to distinguish ${one ? 'it' : 'them'}.`);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // No executor is not an error: it is an action no binding performs here,
+        // which the availability pass reports rather than the validator.
+        const executor = action.executor;
+        if (executor !== undefined) {
+            for (const missing of missingExecutorFields(executor)) {
+                errors.push(`${where} has an ${executor.kind} executor whose '${missing}' is missing or blank.`);
+            }
+        }
+        // An unresolved guard leaves the author believing the write is checked when
+        // nothing checks it, so it fails the push rather than warning. Constraint
+        // names are model-scoped and the loader rejects duplicates, so a name
+        // either resolves here or names nothing at all.
+        for (const guard of action.guards ?? []) {
+            if (!constraintNames.has(guard)) {
+                errors.push(`${where} is guarded by '${guard}', but model '${model.name}' declares no constraint of that name.`);
+            }
+        }
+        errors.push(...affectedConceptErrors(action, where, concepts));
+        errors.push(...sqlExecutorErrors(action, where));
+    }
+    return errors;
+}
+// The errors in a SQL executor's statements. Nothing here for the other three
+// executor kinds: they name a system that performs the write, so the model has
+// no text to check.
+//
+// A SQL executor contains the write, which is what makes its blast radius
+// checkable and its guards enforceable. The same property makes it the one
+// executor kind that could smuggle an unreviewed write into a governed model, so
+// the shape is pinned rather than trusted:
+//
+//   - One DML verb per statement. A statement that reads is a query, and a
+//     statement that reshapes the schema is not an action.
+//   - No statement separator. Each statement is executed on its own, so a
+//     semicolon means the author expected a second statement to run and it
+//     silently would not.
+//   - Every `@parameter` is declared. This is the load-bearing one: it is what
+//     lets the runtime BIND every value instead of interpolating it, so no
+//     argument can reach the store as SQL.
+function sqlExecutorErrors(action, where) {
+    if (action.executor?.kind !== 'sql')
+        return [];
+    const executor = action.executor;
+    const errors = [];
+    const bindable = new Set(action.parameters.map(p => p.name));
+    executor.sql.statements.forEach((stmt, i) => {
+        const at = `${where} has a sql executor whose statement ${i + 1}`;
+        const text = stmt.trim();
+        if (!text) {
+            errors.push(`${at} is blank.`);
+            return;
+        }
+        // The same reader the runtime uses, deliberately: what a model may
+        // PUBLISH and what the runtime will EXECUTE have to agree about where a
+        // statement's verb is. A naive first-word read disagreed -- the runtime
+        // ran `-- why\nUPDATE ...` and a CTE ahead of the verb, both covered by
+        // tests, while this rejected them at push time, so the library accepted an
+        // authored executor `kcmd` refused. Sharing the scanner does not widen
+        // what may be published: it can return MERGE, which SQL_EXECUTOR_VERBS
+        // does not list, so a MERGE is still refused here.
+        const verb = (0, sql_identifiers_1.leadingDmlVerb)(text);
+        if (!ir_1.SQL_EXECUTOR_VERBS.includes(verb)) {
+            // Name what the author wrote, not merely that nothing was found. The
+            // scanner reads DML verbs only, so a SELECT executor -- the likeliest
+            // mistake here -- comes back empty, and 'has no readable DML verb' would
+            // describe a query the author can see perfectly well. When the statement
+            // does not plainly open with a word, the first token is a comment marker
+            // and names nothing, so report the absence instead.
+            const first = text.split(/\s/, 1)[0].toUpperCase();
+            const wrote = verb || (/^[A-Z_][A-Z0-9_]*$/.test(first) ? first : '');
+            errors.push(`${at} ${wrote ? `starts with '${wrote}'` :
+                'has no readable DML verb'}, but a statement must be ` +
+                `one of ${ir_1.SQL_EXECUTOR_VERBS.join(', ')}.`);
+        }
+        if (text.slice(0, -1).includes(';')) {
+            errors.push(`${at} contains ';'. Each statement runs on its own, so write ` +
+                `one statement per list entry.`);
+        }
+        for (const name of (0, sql_identifiers_1.referencedParameters)(text)) {
+            if (!bindable.has(name)) {
+                errors.push(`${at} binds '@${name}', but action '${action.name}' ` +
+                    `declares no parameter of that name.`);
+            }
+        }
+    });
+    return errors;
+}
+// The errors in one action's `affects`. Split out because the checks chain: a
+// concept that does not resolve makes every later check about it meaningless,
+// so an entry that fails one of those says nothing more. Undeclared fields do
+// not chain -- each is an independent fact about a concept that did resolve --
+// so an entry reports all of them.
+//
+// An absent `concepts` says the model reaching this point is a profile's view
+// of the author's model, not the author's model. Everything that reads the
+// ontology stands down there, because pruneUnavailable drops the fields a
+// profile leaves unbound, and the metrics that read them. An entry naming a
+// dropped field is the profile's doing rather than the author's, and failing
+// the deploy over it would fail it for no reason. An action reaches no graph in any case. What is left is the one
+// check that reads only the entry itself.
+function affectedConceptErrors(action, where, concepts) {
+    const errors = [];
+    for (const affected of action.affects ?? []) {
+        // A `delete` takes the whole instance, so naming fields alongside one is
+        // self-contradictory whatever the ontology says.
+        if (affected.fields?.length && affected.operation === 'delete') {
+            errors.push(`${where} affects '${affected.concept}' with operation 'delete' ` +
+                `and also names fields. A 'delete' takes the whole instance; drop ` +
+                `the fields.`);
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (!concepts)
+            continue;
+        const concept = concepts.get(affected.concept);
+        if (!concept) {
+            errors.push(`${where} affects '${affected.concept}', which is neither an ` +
+                `entity nor a relationship this model declares.`);
+            continue;
+        }
+        for (const field of affected.fields ?? []) {
+            if (!concept.fields.has(field)) {
+                errors.push(`${where} affects '${affected.concept}.${field}', but ${concept.kind} '${affected.concept}' declares no field '${field}'.`);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return errors;
+}
+// What a `concept` may name, and the fields it has. Shared with the loader --
+// which resolves a projected parameter against exactly this -- so the two can
+// never disagree about whether `Order` exists or what it declares.
+const declaredConcepts = resolve_inheritance_1.declaredConceptFields;
+// Why a parameter has no usable scalar type, or nothing when it has one.
+//
+// Each shape of the mistake gets its own message, because each has its own
+// repair. Telling an author who misspelled a field that the concept is
+// unknown, or telling one who wrote `type: Account` that `Account` is not a
+// datatype, sends them to the wrong line.
+//
+// The projection is checked only when the ontology is in hand: `concepts` is
+// absent for a profile's pruned view, where a concept the author named may
+// legitimately be gone (see affectedConceptErrors). The type check below
+// survives that, because the loader resolved the type before any pruning ran.
+function parameterTypeErrors(param, where, concepts) {
+    const errors = [];
+    if (param.concept !== undefined && concepts) {
+        const concept = concepts.get(param.concept);
+        if (!concept) {
+            errors.push(`${where} has parameter '${param.name}' projected from '${param.concept}', which is neither an entity nor a ` +
+                `relationship this model declares.`);
+        }
+        else if (!concept.fields.has(param.field ?? '')) {
+            errors.push(`${where} has parameter '${param.name}' projected from field '${param.field}', which ${concept.kind} '${param.concept}' does not declare.`);
+        }
+    }
+    if (param.type === undefined) {
+        // A projection this pass could not resolve at all says nothing about the
+        // field. `concepts` is undefined when the concept table would not build --
+        // a dangling `extends`, which is reported on its own line -- and the
+        // loader then drops `extends` model-wide, so a parameter projecting from
+        // an INHERITED field arrives here typeless for a reason that has nothing
+        // to do with the field. Blaming it would send the author to a field that
+        // is correctly typed, and away from the `extends` that is the actual
+        // fault.
+        if (param.concept !== undefined && !concepts)
+            return errors;
+        // A projection that failed above already says why there is no type; a
+        // second line repeating it would only add noise.
+        if (!errors.length) {
+            errors.push(param.concept !== undefined ?
+                // The projection resolved -- the field is simply untyped. Saying
+                // "state a type, or project one from a field" here would advise
+                // the author to do what they already did, and send them looking
+                // at the action instead of at the field that is missing one.
+                `${where} has parameter '${param.name}' projected from field '${param.concept}.${param.field}', which declares no ` +
+                    `datatype. Give that field a scalar 'type' (${ir_1.DATA_TYPES.join('/')}) and the parameter takes it.` :
+                `${where} has parameter '${param.name}' with no type. A ` +
+                    `parameter states a scalar 'type' (${ir_1.DATA_TYPES.join('/')}), or projects one from a field ` +
+                    `with 'concept' and 'field'.`);
+        }
+        return errors;
+    }
+    if (ir_1.DATA_TYPES.includes(param.type))
+        return errors;
+    const named = concepts?.get(param.type);
+    errors.push(named ? `${where} has parameter '${param.name}' typed '${param.type}', which is ${named.kind === 'entity' ? 'an entity' : 'a relationship'} ` +
+        `rather than a scalar datatype. A parameter carries a value, ` +
+        `so take one from ${param.type} by projecting it: ` +
+        `{concept: ${param.type}, field: <field>}.` :
+        `${where} has parameter '${param.name}' typed '${param.type}', which is not a scalar datatype (${ir_1.DATA_TYPES.join('/')}).`);
+    return errors;
+}
+// Static, target-independent checks for a model's constraints.
+//
+// A constraint states its rule as a `judgment`, and every constraint must state
+// one: a constraint with no body states no rule at all. (A document that states
+// the removed `expression` body never gets this far -- rejectExpressionBody in
+// loader.ts fails the parse and says where the rule goes instead.)
+//
+// A judgment gets two checks, in judgedConstraintErrors: it must say what a
+// violation does, and every `<Entity>.<field>` token naming a KNOWN entity must
+// name a field that entity declares. The second catches a typo that would
+// otherwise surface only inside an agent's rejected action -- a rule is as easy
+// to misspell in a sentence as anywhere else, and a judge handed `Order.totl`
+// is being asked about a column that does not exist.
+//
+// Everything else is left alone. So a leading qualifier that is not a known
+// entity is not guessed at here: a relationship-qualified name like
+// `OrderedAs.quantity`, a metric reference, an ordinary English word that
+// happens to contain a dot. A valid constraint must never be falsely rejected.
+//
+// Keeping that promise takes care, because the model reaching this function is
+// not the document the author wrote. Its field lists have moved twice:
+//   - Inheritance is still AS DECLARED. `extends` is flattened by the graph
+//     legs, which run after this gate, so a subtype's `fields` here omit every
+//     field it inherits. Looking the field up on the resolved model fixes that.
+//   - A profile push has already pruned unbound fields (`fieldsPruned`). The
+//     author's field is gone from the model, and resolving does not bring it
+//     back, so the field check stands down. A constraint reaches no graph in
+//     any case, and failing a push over a field this profile does not bind
+//     would refuse a deploy for no reason.
+function validateConstraints(model, document, fieldsPruned) {
+    const errors = [];
+    const constraints = model.constraints ?? [];
+    if (!constraints.length)
+        return errors;
+    const fieldsByEntity = fieldsPruned ? undefined : ifResolvable(() => declaredFields(model));
+    // Names the model declares that are not fields of any one entity, which a
+    // token's tail may legitimately carry. See unknownFieldRefs.
+    const nonFieldNames = new Set([
+        ...(model.relationships ?? []).map(r => r.name),
+        ...(model.metrics ?? []).map(m => m.name),
+    ]);
+    for (const c of constraints) {
+        const where = `constraint '${c.name}' in model '${model.name}' (${document})`;
+        if (c.judgment === undefined) {
+            errors.push(`${where} declares no judgment. A constraint states its rule in ` +
+                `words, under 'judgment', and says what a violation does, under ` +
+                `'on_violation'.`);
+            continue;
+        }
+        errors.push(...judgedConstraintErrors(c, where, fieldsByEntity, nonFieldNames));
+    }
+    return errors;
+}
+// What a constraint must satisfy, beyond stating a body at all.
+//
+// It must say what a violation does. Any of the three words is allowed,
+// `reject` included, but silence is not: an unmarked constraint rejects, and
+// inheriting the harshest consequence by omission is the one outcome an author
+// is least likely to have meant. Nothing here reads the prose to check the word
+// against it -- the prose is prose, and a check that asked a model whether a
+// sentence means refusal would be no guardrail at all.
+//
+// The other check resolves the `Entity.field` tokens the prose mentions, which
+// is the whole of the static checking a rule settled by reading can get.
+function judgedConstraintErrors(c, where, fieldsByEntity, nonFieldNames) {
+    const errors = [];
+    // The two checks are independent, so an empty judgment does not skip the
+    // routing one. Reporting only the empty body would send the author back for a
+    // second failure over a key they were never told about.
+    const empty = !c.judgment.trim();
+    if (empty) {
+        errors.push(`${where} has an empty judgment.`);
+    }
+    if (c.onViolation === undefined) {
+        errors.push(`${where} must state on_violation: 'reject' to ` +
+            `refuse the write, 'escalate' to hold it for a person, or 'warn' to ` +
+            `let it through and report it. An unmarked constraint rejects, which ` +
+            `is too strong a thing to inherit by leaving the key out.`);
+    }
+    if (!empty) {
+        errors.push(...unknownFieldRefs(c.judgment, where, fieldsByEntity, nonFieldNames));
+    }
+    return errors;
+}
+// Every `Entity.field` token in a judgment whose entity the model declares and
+// whose field it does not.
+//
+// What makes a token a reference is that the model declares the entity, so no
+// spelling heuristic is needed and none is used: entity names here are as often
+// lowercase (`customer`, `orders`) as capitalized, and a rule keyed on the
+// capital would check some models and quietly skip others. An unrecognized
+// entity name is left alone on the principle that keeps this scan
+// conservative -- a rule may name a concept from another system, and
+// refusing to guess is what stops a valid rule being falsely rejected. A known
+// entity with an unknown field is the case where the author plainly meant this
+// model and got the name wrong, so that one is an error.
+// An entity that declares no fields at all is unknowable in the same way an
+// unrecognized name is, so the scan stands down there too. Fields are optional
+// on an entity, and a logical model bound to nothing but Knowledge Catalog
+// routinely declares none; reading an empty set as "this entity has no such
+// field" would refuse every constraint such a model can write.
+//
+// A tail that names something the model declares is not a misspelled field
+// either. Traversal has no syntax in the model today, so a prose token like
+// `Customer.Order` or `LineItem.BelongsTo` reads as a field of the head and
+// would be rejected for a field the author never claimed existed; the same goes
+// for `Order.total_revenue`, where metrics are model-level and the qualifier is
+// the entity the metric hangs off. The scan therefore settles only the case it
+// can: a tail the model does not declare under any kind is the misspelling.
+//
+// The two segments must be adjacent to the dot, which is what keeps a sentence
+// boundary ("check the memo. Every credit...") out of the scan. A decimal
+// number cannot survive either, since no entity is named `30`.
+function unknownFieldRefs(judgment, where, fieldsByEntity, nonFieldNames) {
+    if (!fieldsByEntity)
+        return [];
+    const errors = [];
+    const seen = new Set();
+    const token = /\b([A-Za-z_]\w*)\.([A-Za-z_]\w*)/g;
+    for (let m = token.exec(judgment); m; m = token.exec(judgment)) {
+        const [, entity, field] = m;
+        // A token with a third segment (`Order.lineItems.amount`) is a path rather
+        // than a field of `Order`, and reading its middle segment as one would
+        // reject it for a field the author never claimed existed. Nothing in the
+        // model defines path syntax today, so the scan declines to guess in both
+        // directions: a token followed by another dotted segment is skipped, and so
+        // is one preceded by a dot, which is how the tail of a path presents.
+        const after = judgment.slice(m.index + m[0].length);
+        if (/^\.\w/.test(after) || (m.index > 0 && judgment[m.index - 1] === '.')) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        const fields = fieldsByEntity.get(entity);
+        if (!fields || !fields.size || fields.has(field))
+            continue;
+        // The tail names something the model declares that is not a field of the
+        // head: another entity, a relationship, or a metric. `Customer.Order` and
+        // `LineItem.BelongsTo` are traversals and `Order.total_revenue` is a metric
+        // reference, none of which this scan can settle, and all of which an author
+        // writing prose reaches for. Only a tail the model does not declare at all
+        // is read as the misspelling this check exists to catch.
+        if (fieldsByEntity.has(field) || nonFieldNames.has(field))
+            continue;
+        const ref = `${entity}.${field}`;
+        if (seen.has(ref))
+            continue;
+        seen.add(ref);
+        errors.push(`${where} references '${ref}', but entity '${entity}' declares no ` +
+            `field '${field}'.`);
+    }
+    return errors;
+}
+// What `build` returns, or nothing when the model's inheritance does not
+// resolve.
+//
+// `declaredFields` and `declaredConcepts` both resolve inheritance, and
+// resolving THROWS on an `extends` naming an entity the model does not declare,
+// on a cycle, and on an ambiguously inherited field, rather than reporting it.
+// The loader accepts such a model, a
+// Knowledge-Catalog-only push reaches no graph leg to catch it, and a profile
+// push can create one by pruning a supertype whole. A validation gate reports;
+// it does not stack-trace, so every caller that resolves inheritance to answer
+// a question comes through here and stands its own check down when the answer
+// is unavailable. That is the same thing a pruned profile does. Standing down
+// is not silence: validatePushRequirements reports the resolution failure once
+// per model, so the larger problem is named and only the checks that depend on
+// the resolved model go quiet.
+function ifResolvable(build) {
+    try {
+        return build();
+    }
+    catch {
+        return undefined;
+    }
+}
+// Why resolving the model's inheritance fails, or nothing when it succeeds.
+//
+// Reported rather than thrown, and reported once for the model rather than once
+// per check that needed it. A model declaring no inheritance cannot fail, and
+// resolving clones, so it is not asked.
+function inheritanceFailure(model) {
+    if (!(model.entities ?? []).some(e => e.extends?.length))
+        return undefined;
+    try {
+        (0, resolve_inheritance_1.resolveInheritance)(model);
+        return undefined;
+    }
+    catch (e) {
+        const message = e instanceof Error ? e.message : String(e);
+        return {
+            kind: e instanceof resolve_inheritance_1.InheritanceError ? e.kind : 'other',
+            message: message.endsWith('.') ? message : `${message}.`,
+        };
+    }
+}
+// The authored name of each property that defines a field rather than binds
+// it, for messages.
+const AUTHORED_NAME = {
+    type: 'datatype',
+    aiContext: 'ai_context',
+    customExtensions: 'custom_extensions',
+};
+/**
+ * Returns one message per broken inheritance or concrete-leaf rule, or an
+ * empty list: a cycle, an unknown parent, a field inherited from two
+ * unrelated ancestors, or two fields of one entity whose names differ only in
+ * case; a redeclared inherited field; an
+ * abstract entity with a table; and a relationship or metric on an entity that
+ * is not a concrete leaf. Pruning can remove the field a rule is about, so a
+ * push that prunes runs this on the model before pruning as well as after.
+ */
+function validateInheritance(models) {
+    const errors = [];
+    for (const { document, model } of models) {
+        // Resolving inheritance throws on an `extends` naming an entity the model
+        // does not declare, on a cycle, on a field inherited from two unrelated
+        // ancestors, and on two fields of one entity whose names differ only in
+        // case, and the checks below stand down rather than stack-trace on
+        // one. Standing down has to mean reporting somewhere or it means
+        // publishing a broken model in silence: the loader accepts such a model,
+        // and a Knowledge-Catalog-only push reaches no graph leg that would resolve
+        // inheritance and catch it. So the failure is reported here, once per
+        // model. Pruning never removes an entity, so an unknown parent is always
+        // the author's.
+        const failure = inheritanceFailure(model);
+        if (failure) {
+            errors.push(`model '${model.name}' (${document}): ${failure.message} Checks ` +
+                `that need the resolved model are skipped until this is fixed.`);
+        }
+        errors.push(...inheritanceRuleErrors(model, document));
+    }
+    return errors;
+}
+// The rules inheritance puts on a model beyond resolving it:
+//   - a subtype may redeclare an inherited field only to rebind it: the line
+//     sets `expression` and nothing else;
+//   - an abstract entity has no table, so it declares no source, no key and no
+//     bound field;
+//   - a relationship endpoint, and the entity a metric belongs to, is a
+//     concrete leaf: not abstract, and extended by no other entity. An edge
+//     joins one table to one table and a measure binds to one table, while a
+//     non-leaf entity stands for the union of its descendants' tables.
+// The first rule needs the resolved model and is skipped when resolution
+// fails; that failure is reported once elsewhere.
+function inheritanceRuleErrors(model, document) {
+    const errors = [];
+    const entities = model.entities ?? [];
+    const where = (name) => `entity '${name}' in model '${model.name}' (${document})`;
+    const resolved = entities.some(e => e.extends?.length) ?
+        ifResolvable(() => (0, resolve_inheritance_1.resolveInheritance)(model).model.entities ?? []) :
+        undefined;
+    if (resolved) {
+        const ancestorsOf = new Map(resolved.map(e => [e.name, e.extends ?? []]));
+        const ownNames = new Map(entities.map(e => [e.name, new Set(e.fields.map(f => f.name))]));
+        for (const entity of entities) {
+            const inherited = new Set((ancestorsOf.get(entity.name) ?? [])
+                .flatMap(a => [...(ownNames.get(a) ?? [])]));
+            for (const field of entity.fields) {
+                if (!inherited.has(field.name))
+                    continue;
+                const defined = ir_1.FIELD_DEFINITION_KEYS.filter(k => field[k] !== undefined)
+                    .map(k => `'${AUTHORED_NAME[k] ?? k}'`);
+                if (defined.length) {
+                    errors.push(`${where(entity.name)}: field '${field.name}' is inherited, so ` +
+                        `it may only be rebound to a column; remove ${defined.join(', ')}, which an ancestor defines.`);
+                }
+                else if (!(0, ir_1.isFieldBound)(field)) {
+                    // A redeclaration sets `expression` and nothing else, so a line with
+                    // only the name is not one.
+                    const from = (ancestorsOf.get(entity.name) ?? [])
+                        .find(a => ownNames.get(a)?.has(field.name));
+                    errors.push(`${where(entity.name)}: field '${field.name}' is inherited from ` +
+                        `'${from}'; restate it only to rebind it with 'expression', or ` +
+                        `remove the line.`);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    for (const entity of entities) {
+        if (!entity.abstract)
+            continue;
+        if (entity.dataSource || entity.authoredSource) {
+            errors.push(`${where(entity.name)} is abstract, so it has no table and cannot ` +
+                `declare a source.`);
+        }
+        if (entity.keys.length || entity.uniqueKeys?.length) {
+            errors.push(`${where(entity.name)} is abstract, so it has no table and cannot ` +
+                `declare a primary key or unique keys.`);
+        }
+        for (const field of entity.fields) {
+            if ((0, ir_1.isFieldBound)(field)) {
+                errors.push(`${where(entity.name)} is abstract, so its field '${field.name}' cannot carry an expression; bind it on each ` +
+                    `concrete subtype instead.`);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    const abstractNames = new Set(entities.filter(e => e.abstract).map(e => e.name));
+    const extendedNames = new Set(entities.flatMap(e => e.extends ?? []));
+    const notLeaf = (name) => abstractNames.has(name) ?
+        'abstract' :
+        extendedNames.has(name) ? 'extended by another entity' : undefined;
+    for (const rel of model.relationships ?? []) {
+        // A relationship from an entity to itself is reported once.
+        for (const end of new Set([rel.source.entity, rel.destination.entity])) {
+            const why = notLeaf(end);
+            if (why) {
+                errors.push(`relationship '${rel.name}' in model '${model.name}' (${document}) connects '${end}', which is ${why}; a ` +
+                    `relationship may connect only concrete leaf entities.`);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    for (const metric of model.metrics ?? []) {
+        const owner = metric.authoredEntity ?? metric.entity;
+        const why = owner ? notLeaf(owner) : undefined;
+        if (why) {
+            errors.push(`metric '${metric.name}' in model '${model.name}' (${document}) belongs to '${owner}', which is ${why}; a metric ` +
+                `may belong only to a concrete leaf entity.`);
+        }
+    }
+    return errors;
+}
+// True when a rejected column string could be a column name written without
+// backticks, such as `order date`, `order-date`, `margin%` or `R&D cost`. An
+// empty value gets no hint. Neither does a value that starts or ends with
+// whitespace, because the fix there is to delete the whitespace. BigQuery
+// allows only letters, numeric characters, marks, connector punctuation,
+// dashes, whitespace and `& % = + : ' < > # |` in a column name, so any other
+// character rules out the hint. Of the operators isColumnName rejects,
+// BigQuery allows `- + % = < > | &`. Each of those counts as an operator at
+// the start of the value, or next to whitespace unless it ends the value. No
+// operator among them can end an expression, so `growth %` keeps the hint. A
+// value made only of words, such as `a AND b`, passes this test, so the hint
+// is worded as a condition.
+function couldBeUnquotedColumnName(col) {
+    return col === col.trim() &&
+        /^[\p{L}\p{N}\p{Pc}\p{Pd}\p{M}\s&%=+:'<>#|]+$/u.test(col) &&
+        !/^[-+%=<>|&]|\s[-+%=<>|&](?!$)|[-+%=<>|&]\s/.test(col);
+}
+function invalidColumnNameError(owner, modelName, document, slot, col) {
+    const hint = couldBeUnquotedColumnName(col) ?
+        ' (if it names a column with spaces or special characters, wrap it ' +
+            'in backticks, for example `order date`)' :
+        '';
+    return `${owner} in model '${modelName}' (${document}): ${slot} column '${col}' is not a physical column name; keys and join columns must name ` +
+        `physical table columns, not expressions or field references${hint}.`;
+}
+// Checks that every key column and join column is a physical column name and
+// not a SQL expression or an entity-qualified reference. Key columns are the
+// entries of `primary_key` and `unique_keys`. Join columns are the entries of
+// `from_columns` and `to_columns`. Also checks that every relationship's
+// endpoints name entities the model declares, and that its two join column
+// lists have equal length. The loader checks endpoints and lengths for a model
+// it reads, and this repeats them for a model built in memory. A relationship
+// from an entity to itself is rejected, and so are relationships in both
+// directions between two entities. Push runs this
+// on the model with its profile applied, so it also checks the key and join
+// columns a profile file supplies. An abstract entity's keys and an
+// association's direct join columns are not checked.
+function validateColumnsAndRelationships(model, document) {
+    const errors = [];
+    const entityNames = new Set((model.entities ?? []).map(e => e.name));
+    // The first relationship from each entity to each other entity.
+    const firstFrom = new Map();
+    for (const entity of model.entities ?? []) {
+        if (entity.abstract)
+            continue;
+        const owner = `entity '${entity.name}'`;
+        for (const col of entity.keys) {
+            if (!(0, sql_expr_utils_1.isColumnName)(col)) {
+                errors.push(invalidColumnNameError(owner, model.name, document, 'primary_key', col));
+            }
+        }
+        for (const uk of entity.uniqueKeys ?? []) {
+            for (const col of uk) {
+                if (!(0, sql_expr_utils_1.isColumnName)(col)) {
+                    errors.push(invalidColumnNameError(owner, model.name, document, 'unique_keys', col));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    for (const rel of model.relationships ?? []) {
+        const owner = `relationship '${rel.name}'`;
+        const at = `${owner} in model '${model.name}' (${document})`;
+        if (!entityNames.has(rel.source.entity)) {
+            errors.push(`${at}: ${(0, loader_1.undefinedEndpointProblem)('from', rel.source.entity)}.`);
+        }
+        if (!entityNames.has(rel.destination.entity)) {
+            errors.push(`${at}: ${(0, loader_1.undefinedEndpointProblem)('to', rel.destination.entity)}.`);
+        }
+        const [from, to] = [rel.source.entity, rel.destination.entity];
+        const back = firstFrom.get(`${to}\0${from}`);
+        if (from === to) {
+            errors.push(`${at} runs from '${from}' to itself; a relationship joins two ` +
+                `different entities.`);
+        }
+        else if (back !== undefined) {
+            errors.push(`${at} runs from '${from}' to '${to}', and relationship '${back}' ` +
+                `runs the other way; keep the relationships between two entities ` +
+                `in one direction.`);
+        }
+        if (!firstFrom.has(`${from}\0${to}`)) {
+            firstFrom.set(`${from}\0${to}`, rel.name);
+        }
+        if (rel.association)
+            continue;
+        const fromCount = rel.source.columns.length;
+        const toCount = rel.destination.columns.length;
+        if (!fromCount !== !toCount) {
+            errors.push(`${at}: ${loader_1.HALF_BOUND_JOIN_PROBLEM}`);
+        }
+        else if (fromCount !== toCount) {
+            errors.push(`${at}: ${(0, loader_1.joinLengthProblem)(fromCount, toCount)}.`);
+        }
+        for (const col of rel.source.columns) {
+            if (!(0, sql_expr_utils_1.isColumnName)(col)) {
+                errors.push(invalidColumnNameError(owner, model.name, document, 'from_columns', col));
+            }
+        }
+        for (const col of rel.destination.columns) {
+            if (!(0, sql_expr_utils_1.isColumnName)(col)) {
+                errors.push(invalidColumnNameError(owner, model.name, document, 'to_columns', col));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return errors;
+}
+// A relationship's `to_columns` must cover a primary or unique key of the `to`
+// entity. A relationship is many-to-one or one-to-one only when its
+// `to_columns` cover a key, so a join that covers no key is invalid in
+// every model, whatever it deploys to. The check runs on every push, a
+// catalog-only push included. A superset of a key covers it (see
+// coversKey). Keys and join columns are physical columns, so they are compared
+// as written, never read through a field of the same name. Skipped here when
+// the check's own inputs are absent or already invalid (reported by their own
+// checks): an association (junction-table) relationship, an empty `to_columns`
+// list, a non-column entry in `to_columns`, an undeclared or abstract `to`
+// entity, or a non-column entry in the `to` entity's `primary_key` or
+// `unique_keys`.
+function relationshipKeyErrors(model, document) {
+    const errors = [];
+    const byName = new Map((model.entities ?? []).map(e => [e.name, e]));
+    for (const rel of model.relationships ?? []) {
+        const to = rel.destination.columns;
+        if (rel.association || !to.length)
+            continue;
+        if (!to.every(sql_expr_utils_1.isColumnName))
+            continue;
+        const target = byName.get(rel.destination.entity);
+        if (!target || target.abstract)
+            continue;
+        if (!target.keys.every(sql_expr_utils_1.isColumnName) ||
+            !(target.uniqueKeys ?? []).flat().every(sql_expr_utils_1.isColumnName)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (!(0, ir_1.coversKey)(to, target.keys, target.uniqueKeys ?? [])) {
+            errors.push(`relationship '${rel.name}' in model '${model.name}' (${document}): its to_columns ${JSON.stringify(to)} cover no primary or unique key of '${target.name}'; join on every column of one of its keys, and ` +
+                `declare that key if '${target.name}' has none.`);
+        }
+    }
+    return errors;
+}
+// Why each field of `model` holds no SQL, in the loader's words. Each field
+// is read on the entity that declares it, and each field an entity inherits
+// is read on that entity, as the loader does. An association's field is an
+// edge property, read on its relationship.
+function fieldNoSqlErrors(model, document) {
+    const where = `in model '${model.name}' (${document})`;
+    const errors = [];
+    for (const e of model.entities ?? []) {
+        for (const f of e.fields ?? []) {
+            const problem = (0, loader_1.noSqlProblemOf)(f, e.name);
+            if (problem) {
+                errors.push(`field '${e.name}.${f.name}' ${where}: ${problem}; write the ` +
+                    `field's SQL, or remove 'expression' to leave the field unbound.`);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if ((model.entities ?? []).some(e => e.extends?.length)) {
+        const concepts = ifResolvable(() => declaredConcepts(model));
+        const inherited = concepts ?
+            (0, loader_1.inheritedNoSqlProblems)(model.entities ?? [], concepts, loader_1.noSqlProblemOf) :
+            [];
+        for (const problem of inherited) {
+            errors.push(`model '${model.name}' (${document}): ${problem}.`);
+        }
+    }
+    for (const rel of model.relationships ?? []) {
+        for (const f of rel.association?.fields ?? []) {
+            const problem = (0, loader_1.noSqlProblemOf)(f, rel.name);
+            if (problem) {
+                errors.push(`relationship '${rel.name}' field '${f.name}' ${where}: ${problem}; write the field's SQL.`);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return errors;
+}
+// The errors for the fields of `entity` that name themselves, directly or
+// through other fields of `entity`. The graph renders a field that names a
+// sibling as `<entity>.<field>` from that sibling's own SQL, so a field that
+// reaches itself that way has no SQL to render. A field expression that writes
+// its own column as `<entity>.<field>` names itself too: write the bare column
+// instead. Each dialect is read on its own, from the text an engine of that
+// dialect renders (its entry, else the ANSI_SQL one), so two texts that no one
+// engine reads together do not form a cycle.
+//
+// `resolved` is `entity` with the fields it inherits, which name its fields
+// as the graph renders them (see resolve_inheritance.localizeInheritedField),
+// so a field can reach itself through one it inherits. A cycle is reported on
+// an entity only when a field on it is bound there, so one an ancestor forms on
+// its own is reported on that ancestor alone.
+function selfReferenceErrors(entity, resolved, model, document, impliedDialect) {
+    const own = entity.fields ?? [];
+    const inherited = resolved.fields ?? [];
+    // A field a profile excludes is left off `resolved`, but still checked.
+    const fields = [
+        ...inherited,
+        ...own.filter(f => !inherited.some(r => r.name === f.name)),
+    ];
+    const bound = new Set(own.filter(f => (0, ir_1.isFieldBound)(f)).map(f => f.name));
+    const names = new Set(fields.map(f => f.name));
+    const dialects = new Set(['ANSI_SQL']);
+    for (const f of fields) {
+        for (const d of f.dialects ?? [])
+            dialects.add(d.dialect);
+        if (f.importedDialect)
+            dialects.add(f.importedDialect);
+    }
+    const errors = new Set();
+    for (const dialect of dialects) {
+        // The fields of `entity` each field names, in this dialect, read as the
+        // graph generators read them (see graph_ddl.siblingsRead), so a qualifier
+        // the parser reserves, such as `Date` in `Date.days`, names them too. An
+        // ANSI_SQL text is read in the dialect the sources imply, as
+        // columnsForSource reads it, and not at all when their dialect is null.
+        if (dialect === 'ANSI_SQL' && impliedDialect === null)
+            continue;
+        const readIn = dialect === 'ANSI_SQL' && impliedDialect ? impliedDialect : dialect;
+        const reads = new Map();
+        for (const f of fields) {
+            const text = (0, ir_1.expressionForDialect)(f, dialect);
+            if (text === undefined ||
+                (0, loader_1.noSqlReason)(text, dialect, entity.name) !== undefined) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            reads.set(f.name, [...new Set((0, sql_expr_utils_1.qualifiedColumns)(text, entity.name, readIn) ?? [])]
+                .filter(n => names.has(n)));
+        }
+        for (const f of fields) {
+            const through = pathBack(f.name, reads);
+            if (!through || ![f.name, ...through].some(n => bound.has(n)))
+                continue;
+            errors.add((0, sql_expr_utils_1.selfReferenceMessage)(entity.name, [f.name, ...through], ` in model '${model.name}' (${document})`) +
+                '.');
+        }
+    }
+    return [...errors];
+}
+// The shortest run of other fields through which `start` reaches itself in
+// `reads`, empty when it names itself directly, or undefined when it does not
+// reach itself.
+function pathBack(start, reads) {
+    const via = new Map();
+    const queue = [];
+    for (const next of reads.get(start) ?? []) {
+        if (next === start)
+            return [];
+        if (!via.has(next)) {
+            via.set(next, [next]);
+            queue.push(next);
+        }
+    }
+    while (queue.length) {
+        const name = queue.shift();
+        for (const next of reads.get(name) ?? []) {
+            if (next === start)
+                return via.get(name);
+            if (!via.has(next)) {
+                via.set(next, [...via.get(name), next]);
+                queue.push(next);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return undefined;
+}
+// The error for a metric with no SQL, or undefined. A metric is rejected when
+// none of its texts holds SQL, with or without an anchor, since the graph
+// would drop it. It is also rejected when any one of its texts holds none, as
+// the loader rejects it, since a model built in memory skips the loader.
+function metricNoSqlError(metric, model, document) {
+    const where = `metric '${metric.name}' in model '${model.name}' (${document})`;
+    const readable = (0, resolve_profiles_1.expressionSources)(metric).filter(s => (0, loader_1.noSqlReason)(s.text, s.dialect) === undefined);
+    if (!readable.length) {
+        return `${where} has no SQL in 'expression'; write the metric's SQL.`;
+    }
+    const problem = (0, loader_1.noSqlProblemOf)(metric);
+    return problem && `${where}: ${problem}; write the metric's SQL.`;
+}
+// Validates field and metric expressions:
+//   - Reject a field or a metric with no SQL, as the loader does, since a
+//     model built in memory skips the loader (see fieldNoSqlErrors and
+//     metricNoSqlError).
+// The rules below run when inheritance resolved cleanly:
+//   - For each metric:
+//     1. Unless it has no SQL, reject a metric with no `authoredEntity` when
+//        its expressions, read together, reach no entity or more than one.
+//     2. Reject when `authoredEntity ?? entity` does not name a declared
+//        entity (runs on every push).
+//     3. When `authoredEntity` is set and the expressions reference at least
+//        one entity, at least one of those must be `authoredEntity`.
+//     4. For every referenced entity, every field it is referenced with must
+//        be declared or inherited on that entity (gated on `!fieldsPruned`,
+//        and run before pruning).
+//     5. Reject a column reference with no entity qualifier, or a qualified
+//        reference whose qualifier is not a declared entity (including when it
+//        differs in case from a declared entity), in a metric expression.
+//     6. Reject a metric whose name matches, ignoring case, a declared or
+//        inherited field of `authoredEntity ?? entity`, since metrics and
+//        fields on one entity share a namespace. This runs before pruning, so
+//        a graph push catches it even when pruning drops either side.
+//   - For each field on each entity E:
+//     1. Reject any reference to an entity other than E, and a qualifier that
+//        differs only in case from a declared entity.
+//     2. For references to E itself, every field named must be declared or
+//        inherited on E (gated on `!fieldsPruned`, and run before pruning).
+//     3. Reject a field that names itself, directly or through other fields of
+//        E, declared or inherited, since the graph renders a field that names
+//        a sibling from that sibling's SQL (see selfReferenceErrors).
+//
+// deploymentPlan also runs it on the unpruned model before `pruneUnavailable`
+// drops unbound fields and metrics on a graph push. When given,
+// `flaggedMetrics` collects the name of each metric it reports.
+function validateExpressionReferences(models, fieldsPruned = false, warnings = [], flaggedMetrics) {
+    const errors = [];
+    for (const { document, model } of models) {
+        errors.push(...fieldNoSqlErrors(model, document));
+        const fieldsByEntity = ifResolvable(() => declaredFields(model));
+        if (!fieldsByEntity) {
+            for (const metric of model.metrics ?? []) {
+                const noSql = metricNoSqlError(metric, model, document);
+                if (!noSql)
+                    continue;
+                errors.push(noSql);
+                flaggedMetrics?.add(metric.name);
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+        const entityNames = [...fieldsByEntity.keys()];
+        // Each entity's fields as the graph renders them (see selfReferenceErrors).
+        const resolvedByName = new Map((ifResolvable(() => (0, resolve_inheritance_1.resolveInheritance)(model, undefined, { requalify: true })
+            .model.entities) ??
+            model.entities ?? [])
+            .map(e => [e.name, e]));
+        const impliedDialect = (0, resolve_profiles_1.sourcesDialect)(model);
+        const addUnreadableWarning = (what, total, unread) => {
+            // A caller that looked up no table's dialect reads no ANSI_SQL
+            // text when every table needs the lookup, so it warns about none.
+            const unreadDialects = impliedDialect === null ?
+                unread.filter(d => d !== 'ANSI_SQL') :
+                unread;
+            if (!unreadDialects.length)
+                return;
+            if (unreadDialects.length === total) {
+                warnings.push(`${what} in model '${model.name}' (${document}): kcmd could ` +
+                    `not read its SQL, so the fields it reads were not checked.`);
+            }
+            else {
+                const listed = unreadDialects.map(d => `'${d}'`).join(', ');
+                const entryText = unreadDialects.length === 1 ?
+                    'that entry reads' :
+                    'those entries read';
+                warnings.push(`${what} in model '${model.name}' (${document}): kcmd could ` +
+                    `not read its ${listed} SQL, so the fields ${entryText} were ` +
+                    `not checked.`);
+            }
+        };
+        for (const entity of model.entities ?? []) {
+            const others = entityNames.filter(n => n !== entity.name);
+            const knownFields = fieldsByEntity.get(entity.name);
+            for (const field of entity.fields ?? []) {
+                // A text with no SQL has nothing to read, so it gets no warning.
+                const sources = (0, resolve_profiles_1.expressionSources)(field).filter(s => (0, loader_1.noSqlReason)(s.text, s.dialect, entity.name) === undefined);
+                const allColumns = [];
+                const unreadDialects = [];
+                for (const { text, dialect } of sources) {
+                    const columns = (0, sql_expr_utils_1.columnsForSource)(text, dialect, impliedDialect);
+                    if (!columns) {
+                        unreadDialects.push(dialect);
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    allColumns.push(...columns);
+                }
+                addUnreadableWarning(`field '${entity.name}.${field.name}'`, sources.length, unreadDialects);
+                for (const other of others) {
+                    const refs = (0, sql_expr_utils_1.fieldsReadOn)(allColumns, other);
+                    if (refs.length) {
+                        errors.push(`field '${entity.name}.${field.name}' in model '${model.name}' (${document}) references entity '${other}' ('${other}.${refs[0]}'); a field expression may only reference its ` +
+                            `own entity '${entity.name}' or unqualified columns of its backing ` +
+                            `table.`);
+                    }
+                }
+                const where = `field '${entity.name}.${field.name}' in model '${model.name}' (${document})`;
+                errors.push(...new Set(allColumns.flatMap(c => (0, names_1.qualifierCaseError)(where, c, entityNames) ?? [])));
+                if (!fieldsPruned) {
+                    for (const ref of (0, sql_expr_utils_1.fieldsReadOn)(allColumns, entity.name)) {
+                        if (!knownFields.has(ref)) {
+                            errors.push(`field '${entity.name}.${field.name}' in model '${model.name}' (${document}) references '${entity.name}.${ref}', which is not a declared or ` +
+                                `inherited field of '${entity.name}'.`);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            errors.push(...selfReferenceErrors(entity, resolvedByName.get(entity.name) ?? entity, model, document, impliedDialect));
+        }
+        for (const metric of model.metrics ?? []) {
+            const before = errors.length;
+            const sources = (0, resolve_profiles_1.expressionSources)(metric);
+            // A text with no SQL has nothing to read, so it gets no warning.
+            const readable = sources.filter(s => (0, loader_1.noSqlReason)(s.text, s.dialect) === undefined);
+            const allColumns = [];
+            const unreadDialects = [];
+            for (const { text, dialect } of readable) {
+                const columns = (0, sql_expr_utils_1.columnsForSource)(text, dialect, impliedDialect);
+                if (!columns) {
+                    unreadDialects.push(dialect);
+                    continue;
+                }
+                allColumns.push(...columns);
+            }
+            addUnreadableWarning(`metric '${metric.name}'`, readable.length, unreadDialects);
+            const authored = metric.authoredEntity;
+            const anchor = authored ?? metric.entity;
+            const reached = (0, sql_expr_utils_1.entitiesReached)(allColumns, entityNames);
+            const collision = metricFieldCollisionError(metric, anchor, fieldsByEntity, model, document);
+            if (collision)
+                errors.push(collision);
+            // An anchor does not make up for missing SQL: the graph would drop the
+            // metric.
+            const noSql = metricNoSqlError(metric, model, document);
+            if (noSql) {
+                errors.push(noSql);
+            }
+            else if (!authored && unreadDialects.length === 0 && allColumns.length === 0 ||
+                !authored && reached.length > 1) {
+                const fixHint = model.version === '0.2.0.dev0' ?
+                    `set 'entity' in a GOOGLE custom_extensions block on the metric ` +
+                        `(or use version '0.2.0.dev0/google' and set 'entity' on the ` +
+                        `metric) or scope its expression to one entity.` :
+                    `set 'entity' on the metric or scope its expression to one entity.`;
+                errors.push(`metric '${metric.name}' in model '${model.name}' (${document}) has no 'entity' anchor and its expression${reached.length === 0 ?
+                    ' reaches no declared entity' :
+                    ` reaches multiple entities (${reached.join(', ')})`}, ` +
+                    `so it does not resolve to a single entity; ${fixHint}`);
+            }
+            if (anchor !== undefined && !fieldsByEntity.has(anchor)) {
+                errors.push(`metric '${metric.name}' in model '${model.name}' (${document}): entity '${anchor}' is not declared in the model.`);
+            }
+            if (authored !== undefined && fieldsByEntity.has(authored) &&
+                reached.length > 0 && !reached.includes(authored)) {
+                errors.push(`metric '${metric.name}' in model '${model.name}' (${document}) is anchored to entity '${authored}', but its expression only references ${reached.map(e => `'${e}'`).join(', ')}; the anchor ` +
+                    `contradicts the SQL.`);
+            }
+            if (!fieldsPruned) {
+                for (const entityName of reached) {
+                    const knownFields = fieldsByEntity.get(entityName);
+                    for (const ref of (0, sql_expr_utils_1.fieldsReadOn)(allColumns, entityName)) {
+                        if (!knownFields.has(ref)) {
+                            errors.push(`metric '${metric.name}' in model '${model.name}' (${document}): expression references '${entityName}.${ref}', but entity '${entityName}' has no field '${ref}'; metric expressions must reference declared ` +
+                                `fields, not physical columns.`);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            const seenUnqualified = new Set();
+            for (const col of allColumns) {
+                if (col.qualifier !== undefined &&
+                    (fieldsByEntity.has(col.qualifier) || col.qualifier === anchor)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                const token = col.qualifier !== undefined ?
+                    `${col.qualifier}.${col.name}` :
+                    col.name;
+                if (seenUnqualified.has(token))
+                    continue;
+                seenUnqualified.add(token);
+                if (col.qualifier === undefined) {
+                    errors.push(`metric '${metric.name}' in model '${model.name}' (${document}): '${token}' must be written as ` +
+                        `'entity.field'; a metric reads fields, never columns.`);
+                }
+                else {
+                    const where = `metric '${metric.name}' in model '${model.name}' (${document})`;
+                    errors.push((0, names_1.qualifierCaseError)(where, col, entityNames) ??
+                        `${where}: '${token}' has qualifier '${col.qualifier}', which ` +
+                            `is not a declared entity in model '${model.name}'; write ` +
+                            `'entity.field' starting with a declared entity.`);
+                }
+            }
+            if (errors.length > before)
+                flaggedMetrics?.add(metric.name);
+        }
+    }
+    return errors;
+}
+// Every field each entity has, inherited and profile-excluded ones included so
+// an unpruned check before `pruneUnavailable` does not report a profile-excluded
+// inherited field as undeclared. Inheritance is resolved through the same pass
+// the graph legs use rather than by walking `extends` here, so the two can
+// never disagree about what a subtype has. The pass clones, so it is skipped
+// for a model that declares no inheritance.
+function declaredFields(model) {
+    const inherits = (model.entities ?? []).some(e => e.extends?.length);
+    const entities = (inherits ? (0, resolve_inheritance_1.resolveInheritance)(model).model : model).entities ?? [];
+    return new Map(entities.map(e => [
+        e.name,
+        new Set([
+            ...(e.fields ?? []).map(f => f.name),
+            ...(e.excludedFields ?? []),
+        ]),
+    ]));
+}
+// The executor coordinate fields that are absent or blank. An executor with no
+// gaps yields an empty list.
+function missingExecutorFields(ex) {
+    const blank = (s) => s.trim().length === 0;
+    switch (ex.kind) {
+        case 'mcp':
+            return [['server', ex.mcp.server], ['tool', ex.mcp.tool]]
+                .filter(([, v]) => blank(v))
+                .map(([k]) => k);
+        case 'rest':
+            return [['endpoint', ex.rest.endpoint], ['method', ex.rest.method]]
+                .filter(([, v]) => blank(v))
+                .map(([k]) => k);
+        case 'grpc':
+            return [['service', ex.grpc.service], ['method', ex.grpc.method]]
+                .filter(([, v]) => blank(v))
+                .map(([k]) => k);
+        case 'sql':
+            return ex.sql.statements.every(blank) ? ['statements'] : [];
+    }
+}
+// One error for each entity that `deployment` binds to a table outside the
+// database it deploys to. Sources come from the deployment's profile in
+// `model.profiles`, or from the model file for `default`.
+function deploymentTableErrors(document, model, deployment) {
+    let sourceOf = (e) => e.authoredSource;
+    let bindings = 'the model file';
+    if (deployment.profile !== resolve_profiles_1.DEFAULT_PROFILE) {
+        const profile = model.profiles?.find(p => p.name === deployment.profile);
+        // `model.profiles` lacks a profile file that does not load, which push
+        // reports instead.
+        if (!profile)
+            return [];
+        const bound = new Map(profile.entities.map(pe => [pe.name, pe.source]));
+        sourceOf = e => bound.get(e.name);
+        bindings = `profile '${profile.name}'`;
+    }
+    const { database, target, outside } = targetDatabase(deployment);
+    const errors = [];
+    for (const e of model.entities ?? []) {
+        const source = sourceOf(e)?.trim();
+        if (!source || (0, loader_1.databaseOf)(source) === database)
+            continue;
+        errors.push(`[${document}] deployment '${deployment.name}' targets ${target}, ` +
+            `but ${bindings} binds entity '${e.name}' to '${source}', ${outside}.`);
+    }
+    return errors;
+}
+// The error for a Spanner `deployment` on the model file's own bindings when
+// `model` declares metrics, which a Spanner graph cannot hold.
+function spannerMetricsErrors(document, model, deployment) {
+    if (deployment.engine !== 'spanner' ||
+        deployment.profile !== resolve_profiles_1.DEFAULT_PROFILE || !model.metrics?.length) {
+        return [];
+    }
+    return [
+        `[${document}] deployment '${deployment.name}' targets a Spanner graph ` +
+            `and uses the model file's own bindings, but the model declares ` +
+            `metrics, which a Spanner graph cannot hold; name a profile with ` +
+            `metrics_exclude: "*".`,
+    ];
+}
+// The database the tables of a deployment target must be in, as databaseOf
+// gives it, and how an error names the target and a table outside it.
+function targetDatabase({ engine, coordinates: c }) {
+    if (engine === 'bigquery') {
+        return { database: 'bigquery', target: 'a BigQuery graph',
+            outside: 'which is not a BigQuery or BigLake table' };
+    }
+    const [system, name] = engine === 'spanner' ?
+        ['Spanner', `${c.project}/${c.instance}/${c.database}`] :
+        ['AlloyDB', `${c.project}/${c.location}/${c.cluster}/${c.database}`];
+    return { database: `${engine}/${name}`, target: `${system} database '${name}'`,
+        outside: 'which is not a table in that database' };
+}
+// Whether Knowledge Catalog push and pull use the second-generation built-in
+// aspect fields and entry-id layout. They do unless `KC_V2_ASPECTS=0`; every
+// other value, including unset and `''`, is on. `KC_V2_ASPECTS=0` is a
+// temporary escape hatch to the first-generation path, removed with that path
+// (b/575695037).
+function kcV2Aspects() {
+    return process.env.KC_V2_ASPECTS !== '0';
+}
+// Adds the profile files of the model in `base` to `model.profiles`, without
+// their actions. Returns the error of the first profile file that breaks a
+// file rule. A profile file that does not load is left out, for
+// namedProfileErrors to report.
+function withProfileFiles(base, profileDocs) {
+    const { document, model } = base;
+    const profiles = [...(model.profiles ?? [])];
+    let files;
+    try {
+        files = profileDocs(document);
+    }
+    catch (err) {
+        return { errors: [{ error: err.message || String(err), document }] };
+    }
+    const reserved = (0, resolve_profiles_1.reservedProfileNameError)(document, files);
+    if (reserved)
+        return { errors: [{ error: reserved, document }] };
+    for (const p of files) {
+        try {
+            profiles.push((0, resolve_profiles_1.loadProfileFile)(p.text, p.name, { skipActions: true }));
+        }
+        catch (err) {
+            if (!(err instanceof loader_1.SemanticModelError))
+                throw err;
+        }
+    }
+    return { document, model: profiles.length ? { ...model, profiles } : model };
+}
+// Runs push's offline checks that follow withProfileFiles and the UTF-8 and
+// sidecar checks, through the graph generation. Returns the errors of the
+// first stage that finds any, or else a plan for each deployment `selected`
+// names, or for every deployment when it is unset.
+async function localChecks(scope, warn, selected) {
+    const { docs, loaded, models, profileDocs, declaredBy, load } = scope;
+    const stop = (errors) => ({ errors });
+    const ofModel = (document, ...errors) => errors.map(error => ({ error, document }));
+    const ofProfile = (document, profile, ...errors) => errors.map(error => ({ error, document, profile }));
+    const declaredNames = (document) => declaredBy(docs.find(d => d.name === document)).map(p => p.name);
+    // Every deployment's target must be in an accepted form, and its profile one
+    // the model declares, whether or not this push selects the deployment.
+    const selectedByDoc = new Map();
+    const everyByDoc = new Map();
+    for (const { document, model } of models) {
+        const every = (0, deployment_target_1.resolveModelDeployments)(model);
+        if ('error' in every)
+            return stop(ofModel(document, every.error));
+        const resolved = (0, deployment_target_1.resolveModelDeployments)(model, selected);
+        if ('error' in resolved)
+            return stop(ofModel(document, resolved.error));
+        const undeclared = (0, resolve_profiles_1.undeclaredProfileError)(document, model, declaredNames(document));
+        if (undeclared)
+            return stop(ofModel(document, undeclared));
+        everyByDoc.set(document, every.deployments);
+        selectedByDoc.set(document, resolved.deployments);
+    }
+    // Every named profile is checked on its own against the model file, and so
+    // are the model file's own bindings and each deployment. The catalog's model
+    // is checked as a model that deploys nowhere. A selected deployment's own
+    // checks run only after these pass, so these give every error and every
+    // warning about SQL kcmd cannot read.
+    const profileWarnings = [];
+    const profileErrors = (0, resolve_profiles_1.namedProfileErrors)(docs, new Map(loaded.models.map(m => [m.document, m.model])), profileDocs, declaredBy, profileWarnings, load);
+    for (const { document, model } of models) {
+        profileErrors.push(...ofProfile(document, resolve_profiles_1.DEFAULT_PROFILE, ...validateInlineDialects(model, document), ...validateInheritedColumns(model, document)), 
+        // One call per profile, so each error carries its deployments' profile.
+        ...[...new Set(everyByDoc.get(document).map(d => d.profile))].flatMap(profile => ofProfile(document, profile, ...validateDeployments({
+            ...model,
+            deployments: model.deployments.filter(d => (d.profile ?? resolve_profiles_1.DEFAULT_PROFILE) === profile),
+        }, document, load))));
+        const doc = docs.find(d => d.name === document);
+        const declared = declaredBy(doc);
+        const named = declared.some(p => p.name.toLowerCase() !== resolve_profiles_1.DEFAULT_PROFILE);
+        profileWarnings.push(...inlineBindingWarnings(model, document, named));
+        // A profile that no selected deployment applies still goes to Knowledge
+        // Catalog, so its load warnings print here, less those the model file's
+        // load gave, unless a check above recorded an error for that profile. A
+        // selected deployment prints its own profile's warnings.
+        const applied = selectedByDoc.get(document).map(d => d.profile);
+        for (const { name } of declared) {
+            if (applied.includes(name))
+                continue;
+            if (profileErrors.some(e => e.document === document && e.profile === name)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            profileWarnings.push(...(0, resolve_profiles_1.appliedProfileWarnings)(doc, declared, name, loaded.warnings, load));
+        }
+    }
+    const kcWarnings = [];
+    const kcErrors = models.flatMap(m => ofModel(m.document, ...validatePushRequirements([{ ...m, model: { ...m.model, deployments: [] } }], {
+        warnings: kcWarnings,
+        v2Aspects: kcV2Aspects(),
+    })));
+    for (const w of [...profileWarnings, ...kcWarnings])
+        warn(w);
+    if (profileErrors.length || kcErrors.length) {
+        return stop([...profileErrors, ...kcErrors]);
+    }
+    // Each deployment's tables must be in the database it deploys to, whether
+    // or not this push selects the deployment.
+    const tableErrors = models.flatMap(({ document, model }) => (everyByDoc.get(document) ?? []).flatMap(d => ofProfile(document, d.profile, ...deploymentTableErrors(document, model, d))));
+    if (tableErrors.length)
+        return stop(tableErrors);
+    // Spanner creates no property graph in a PostgreSQL-dialect database, so a
+    // selected Spanner deployment there is refused by the dialect already read.
+    const dialectErrors = models.flatMap(({ document }) => (selectedByDoc.get(document) ?? []).flatMap(d => {
+        if (d.engine !== 'spanner')
+            return [];
+        const { project, instance, database } = d.coordinates;
+        const key = `spanner.googleapis.com/projects/${project}/instances/${instance}/databases/${database}`;
+        if (load.sourceDialects?.get(key) !== 'POSTGRES')
+            return [];
+        return ofProfile(document, d.profile, `[${document}] deployment '${d.name}': database ${project}/${instance}/${database} has the PostgreSQL dialect, and ` +
+            `Spanner creates no property graph in a PostgreSQL-dialect ` +
+            `database. Remove the deployment; push still publishes the ` +
+            `model to Knowledge Catalog.`);
+    }));
+    if (dialectErrors.length)
+        return stop(dialectErrors);
+    const plans = [];
+    for (const base of models) {
+        for (const deployment of selectedByDoc.get(base.document) ?? []) {
+            const plan = await deploymentPlan(base, profileDocs(base.document), deployment, load, warn);
+            if ('errors' in plan) {
+                return stop(ofProfile(base.document, deployment.profile, ...plan.errors));
+            }
+            plans.push(plan);
+        }
+    }
+    return { plans };
+}
+// Builds and checks the model `deployment` deploys from `base`, reading its
+// profile file in `files` again with its actions, and generates its DDL
+// offline. The profile applies with the source dialects in `load`. Returns
+// the plan, or the errors that stop the push.
+async function deploymentPlan(base, files, deployment, load, warn) {
+    const { document, model } = base;
+    const at = `[${document}] deployment '${deployment.name}'`;
+    const fail = (...errors) => ({ errors });
+    const spanner = spannerMetricsErrors(document, model, deployment);
+    if (spanner.length)
+        return fail(...spanner);
+    let applied = model;
+    if (deployment.profile !== resolve_profiles_1.DEFAULT_PROFILE) {
+        // localChecks has checked that the model declares the profile and that
+        // its file loads, so `model.profiles` holds it.
+        let spec = model.profiles.find(p => p.name === deployment.profile);
+        const file = files.find(p => p.name === deployment.profile);
+        const warnings = [];
+        try {
+            // A profile in a GOOGLE block has no file and applies as loaded.
+            if (file)
+                spec = (0, resolve_profiles_1.loadProfileFile)(file.text, file.name);
+        }
+        catch (err) {
+            if (!(err instanceof loader_1.SemanticModelError))
+                throw err;
+            return fail(`[${file.fileName}] ${err.message}`);
+        }
+        try {
+            applied = (0, resolve_profiles_1.applyProfile)(model, spec, { load, warnings });
+        }
+        catch (err) {
+            if (!(err instanceof loader_1.SemanticModelError))
+                throw err;
+            return fail(`${at}: ${err.message}`);
+        }
+        for (const w of warnings) {
+            warn(`profile '${deployment.profile}': [${document}] ${w}`);
+        }
+    }
+    // Messages name the deployment.
+    const label = `${document}, deployment '${deployment.name}'`;
+    const checked = { document: label, model: applied };
+    // Pruning can remove the field these rules are about, so they run first.
+    // localChecks has already warned about the SQL they cannot read.
+    const unprunedErrors = [
+        ...validateInheritance([checked]),
+        ...validateExpressionReferences([checked]),
+    ];
+    const { model: pruned, report } = (0, resolve_profiles_1.pruneUnavailable)(checked.model, deployment.profile);
+    // Keeps only this deployment, so every reader sees its target alone.
+    const narrowed = {
+        document: checked.document,
+        model: {
+            ...pruned,
+            deployments: (model.deployments ?? []).filter(d => d.name === deployment.name),
+        },
+    };
+    const errors = [
+        ...unprunedErrors,
+        ...validatePushRequirements([narrowed], {
+            fieldsPruned: true,
+            v2Aspects: kcV2Aspects(),
+        }),
+    ];
+    if (errors.length)
+        return { errors };
+    // An AlloyDB database holds no graph.
+    if (deployment.engine === 'alloydb') {
+        return { deployment, at, model: narrowed, report };
+    }
+    const generated = await generateOffline(deployment.engine === 'bigquery' ? deploy_bigquery_1.deployBigQuery : deploy_spanner_1.deploySpanner, [narrowed]);
+    if (typeof generated === 'string')
+        return fail(`${at}: ${generated}`);
+    return { deployment, at, model: narrowed, report, generated };
+}
+// The warnings and the note push prints on what pruning leaves out of the
+// model `plan` deploys. Each line names the model, and the document and the
+// deployment.
+function pruningLines({ deployment, model, report: r }) {
+    const where = `model '${model.model.name}' (${model.document})`;
+    // What becomes of a field left out. An AlloyDB database holds no graph.
+    const outcome = deployment.engine === 'alloydb' ? 'it is unavailable there' :
+        'the graph omits it';
+    const excluded = new Set(r.excludedFields);
+    const omits = (field, why) => `Warning: field '${field}' in ${where} ${why}, so ${outcome}.`;
+    // Such as "metric 'a'" or "metrics 'a' and 'b'", or '' for no names.
+    const named = (kind, names) => names.length ?
+        `${(0, loader_1.plural)(names.length, kind, `${kind}s`)} ${(0, loader_1.listed)(names.map(n => `'${n}'`))}` :
+        '';
+    const unavailable = [
+        named('metric', r.droppedMetrics.map(m => m.name)),
+        named('action', r.droppedActions.map(a => a.name)),
+    ].filter(n => n).join(r.droppedMetrics.length > 1 ? ', and ' : ' and ');
+    const note = [
+        excluded.size ? `excludes ${named('field', [...excluded])}.` : '',
+        unavailable && `leaves ${unavailable} unavailable.`,
+    ].filter(p => p).join(' It ');
+    return [
+        ...r.unboundFields.filter(f => !excluded.has(f))
+            .map(f => omits(f, 'has no expression')),
+        ...r.droppedFields.map(d => omits(d.name, d.reason)),
+        ...note ? [`Note: ${where} ${note}`] : [],
+    ];
+}
+// A validate-only deploy builds the DDL and calls no service, so it needs no
+// project or token.
+const NO_SERVICE = new context_1.ApiContext('', '', '');
+// Generates a graph leg's DDL without calling a service, or gives why it
+// cannot be generated.
+async function generateOffline(deployLeg, models) {
+    try {
+        const result = await deployLeg(models, NO_SERVICE, { validateOnly: true });
+        if (result.success)
+            return result;
+        return result.details ?? 'the graph could not be generated';
+    }
+    catch (err) {
+        return err.message || String(err);
+    }
+}
+// Live pre-flight over the BigQuery-targeting models: confirms every entity's
+// BigQuery source table is reachable BEFORE any destination leg runs, so a push
+// fails fast when the model could not deploy, rather than surfacing a missing
+// table only once the BigQuery leg executes its DDL. The caller passes only the
+// models whose deployment target is a BigQuery Graph; a Spanner-targeting
+// model's sources are Spanner tables (probed against a different system) and
+// are not checked here.
+//
+// Each distinct source is probed with a dry-run query (`SELECT 1 FROM <ref>`,
+// suffixed `WHERE FALSE` so it scans no data),
+// so BigQuery resolves the reference exactly as the generated DDL will. That
+// covers every reference form the generator emits -- a three-part
+// `project.dataset.table`, a four-part federated REST-catalog / Lakehouse name
+// (e.g. an Apache Iceberg table via BigLake), and quoted identifiers -- rather
+// than only a three-part name. A source the loader kept verbatim because it is
+// a query (contains whitespace) is not a table and is skipped. The dry-run is
+// billed to the model's BigQuery deployment-target project (the same project
+// the deploy runs against), falling back to `defaultProject`. Each distinct
+// (billing project, reference) pair is probed once. Returns one message per
+// unreachable table (empty when all pass).
+//
+// With `graph`, each probe runs in `graph.location`, the location of dataset
+// `graph.dataset`, and a probe that fails there runs again with no location.
+// When that run finds the table in another location, the error says so,
+// starting with `graph.at`, which names the deployment.
+async function validateBigQueryDataSources(models, bq, defaultProject, graph) {
+    // Dedup by billing project + reference so a table shared across
+    // entities/models is probed once; keep the first reference for a locatable
+    // error message.
+    const refs = new Map();
+    for (const { document, model } of models) {
+        const project = billingProject(model, defaultProject);
+        for (const entity of model.entities ?? []) {
+            const ref = probeableRef(entity.dataSource);
+            if (!ref)
+                continue;
+            const key = `${project}\u0000${ref}`;
+            if (!refs.has(key)) {
+                refs.set(key, {
+                    project,
+                    ref,
+                    document,
+                    model: model.name,
+                    entity: entity.name,
+                });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    const errors = [];
+    for (const { project, ref, document, model, entity } of refs.values()) {
+        const sql = `SELECT 1 FROM \`${ref}\` WHERE FALSE`;
+        const res = await bq.query(project, sql, graph?.location, true);
+        if (res.status === 200)
+            continue;
+        if (graph) {
+            const anywhere = await bq.query(project, sql, undefined, true);
+            const found = anywhere.result?.jobReference?.location;
+            if (found && found !== graph.location) {
+                errors.push(`${graph.at} targets a BigQuery graph in dataset ` +
+                    `'${graph.dataset}', which is in location '${graph.location}', ` +
+                    `but entity '${entity}' reads table '${ref}', which is in ` +
+                    `location '${found}'. A property graph can use only tables in ` +
+                    `its dataset's location.`);
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+        const msg = res.message?.trim() || `HTTP ${res.status}`;
+        const why = /not found/i.test(msg) ?
+            'does not exist' :
+            /access denied|permission denied|not authorized|does not have permission/i
+                .test(msg) ?
+                'is not accessible (permission denied)' :
+                `could not be verified (${msg})`;
+        errors.push(`entity '${entity}' in model '${model}' (${document}) references ` +
+            `BigQuery table '${ref}', which ${why}; the model cannot be deployed. ` +
+            `Create the table or grant access to it, or fix the entity's source.`);
+    }
+    return errors;
+}
+// The BigQuery project a model's deploy -- and thus its dry-run pre-flight --
+// bills to: the project of the model's first BigQuery Graph deployment target
+// (where the CREATE PROPERTY GRAPH runs), falling back to the scope's default
+// project when the model declares no parseable BigQuery Graph target.
+// googleDeploymentTargets is safe here: validatePushRequirements ran first and
+// already rejected a malformed GOOGLE extension.
+function billingProject(model, defaultProject) {
+    try {
+        return (0, deploy_bigquery_1.googleDeploymentTargets)(model).bigQuery[0]?.project ??
+            defaultProject;
+    }
+    catch {
+        return defaultProject;
+    }
+}
+// A source that can be probed as a BigQuery table: the canonical `dataSource`,
+// trimmed, or null when it is empty or a non-BigQuery resource URI. Unlike a
+// tables.get probe this imposes no part-count limit, so a three-part
+// `project.dataset.table` and a four-part BigLake / REST-catalog name are both
+// returned for the dry-run to resolve.
+function probeableRef(dataSource) {
+    const trimmed = (dataSource ?? '').trim();
+    if (!trimmed)
+        return null;
+    // A non-BigQuery resource URI (Spanner/AlloyDB/iceberg/...) is not a
+    // BigQuery table, so the BigQuery pre-flight does not probe it. (BigQuery
+    // and BigLake source URIs are normalized to dotted names by the loader, so a
+    // URI reaching here is non-BigQuery.)
+    if (trimmed.startsWith('//') || /^[a-z][\w+.-]*:\/\//i.test(trimmed)) {
+        return null;
+    }
+    return trimmed;
+}
+// Every `sql` executor statement in a model, in declaration order. A blank one
+// is skipped: sqlExecutorErrors has already failed the push over it, and
+// sending it would earn a second, less useful complaint from the store.
+function pendingStatements({ document, model }) {
+    const pending = [];
+    for (const action of model.actions ?? []) {
+        if (action.executor?.kind !== 'sql')
+            continue;
+        const executor = action.executor;
+        executor.sql.statements.forEach((sql, index) => {
+            if (!sql.trim())
+                return;
+            pending.push({ document, model: model.name, action, index, sql });
+        });
+    }
+    return pending;
+}
+// The parameter types to send with one statement's pre-flight request, keyed by
+// `@name`.
+//
+// Only the parameters the statement actually references are sent, and only
+// those whose declared type maps to a store type we can state. An `Opaque` type
+// is exactly the case we cannot: it means the model does not know the type, so
+// asserting one would invent a constraint the author never wrote. Those are
+// left out and the store resolves them from context, which both backends do.
+//
+// Sending the types at all is optional -- a statement with no parameter types
+// passes either backend's dry run. It is worth doing because it turns the
+// action's DECLARED parameter types into a claim checked against the real
+// column types, so a model that says `Float` where the column is a STRING fails
+// here rather than on the first call.
+function statementParameterTypes(action, sql) {
+    const declared = new Map(action.parameters.map(p => [p.name, p.type]));
+    const types = {};
+    for (const name of (0, sql_identifiers_1.referencedParameters)(sql)) {
+        const type = declared.get(name);
+        if (!type || type === 'Opaque')
+            continue;
+        types[name] = (0, parameters_1.storeCodeFor)(type);
+    }
+    return types;
+}
+// The message for a statement the store refused. `store` names the database so
+// a multi-profile push says which one answered.
+function rejectedStatement(pending, store, detail) {
+    return `action '${pending.action.name}' in model '${pending.model}' (${pending.document}): statement ${pending.index + 1} of its sql executor was rejected by ${store}: ${detail} Statements reach the store exactly as written, so every ` +
+        `table and column has to be the name the database uses.`;
+}
+// The Spanner arm. Each distinct database gets one session, reused across every
+// statement bound to it and deleted at the end -- which also discards the
+// read-write transactions PLAN had to begin and never committed. Returns one
+// message per statement that failed to plan, empty when all pass.
+async function validateSpannerActionStatements(models, spanner) {
+    // Group by database so a model set sharing one target opens one session
+    // rather than one per statement.
+    const byDatabase = new Map();
+    for (const loaded of models) {
+        const statements = pendingStatements(loaded);
+        if (!statements.length)
+            continue;
+        // The database an action writes to is the one this profile deploys its
+        // graph to: on Spanner the published graph and the operational rows live in
+        // the same database. A model with no Spanner target contributes nothing.
+        let target;
+        try {
+            target = (0, deployment_target_1.spannerGraphTargets)(loaded.model).targets[0];
+        }
+        catch {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (!target)
+            continue;
+        const key = `${target.project}/${target.instance}/${target.database}`;
+        const entry = byDatabase.get(key) ?? { target, statements: [] };
+        entry.statements.push(...statements);
+        byDatabase.set(key, entry);
+    }
+    const errors = [];
+    for (const { target, statements } of byDatabase.values()) {
+        const store = `Spanner database '${target.project}/${target.instance}/${target.database}'`;
+        const opened = await spanner.createSession(target.project, target.instance, target.database);
+        const session = opened.result?.name;
+        if (!session) {
+            // Reaching the database is the whole check, so failing to open a session
+            // is reported rather than skipped: a push that could not verify its
+            // statements must not proceed as though it had.
+            errors.push(`could not open a session on ${store} to verify the sql executor ` +
+                `statements in model '${statements[0].model}' (${statements[0].document}): ${(0, parameters_1.storeMessage)(opened.message, opened.status)}`);
+            continue;
+        }
+        try {
+            for (const pending of statements) {
+                const types = statementParameterTypes(pending.action, pending.sql);
+                const params = {};
+                const paramTypes = {};
+                for (const [name, code] of Object.entries(types)) {
+                    params[name] = null;
+                    paramTypes[name] = { code };
+                }
+                const res = await spanner.planDml(session, pending.sql, params, paramTypes);
+                if (res.status === 200)
+                    continue;
+                errors.push(rejectedStatement(pending, store, (0, parameters_1.storeMessage)(res.message, res.status)));
+            }
+        }
+        finally {
+            // Best effort, and the catch is what makes it one. A leaked session
+            // expires on its own, while letting a cleanup failure escape would throw
+            // away every statement error collected above and report a transport
+            // problem as though the statements had never been checked.
+            try {
+                await spanner.deleteSession(session);
+            }
+            catch {
+                // Nothing to say: the session is the store's to reclaim.
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return errors;
+}
+// The BigQuery arm. Each statement is dry-run on jobs.query, billed to the same
+// project the model's graph deploys to (a dry run scans nothing, but it still
+// needs a project to run in). There is no session to manage: a dry run is a
+// single stateless call. Returns one message per statement BigQuery refused.
+//
+// Note what this does NOT settle. BigQuery accepts DML against a native or
+// managed table and refuses it against most external ones, and a dry run
+// reports that refusal -- which is the point, because a real run would hit the
+// same wall.
+async function validateBigQueryActionStatements(models, bq, defaultProject) {
+    const errors = [];
+    for (const loaded of models) {
+        const statements = pendingStatements(loaded);
+        if (!statements.length)
+            continue;
+        const project = billingProject(loaded.model, defaultProject);
+        const store = `BigQuery (project '${project}')`;
+        for (const pending of statements) {
+            const res = await bq.query(project, pending.sql, undefined, true, statementParameterTypes(pending.action, pending.sql));
+            if (res.status === 200)
+                continue;
+            errors.push(rejectedStatement(pending, store, (0, parameters_1.storeMessage)(res.message, res.status)));
+        }
+    }
+    return errors;
+}