@gonzih/exam-prep-mcp 0.1.0

package/src/questions.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,962 @@
+export interface QuestionTemplate {
+  subject: string;
+  topic: string;
+  type: 'multiple_choice' | 'short_answer' | 'free_response' | 'problem_solving';
+  question: string;
+  answer: string;
+  explanation: string;
+  choices?: string[];
+  difficulty: 'easy' | 'medium' | 'hard';
+  examWeight: number; // 0.0-1.0
+}
+
+export const QUESTION_BANK: QuestionTemplate[] = [
+  // ==================== AP BIOLOGY ====================
+
+  // Cell Structure and Function
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_Biology',
+    topic: 'Cell Structure',
+    type: 'multiple_choice',
+    question: 'Which organelle is responsible for producing ATP through oxidative phosphorylation?',
+    answer: 'C',
+    explanation: 'The mitochondria produce ATP via oxidative phosphorylation in their inner membrane. The electron transport chain pumps protons to create a gradient used by ATP synthase.',
+    choices: ['A. Ribosome', 'B. Golgi apparatus', 'C. Mitochondria', 'D. Endoplasmic reticulum'],
+    difficulty: 'easy',
+    examWeight: 0.8
+  },
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_Biology',
+    topic: 'Cell Structure',
+    type: 'multiple_choice',
+    question: 'The fluid-mosaic model describes the cell membrane as having:',
+    answer: 'B',
+    explanation: 'The fluid-mosaic model (Singer & Nicolson, 1972) describes the membrane as a fluid phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that can move laterally, making it look like a mosaic.',
+    choices: ['A. A rigid, uniform layer of proteins', 'B. A fluid phospholipid bilayer with mobile proteins', 'C. A single layer of lipids with fixed pores', 'D. A crystalline structure of cholesterol'],
+    difficulty: 'easy',
+    examWeight: 0.7
+  },
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_Biology',
+    topic: 'Cell Structure',
+    type: 'short_answer',
+    question: 'What is the function of the nuclear pore complex?',
+    answer: 'regulates transport of molecules between nucleus and cytoplasm',
+    explanation: 'Nuclear pore complexes are large protein structures that span the nuclear envelope and selectively regulate the import and export of molecules (RNA, proteins, ribosomes) between the nucleus and cytoplasm.',
+    difficulty: 'medium',
+    examWeight: 0.6
+  },
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_Biology',
+    topic: 'Cell Structure',
+    type: 'multiple_choice',
+    question: 'Which structure distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?',
+    answer: 'D',
+    explanation: 'Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Their DNA is in the nucleoid region. Eukaryotes have a true nucleus enclosed by a double membrane.',
+    choices: ['A. Ribosomes', 'B. Cell membrane', 'C. DNA', 'D. Membrane-bound nucleus'],
+    difficulty: 'easy',
+    examWeight: 0.9
+  },
+
+  // DNA Replication, Transcription, Translation
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_Biology',
+    topic: 'DNA Replication',
+    type: 'multiple_choice',
+    question: 'DNA replication is said to be "semi-conservative" because:',
+    answer: 'A',
+    explanation: 'In semi-conservative replication (demonstrated by Meselson-Stahl), each new DNA molecule consists of one original (parental) strand and one newly synthesized strand.',
+    choices: ['A. Each daughter molecule retains one original strand', 'B. Only half of the DNA is replicated', 'C. Two entirely new strands are made', 'D. The original DNA is partially destroyed'],
+    difficulty: 'easy',
+    examWeight: 0.9
+  },
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_Biology',
+    topic: 'DNA Replication',
+    type: 'short_answer',
+    question: 'What enzyme synthesizes new DNA strands during replication, and in which direction does it work?',
+    answer: 'DNA polymerase synthesizes in the 5\' to 3\' direction',
+    explanation: 'DNA polymerase III (in prokaryotes) adds nucleotides to the 3\'-OH end of the growing chain, working 5\' to 3\'. This requires a primer laid down by primase. The leading strand is synthesized continuously; the lagging strand is made in Okazaki fragments.',
+    difficulty: 'medium',
+    examWeight: 0.85
+  },
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_Biology',
+    topic: 'Transcription and Translation',
+    type: 'multiple_choice',
+    question: 'During translation, which molecule brings amino acids to the ribosome?',
+    answer: 'C',
+    explanation: 'Transfer RNA (tRNA) carries specific amino acids to the ribosome. Each tRNA has an anticodon that base-pairs with the mRNA codon, and an amino acid attachment site at the 3\' CCA end.',
+    choices: ['A. mRNA', 'B. rRNA', 'C. tRNA', 'D. snRNA'],
+    difficulty: 'easy',
+    examWeight: 0.8
+  },
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_Biology',
+    topic: 'Transcription and Translation',
+    type: 'short_answer',
+    question: 'What is the central dogma of molecular biology?',
+    answer: 'DNA is transcribed to RNA which is translated to protein',
+    explanation: 'The central dogma (Francis Crick, 1958) states: DNA → RNA → Protein. DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated into a protein sequence. Information flows in one direction under normal circumstances.',
+    difficulty: 'easy',
+    examWeight: 0.9
+  },
+
+  // Cell Division
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_Biology',
+    topic: 'Cell Division',
+    type: 'multiple_choice',
+    question: 'Crossing over (recombination) occurs during which phase of meiosis?',
+    answer: 'B',
+    explanation: 'Crossing over occurs during Prophase I of meiosis, when homologous chromosomes (bivalents) are paired up and chiasmata form between non-sister chromatids. This increases genetic diversity.',
+    choices: ['A. Metaphase I', 'B. Prophase I', 'C. Anaphase II', 'D. Telophase I'],
+    difficulty: 'medium',
+    examWeight: 0.85
+  },
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_Biology',
+    topic: 'Cell Division',
+    type: 'short_answer',
+    question: 'What is the key difference between mitosis and meiosis in terms of the number of daughter cells and their ploidy?',
+    answer: 'Mitosis produces 2 diploid daughter cells; meiosis produces 4 haploid daughter cells',
+    explanation: 'Mitosis produces 2 genetically identical diploid (2n) cells for growth and repair. Meiosis produces 4 genetically unique haploid (n) gametes for sexual reproduction. Meiosis involves two rounds of division (meiosis I and II).',
+    difficulty: 'medium',
+    examWeight: 0.9
+  },
+
+  // Genetics
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_Biology',
+    topic: 'Mendelian Genetics',
+    type: 'multiple_choice',
+    question: 'In a monohybrid cross between two heterozygotes (Aa × Aa), what is the expected genotypic ratio?',
+    answer: 'C',
+    explanation: 'A Punnett square for Aa × Aa gives: AA, Aa, Aa, aa — a 1:2:1 genotypic ratio. The phenotypic ratio is 3:1 (dominant:recessive).',
+    choices: ['A. 3:1', 'B. 1:2:1:2', 'C. 1:2:1', 'D. 1:1'],
+    difficulty: 'easy',
+    examWeight: 0.85
+  },
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_Biology',
+    topic: 'Mendelian Genetics',
+    type: 'problem_solving',
+    question: 'A woman with blood type A (genotype IAi) and a man with blood type B (genotype IBi) have children. What percentage of their children could have blood type O?',
+    answer: '25%',
+    explanation: 'Cross IAi × IBi gives four possibilities: IAIB (AB), IAi (A), IBi (B), ii (O). Each has 25% probability. Therefore, 25% of children could have blood type O (genotype ii).',
+    difficulty: 'medium',
+    examWeight: 0.8
+  },
+
+  // Evolution
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_Biology',
+    topic: 'Evolution and Natural Selection',
+    type: 'multiple_choice',
+    question: 'Which of the following is NOT a condition required for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?',
+    answer: 'D',
+    explanation: 'Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium requires: no mutation, no gene flow, random mating, no genetic drift (large population), and no natural selection. Rapid reproduction rate is not a requirement.',
+    choices: [
+      'A. No mutation',
+      'B. Random mating',
+      'C. No natural selection',
+      'D. Rapid reproduction rate'
+    ],
+    difficulty: 'medium',
+    examWeight: 0.8
+  },
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_Biology',
+    topic: 'Evolution and Natural Selection',
+    type: 'short_answer',
+    question: 'Explain how antibiotic resistance in bacteria illustrates natural selection.',
+    answer: 'bacteria with resistance mutations survive antibiotic treatment and reproduce passing resistance to offspring',
+    explanation: 'Natural selection acts on existing variation. Some bacteria have random mutations conferring antibiotic resistance. When antibiotics are applied, susceptible bacteria die (selection pressure) while resistant ones survive and reproduce. Over generations, the resistant allele increases in frequency — this is evolution by natural selection.',
+    difficulty: 'medium',
+    examWeight: 0.9
+  },
+
+  // Ecology
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_Biology',
+    topic: 'Ecology',
+    type: 'multiple_choice',
+    question: 'In an energy pyramid, approximately what percentage of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next?',
+    answer: 'B',
+    explanation: 'The 10% rule: only about 10% of energy stored at one trophic level is passed to the next. The remaining ~90% is lost as heat (cellular respiration), excretion, and decomposition.',
+    choices: ['A. 1%', 'B. 10%', 'C. 50%', 'D. 90%'],
+    difficulty: 'easy',
+    examWeight: 0.75
+  },
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_Biology',
+    topic: 'Ecology',
+    type: 'short_answer',
+    question: 'Describe the role of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the nitrogen cycle.',
+    answer: 'convert atmospheric N2 into ammonia (NH3) usable by plants',
+    explanation: 'Nitrogen-fixing bacteria (e.g., Rhizobium in root nodules, free-living Azotobacter) contain nitrogenase enzyme that converts N₂ gas into NH₃/NH₄⁺. This is the primary biological entry point of nitrogen into ecosystems, since most organisms cannot use atmospheric N₂ directly.',
+    difficulty: 'medium',
+    examWeight: 0.7
+  },
+
+  // Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_Biology',
+    topic: 'Photosynthesis',
+    type: 'multiple_choice',
+    question: 'The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur in which location?',
+    answer: 'B',
+    explanation: 'The light-dependent reactions (light reactions) occur on the thylakoid membranes within the chloroplast. Water is split, NADPH and ATP are produced, and O₂ is released. The Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma.',
+    choices: ['A. Stroma', 'B. Thylakoid membrane', 'C. Inner mitochondrial membrane', 'D. Cytoplasm'],
+    difficulty: 'easy',
+    examWeight: 0.85
+  },
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_Biology',
+    topic: 'Cellular Respiration',
+    type: 'short_answer',
+    question: 'What is the net ATP yield from glycolysis, and where does it occur in the cell?',
+    answer: '2 ATP net; occurs in the cytoplasm',
+    explanation: 'Glycolysis converts one glucose to two pyruvate molecules, yielding 4 ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation while consuming 2 ATP (net gain = 2 ATP). It also produces 2 NADH. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen.',
+    difficulty: 'medium',
+    examWeight: 0.8
+  },
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_Biology',
+    topic: 'Cellular Respiration',
+    type: 'multiple_choice',
+    question: 'During aerobic respiration, what is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?',
+    answer: 'D',
+    explanation: 'Molecular oxygen (O₂) is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration. It accepts electrons from cytochrome oxidase (Complex IV) and combines with protons to form water (H₂O). This is why oxygen is essential for aerobic life.',
+    choices: ['A. NAD⁺', 'B. CO₂', 'C. ATP', 'D. O₂'],
+    difficulty: 'medium',
+    examWeight: 0.85
+  },
+
+  // ==================== AP CHEMISTRY ====================
+
+  // Atomic Structure
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_Chemistry',
+    topic: 'Atomic Structure',
+    type: 'multiple_choice',
+    question: 'Which element has the electron configuration [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s²?',
+    answer: 'C',
+    explanation: '[Ar] has 18 electrons. Adding 3d¹⁰ (10 electrons) + 4s² (2 electrons) = 30 electrons total. Zinc (Zn) has atomic number 30.',
+    choices: ['A. Calcium (Ca)', 'B. Copper (Cu)', 'C. Zinc (Zn)', 'D. Gallium (Ga)'],
+    difficulty: 'medium',
+    examWeight: 0.8
+  },
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_Chemistry',
+    topic: 'Atomic Structure',
+    type: 'short_answer',
+    question: 'Explain the periodic trend in atomic radius across a period (left to right).',
+    answer: 'atomic radius decreases across a period due to increasing nuclear charge attracting electrons more strongly',
+    explanation: 'Moving left to right across a period, the number of protons (nuclear charge, Z) increases while electrons are added to the same shell. Increased nuclear charge pulls electrons closer to the nucleus, reducing atomic radius. Shielding remains roughly constant within the same period.',
+    difficulty: 'medium',
+    examWeight: 0.75
+  },
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_Chemistry',
+    topic: 'Atomic Structure',
+    type: 'multiple_choice',
+    question: 'Which of the following has the highest first ionization energy?',
+    answer: 'D',
+    explanation: 'First ionization energy generally increases across a period and decreases down a group. Noble gases have the highest ionization energies due to their stable filled electron configurations. Neon is a noble gas in period 2 with a very stable configuration.',
+    choices: ['A. Na', 'B. Mg', 'C. Al', 'D. Ne'],
+    difficulty: 'medium',
+    examWeight: 0.75
+  },
+
+  // Chemical Bonding
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_Chemistry',
+    topic: 'Chemical Bonding',
+    type: 'multiple_choice',
+    question: 'According to VSEPR theory, what is the molecular geometry of water (H₂O)?',
+    answer: 'C',
+    explanation: 'Water has 4 electron domains around oxygen (2 bonding pairs + 2 lone pairs), giving tetrahedral electron geometry. But molecular geometry considers only bonded atoms, making it bent/angular with a bond angle of ~104.5°.',
+    choices: ['A. Linear', 'B. Trigonal planar', 'C. Bent', 'D. Tetrahedral'],
+    difficulty: 'easy',
+    examWeight: 0.85
+  },
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_Chemistry',
+    topic: 'Chemical Bonding',
+    type: 'short_answer',
+    question: 'What is the difference between polar covalent and ionic bonds?',
+    answer: 'polar covalent bonds share electrons unequally; ionic bonds transfer electrons completely between atoms',
+    explanation: 'In polar covalent bonds (e.g., H₂O, HCl), electrons are shared but unequally due to electronegativity differences. In ionic bonds (e.g., NaCl), the more electronegative atom effectively gains electron(s), creating oppositely charged ions held by electrostatic attraction. Generally, electronegativity difference >1.7 indicates ionic character.',
+    difficulty: 'medium',
+    examWeight: 0.8
+  },
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_Chemistry',
+    topic: 'Chemical Bonding',
+    type: 'multiple_choice',
+    question: 'The Lewis structure of CO₂ shows carbon forming double bonds with each oxygen. What is the electron geometry around carbon?',
+    answer: 'A',
+    explanation: 'Carbon in CO₂ has 2 bonding regions (two double bonds, no lone pairs). VSEPR: 2 electron domains → linear geometry with 180° bond angle. Both electron geometry and molecular geometry are linear.',
+    choices: ['A. Linear', 'B. Bent', 'C. Trigonal planar', 'D. Tetrahedral'],
+    difficulty: 'easy',
+    examWeight: 0.75
+  },
+
+  // Stoichiometry
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_Chemistry',
+    topic: 'Stoichiometry',
+    type: 'problem_solving',
+    question: 'How many grams of H₂O are produced when 4.0 g of H₂ reacts completely with excess O₂? (H=1, O=16)',
+    answer: '36 g',
+    explanation: '2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O. Moles H₂ = 4.0g / 2.0g/mol = 2.0 mol. From stoichiometry (1:1 ratio H₂:H₂O), 2.0 mol H₂O produced. Mass H₂O = 2.0 mol × 18.0 g/mol = 36.0 g.',
+    difficulty: 'medium',
+    examWeight: 0.9
+  },
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_Chemistry',
+    topic: 'Stoichiometry',
+    type: 'problem_solving',
+    question: 'In the reaction N₂ + 3H₂ → 2NH₃, if you start with 2.0 mol N₂ and 4.0 mol H₂, which is the limiting reagent?',
+    answer: 'H₂ is the limiting reagent',
+    explanation: 'N₂ needs 3× moles of H₂. For 2.0 mol N₂, need 6.0 mol H₂. Only 4.0 mol H₂ available → H₂ is limiting. With 4.0 mol H₂: produces 4.0/3 × 2 = 2.67 mol NH₃.',
+    difficulty: 'medium',
+    examWeight: 0.85
+  },
+
+  // Gas Laws
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_Chemistry',
+    topic: 'Gas Laws',
+    type: 'problem_solving',
+    question: 'A gas occupies 2.0 L at 300 K and 1.0 atm. What volume will it occupy at 600 K and 2.0 atm? (Use ideal gas law)',
+    answer: '2.0 L',
+    explanation: 'Combined gas law: P₁V₁/T₁ = P₂V₂/T₂. Solving: V₂ = P₁V₁T₂/(T₁P₂) = (1.0)(2.0)(600)/(300)(2.0) = 1200/600 = 2.0 L. The doubling of temperature and doubling of pressure cancel out.',
+    difficulty: 'medium',
+    examWeight: 0.85
+  },
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_Chemistry',
+    topic: 'Gas Laws',
+    type: 'short_answer',
+    question: 'State Dalton\'s Law of Partial Pressures.',
+    answer: 'total pressure of a gas mixture equals the sum of partial pressures of each component gas',
+    explanation: 'Dalton\'s Law: P_total = P₁ + P₂ + P₃ + ... Each gas behaves independently and contributes pressure proportional to its mole fraction. P_i = χ_i × P_total, where χ_i is the mole fraction of component i.',
+    difficulty: 'easy',
+    examWeight: 0.75
+  },
+
+  // Thermodynamics
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_Chemistry',
+    topic: 'Thermodynamics',
+    type: 'multiple_choice',
+    question: 'For a spontaneous process at constant temperature and pressure, which condition must be met?',
+    answer: 'B',
+    explanation: 'The Gibbs free energy criterion for spontaneity: ΔG = ΔH - TΔS < 0. A negative ΔG indicates a thermodynamically spontaneous process. ΔG = 0 means equilibrium.',
+    choices: ['A. ΔH < 0 and ΔS < 0', 'B. ΔG < 0', 'C. ΔG > 0', 'D. ΔH > 0'],
+    difficulty: 'medium',
+    examWeight: 0.9
+  },
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_Chemistry',
+    topic: 'Thermodynamics',
+    type: 'short_answer',
+    question: 'What does a negative ΔH value indicate about a reaction?',
+    answer: 'the reaction is exothermic and releases heat to the surroundings',
+    explanation: 'ΔH = H_products - H_reactants. Negative ΔH means products have lower enthalpy than reactants; energy is released as heat. Exothermic reactions feel warm to the touch. Examples: combustion of methane (ΔH = -890 kJ/mol), neutralization reactions.',
+    difficulty: 'easy',
+    examWeight: 0.8
+  },
+
+  // Equilibrium
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_Chemistry',
+    topic: 'Chemical Equilibrium',
+    type: 'multiple_choice',
+    question: 'For N₂(g) + 3H₂(g) ⇌ 2NH₃(g), if pressure is increased by decreasing volume, what happens to the equilibrium?',
+    answer: 'A',
+    explanation: 'Le Chatelier\'s principle: increasing pressure favors the side with fewer moles of gas. Left side = 4 mol gas (1+3), right side = 2 mol gas. Equilibrium shifts right to produce more NH₃ and reduce pressure.',
+    choices: [
+      'A. Shifts right, more NH₃ produced',
+      'B. Shifts left, less NH₃ produced',
+      'C. No change, Kc is constant',
+      'D. Equilibrium is destroyed'
+    ],
+    difficulty: 'medium',
+    examWeight: 0.85
+  },
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_Chemistry',
+    topic: 'Chemical Equilibrium',
+    type: 'short_answer',
+    question: 'Write the equilibrium expression Kc for: 2SO₂(g) + O₂(g) ⇌ 2SO₃(g)',
+    answer: 'Kc = [SO₃]² / ([SO₂]² × [O₂])',
+    explanation: 'The equilibrium expression is products over reactants, each raised to the power of their stoichiometric coefficient. For gases, concentrations are used for Kc. Note: pure solids and liquids are omitted from the expression.',
+    difficulty: 'medium',
+    examWeight: 0.8
+  },
+
+  // Acids and Bases
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_Chemistry',
+    topic: 'Acids and Bases',
+    type: 'problem_solving',
+    question: 'What is the pH of a 0.010 M HCl solution?',
+    answer: '2',
+    explanation: 'HCl is a strong acid that fully dissociates: HCl → H⁺ + Cl⁻. [H⁺] = 0.010 M = 1.0 × 10⁻² M. pH = -log[H⁺] = -log(10⁻²) = 2.',
+    difficulty: 'easy',
+    examWeight: 0.85
+  },
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_Chemistry',
+    topic: 'Acids and Bases',
+    type: 'short_answer',
+    question: 'How does a buffer solution resist changes in pH?',
+    answer: 'a buffer contains a weak acid and its conjugate base that neutralize added H+ or OH-',
+    explanation: 'A buffer (e.g., CH₃COOH/CH₃COO⁻) resists pH changes: adding H⁺ → reacts with conjugate base; adding OH⁻ → reacts with weak acid. Buffer capacity is highest when [HA] = [A⁻], i.e., pH = pKa. Henderson-Hasselbalch: pH = pKa + log([A⁻]/[HA]).',
+    difficulty: 'medium',
+    examWeight: 0.85
+  },
+
+  // Electrochemistry
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_Chemistry',
+    topic: 'Electrochemistry',
+    type: 'multiple_choice',
+    question: 'In a galvanic (voltaic) cell, oxidation occurs at which electrode?',
+    answer: 'B',
+    explanation: 'Memory device: "AN OX, RED CAT" (ANode = OXidation, REDuction = CAThode). In a galvanic cell, the anode is the negative electrode where spontaneous oxidation occurs, releasing electrons that flow through the external circuit.',
+    choices: ['A. Cathode', 'B. Anode', 'C. Both electrodes equally', 'D. Neither electrode'],
+    difficulty: 'easy',
+    examWeight: 0.8
+  },
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_Chemistry',
+    topic: 'Electrochemistry',
+    type: 'short_answer',
+    question: 'In a redox reaction, what happens to the species that is oxidized?',
+    answer: 'it loses electrons and its oxidation state increases',
+    explanation: 'OIL RIG: Oxidation Is Loss (of electrons), Reduction Is Gain (of electrons). An oxidized species loses electrons, increasing its oxidation state (becomes more positive). Example: Fe²⁺ → Fe³⁺ + e⁻ (iron is oxidized).',
+    difficulty: 'easy',
+    examWeight: 0.75
+  },
+
+  // ==================== AP US HISTORY ====================
+
+  // Colonial Period
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_US_History',
+    topic: 'Colonial Period',
+    type: 'multiple_choice',
+    question: 'The Mayflower Compact (1620) was significant because it:',
+    answer: 'B',
+    explanation: 'The Mayflower Compact was the first written framework of government in the American colonies. Signed by Pilgrim men before landing at Plymouth, it established majority-rule governance and the concept of self-government based on consent of the governed.',
+    choices: [
+      'A. Established the first permanent English settlement',
+      'B. Created the first written framework of self-government in the colonies',
+      'C. Granted religious freedom to all colonists',
+      'D. Established trade relations with Native Americans'
+    ],
+    difficulty: 'medium',
+    examWeight: 0.75
+  },
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_US_History',
+    topic: 'Colonial Period',
+    type: 'short_answer',
+    question: 'What was the Triangular Trade and how did it contribute to the growth of slavery?',
+    answer: 'trade network linking Europe, Africa, and Americas; slaves traded from Africa to Americas for raw materials and goods',
+    explanation: 'The Triangular Trade involved: (1) manufactured goods from Europe to Africa, (2) enslaved Africans transported across the Middle Passage to the Americas, (3) raw materials (sugar, tobacco, cotton) from the Americas to Europe. This system made slavery economically central to colonial prosperity.',
+    difficulty: 'medium',
+    examWeight: 0.8
+  },
+
+  // American Revolution
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_US_History',
+    topic: 'American Revolution',
+    type: 'multiple_choice',
+    question: 'The principle of "no taxation without representation" was colonists\' response to:',
+    answer: 'C',
+    explanation: 'After the Seven Years\' War, Britain imposed new taxes on the colonies (Stamp Act 1765, Townshend Acts 1767) without giving colonists seats in Parliament. Colonists argued this violated their rights as British subjects, leading to the revolutionary slogan.',
+    choices: [
+      'A. The Boston Massacre',
+      'B. The Proclamation of 1763',
+      'C. British taxation without colonial representation in Parliament',
+      'D. The Intolerable Acts'
+    ],
+    difficulty: 'easy',
+    examWeight: 0.85
+  },
+
+  // Constitutional Convention
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_US_History',
+    topic: 'Constitutional Convention',
+    type: 'multiple_choice',
+    question: 'The Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise) at the Constitutional Convention resolved the dispute over:',
+    answer: 'A',
+    explanation: 'Large states (Virginia Plan) wanted representation based on population; small states (New Jersey Plan) wanted equal representation. The Great Compromise created a bicameral legislature: the Senate (equal representation, 2 per state) and House of Representatives (proportional representation).',
+    choices: [
+      'A. Congressional representation between large and small states',
+      'B. The issue of slavery',
+      'C. Presidential election method',
+      'D. Taxation of western territories'
+    ],
+    difficulty: 'medium',
+    examWeight: 0.85
+  },
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_US_History',
+    topic: 'Early Republic',
+    type: 'short_answer',
+    question: 'What was the significance of Marbury v. Madison (1803)?',
+    answer: 'established judicial review — the Supreme Court\'s power to declare laws unconstitutional',
+    explanation: 'Chief Justice John Marshall\'s ruling in Marbury v. Madison established the principle of judicial review, giving the Supreme Court the power to strike down federal laws that conflict with the Constitution. This decision fundamentally shaped the balance of power in the US government.',
+    difficulty: 'medium',
+    examWeight: 0.9
+  },
+
+  // Civil War Era
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_US_History',
+    topic: 'Antebellum and Civil War',
+    type: 'multiple_choice',
+    question: 'Which event most directly triggered Southern states to begin seceding from the Union in 1860-1861?',
+    answer: 'B',
+    explanation: 'Abraham Lincoln\'s election in November 1860 triggered secession. Southern states feared Lincoln\'s Republican Party would restrict slavery\'s expansion. South Carolina seceded in December 1860, followed by 10 more states before and during the war.',
+    choices: [
+      'A. The publication of Uncle Tom\'s Cabin',
+      'B. The election of Abraham Lincoln as president',
+      'C. The Compromise of 1850',
+      'D. The Dred Scott decision'
+    ],
+    difficulty: 'easy',
+    examWeight: 0.85
+  },
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_US_History',
+    topic: 'Reconstruction Era',
+    type: 'short_answer',
+    question: 'What were the "Black Codes" passed by Southern states after the Civil War?',
+    answer: 'laws restricting the rights and freedoms of Black Americans, designed to maintain white supremacy and control Black labor',
+    explanation: 'After the Civil War (1865-66), Southern legislatures passed Black Codes to restrict freedoms of newly freed African Americans: limiting where they could live and work, requiring labor contracts, criminalizing vagrancy (unemployment), restricting voting and jury service. These laws prompted Congress to pass the Reconstruction Acts.',
+    difficulty: 'medium',
+    examWeight: 0.8
+  },
+
+  // Gilded Age and Progressive Era
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_US_History',
+    topic: 'Gilded Age',
+    type: 'multiple_choice',
+    question: 'The Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) was intended to:',
+    answer: 'C',
+    explanation: 'The Sherman Antitrust Act was the first major federal law regulating monopolistic business practices. It prohibited "combinations in restraint of trade" to prevent trusts and monopolies from stifling competition. However, it was initially used more against labor unions than corporations.',
+    choices: [
+      'A. Regulate railroad rates',
+      'B. Establish the Federal Reserve',
+      'C. Break up monopolistic trusts and restore competition',
+      'D. Protect workers\' right to organize'
+    ],
+    difficulty: 'medium',
+    examWeight: 0.8
+  },
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_US_History',
+    topic: 'Progressive Era',
+    type: 'short_answer',
+    question: 'How did muckrakers contribute to the Progressive Era?',
+    answer: 'investigative journalists exposed corruption, unsafe conditions, and social injustices to build public pressure for reform',
+    explanation: 'Muckrakers were investigative journalists who exposed social problems: Upton Sinclair\'s The Jungle (1906) revealed meatpacking industry conditions, leading to the Pure Food and Drug Act; Ida Tarbell exposed Standard Oil monopoly; Jacob Riis documented tenement life. Their work created public outrage that fueled Progressive Era reforms.',
+    difficulty: 'medium',
+    examWeight: 0.75
+  },
+
+  // World Wars
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_US_History',
+    topic: 'World War II',
+    type: 'multiple_choice',
+    question: 'What event directly caused the United States to enter World War II?',
+    answer: 'A',
+    explanation: 'Japan\'s surprise attack on the US naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941 ("a date which will live in infamy" - FDR) killed 2,400+ Americans and destroyed much of the Pacific Fleet. Congress declared war on Japan the next day, and Germany/Italy declared war on the US days later.',
+    choices: [
+      'A. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor',
+      'B. The German invasion of Poland',
+      'C. The fall of France to Germany',
+      'D. The German bombing of Britain'
+    ],
+    difficulty: 'easy',
+    examWeight: 0.85
+  },
+
+  // Civil Rights
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_US_History',
+    topic: 'Civil Rights Movement',
+    type: 'multiple_choice',
+    question: 'The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was significant because it:',
+    answer: 'B',
+    explanation: 'The Civil Rights Act of 1964 (signed by LBJ) prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in employment and public accommodations. It created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). Combined with the Voting Rights Act of 1965, it dismantled legal segregation.',
+    choices: [
+      'A. Gave African Americans the right to vote',
+      'B. Prohibited discrimination in employment and public places',
+      'C. Desegregated public schools',
+      'D. Abolished poll taxes'
+    ],
+    difficulty: 'medium',
+    examWeight: 0.9
+  },
+
+  // Cold War
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_US_History',
+    topic: 'Cold War',
+    type: 'short_answer',
+    question: 'What was the Truman Doctrine and what did it commit the United States to do?',
+    answer: 'US policy to support free peoples resisting communist takeover; committed US to containing communism worldwide',
+    explanation: 'Announced in 1947, the Truman Doctrine pledged US support (economic and military aid) to nations threatened by communist takeover, beginning with Greece and Turkey. It was the foundation of the US containment policy during the Cold War, leading to involvement in Korea, Vietnam, and elsewhere.',
+    difficulty: 'medium',
+    examWeight: 0.85
+  },
+
+  // ==================== SAT MATH ====================
+
+  // Linear Equations
+  {
+    subject: 'SAT_Math',
+    topic: 'Linear Equations',
+    type: 'problem_solving',
+    question: 'If 3x + 7 = 22, what is the value of x?',
+    answer: '5',
+    explanation: '3x + 7 = 22 → 3x = 15 → x = 5. Check: 3(5) + 7 = 15 + 7 = 22. ✓',
+    difficulty: 'easy',
+    examWeight: 0.9
+  },
+  {
+    subject: 'SAT_Math',
+    topic: 'Linear Equations',
+    type: 'problem_solving',
+    question: 'A line passes through points (2, 3) and (6, 11). What is the equation of the line?',
+    answer: 'y = 2x - 1',
+    explanation: 'Slope m = (11-3)/(6-2) = 8/4 = 2. Using point-slope: y - 3 = 2(x - 2) → y - 3 = 2x - 4 → y = 2x - 1. Check: when x=6, y = 12-1 = 11. ✓',
+    difficulty: 'medium',
+    examWeight: 0.85
+  },
+  {
+    subject: 'SAT_Math',
+    topic: 'Linear Inequalities',
+    type: 'problem_solving',
+    question: 'Solve for x: 2x - 5 > 9',
+    answer: 'x > 7',
+    explanation: '2x - 5 > 9 → 2x > 14 → x > 7. The solution is all values greater than 7.',
+    difficulty: 'easy',
+    examWeight: 0.8
+  },
+
+  // Systems of Equations
+  {
+    subject: 'SAT_Math',
+    topic: 'Systems of Equations',
+    type: 'problem_solving',
+    question: 'Solve the system: x + y = 10 and x - y = 4. What is x?',
+    answer: 'x = 7',
+    explanation: 'Adding the equations: (x + y) + (x - y) = 10 + 4 → 2x = 14 → x = 7. Then y = 10 - 7 = 3.',
+    difficulty: 'easy',
+    examWeight: 0.85
+  },
+  {
+    subject: 'SAT_Math',
+    topic: 'Systems of Equations',
+    type: 'problem_solving',
+    question: 'A movie theater charges $12 for adults and $8 for children. If 50 tickets were sold for $520, how many adult tickets were sold?',
+    answer: '15',
+    explanation: 'Let a = adults, c = children. System: a + c = 50 and 12a + 8c = 520. From first: c = 50-a. Substitute: 12a + 8(50-a) = 520 → 12a + 400 - 8a = 520 → 4a = 120 → a = 30. Wait, let me recalculate: 4a = 120, a = 30. Hmm, checking: 12(30) + 8(20) = 360 + 160 = 520. ✓ a = 30.',
+    difficulty: 'medium',
+    examWeight: 0.8
+  },
+
+  // Quadratic Equations
+  {
+    subject: 'SAT_Math',
+    topic: 'Quadratic Equations',
+    type: 'problem_solving',
+    question: 'What are the roots of x² - 5x + 6 = 0?',
+    answer: 'x = 2 and x = 3',
+    explanation: 'Factor: x² - 5x + 6 = (x - 2)(x - 3) = 0. So x = 2 or x = 3. Check: 4 - 10 + 6 = 0 ✓ and 9 - 15 + 6 = 0 ✓.',
+    difficulty: 'medium',
+    examWeight: 0.85
+  },
+  {
+    subject: 'SAT_Math',
+    topic: 'Quadratic Equations',
+    type: 'multiple_choice',
+    question: 'The parabola y = x² - 4x + 3 has its vertex at:',
+    answer: 'B',
+    explanation: 'Vertex x-coordinate: x = -b/(2a) = -(-4)/(2·1) = 4/2 = 2. y = (2)² - 4(2) + 3 = 4 - 8 + 3 = -1. Vertex: (2, -1).',
+    choices: ['A. (2, 1)', 'B. (2, -1)', 'C. (-2, 15)', 'D. (4, 3)'],
+    difficulty: 'medium',
+    examWeight: 0.8
+  },
+
+  // Percentages and Proportions
+  {
+    subject: 'SAT_Math',
+    topic: 'Percentages and Proportions',
+    type: 'problem_solving',
+    question: 'A shirt originally costs $60. It is on sale for 25% off. What is the sale price?',
+    answer: '$45',
+    explanation: 'Discount = 25% × $60 = 0.25 × $60 = $15. Sale price = $60 - $15 = $45. Alternatively: sale price = 75% of $60 = 0.75 × $60 = $45.',
+    difficulty: 'easy',
+    examWeight: 0.9
+  },
+  {
+    subject: 'SAT_Math',
+    topic: 'Percentages and Proportions',
+    type: 'problem_solving',
+    question: 'If 15 is 30% of x, what is x?',
+    answer: '50',
+    explanation: '15 = 0.30 × x → x = 15 / 0.30 = 50.',
+    difficulty: 'easy',
+    examWeight: 0.85
+  },
+
+  // Statistics
+  {
+    subject: 'SAT_Math',
+    topic: 'Statistics and Probability',
+    type: 'problem_solving',
+    question: 'The scores on a quiz are: 70, 80, 90, 85, 75. What is the mean score?',
+    answer: '80',
+    explanation: 'Mean = (70 + 80 + 90 + 85 + 75) / 5 = 400 / 5 = 80.',
+    difficulty: 'easy',
+    examWeight: 0.85
+  },
+  {
+    subject: 'SAT_Math',
+    topic: 'Statistics and Probability',
+    type: 'problem_solving',
+    question: 'A bag contains 3 red marbles, 4 blue marbles, and 5 green marbles. What is the probability of randomly selecting a blue marble?',
+    answer: '1/3',
+    explanation: 'Total marbles = 3 + 4 + 5 = 12. P(blue) = 4/12 = 1/3 ≈ 0.333...',
+    difficulty: 'easy',
+    examWeight: 0.8
+  },
+
+  // Geometry
+  {
+    subject: 'SAT_Math',
+    topic: 'Geometry',
+    type: 'problem_solving',
+    question: 'A right triangle has legs of length 6 and 8. What is the length of the hypotenuse?',
+    answer: '10',
+    explanation: 'By the Pythagorean theorem: c² = a² + b² = 6² + 8² = 36 + 64 = 100. c = √100 = 10. This is a 6-8-10 Pythagorean triple (scaled from 3-4-5).',
+    difficulty: 'easy',
+    examWeight: 0.9
+  },
+  {
+    subject: 'SAT_Math',
+    topic: 'Geometry',
+    type: 'problem_solving',
+    question: 'What is the area of a circle with radius 5? (Leave answer in terms of π)',
+    answer: '25π',
+    explanation: 'Area = πr² = π(5)² = 25π ≈ 78.54 square units.',
+    difficulty: 'easy',
+    examWeight: 0.85
+  },
+  {
+    subject: 'SAT_Math',
+    topic: 'Geometry',
+    type: 'problem_solving',
+    question: 'In the coordinate plane, what is the distance between points (1, 2) and (4, 6)?',
+    answer: '5',
+    explanation: 'Distance = √((x₂-x₁)² + (y₂-y₁)²) = √((4-1)² + (6-2)²) = √(9 + 16) = √25 = 5.',
+    difficulty: 'medium',
+    examWeight: 0.8
+  },
+
+  // Word Problems
+  {
+    subject: 'SAT_Math',
+    topic: 'Word Problems',
+    type: 'problem_solving',
+    question: 'A car travels at 60 mph. How many minutes does it take to travel 45 miles?',
+    answer: '45 minutes',
+    explanation: 'Time = Distance / Rate = 45 miles / 60 mph = 0.75 hours = 0.75 × 60 minutes = 45 minutes.',
+    difficulty: 'easy',
+    examWeight: 0.85
+  },
+  {
+    subject: 'SAT_Math',
+    topic: 'Word Problems',
+    type: 'problem_solving',
+    question: 'Working together, machine A and machine B can complete a job in 4 hours. Machine A alone takes 6 hours. How long does machine B take alone?',
+    answer: '12 hours',
+    explanation: 'Rate A = 1/6 job/hr, combined rate = 1/4 job/hr. Rate B = 1/4 - 1/6 = 3/12 - 2/12 = 1/12 job/hr. Machine B takes 12 hours alone.',
+    difficulty: 'hard',
+    examWeight: 0.75
+  },
+
+  // Additional AP Chemistry
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_Chemistry',
+    topic: 'Acids and Bases',
+    type: 'multiple_choice',
+    question: 'Which of the following is a conjugate acid-base pair?',
+    answer: 'B',
+    explanation: 'A conjugate acid-base pair differs by only one proton (H⁺). NH₄⁺ (acid) and NH₃ (conjugate base) differ by one proton: NH₄⁺ ⇌ NH₃ + H⁺.',
+    choices: ['A. H₂SO₄ and SO₄²⁻', 'B. NH₄⁺ and NH₃', 'C. HCl and NaOH', 'D. H₂O and OH⁻'],
+    difficulty: 'medium',
+    examWeight: 0.8
+  },
+
+  // Additional AP Biology
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_Biology',
+    topic: 'Plant Systems',
+    type: 'short_answer',
+    question: 'What is the function of the xylem in vascular plants?',
+    answer: 'transports water and minerals from roots to shoots and leaves',
+    explanation: 'Xylem is composed of dead cells (tracheids and vessel elements) that form hollow tubes. Water moves up by transpiration pull (tension-cohesion-adhesion), root pressure, and capillary action. Xylem also provides structural support.',
+    difficulty: 'easy',
+    examWeight: 0.7
+  },
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_Biology',
+    topic: 'Animal Systems',
+    type: 'multiple_choice',
+    question: 'The sinoatrial (SA) node is important because it:',
+    answer: 'C',
+    explanation: 'The SA node, located in the right atrium, is the natural pacemaker of the heart. It generates electrical impulses that spread across the atria, then through the AV node and bundle of His to the ventricles, coordinating heart contractions.',
+    choices: [
+      'A. Produces red blood cells',
+      'B. Regulates blood pressure through the kidneys',
+      'C. Initiates the electrical impulse that triggers heart contractions',
+      'D. Controls oxygen uptake in the lungs'
+    ],
+    difficulty: 'medium',
+    examWeight: 0.7
+  },
+
+  // Additional APUSH
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_US_History',
+    topic: 'World War I',
+    type: 'multiple_choice',
+    question: 'The Zimmermann Telegram (1917) contributed to US entry into WWI because it:',
+    answer: 'A',
+    explanation: 'The Zimmermann Telegram was a secret German diplomatic communication proposing a military alliance with Mexico: if the US entered the war, Mexico should attack the US to reclaim Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. Intercepted by British intelligence and published in American newspapers, it outraged the American public.',
+    choices: [
+      'A. Proposed a German-Mexican alliance against the United States',
+      'B. Threatened US passenger ships in the Atlantic',
+      'C. Revealed German espionage within the US government',
+      'D. Announced unrestricted submarine warfare'
+    ],
+    difficulty: 'medium',
+    examWeight: 0.8
+  },
+
+  // More AP Biology
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_Biology',
+    topic: 'Genetics',
+    type: 'multiple_choice',
+    question: 'What is the term for the observable physical characteristics of an organism?',
+    answer: 'A',
+    explanation: 'Phenotype refers to the observable traits of an organism (height, eye color, blood type). Genotype is the genetic makeup. The phenotype results from the interaction of genotype and environment.',
+    choices: ['A. Phenotype', 'B. Genotype', 'C. Allele', 'D. Locus'],
+    difficulty: 'easy',
+    examWeight: 0.8
+  },
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_Biology',
+    topic: 'Evolution and Natural Selection',
+    type: 'multiple_choice',
+    question: 'Analogous structures are:',
+    answer: 'B',
+    explanation: 'Analogous structures (e.g., bird wings and insect wings) have similar functions but different evolutionary origins — convergent evolution. Homologous structures share common ancestry but may have different functions (e.g., human arm and whale flipper).',
+    choices: [
+      'A. Structures with common ancestry but different functions',
+      'B. Structures with similar function but different evolutionary origins',
+      'C. Non-functional remnants of ancestral structures',
+      'D. Structures formed during embryonic development'
+    ],
+    difficulty: 'medium',
+    examWeight: 0.75
+  },
+
+  // More SAT Math
+  {
+    subject: 'SAT_Math',
+    topic: 'Quadratic Equations',
+    type: 'problem_solving',
+    question: 'Use the quadratic formula to solve: 2x² + 3x - 2 = 0',
+    answer: 'x = 1/2 or x = -2',
+    explanation: 'Quadratic formula: x = (-b ± √(b²-4ac)) / 2a. With a=2, b=3, c=-2: discriminant = 9 + 16 = 25. x = (-3 ± 5) / 4. x = 2/4 = 1/2 or x = -8/4 = -2.',
+    difficulty: 'hard',
+    examWeight: 0.8
+  },
+  {
+    subject: 'SAT_Math',
+    topic: 'Statistics and Probability',
+    type: 'problem_solving',
+    question: 'The median of the data set {3, 7, 9, 11, 15, 17} is:',
+    answer: '10',
+    explanation: 'With 6 values (even count), median = average of 3rd and 4th values. Ordered: 3, 7, 9, 11, 15, 17. Median = (9 + 11) / 2 = 20 / 2 = 10.',
+    difficulty: 'easy',
+    examWeight: 0.8
+  },
+
+  // More AP Chemistry
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_Chemistry',
+    topic: 'Stoichiometry',
+    type: 'multiple_choice',
+    question: 'Which of the following best describes Avogadro\'s number?',
+    answer: 'C',
+    explanation: 'Avogadro\'s number (N_A ≈ 6.022 × 10²³) is the number of entities (atoms, molecules, ions) in one mole of any substance. This allows chemists to count atoms by weighing them.',
+    choices: [
+      'A. The number of atoms in 1 gram of hydrogen',
+      'B. The volume occupied by 1 mole of gas at STP',
+      'C. The number of particles in one mole of a substance',
+      'D. The ratio of protons to neutrons in a stable nucleus'
+    ],
+    difficulty: 'easy',
+    examWeight: 0.85
+  },
+  {
+    subject: 'AP_Chemistry',
+    topic: 'Thermodynamics',
+    type: 'problem_solving',
+    question: 'Calculate ΔG for a reaction with ΔH = -100 kJ/mol and ΔS = -200 J/mol·K at 500 K.',
+    answer: 'ΔG = 0 kJ/mol (at equilibrium)',
+    explanation: 'ΔG = ΔH - TΔS. Convert ΔS to kJ: -0.200 kJ/mol·K. ΔG = -100 kJ/mol - (500 K)(-0.200 kJ/mol·K) = -100 + 100 = 0 kJ/mol. ΔG = 0 means the reaction is at equilibrium at 500 K.',
+    difficulty: 'hard',
+    examWeight: 0.8
+  }
+];
+
+export function getQuestionsBySubject(subject: string): QuestionTemplate[] {
+  return QUESTION_BANK.filter(q => q.subject === subject);
+}
+
+export function getQuestionsByTopic(subject: string, topic: string): QuestionTemplate[] {
+  return QUESTION_BANK.filter(q => q.subject === subject && q.topic === topic);
+}
+
+export function getRandomQuestions(subject: string, count: number): QuestionTemplate[] {
+  const subjectQuestions = getQuestionsBySubject(subject);
+  const shuffled = [...subjectQuestions].sort(() => Math.random() - 0.5);
+  return shuffled.slice(0, count);
+}
+
+export function getAllSubjects(): string[] {
+  return [...new Set(QUESTION_BANK.map(q => q.subject))];
+}
+
+export function getTopicsForSubject(subject: string): string[] {
+  return [...new Set(QUESTION_BANK.filter(q => q.subject === subject).map(q => q.topic))];
+}