@gem-sdk/swiper 0.0.15 → 0.0.16-dev.1

package/swiper-element-bundle.js

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /**
- * Swiper Custom Element 0.0.15
+ * Swiper Custom Element 0.0.16-dev.1
  * Gem SDK - Swiper, Customized of swiper
  * https://swiperjs.com
  *
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@
   function now() {
     return Date.now();
   }
-  function getComputedStyle$1(el) {
+  function getComputedStyle(el) {
     const window = getWindow();
     let style;
     if (window.getComputedStyle) {
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@
     let matrix;
     let curTransform;
     let transformMatrix;
-    const curStyle = getComputedStyle$1(el);
+    const curStyle = getComputedStyle(el);
     if (window.WebKitCSSMatrix) {
       curTransform = curStyle.transform || curStyle.webkitTransform;
       if (curTransform.split(',').length > 6) {
@@ -497,6 +497,23 @@
       el.innerHTML = html;
     }
   }
+  function computeAutoSlideSize(slideEl, getDirectionPropValue) {
+    const styles = getComputedStyle(slideEl);
+    const width = getDirectionPropValue(styles, 'width');
+    const paddingLeft = getDirectionPropValue(styles, 'padding-left');
+    const paddingRight = getDirectionPropValue(styles, 'padding-right');
+    const marginLeft = getDirectionPropValue(styles, 'margin-left');
+    const marginRight = getDirectionPropValue(styles, 'margin-right');
+    const boxSizing = styles.getPropertyValue('box-sizing');
+    if (boxSizing && boxSizing === 'border-box') {
+      return width + marginLeft + marginRight;
+    }
+    const {
+      clientWidth,
+      offsetWidth
+    } = slideEl;
+    return width + paddingLeft + paddingRight + marginLeft + marginRight + (offsetWidth - clientWidth);
+  }
 
   let support;
   function calcSupport() {
@@ -879,9 +896,6 @@
 
   function updateSlides() {
     const swiper = this;
-    function getDirectionPropertyValue(node, label) {
-      return parseFloat(node.getPropertyValue(swiper.getDirectionLabel(label)) || 0);
-    }
     const params = swiper.params;
     const {
       wrapperEl,
@@ -890,10 +904,8 @@
       rtlTranslate: rtl,
       wrongRTL
     } = swiper;
-    const isVirtual = swiper.virtual && params.virtual.enabled;
-    const previousSlidesLength = isVirtual ? swiper.virtual.slides.length : swiper.slides.length;
     const slides = elementChildren(slidesEl, `.${swiper.params.slideClass}, swiper-slide`);
-    const slidesLength = isVirtual ? swiper.virtual.slides.length : slides.length;
+    const slidesLength = slides.length;
     let snapGrid = [];
     const slidesGrid = [];
     const slidesSizesGrid = [];
@@ -911,15 +923,15 @@
     let slidePosition = -offsetBefore;
     let prevSlideSize = 0;
     let index = 0;
-    if (typeof swiperSize === 'undefined') {
-      return;
-    }
+    if (typeof swiperSize === 'undefined') return;
     if (typeof spaceBetween === 'string' && spaceBetween.indexOf('%') >= 0) {
       spaceBetween = parseFloat(spaceBetween.replace('%', '')) / 100 * swiperSize;
     } else if (typeof spaceBetween === 'string') {
       spaceBetween = parseFloat(spaceBetween);
     }
-    swiper.virtualSize = -spaceBetween;
+
+    // core-lite: compute total slides size without optional modules
+    swiper.slidesTotalSize = -spaceBetween;
 
     // reset margins
     slides.forEach(slideEl => {
@@ -937,67 +949,91 @@
       setCSSProperty(wrapperEl, '--swiper-centered-offset-before', '');
       setCSSProperty(wrapperEl, '--swiper-centered-offset-after', '');
     }
-    const gridEnabled = params.grid && params.grid.rows > 1 && swiper.grid;
-    if (gridEnabled) {
-      swiper.grid.initSlides(slides);
-    } else if (swiper.grid) {
-      swiper.grid.unsetSlides();
-    }
 
     // Calc slides
     let slideSize;
-    const shouldResetSlideSize = params.slidesPerView === 'auto' && params.breakpoints && Object.keys(params.breakpoints).filter(key => {
-      return typeof params.breakpoints[key].slidesPerView !== 'undefined';
-    }).length > 0;
-    for (let i = 0; i < slidesLength; i += 1) {
-      slideSize = 0;
-      let slide;
-      if (slides[i]) slide = slides[i];
-      if (gridEnabled) {
-        swiper.grid.updateSlide(i, slide, slides);
-      }
-      if (slides[i] && elementStyle(slide, 'display') === 'none') continue; // eslint-disable-line
+    const shouldResetSlideSize = params.slidesPerView === 'auto' && params.breakpoints && Object.keys(params.breakpoints).filter(key => typeof params.breakpoints[key].slidesPerView !== 'undefined').length > 0;
+    const isAutoSlides = params.slidesPerView === 'auto';
 
-      if (params.slidesPerView === 'auto') {
+    // --- Phase 1: Batch DOM writes (grid updates, width/transform resets) ---
+    // Moving all style writes before any reads prevents per-slide forced reflows
+    if (gridEnabled) {
+      for (let i = 0; i < slidesLength; i += 1) {
+        if (slides[i]) swiper.grid.updateSlide(i, slides[i], slides);
+      }
+    }
+    const savedTransforms = [];
+    if (isAutoSlides) {
+      for (let i = 0; i < slidesLength; i += 1) {
+        if (!slides[i]) continue;
         if (shouldResetSlideSize) {
           slides[i].style[swiper.getDirectionLabel('width')] = ``;
         }
-        const slideStyles = getComputedStyle(slide);
-        const currentTransform = slide.style.transform;
-        const currentWebKitTransform = slide.style.webkitTransform;
+        const currentTransform = slides[i].style.transform;
+        const currentWebKitTransform = slides[i].style.webkitTransform;
+        savedTransforms[i] = {
+          transform: currentTransform,
+          webkitTransform: currentWebKitTransform
+        };
         if (currentTransform) {
-          slide.style.transform = 'none';
+          slides[i].style.transform = 'none';
         }
         if (currentWebKitTransform) {
-          slide.style.webkitTransform = 'none';
+          slides[i].style.webkitTransform = 'none';
         }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // --- Phase 2: Batch DOM reads (single forced reflow for all slides) ---
+    // Read wrapper offset here (before Phase 3 writes) so it's batched with slide reads, not after
+    const wrapperOffset = swiper.isElement ? swiper.wrapperEl[`offset${swiper.isHorizontal() ? 'Left' : 'Top'}`] : 0;
+    const slideVisible = [];
+    const slideSizes = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < slidesLength; i += 1) {
+      if (!slides[i]) {
+        slideVisible[i] = false;
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (elementStyle(slides[i], 'display') === 'none') {
+        slideVisible[i] = false;
+        continue;
+      }
+      slideVisible[i] = true;
+
+      // Cache offsetHeight for autoHeight (batched here to avoid a separate forced reflow in updateAutoHeight)
+      if (params.autoHeight) {
+        slides[i].swiperSlideHeight = slides[i]['offsetHeight'];
+      }
+      if (isAutoSlides) {
         if (params.roundLengths) {
-          slideSize = swiper.isHorizontal() ? elementOuterSize(slide, 'width', true) : elementOuterSize(slide, 'height', true);
+          slideSizes[i] = swiper.isHorizontal() ? elementOuterSize(slides[i], 'width', true) : elementOuterSize(slides[i], 'height', true);
         } else {
-          // eslint-disable-next-line
-          const width = getDirectionPropertyValue(slideStyles, 'width');
-          const paddingLeft = getDirectionPropertyValue(slideStyles, 'padding-left');
-          const paddingRight = getDirectionPropertyValue(slideStyles, 'padding-right');
-          const marginLeft = getDirectionPropertyValue(slideStyles, 'margin-left');
-          const marginRight = getDirectionPropertyValue(slideStyles, 'margin-right');
-          const boxSizing = slideStyles.getPropertyValue('box-sizing');
-          if (boxSizing && boxSizing === 'border-box') {
-            slideSize = width + marginLeft + marginRight;
-          } else {
-            const {
-              clientWidth,
-              offsetWidth
-            } = slide;
-            slideSize = width + paddingLeft + paddingRight + marginLeft + marginRight + (offsetWidth - clientWidth);
-          }
+          slideSizes[i] = computeAutoSlideSize(slides[i], getDirectionPropertyValue);
         }
-        if (currentTransform) {
-          slide.style.transform = currentTransform;
+        if (params.roundLengths) slideSizes[i] = Math.floor(slideSizes[i]);
+      }
+    }
+
+    // --- Phase 3: Restore transforms (batch write) ---
+    if (isAutoSlides) {
+      for (let i = 0; i < slidesLength; i += 1) {
+        if (!savedTransforms[i]) continue;
+        if (savedTransforms[i].transform) {
+          slides[i].style.transform = savedTransforms[i].transform;
         }
-        if (currentWebKitTransform) {
-          slide.style.webkitTransform = currentWebKitTransform;
+        if (savedTransforms[i].webkitTransform) {
+          slides[i].style.webkitTransform = savedTransforms[i].webkitTransform;
         }
-        if (params.roundLengths) slideSize = Math.floor(slideSize);
+      }
+    }
+
+    // --- Phase 4: Calculate positions + set sizes (math + deferred writes) ---
+    const cssOverflowAdj = swiper.cssOverflowAdjustment();
+    for (let i = 0; i < slidesLength; i += 1) {
+      slideSize = 0;
+      if (!slideVisible[i]) continue;
+      if (isAutoSlides) {
+        slideSize = slideSizes[i] || 0;
       } else {
         slideSize = (swiperSize - (params.slidesPerView - 1) * spaceBetween) / params.slidesPerView;
         if (params.roundLengths) slideSize = Math.floor(slideSize);
@@ -1005,13 +1041,13 @@
           slides[i].style[swiper.getDirectionLabel('width')] = `${slideSize}px`;
         }
       }
-      if (slides[i]) {
-        slides[i].swiperSlideSize = slideSize;
-      }
+      if (slides[i]) slides[i].swiperSlideSize = slideSize;
       slidesSizesGrid.push(slideSize);
       if (params.centeredSlides) {
         slidePosition = slidePosition + slideSize / 2 + prevSlideSize / 2 + spaceBetween;
-        if (prevSlideSize === 0 && i !== 0) slidePosition = slidePosition - swiperSize / 2 - spaceBetween;
+        if (prevSlideSize === 0 && i !== 0) {
+          slidePosition = slidePosition - swiperSize / 2 - spaceBetween;
+        }
         if (i === 0) slidePosition = slidePosition - swiperSize / 2 - spaceBetween;
         if (Math.abs(slidePosition) < 1 / 1000) slidePosition = 0;
         if (params.roundLengths) slidePosition = Math.floor(slidePosition);
@@ -1019,55 +1055,42 @@
         slidesGrid.push(slidePosition);
       } else {
         if (params.roundLengths) slidePosition = Math.floor(slidePosition);
-        if ((index - Math.min(swiper.params.slidesPerGroupSkip, index)) % swiper.params.slidesPerGroup === 0) snapGrid.push(slidePosition);
+        if ((index - Math.min(swiper.params.slidesPerGroupSkip, index)) % swiper.params.slidesPerGroup === 0) {
+          snapGrid.push(slidePosition);
+        }
         slidesGrid.push(slidePosition);
         slidePosition = slidePosition + slideSize + spaceBetween;
       }
+
+      // Set swiperSlideOffset from computed grid position (avoids DOM reads in updateSlidesOffset)
+      if (slides[i]) {
+        slides[i].swiperSlideOffset = slidesGrid[slidesGrid.length - 1] - cssOverflowAdj - wrapperOffset;
+      }
       swiper.virtualSize += slideSize + spaceBetween;
       prevSlideSize = slideSize;
       index += 1;
     }
-    swiper.virtualSize = Math.max(swiper.virtualSize, swiperSize) + offsetAfter;
-    if (rtl && wrongRTL && (params.effect === 'slide' || params.effect === 'coverflow')) {
-      wrapperEl.style.width = `${swiper.virtualSize + spaceBetween}px`;
+    swiper.slidesTotalSize = Math.max(swiper.slidesTotalSize, swiperSize) + offsetAfter;
+    if (rtl && wrongRTL && params.effect === 'slide') {
+      wrapperEl.style.width = `${swiper.slidesTotalSize + spaceBetween}px`;
     }
     if (params.setWrapperSize) {
-      wrapperEl.style[swiper.getDirectionLabel('width')] = `${swiper.virtualSize + spaceBetween}px`;
-    }
-    if (gridEnabled) {
-      swiper.grid.updateWrapperSize(slideSize, snapGrid);
+      wrapperEl.style[swiper.getDirectionLabel('width')] = `${swiper.slidesTotalSize + spaceBetween}px`;
     }
 
-    // Remove last grid elements depending on width
+    // Remove last snap points depending on width (non-centered)
     if (!params.centeredSlides) {
       const newSlidesGrid = [];
       for (let i = 0; i < snapGrid.length; i += 1) {
         let slidesGridItem = snapGrid[i];
         if (params.roundLengths) slidesGridItem = Math.floor(slidesGridItem);
-        if (snapGrid[i] <= swiper.virtualSize - swiperSize) {
+        if (snapGrid[i] <= swiper.slidesTotalSize - swiperSize) {
           newSlidesGrid.push(slidesGridItem);
         }
       }
       snapGrid = newSlidesGrid;
-      if (Math.floor(swiper.virtualSize - swiperSize) - Math.floor(snapGrid[snapGrid.length - 1]) > 1) {
-        snapGrid.push(swiper.virtualSize - swiperSize);
-      }
-    }
-    if (isVirtual && params.loop) {
-      const size = slidesSizesGrid[0] + spaceBetween;
-      if (params.slidesPerGroup > 1) {
-        const groups = Math.ceil((swiper.virtual.slidesBefore + swiper.virtual.slidesAfter) / params.slidesPerGroup);
-        const groupSize = size * params.slidesPerGroup;
-        for (let i = 0; i < groups; i += 1) {
-          snapGrid.push(snapGrid[snapGrid.length - 1] + groupSize);
-        }
-      }
-      for (let i = 0; i < swiper.virtual.slidesBefore + swiper.virtual.slidesAfter; i += 1) {
-        if (params.slidesPerGroup === 1) {
-          snapGrid.push(snapGrid[snapGrid.length - 1] + size);
-        }
-        slidesGrid.push(slidesGrid[slidesGrid.length - 1] + size);
-        swiper.virtualSize += size;
+      if (Math.floor(swiper.slidesTotalSize - swiperSize) - Math.floor(snapGrid[snapGrid.length - 1]) > 1) {
+        snapGrid.push(swiper.slidesTotalSize - swiperSize);
       }
     }
     if (snapGrid.length === 0) snapGrid = [0];
@@ -1075,9 +1098,7 @@
       const key = swiper.isHorizontal() && rtl ? 'marginLeft' : swiper.getDirectionLabel('marginRight');
       slides.filter((_, slideIndex) => {
         if (!params.cssMode || params.loop) return true;
-        if (slideIndex === slides.length - 1) {
-          return false;
-        }
+        if (slideIndex === slides.length - 1) return false;
         return true;
       }).forEach(slideEl => {
         slideEl.style[key] = `${spaceBetween}px`;
@@ -1127,7 +1148,9 @@
       swiper.snapGrid = swiper.snapGrid.map(v => v + addToSnapGrid);
       swiper.slidesGrid = swiper.slidesGrid.map(v => v + addToSlidesGrid);
     }
-    if (slidesLength !== previousSlidesLength) {
+
+    // Emit changes
+    if (slidesLength !== (previousSlidesGridLength ? slides.length : slides.length)) {
       swiper.emit('slidesLengthChange');
     }
     if (snapGrid.length !== previousSnapGridLength) {
@@ -1138,10 +1161,12 @@
       swiper.emit('slidesGridLengthChange');
     }
     if (params.watchSlidesProgress) {
-      swiper.updateSlidesOffset();
+      swiper.updateSlidesOffset({
+        isCalculatedFromUpdateSlides: false
+      });
     }
     swiper.emit('slidesUpdated');
-    if (!isVirtual && !params.cssMode && (params.effect === 'slide' || params.effect === 'fade')) {
+    if (!params.cssMode && params.effect === 'slide') {
       const backFaceHiddenClass = `${params.containerModifierClass}backface-hidden`;
       const hasClassBackfaceClassAdded = swiper.el.classList.contains(backFaceHiddenClass);
       if (slidesLength <= params.maxBackfaceHiddenSlides) {
@@ -1155,20 +1180,13 @@
   function updateAutoHeight(speed) {
     const swiper = this;
     const activeSlides = [];
-    const isVirtual = swiper.virtual && swiper.params.virtual.enabled;
-    let newHeight = 0;
-    let i;
     if (typeof speed === 'number') {
       swiper.setTransition(speed);
     } else if (speed === true) {
       swiper.setTransition(swiper.params.speed);
     }
-    const getSlideByIndex = index => {
-      if (isVirtual) {
-        return swiper.slides[swiper.getSlideIndexByData(index)];
-      }
-      return swiper.slides[index];
-    };
+    const getSlideByIndex = index => swiper.slides[index];
+
     // Find slides currently in view
     if (swiper.params.slidesPerView !== 'auto' && swiper.params.slidesPerView > 1) {
       if (swiper.params.centeredSlides) {
@@ -1176,9 +1194,9 @@
           activeSlides.push(slide);
         });
       } else {
-        for (i = 0; i < Math.ceil(swiper.params.slidesPerView); i += 1) {
+        for (let i = 0; i < Math.ceil(swiper.params.slidesPerView); i += 1) {
           const index = swiper.activeIndex + i;
-          if (index > swiper.slides.length && !isVirtual) break;
+          if (index > swiper.slides.length) break;
           activeSlides.push(getSlideByIndex(index));
         }
       }
@@ -1187,18 +1205,23 @@
     }
 
     // Find new height from highest slide in view
-    for (i = 0; i < activeSlides.length; i += 1) {
+    let newHeight = 0;
+    for (let i = 0; i < activeSlides.length; i += 1) {
       if (typeof activeSlides[i] !== 'undefined') {
-        const height = activeSlides[i].offsetHeight;
+        const height = activeSlides[i].swiperSlideHeight ?? activeSlides[i]['offsetHeight'];
         newHeight = height > newHeight ? height : newHeight;
       }
     }
-
-    // Update Height
     if (newHeight || newHeight === 0) swiper.wrapperEl.style.height = `${newHeight}px`;
   }
 
-  function updateSlidesOffset() {
+  function updateSlidesOffset(params) {
+    const {
+      isCalculatedFromUpdateSlides = false
+    } = params ?? {};
+    if (isCalculatedFromUpdateSlides) {
+      return;
+    }
     const swiper = this;
     const slides = swiper.slides;
     // eslint-disable-next-line
@@ -1339,46 +1362,16 @@
       slidesEl,
       activeIndex
     } = swiper;
-    const isVirtual = swiper.virtual && params.virtual.enabled;
-    const gridEnabled = swiper.grid && params.grid && params.grid.rows > 1;
-    const getFilteredSlide = selector => {
-      return elementChildren(slidesEl, `.${params.slideClass}${selector}, swiper-slide${selector}`)[0];
-    };
-    let activeSlide;
-    let prevSlide;
+    const getNextSlide = slideEl => elementNextAll(slideEl, `.${params.slideClass}, swiper-slide`)[0];
+    const getPrevSlide = slideEl => elementPrevAll(slideEl, `.${params.slideClass}, swiper-slide`)[0];
+    const activeSlide = slides[activeIndex];
     let nextSlide;
-    if (isVirtual) {
-      if (params.loop) {
-        let slideIndex = activeIndex - swiper.virtual.slidesBefore;
-        if (slideIndex < 0) slideIndex = swiper.virtual.slides.length + slideIndex;
-        if (slideIndex >= swiper.virtual.slides.length) slideIndex -= swiper.virtual.slides.length;
-        activeSlide = getFilteredSlide(`[data-swiper-slide-index="${slideIndex}"]`);
-      } else {
-        activeSlide = getFilteredSlide(`[data-swiper-slide-index="${activeIndex}"]`);
-      }
-    } else {
-      if (gridEnabled) {
-        activeSlide = slides.find(slideEl => slideEl.column === activeIndex);
-        nextSlide = slides.find(slideEl => slideEl.column === activeIndex + 1);
-        prevSlide = slides.find(slideEl => slideEl.column === activeIndex - 1);
-      } else {
-        activeSlide = slides[activeIndex];
-      }
-    }
+    let prevSlide;
     if (activeSlide) {
-      if (!gridEnabled) {
-        // Next Slide
-        nextSlide = elementNextAll(activeSlide, `.${params.slideClass}, swiper-slide`)[0];
-        if (params.loop && !nextSlide) {
-          nextSlide = slides[0];
-        }
-
-        // Prev Slide
-        prevSlide = elementPrevAll(activeSlide, `.${params.slideClass}, swiper-slide`)[0];
-        if (params.loop && !prevSlide === 0) {
-          prevSlide = slides[slides.length - 1];
-        }
-      }
+      nextSlide = getNextSlide(activeSlide);
+      prevSlide = getPrevSlide(activeSlide);
+      if (params.loop && !nextSlide) nextSlide = slides[0];
+      if (params.loop && !prevSlide) prevSlide = slides[slides.length - 1];
     }
     slides.forEach(slideEl => {
       toggleSlideClasses(slideEl, slideEl === activeSlide, params.slideActiveClass);
@@ -1469,7 +1462,6 @@
         activeIndex = i;
       }
     }
-    // Normalize slideIndex
     if (params.normalizeSlideIndex) {
       if (activeIndex < 0 || typeof activeIndex === 'undefined') activeIndex = 0;
     }
@@ -1487,16 +1479,6 @@
     } = swiper;
     let activeIndex = newActiveIndex;
     let snapIndex;
-    const getVirtualRealIndex = aIndex => {
-      let realIndex = aIndex - swiper.virtual.slidesBefore;
-      if (realIndex < 0) {
-        realIndex = swiper.virtual.slides.length + realIndex;
-      }
-      if (realIndex >= swiper.virtual.slides.length) {
-        realIndex -= swiper.virtual.slides.length;
-      }
-      return realIndex;
-    };
     if (typeof activeIndex === 'undefined') {
       activeIndex = getActiveIndexByTranslate(swiper);
     }
@@ -1514,32 +1496,12 @@
       }
       return;
     }
-    if (activeIndex === previousIndex && swiper.params.loop && swiper.virtual && swiper.params.virtual.enabled) {
-      swiper.realIndex = getVirtualRealIndex(activeIndex);
-      return;
-    }
-    const gridEnabled = swiper.grid && params.grid && params.grid.rows > 1;
-
-    // Get real index
-    let realIndex;
-    if (swiper.virtual && params.virtual.enabled && params.loop) {
-      realIndex = getVirtualRealIndex(activeIndex);
-    } else if (gridEnabled) {
-      const firstSlideInColumn = swiper.slides.find(slideEl => slideEl.column === activeIndex);
-      let activeSlideIndex = parseInt(firstSlideInColumn.getAttribute('data-swiper-slide-index'), 10);
-      if (Number.isNaN(activeSlideIndex)) {
-        activeSlideIndex = Math.max(swiper.slides.indexOf(firstSlideInColumn), 0);
-      }
-      realIndex = Math.floor(activeSlideIndex / params.grid.rows);
-    } else if (swiper.slides[activeIndex]) {
+    let realIndex = activeIndex;
+    if (swiper.slides[activeIndex]) {
       const slideIndex = swiper.slides[activeIndex].getAttribute('data-swiper-slide-index');
       if (slideIndex) {
         realIndex = parseInt(slideIndex, 10);
-      } else {
-        realIndex = activeIndex;
       }
-    } else {
-      realIndex = activeIndex;
     }
     Object.assign(swiper, {
       previousSnapIndex,
@@ -1586,11 +1548,7 @@
     }
     if (slide && slideFound) {
       swiper.clickedSlide = slide;
-      if (swiper.virtual && swiper.params.virtual.enabled) {
-        swiper.clickedIndex = parseInt(slide.getAttribute('data-swiper-slide-index'), 10);
-      } else {
-        swiper.clickedIndex = slideIndex;
-      }
+      swiper.clickedIndex = slideIndex;
     } else {
       swiper.clickedSlide = undefined;
       swiper.clickedIndex = undefined;
@@ -1624,9 +1582,6 @@
       translate,
       wrapperEl
     } = swiper;
-    if (params.virtualTranslate) {
-      return rtl ? -translate : translate;
-    }
     if (params.cssMode) {
       return translate;
     }
@@ -1660,7 +1615,7 @@
     swiper.translate = swiper.isHorizontal() ? x : y;
     if (params.cssMode) {
       wrapperEl[swiper.isHorizontal() ? 'scrollLeft' : 'scrollTop'] = swiper.isHorizontal() ? -x : -y;
-    } else if (!params.virtualTranslate) {
+    } else {
       if (swiper.isHorizontal()) {
         x -= swiper.cssOverflowAdjustment();
       } else {
@@ -1897,7 +1852,6 @@
     let snapIndex = skip + Math.floor((slideIndex - skip) / swiper.params.slidesPerGroup);
     if (snapIndex >= snapGrid.length) snapIndex = snapGrid.length - 1;
     const translate = -snapGrid[snapIndex];
-    // Normalize slideIndex
     if (params.normalizeSlideIndex) {
       for (let i = 0; i < slidesGrid.length; i += 1) {
         const normalizedTranslate = -Math.floor(translate * 100);
@@ -1914,33 +1868,24 @@
         }
       }
     }
+
     // Directions locks
     if (swiper.initialized && slideIndex !== activeIndex) {
       if (!swiper.allowSlideNext && (rtl ? translate > swiper.translate && translate > swiper.minTranslate() : translate < swiper.translate && translate < swiper.minTranslate())) {
         return false;
       }
       if (!swiper.allowSlidePrev && translate > swiper.translate && translate > swiper.maxTranslate()) {
-        if ((activeIndex || 0) !== slideIndex) {
-          return false;
-        }
+        if ((activeIndex || 0) !== slideIndex) return false;
       }
     }
     if (slideIndex !== (previousIndex || 0) && runCallbacks) {
       swiper.emit('beforeSlideChangeStart');
     }
-
-    // Update progress
     swiper.updateProgress(translate);
     let direction;
     if (slideIndex > activeIndex) direction = 'next';else if (slideIndex < activeIndex) direction = 'prev';else direction = 'reset';
-
-    // initial virtual
-    const isVirtual = swiper.virtual && swiper.params.virtual.enabled;
-    const isInitialVirtual = isVirtual && initial;
-    // Update Index
-    if (!isInitialVirtual && (rtl && -translate === swiper.translate || !rtl && translate === swiper.translate)) {
+    if (rtl && -translate === swiper.translate || !rtl && translate === swiper.translate) {
       swiper.updateActiveIndex(slideIndex);
-      // Update Height
       if (params.autoHeight) {
         swiper.updateAutoHeight();
       }
@@ -1958,24 +1903,7 @@
       const isH = swiper.isHorizontal();
       const t = rtl ? translate : -translate;
       if (speed === 0) {
-        if (isVirtual) {
-          swiper.wrapperEl.style.scrollSnapType = 'none';
-          swiper._immediateVirtual = true;
-        }
-        if (isVirtual && !swiper._cssModeVirtualInitialSet && swiper.params.initialSlide > 0) {
-          swiper._cssModeVirtualInitialSet = true;
-          requestAnimationFrame(() => {
-            wrapperEl[isH ? 'scrollLeft' : 'scrollTop'] = t;
-          });
-        } else {
-          wrapperEl[isH ? 'scrollLeft' : 'scrollTop'] = t;
-        }
-        if (isVirtual) {
-          requestAnimationFrame(() => {
-            swiper.wrapperEl.style.scrollSnapType = '';
-            swiper._immediateVirtual = false;
-          });
-        }
+        wrapperEl[isH ? 'scrollLeft' : 'scrollTop'] = t;
       } else {
         if (!swiper.support.smoothScroll) {
           animateCSSModeScroll({
@@ -1993,10 +1921,7 @@
       return true;
     }
     const browser = getBrowser();
-    const isSafari = browser.isSafari;
-    if (isVirtual && !initial && isSafari && swiper.isElement) {
-      swiper.virtual.update(false, false, slideIndex);
-    }
+    browser.isSafari;
     swiper.setTransition(speed);
     swiper.setTranslate(translate);
     swiper.updateActiveIndex(slideIndex);
@@ -2167,8 +2092,6 @@
     if (swiper.params?.isSneakPeekCenter && slides.length > 1 && swiper.activeIndex === 0) {
       const gap = Math.abs(swiper.snapGrid[1] - swiper.snapGrid[0]);
       const swiperTranslate = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(swiper.snapGrid[1]));
-
-      // Move last item to first position only if active slide is the first slide
       const lastSlide = slides[slides.length - 1];
       lastSlide.swiperLoopMoveDOM = true;
       swiper.slidesEl.prepend(lastSlide);
@@ -2203,11 +2126,8 @@
       perGroup = Math.max(swiper.slidesPerViewDynamic('current', true), 1);
     }
     const increment = swiper.activeIndex < params.slidesPerGroupSkip ? 1 : perGroup;
-    const isVirtual = swiper.virtual && params.virtual.enabled;
     if (params.loop) {
-      if (animating && !isVirtual && params.loopPreventsSliding) return false;
-
-      // Kiểm tra xem loop có bị disable không
+      if (animating && params.loopPreventsSliding) return false;
       const currentSlidesPerView = params.slidesPerView === 'auto' ? swiper.slidesPerViewDynamic() : Math.ceil(parseFloat(params.slidesPerView, 10));
       if (swiper.slides.length >= currentSlidesPerView) {
         swiper.loopFix({
@@ -2234,7 +2154,6 @@
         const gap = Math.abs(swiper.snapGrid[lastSnapGridIndex] - swiper.snapGrid[lastSnapGridIndex - 1]);
         const swiperTranslate = structuredClone(swiper.snapGrid[lastSnapGridIndex - 1]);
         if (!swiper.params.loop) return;
-        // Move first item to last position only if active slide is the last slide
         const firstSlide = slides[0];
         firstSlide.swiperLoopMoveDOM = true;
         swiper.slidesEl.append(firstSlide);
@@ -2259,17 +2178,14 @@
       params,
       snapGrid,
       slidesGrid,
-      rtlTranslate,
-      enabled,
-      animating
+      rtlTranslate: rtlTranslate,
+      enabled
     } = swiper;
     if (!enabled || swiper.destroyed) return swiper;
     if (typeof speed === 'undefined') {
       speed = swiper.params.speed;
     }
-    swiper.virtual && params.virtual.enabled;
     if (params.loop) {
-      // Kiểm tra xem loop có bị disable không
       const currentSlidesPerView = params.slidesPerView === 'auto' ? swiper.slidesPerViewDynamic() : Math.ceil(parseFloat(params.slidesPerView, 10));
       if (swiper.slides.length >= currentSlidesPerView) {
         swiper.loopFix({
@@ -2286,18 +2202,16 @@
     }
     const normalizedTranslate = normalize(translate);
     const normalizedSnapGrid = snapGrid.map(val => normalize(val));
-    const isFreeMode = params.freeMode && params.freeMode.enabled;
     let prevSnap = snapGrid[normalizedSnapGrid.indexOf(normalizedTranslate) - 1];
-    if (typeof prevSnap === 'undefined' && (params.cssMode || isFreeMode)) {
+    if (typeof prevSnap === 'undefined' && params.cssMode) {
       let prevSnapIndex;
       snapGrid.forEach((snap, snapIndex) => {
         if (normalizedTranslate >= snap) {
-          // prevSnap = snap;
           prevSnapIndex = snapIndex;
         }
       });
       if (typeof prevSnapIndex !== 'undefined') {
-        prevSnap = isFreeMode ? snapGrid[prevSnapIndex] : snapGrid[prevSnapIndex > 0 ? prevSnapIndex - 1 : prevSnapIndex];
+        prevSnap = snapGrid[prevSnapIndex > 0 ? prevSnapIndex - 1 : prevSnapIndex];
       }
     }
     let prevIndex = 0;
@@ -2310,7 +2224,7 @@
       }
     }
     if (params.rewind && swiper.isBeginning) {
-      const lastIndex = swiper.params.virtual && swiper.params.virtual.enabled && swiper.virtual ? swiper.virtual.slides.length - 1 : swiper.slides.length - 1;
+      const lastIndex = swiper.slides.length - 1;
       return swiper.slideTo(lastIndex, speed, runCallbacks, internal);
     } else if (params.loop && swiper.activeIndex === 0 && params.cssMode) {
       requestAnimationFrame(() => {
@@ -2324,8 +2238,6 @@
       if (swiper.params?.isSneakPeekCenter && slides.length > 1 && swiper.activeIndex === 0) {
         const gap = Math.abs(swiper.snapGrid[1] - swiper.snapGrid[0]);
         const swiperTranslate = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(swiper.snapGrid[1]));
-
-        // Move last item to first position only if active slide is the first slide
         if (!swiper.params.loop) return;
         const lastSlide = slides[slides.length - 1];
         lastSlide.swiperLoopMoveDOM = true;
@@ -2402,20 +2314,19 @@
       slidesEl
     } = swiper;
     const slidesPerView = params.slidesPerView === 'auto' ? swiper.slidesPerViewDynamic() : params.slidesPerView;
-    let slideToIndex = swiper.getSlideIndexWhenGrid(swiper.clickedIndex);
+    const slideToIndex = swiper.clickedIndex;
     let realIndex;
     const slideSelector = swiper.isElement ? `swiper-slide` : `.${params.slideClass}`;
-    const isGrid = swiper.grid && swiper.params.grid && swiper.params.grid.rows > 1;
     if (params.loop) {
       if (swiper.animating) return;
       realIndex = parseInt(swiper.clickedSlide.getAttribute('data-swiper-slide-index'), 10);
       if (params.centeredSlides) {
         swiper.slideToLoop(realIndex);
-      } else if (slideToIndex > (isGrid ? (swiper.slides.length - slidesPerView) / 2 - (swiper.params.grid.rows - 1) : swiper.slides.length - slidesPerView)) {
+      } else if (slideToIndex > swiper.slides.length - slidesPerView) {
         swiper.loopFix();
-        slideToIndex = swiper.getSlideIndex(elementChildren(slidesEl, `${slideSelector}[data-swiper-slide-index="${realIndex}"]`)[0]);
+        const clickedEl = elementChildren(slidesEl, `${slideSelector}[data-swiper-slide-index="${realIndex}"]`)[0];
         nextTick(() => {
-          swiper.slideTo(slideToIndex);
+          if (clickedEl) swiper.slideTo(swiper.getSlideIndex(clickedEl));
         });
       } else {
         swiper.slideTo(slideToIndex);
@@ -2442,7 +2353,7 @@
       params,
       slidesEl
     } = swiper;
-    if (!params.loop || swiper.virtual && swiper.params.virtual.enabled) return;
+    if (!params.loop) return;
     const initSlides = () => {
       const slides = elementChildren(slidesEl, `.${params.slideClass}, swiper-slide`);
       slides.forEach((el, index) => {
@@ -2451,21 +2362,17 @@
     };
     const clearBlankSlides = () => {
       const slides = elementChildren(slidesEl, `.${params.slideBlankClass}`);
-      slides.forEach(el => {
-        el.remove();
-      });
+      slides.forEach(el => el.remove());
       if (slides.length > 0) {
         swiper.recalcSlides();
         swiper.updateSlides();
       }
     };
-    const gridEnabled = swiper.grid && params.grid && params.grid.rows > 1;
-    if (params.loopAddBlankSlides && (params.slidesPerGroup > 1 || gridEnabled)) {
+    if (params.loopAddBlankSlides && params.slidesPerGroup > 1) {
       clearBlankSlides();
     }
-    const slidesPerGroup = params.slidesPerGroup * (gridEnabled ? params.grid.rows : 1);
+    const slidesPerGroup = params.slidesPerGroup;
     const shouldFillGroup = swiper.slides.length % slidesPerGroup !== 0;
-    const shouldFillGrid = gridEnabled && swiper.slides.length % params.grid.rows !== 0;
     const addBlankSlides = amountOfSlides => {
       for (let i = 0; i < amountOfSlides; i += 1) {
         const slideEl = swiper.isElement ? createElement('swiper-slide', [params.slideBlankClass]) : createElement('div', [params.slideClass, params.slideBlankClass]);
@@ -2482,16 +2389,6 @@
         showWarning('Swiper Loop Warning: The number of slides is not even to slidesPerGroup, loop mode may not function properly. You need to add more slides (or make duplicates, or empty slides)');
       }
       initSlides();
-    } else if (shouldFillGrid) {
-      if (params.loopAddBlankSlides) {
-        const slidesToAdd = params.grid.rows - swiper.slides.length % params.grid.rows;
-        addBlankSlides(slidesToAdd);
-        swiper.recalcSlides();
-        swiper.updateSlides();
-      } else {
-        showWarning('Swiper Loop Warning: The number of slides is not even to grid.rows, loop mode may not function properly. You need to add more slides (or make duplicates, or empty slides)');
-      }
-      initSlides();
     } else {
       initSlides();
     }
@@ -2510,13 +2407,12 @@
       setTranslate,
       activeSlideIndex,
       initial,
-      byController,
       byMousewheel
     } = _temp === void 0 ? {} : _temp;
     const swiper = this;
     if (!swiper.params.loop) return;
 
-    // Disable loop mode nếu số slides ít hơn slidesPerView
+    // Disable loop mode if number of slides is smaller than slidesPerView
     const currentSlidesPerView = swiper.params.slidesPerView === 'auto' ? swiper.slidesPerViewDynamic() : Math.ceil(parseFloat(swiper.params.slidesPerView, 10));
     if (swiper.slides.length < currentSlidesPerView) {
       console.warn('Swiper: Loop mode disabled - slides.length < slidesPerView');
@@ -2536,21 +2432,6 @@
     } = params;
     swiper.allowSlidePrev = true;
     swiper.allowSlideNext = true;
-    if (swiper.virtual && params.virtual.enabled) {
-      if (slideTo) {
-        if (!params.centeredSlides && swiper.snapIndex === 0) {
-          swiper.slideTo(swiper.virtual.slides.length, 0, false, true);
-        } else if (params.centeredSlides && swiper.snapIndex < params.slidesPerView) {
-          swiper.slideTo(swiper.virtual.slides.length + swiper.snapIndex, 0, false, true);
-        } else if (swiper.snapIndex === swiper.snapGrid.length - 1) {
-          swiper.slideTo(swiper.virtual.slidesBefore, 0, false, true);
-        }
-      }
-      swiper.allowSlidePrev = allowSlidePrev;
-      swiper.allowSlideNext = allowSlideNext;
-      swiper.emit('loopFix');
-      return;
-    }
     let slidesPerView = params.slidesPerView;
     if (slidesPerView === 'auto') {
       slidesPerView = swiper.slidesPerViewDynamic();
@@ -2560,22 +2441,19 @@
         slidesPerView = slidesPerView + 1;
       }
     }
-    const slidesPerGroup = params.slidesPerGroupAuto ? slidesPerView : params.slidesPerGroup;
+    const slidesPerGroup = params.slidesPerGroup;
     let loopedSlides = centeredSlides ? Math.max(slidesPerGroup, Math.ceil(slidesPerView / 2)) : slidesPerGroup;
     if (loopedSlides % slidesPerGroup !== 0) {
       loopedSlides += slidesPerGroup - loopedSlides % slidesPerGroup;
     }
     loopedSlides += params.loopAdditionalSlides;
     swiper.loopedSlides = loopedSlides;
-    const gridEnabled = swiper.grid && params.grid && params.grid.rows > 1;
-    if (slides.length < slidesPerView + loopedSlides || swiper.params.effect === 'cards' && slides.length < slidesPerView + loopedSlides * 2) {
+    if (slides.length < slidesPerView + loopedSlides) {
       showWarning('Swiper Loop Warning: The number of slides is not enough for loop mode, it will be disabled or not function properly. You need to add more slides (or make duplicates) or lower the values of slidesPerView and slidesPerGroup parameters');
-    } else if (gridEnabled && params.grid.fill === 'row') {
-      showWarning('Swiper Loop Warning: Loop mode is not compatible with grid.fill = `row`');
     }
     const prependSlidesIndexes = [];
     const appendSlidesIndexes = [];
-    const cols = gridEnabled ? Math.ceil(slides.length / params.grid.rows) : slides.length;
+    const cols = slides.length;
     const isInitialOverflow = initial && cols - initialSlide < slidesPerView && !centeredSlides;
     let activeIndex = isInitialOverflow ? initialSlide : swiper.activeIndex;
     if (typeof activeSlideIndex === 'undefined') {
@@ -2587,24 +2465,15 @@
     const isPrev = direction === 'prev' || !direction;
     let slidesPrepended = 0;
     let slidesAppended = 0;
-    const activeColIndex = gridEnabled ? slides[activeSlideIndex].column : activeSlideIndex;
+    const activeColIndex = activeSlideIndex;
     const activeColIndexWithShift = activeColIndex + (centeredSlides && typeof setTranslate === 'undefined' ? -slidesPerView / 2 + 0.5 : 0);
+
     // prepend last slides before start
     if (activeColIndexWithShift < loopedSlides) {
       slidesPrepended = Math.max(loopedSlides - activeColIndexWithShift, slidesPerGroup);
       for (let i = 0; i < loopedSlides - activeColIndexWithShift; i += 1) {
         const index = i - Math.floor(i / cols) * cols;
-        if (gridEnabled) {
-          const colIndexToPrepend = cols - index - 1;
-          for (let i = slides.length - 1; i >= 0; i -= 1) {
-            if (slides[i].column === colIndexToPrepend) prependSlidesIndexes.push(i);
-          }
-          // slides.forEach((slide, slideIndex) => {
-          //   if (slide.column === colIndexToPrepend) prependSlidesIndexes.push(slideIndex);
-          // });
-        } else {
-          prependSlidesIndexes.push(cols - index - 1);
-        }
+        prependSlidesIndexes.push(cols - index - 1);
       }
     } else if (activeColIndexWithShift + slidesPerView > cols - loopedSlides) {
       slidesAppended = Math.max(activeColIndexWithShift - (cols - loopedSlides * 2), slidesPerGroup);
@@ -2613,27 +2482,13 @@
       }
       for (let i = 0; i < slidesAppended; i += 1) {
         const index = i - Math.floor(i / cols) * cols;
-        if (gridEnabled) {
-          slides.forEach((slide, slideIndex) => {
-            if (slide.column === index) appendSlidesIndexes.push(slideIndex);
-          });
-        } else {
-          appendSlidesIndexes.push(index);
-        }
+        appendSlidesIndexes.push(index);
       }
     }
     swiper.__preventObserver__ = true;
     requestAnimationFrame(() => {
       swiper.__preventObserver__ = false;
     });
-    if (swiper.params.effect === 'cards' && slides.length < slidesPerView + loopedSlides * 2) {
-      if (appendSlidesIndexes.includes(activeSlideIndex)) {
-        appendSlidesIndexes.splice(appendSlidesIndexes.indexOf(activeSlideIndex), 1);
-      }
-      if (prependSlidesIndexes.includes(activeSlideIndex)) {
-        prependSlidesIndexes.splice(prependSlidesIndexes.indexOf(activeSlideIndex), 1);
-      }
-    }
     if (isPrev) {
       prependSlidesIndexes.forEach(index => {
         slides[index].swiperLoopMoveDOM = true;
@@ -2651,13 +2506,11 @@
     swiper.recalcSlides();
     if (params.slidesPerView === 'auto') {
       swiper.updateSlides();
-    } else if (gridEnabled && (prependSlidesIndexes.length > 0 && isPrev || appendSlidesIndexes.length > 0 && isNext)) {
-      swiper.slides.forEach((slide, slideIndex) => {
-        swiper.grid.updateSlide(slideIndex, slide, swiper.slides);
-      });
     }
     if (params.watchSlidesProgress) {
-      swiper.updateSlidesOffset();
+      swiper.updateSlidesOffset({
+        isCalculatedFromUpdateSlides: params.slidesPerView === 'auto'
+      });
     }
     if (slideTo) {
       if (prependSlidesIndexes.length > 0 && isPrev) {
@@ -2674,12 +2527,10 @@
               swiper.touchEventsData.currentTranslate = swiper.touchEventsData.currentTranslate - diff;
             }
           }
-        } else {
-          if (setTranslate) {
-            const shift = gridEnabled ? prependSlidesIndexes.length / params.grid.rows : prependSlidesIndexes.length;
-            swiper.slideTo(swiper.activeIndex + shift, 0, false, true);
-            swiper.touchEventsData.currentTranslate = swiper.translate;
-          }
+        } else if (setTranslate) {
+          const shift = prependSlidesIndexes.length;
+          swiper.slideTo(swiper.activeIndex + shift, 0, false, true);
+          swiper.touchEventsData.currentTranslate = swiper.translate;
         }
       } else if (appendSlidesIndexes.length > 0 && isNext) {
         if (typeof slideRealIndex === 'undefined') {
@@ -2695,36 +2546,14 @@
               swiper.touchEventsData.currentTranslate = swiper.touchEventsData.currentTranslate - diff;
             }
           }
-        } else {
-          const shift = gridEnabled ? appendSlidesIndexes.length / params.grid.rows : appendSlidesIndexes.length;
+        } else if (setTranslate) {
+          const shift = appendSlidesIndexes.length;
           swiper.slideTo(swiper.activeIndex - shift, 0, false, true);
         }
       }
     }
     swiper.allowSlidePrev = allowSlidePrev;
     swiper.allowSlideNext = allowSlideNext;
-    if (swiper.controller && swiper.controller.control && !byController) {
-      const loopParams = {
-        slideRealIndex,
-        direction,
-        setTranslate,
-        activeSlideIndex,
-        byController: true
-      };
-      if (Array.isArray(swiper.controller.control)) {
-        swiper.controller.control.forEach(c => {
-          if (!c.destroyed && c.params.loop) c.loopFix({
-            ...loopParams,
-            slideTo: c.params.slidesPerView === params.slidesPerView ? slideTo : false
-          });
-        });
-      } else if (swiper.controller.control instanceof swiper.constructor && swiper.controller.control.params.loop) {
-        swiper.controller.control.loopFix({
-          ...loopParams,
-          slideTo: swiper.controller.control.params.slidesPerView === params.slidesPerView ? slideTo : false
-        });
-      }
-    }
     swiper.emit('loopFix');
   }
 
@@ -2741,7 +2570,7 @@
     const swiper = this;
     if (!swiper.params.loop) return;
 
-    // Disable loop mode nếu số slides ít hơn slidesPerView
+    // Disable loop mode if number of slides is smaller than slidesPerView
     const currentSlidesPerView = swiper.params.slidesPerView === 'auto' ? swiper.slidesPerViewDynamic() : Math.ceil(parseFloat(swiper.params.slidesPerView, 10));
     if (swiper.slides.length < currentSlidesPerView) {
       console.warn('Swiper: Loop mode disabled - slides.length < slidesPerView');
@@ -2780,7 +2609,7 @@
     }
     loopedSlides += params.loopAdditionalSlides;
     swiper.loopedSlides = loopedSlides;
-    if (slides.length < slidesPerView + loopedSlides || swiper.params.effect === 'cards' && slides.length < slidesPerView + loopedSlides * 2) {
+    if (slides.length < slidesPerView + loopedSlides) {
       showWarning('Swiper Loop Warning: The number of slides is not enough for loop mode, it will be disabled or not function properly. You need to add more slides (or make duplicates) or lower the values of slidesPerView and slidesPerGroup parameters');
     }
     const isNext = direction === 'next' || !direction;
@@ -2806,20 +2635,16 @@
       activeSlideIndex = swiper.getSlideIndex(slides.find(el => el.classList.contains(params.slideActiveClass)));
     }
 
-    // Tạo DocumentFragment để chứa các slide clone
+    // DocumentFragment to hold slide clones
     const cloneFragment = document.createDocumentFragment();
 
-    // Clone các slide theo numberOfSlidesNeedClone (đã đảo ngược) và thêm vào fragment
+    // Clone slides according to numberOfSlidesNeedClone and append to fragment
     (isNext ? numberOfSlidesNeedClone : numberOfSlidesNeedClone.reverse()).forEach(index => {
       if (slides[index]) {
         const originalSlide = slides[index];
         const clonedSlide = originalSlide.cloneNode(true);
-
-        // Đánh dấu slide clone
         clonedSlide.setAttribute('data-swiper-clone', 'true');
         clonedSlide.classList.add('swiper-slide-clone');
-
-        // Thêm clone vào fragment
         cloneFragment.appendChild(clonedSlide);
       }
     });
@@ -2840,32 +2665,28 @@
       });
     }
 
-    // Sắp xếp cloneFragment theo data-swiper-slide-index tăng dần
+    // Sort cloned slides by data-swiper-slide-index
     const clonedSlides = Array.from(cloneFragment.children);
     clonedSlides.sort((a, b) => {
       const indexA = parseInt(a.getAttribute('data-swiper-slide-index')) || 0;
       const indexB = parseInt(b.getAttribute('data-swiper-slide-index')) || 0;
       return indexA - indexB;
     });
-
-    // Xóa tất cả children cũ và thêm lại theo thứ tự đã sắp xếp
     cloneFragment.innerHTML = '';
     clonedSlides.forEach(slide => {
       cloneFragment.appendChild(slide);
     });
 
-    // Thêm fragment vào vị trí phù hợp
+    // Place fragment into the right position
     if (isPrev) {
-      // Nếu là prev, thêm fragment vào cuối slidesEl
       slidesEl.appendChild(cloneFragment);
     } else if (isNext) {
-      // Nếu là next, thêm fragment vào đầu slidesEl
       slidesEl.insertBefore(cloneFragment, slidesEl.firstChild);
     }
     swiper.recalcSlides();
     swiper.updateSlides();
 
-    // Tìm slide có data-swiper-slide-index tương ứng
+    // Find old active slide index after recalculation
     let oldActiveIndex = null;
     for (let i = 0; i < slidesEl.children.length; i++) {
       const child = slidesEl.children[i];
@@ -2878,7 +2699,7 @@
       swiper.slideTo(oldActiveIndex, 0);
     }
 
-    // Tìm vị trí slide cũ sau khi remove clone để set lại translate tạo hiệu ứng animate
+    // Update translate after removing clones for animation
     const skip = Math.min(swiper.params.slidesPerGroupSkip, newIndex);
     let snapIndex = skip + Math.floor((newIndex - skip) / swiper.params.slidesPerGroup);
     if (snapIndex >= swiper.snapGrid.length) snapIndex = swiper.snapGrid.length - 1;
@@ -2904,7 +2725,8 @@
       }
       swiper.setTranslate(updateTranslate);
     }
-    // Remove slide clone ra khỏi slidesEl sau khi slideTo hoàn thành
+
+    // Remove clones
     const cloneSlides = slidesEl.querySelectorAll('[data-swiper-clone="true"]');
     cloneSlides.forEach(cloneSlide => {
       if (cloneSlide.parentNode) {
@@ -2934,7 +2756,7 @@
       params,
       slidesEl
     } = swiper;
-    if (!params.loop || !slidesEl || swiper.virtual && swiper.params.virtual.enabled) return;
+    if (!params.loop || !slidesEl) return;
     swiper.recalcSlides();
     const newSlidesOrder = [];
     swiper.slides.forEach(slideEl => {
@@ -2995,7 +2817,6 @@
     unsetGrabCursor
   };
 
-  // Modified from https://stackoverflow.com/questions/54520554/custom-element-getrootnode-closest-function-crossing-multiple-parent-shadowd
   function closestElement(selector, base) {
     if (base === void 0) {
       base = this;
@@ -3004,9 +2825,7 @@
       if (!el || el === getDocument() || el === getWindow()) return null;
       if (el.assignedSlot) el = el.assignedSlot;
       const found = el.closest(selector);
-      if (!found && !el.getRootNode) {
-        return null;
-      }
+      if (!found && !el.getRootNode) return null;
       return found || __closestFrom(el.getRootNode().host);
     }
     return __closestFrom(base);
@@ -3034,9 +2853,7 @@
     if (e.originalEvent) e = e.originalEvent;
     const data = swiper.touchEventsData;
     if (e.type === 'pointerdown') {
-      if (data.pointerId !== null && data.pointerId !== e.pointerId) {
-        return;
-      }
+      if (data.pointerId !== null && data.pointerId !== e.pointerId) return;
       data.pointerId = e.pointerId;
     } else if (e.type === 'touchstart' && e.targetTouches.length === 1) {
       data.touchId = e.targetTouches[0].identifier;
@@ -3053,9 +2870,7 @@
     } = swiper;
     if (!enabled) return;
     if (!params.simulateTouch && e.pointerType === 'mouse') return;
-    if (swiper.animating && params.preventInteractionOnTransition) {
-      return;
-    }
+    if (swiper.animating && params.preventInteractionOnTransition) return;
     if (!swiper.animating && params.cssMode && params.loop) {
       swiper.loopFix();
     }
@@ -3066,8 +2881,6 @@
     if ('which' in e && e.which === 3) return;
     if ('button' in e && e.button > 0) return;
     if (data.isTouched && data.isMoved) return;
-
-    // change target el for shadow root component
     const swipingClassHasValue = !!params.noSwipingClass && params.noSwipingClass !== '';
     // eslint-disable-next-line
     const eventPath = e.composedPath ? e.composedPath() : e.path;
@@ -3076,8 +2889,6 @@
     }
     const noSwipingSelector = params.noSwipingSelector ? params.noSwipingSelector : `.${params.noSwipingClass}`;
     const isTargetShadow = !!(e.target && e.target.shadowRoot);
-
-    // use closestElement for shadow root element to get the actual closest for nested shadow root element
     if (params.noSwiping && (isTargetShadow ? closestElement(noSwipingSelector, targetEl) : targetEl.closest(noSwipingSelector))) {
       swiper.allowClick = true;
       return;
@@ -3089,12 +2900,7 @@
     touches.currentY = e.pageY;
     const startX = touches.currentX;
     const startY = touches.currentY;
-
-    // Do NOT start if iOS edge swipe is detected. Otherwise iOS app cannot swipe-to-go-back anymore
-
-    if (!preventEdgeSwipe(swiper, e, startX)) {
-      return;
-    }
+    if (!preventEdgeSwipe(swiper, e, startX)) return;
     Object.assign(data, {
       isTouched: true,
       isMoved: false,
@@ -3123,9 +2929,6 @@
     if ((params.touchStartForcePreventDefault || shouldPreventDefault) && !targetEl.isContentEditable) {
       e.preventDefault();
     }
-    if (params.freeMode && params.freeMode.enabled && swiper.freeMode && swiper.animating && !params.cssMode) {
-      swiper.freeMode.onTouchStart();
-    }
     swiper.emit('touchStart', e);
   }
 
@@ -3144,7 +2947,7 @@
     let e = event;
     if (e.originalEvent) e = e.originalEvent;
     if (e.type === 'pointermove') {
-      if (data.touchId !== null) return; // return from pointer if we use touch
+      if (data.touchId !== null) return;
       const id = e.pointerId;
       if (id !== data.pointerId) return;
     }
@@ -3185,7 +2988,6 @@
     }
     if (params.touchReleaseOnEdges && !params.loop) {
       if (swiper.isVertical()) {
-        // Vertical
         if (pageY < touches.startY && swiper.translate <= swiper.maxTranslate() || pageY > touches.startY && swiper.translate >= swiper.minTranslate()) {
           data.isTouched = false;
           data.isMoved = false;
@@ -3287,7 +3089,6 @@
         swiper.wrapperEl.dispatchEvent(evt);
       }
       data.allowMomentumBounce = false;
-      // Grab Cursor
       if (params.grabCursor && (swiper.allowSlideNext === true || swiper.allowSlidePrev === true)) {
         swiper.setGrabCursor(true);
       }
@@ -3358,8 +3159,6 @@
     if (!swiper.allowSlidePrev && !swiper.allowSlideNext) {
       data.currentTranslate = data.startTranslate;
     }
-
-    // Threshold
     if (params.threshold > 0) {
       if (Math.abs(diff) > params.threshold || data.allowThresholdMove) {
         if (!data.allowThresholdMove) {
@@ -3377,17 +3176,12 @@
     }
     if (!params.followFinger || params.cssMode) return;
 
-    // Update active index in free mode
-    if (params.freeMode && params.freeMode.enabled && swiper.freeMode || params.watchSlidesProgress) {
+    // core-lite: no optional feature updates; only watchSlidesProgress
+    if (params.watchSlidesProgress) {
       swiper.updateActiveIndex();
       swiper.updateSlidesClasses();
     }
-    if (params.freeMode && params.freeMode.enabled && swiper.freeMode) {
-      swiper.freeMode.onTouchMove();
-    }
-    // Update progress
     swiper.updateProgress(data.currentTranslate);
-    // Update translate
     swiper.setTranslate(data.currentTranslate);
   }
 
@@ -3399,7 +3193,7 @@
     let targetTouch;
     const isTouchEvent = e.type === 'touchend' || e.type === 'touchcancel';
     if (!isTouchEvent) {
-      if (data.touchId !== null) return; // return from pointer if we use touch
+      if (data.touchId !== null) return;
       if (e.pointerId !== data.pointerId) return;
       targetTouch = e;
     } else {
@@ -3408,9 +3202,7 @@
     }
     if (['pointercancel', 'pointerout', 'pointerleave', 'contextmenu'].includes(e.type)) {
       const proceed = ['pointercancel', 'contextmenu'].includes(e.type) && (swiper.browser.isSafari || swiper.browser.isWebView);
-      if (!proceed) {
-        return;
-      }
+      if (!proceed) return;
     }
     data.pointerId = null;
     data.touchId = null;
@@ -3428,9 +3220,7 @@
     }
     data.allowTouchCallbacks = false;
     if (!data.isTouched) {
-      if (data.isMoved && params.grabCursor) {
-        swiper.setGrabCursor(false);
-      }
+      if (data.isMoved && params.grabCursor) swiper.setGrabCursor(false);
       data.isMoved = false;
       data.startMoving = false;
       return;
@@ -3440,8 +3230,6 @@
     if (params.grabCursor && data.isMoved && data.isTouched && (swiper.allowSlideNext === true || swiper.allowSlidePrev === true)) {
       swiper.setGrabCursor(false);
     }
-
-    // Time diff
     const touchEndTime = now();
     const timeDiff = touchEndTime - data.touchStartTime;
 
@@ -3468,20 +3256,8 @@
     data.isMoved = false;
     data.startMoving = false;
     let currentPos;
-    if (params.followFinger) {
-      currentPos = rtl ? swiper.translate : -swiper.translate;
-    } else {
-      currentPos = -data.currentTranslate;
-    }
-    if (params.cssMode) {
-      return;
-    }
-    if (params.freeMode && params.freeMode.enabled) {
-      swiper.freeMode.onTouchEnd({
-        currentPos
-      });
-      return;
-    }
+    if (params.followFinger) currentPos = rtl ? swiper.translate : -swiper.translate;else currentPos = -data.currentTranslate;
+    if (params.cssMode) return;
 
     // Find current slide
     const swipeToLast = currentPos >= -swiper.maxTranslate() && !swiper.params.loop;
@@ -3503,22 +3279,22 @@
     let rewindLastIndex = null;
     if (params.rewind) {
       if (swiper.isBeginning) {
-        rewindLastIndex = params.virtual && params.virtual.enabled && swiper.virtual ? swiper.virtual.slides.length - 1 : swiper.slides.length - 1;
+        rewindLastIndex = swiper.slides.length - 1;
       } else if (swiper.isEnd) {
         rewindFirstIndex = 0;
       }
     }
-    // Find current slide size
     const ratio = (currentPos - slidesGrid[stopIndex]) / groupSize;
     const increment = stopIndex < params.slidesPerGroupSkip - 1 ? 1 : params.slidesPerGroup;
     if (timeDiff > params.longSwipesMs) {
-      // Long touches
       if (!params.longSwipes) {
         swiper.slideTo(swiper.activeIndex);
         return;
       }
       if (swiper.swipeDirection === 'next') {
-        if (ratio >= params.longSwipesRatio) swiper.slideTo(params.rewind && swiper.isEnd ? rewindFirstIndex : stopIndex + increment);else swiper.slideTo(stopIndex);
+        if (ratio >= params.longSwipesRatio) {
+          swiper.slideTo(params.rewind && swiper.isEnd ? rewindFirstIndex : stopIndex + increment);
+        } else swiper.slideTo(stopIndex);
       }
       if (swiper.swipeDirection === 'prev') {
         if (ratio > 1 - params.longSwipesRatio) {
@@ -3570,7 +3346,6 @@
       allowSlidePrev,
       snapGrid
     } = swiper;
-    const isVirtual = swiper.virtual && swiper.params.virtual.enabled;
 
     // Disable locks on resize
     swiper.allowSlideNext = true;
@@ -3578,15 +3353,12 @@
     swiper.updateSize();
     swiper.updateSlides();
     swiper.updateSlidesClasses();
-    const isVirtualLoop = isVirtual && params.loop;
-    if ((params.slidesPerView === 'auto' || params.slidesPerView > 1) && swiper.isEnd && !swiper.isBeginning && !swiper.params.centeredSlides && !isVirtualLoop) {
+    if ((params.slidesPerView === 'auto' || params.slidesPerView > 1) && swiper.isEnd && !swiper.isBeginning && !swiper.params.centeredSlides) {
       swiper.slideTo(swiper.slides.length - 1, 0, false, true);
+    } else if (swiper.params.loop) {
+      swiper.slideToLoop(swiper.realIndex, 0, false, true);
     } else {
-      if (swiper.params.loop && !isVirtual) {
-        swiper.slideToLoop(swiper.realIndex, 0, false, true);
-      } else {
-        swiper.slideTo(swiper.activeIndex, 0, false, true);
-      }
+      swiper.slideTo(swiper.activeIndex, 0, false, true);
     }
     if (swiper.autoplay && swiper.autoplay.running && swiper.autoplay.paused) {
       clearTimeout(swiper.autoplay.resizeTimeout);
@@ -3596,10 +3368,11 @@
         }
       }, 500);
     }
+
     // Return locks after resize
     swiper.allowSlidePrev = allowSlidePrev;
     swiper.allowSlideNext = allowSlideNext;
-    if (swiper.params.watchOverflow && snapGrid !== swiper.snapGrid) {
+    if (params.watchOverflow && snapGrid !== swiper.snapGrid) {
       swiper.checkOverflow();
     }
   }
@@ -3653,6 +3426,10 @@
     if (swiper.params.cssMode || swiper.params.slidesPerView !== 'auto' && !swiper.params.autoHeight) {
       return;
     }
+    const el = e?.target;
+    // IMG, IFRAME, EMBED with width/height attributes don't change slide size — no need to call swiper.update()
+    if (!el || !['IMG', 'IFRAME', 'EMBED'].includes(el.tagName)) return;
+    if (el.hasAttribute('width') && el.hasAttribute('height')) return;
     swiper.update();
   }
 
@@ -3764,8 +3541,15 @@
     detachEvents
   };
 
-  const isGridEnabled = (swiper, params) => {
-    return swiper.grid && params.grid && params.grid.rows > 1;
+  const toggleModule = (swiper, params, breakpointParams, prop) => {
+    const wasModuleEnabled = params[prop] && params[prop].enabled;
+    const isModuleEnabled = breakpointParams[prop] && breakpointParams[prop].enabled;
+    if (wasModuleEnabled && !isModuleEnabled) {
+      swiper[prop].disable();
+    }
+    if (!wasModuleEnabled && isModuleEnabled) {
+      swiper[prop].enable();
+    }
   };
   function setBreakpoint() {
     const swiper = this;
@@ -3786,38 +3570,20 @@
     if (!breakpoint || swiper.currentBreakpoint === breakpoint) return;
     const breakpointOnlyParams = breakpoint in breakpoints ? breakpoints[breakpoint] : undefined;
     const breakpointParams = breakpointOnlyParams || swiper.originalParams;
-    const wasMultiRow = isGridEnabled(swiper, params);
-    const isMultiRow = isGridEnabled(swiper, breakpointParams);
     const wasGrabCursor = swiper.params.grabCursor;
     const isGrabCursor = breakpointParams.grabCursor;
     const wasEnabled = params.enabled;
-    if (wasMultiRow && !isMultiRow) {
-      el.classList.remove(`${params.containerModifierClass}grid`, `${params.containerModifierClass}grid-column`);
-      swiper.emitContainerClasses();
-    } else if (!wasMultiRow && isMultiRow) {
-      el.classList.add(`${params.containerModifierClass}grid`);
-      if (breakpointParams.grid.fill && breakpointParams.grid.fill === 'column' || !breakpointParams.grid.fill && params.grid.fill === 'column') {
-        el.classList.add(`${params.containerModifierClass}grid-column`);
-      }
-      swiper.emitContainerClasses();
-    }
     if (wasGrabCursor && !isGrabCursor) {
       swiper.unsetGrabCursor();
     } else if (!wasGrabCursor && isGrabCursor) {
       swiper.setGrabCursor();
     }
 
-    // Toggle navigation, pagination, scrollbar
-    ['navigation', 'pagination', 'scrollbar'].forEach(prop => {
+    // Core-lite: toggle navigation & pagination only.
+    const modules = ['navigation', 'pagination'];
+    modules.forEach(prop => {
       if (typeof breakpointParams[prop] === 'undefined') return;
-      const wasModuleEnabled = params[prop] && params[prop].enabled;
-      const isModuleEnabled = breakpointParams[prop] && breakpointParams[prop].enabled;
-      if (wasModuleEnabled && !isModuleEnabled) {
-        swiper[prop].disable();
-      }
-      if (!wasModuleEnabled && isModuleEnabled) {
-        swiper[prop].enable();
-      }
+      toggleModule(swiper, params, breakpointParams, prop);
     });
     const directionChanged = breakpointParams.direction && breakpointParams.direction !== params.direction;
     const needsReLoop = params.loop && (breakpointParams.slidesPerView !== params.slidesPerView || directionChanged);
@@ -3899,7 +3665,7 @@
     getBreakpoint
   };
 
-  function prepareClasses(entries, prefix) {
+  const prepareClasses = (entries, prefix) => {
     const resultClasses = [];
     entries.forEach(item => {
       if (typeof item === 'object') {
@@ -3913,7 +3679,7 @@
       }
     });
     return resultClasses;
-  }
+  };
   function addClasses() {
     const swiper = this;
     const {
@@ -3923,17 +3689,12 @@
       el,
       device
     } = swiper;
+    // core-lite: removed module-specific classes
     // prettier-ignore
     const suffixes = prepareClasses(['initialized', params.direction, {
-      'free-mode': swiper.params.freeMode && params.freeMode.enabled
-    }, {
       'autoheight': params.autoHeight
     }, {
       'rtl': rtl
-    }, {
-      'grid': params.grid && params.grid.rows > 1
-    }, {
-      'grid-column': params.grid && params.grid.rows > 1 && params.grid.fill === 'column'
     }, {
       'android': device.android
     }, {
@@ -4030,16 +3791,12 @@
     autoHeight: false,
     // Set wrapper width
     setWrapperSize: false,
-    // Virtual Translate
-    virtualTranslate: false,
-    // Effects
+    // Effects (core-lite only supports `slide`)
     effect: 'slide',
-    // 'slide' or 'fade' or 'cube' or 'coverflow' or 'flip'
-
     // Breakpoints
     breakpoints: undefined,
     breakpointsBase: 'window',
-    // Slides grid
+    // Slides
     spaceBetween: 0,
     slidesPerView: 1,
     slidesPerGroup: 1,
@@ -4142,7 +3899,9 @@
       if (moduleParamName === 'navigation' && params[moduleParamName] && params[moduleParamName].enabled && !params[moduleParamName].prevEl && !params[moduleParamName].nextEl) {
         params[moduleParamName].auto = true;
       }
-      if (['pagination', 'scrollbar'].indexOf(moduleParamName) >= 0 && params[moduleParamName] && params[moduleParamName].enabled && !params[moduleParamName].el) {
+
+      // Core-lite: keep only pagination auto-init.
+      if (moduleParamName === 'pagination' && params[moduleParamName] && params[moduleParamName].enabled && !params[moduleParamName].el) {
         params[moduleParamName].auto = true;
       }
       if (!(moduleParamName in params && 'enabled' in moduleParams)) {
@@ -4268,7 +4027,6 @@
         // Indexes
         activeIndex: 0,
         realIndex: 0,
-        //
         isBeginning: true,
         isEnd: false,
         // Props
@@ -4295,12 +4053,9 @@
           currentTranslate: undefined,
           startTranslate: undefined,
           allowThresholdMove: undefined,
-          // Form elements to match
           focusableElements: swiper.params.focusableElements,
-          // Last click time
           lastClickTime: 0,
           clickTimeout: undefined,
-          // Velocities
           velocities: [],
           allowMomentumBounce: undefined,
           startMoving: undefined,
@@ -4320,7 +4075,8 @@
         },
         // Images
         imagesToLoad: [],
-        imagesLoaded: 0
+        imagesLoaded: 0,
+        rtl: params?.rtl
       });
       swiper.emit('_swiper');
 
@@ -4329,7 +4085,6 @@
         swiper.init();
       }
 
-      // Return app instance
       // eslint-disable-next-line no-constructor-return
       return swiper;
     }
@@ -4361,16 +4116,6 @@
     getSlideIndexByData(index) {
       return this.getSlideIndex(this.slides.find(slideEl => slideEl.getAttribute('data-swiper-slide-index') * 1 === index));
     }
-    getSlideIndexWhenGrid(index) {
-      if (this.grid && this.params.grid && this.params.grid.rows > 1) {
-        if (this.params.grid.fill === 'column') {
-          index = Math.floor(index / this.params.grid.rows);
-        } else if (this.params.grid.fill === 'row') {
-          index = index % Math.ceil(this.slides.length / this.params.grid.rows);
-        }
-      }
-      return index;
-    }
     recalcSlides() {
       const swiper = this;
       const {
@@ -4472,21 +4217,15 @@
           }
         }
       } else {
-        // eslint-disable-next-line
         if (view === 'current') {
           for (let i = activeIndex + 1; i < slides.length; i += 1) {
             const slideInView = exact ? slidesGrid[i] + slidesSizesGrid[i] - slidesGrid[activeIndex] < swiperSize : slidesGrid[i] - slidesGrid[activeIndex] < swiperSize;
-            if (slideInView) {
-              spv += 1;
-            }
+            if (slideInView) spv += 1;
           }
         } else {
-          // previous
           for (let i = activeIndex - 1; i >= 0; i -= 1) {
             const slideInView = slidesGrid[activeIndex] - slidesGrid[i] < swiperSize;
-            if (slideInView) {
-              spv += 1;
-            }
+            if (slideInView) spv += 1;
           }
         }
       }
@@ -4499,14 +4238,11 @@
         snapGrid,
         params
       } = swiper;
-      // Breakpoints
       if (params.breakpoints) {
         swiper.setBreakpoint();
       }
       [...swiper.el.querySelectorAll('[loading="lazy"]')].forEach(imageEl => {
-        if (imageEl.complete) {
-          processLazyPreloader(swiper, imageEl);
-        }
+        if (imageEl.complete) processLazyPreloader(swiper, imageEl);
       });
       swiper.updateSize();
       swiper.updateSlides();
@@ -4520,22 +4256,12 @@
         swiper.updateSlidesClasses();
       }
       let translated;
-      if (params.freeMode && params.freeMode.enabled && !params.cssMode) {
-        setTranslate();
-        if (params.autoHeight) {
-          swiper.updateAutoHeight();
-        }
+      if ((params.slidesPerView === 'auto' || params.slidesPerView > 1) && swiper.isEnd && !params.centeredSlides) {
+        translated = swiper.slideTo(swiper.slides.length - 1, 0, false, true);
       } else {
-        if ((params.slidesPerView === 'auto' || params.slidesPerView > 1) && swiper.isEnd && !params.centeredSlides) {
-          const slides = swiper.virtual && params.virtual.enabled ? swiper.virtual.slides : swiper.slides;
-          translated = swiper.slideTo(slides.length - 1, 0, false, true);
-        } else {
-          translated = swiper.slideTo(swiper.activeIndex, 0, false, true);
-        }
-        if (!translated) {
-          setTranslate();
-        }
+        translated = swiper.slideTo(swiper.activeIndex, 0, false, true);
       }
+      if (!translated) setTranslate();
       if (params.watchOverflow && snapGrid !== swiper.snapGrid) {
         swiper.checkOverflow();
       }
@@ -4548,7 +4274,6 @@
       const swiper = this;
       const currentDirection = swiper.params.direction;
       if (!newDirection) {
-        // eslint-disable-next-line
         newDirection = currentDirection === 'horizontal' ? 'vertical' : 'horizontal';
       }
       if (newDirection === currentDirection || newDirection !== 'horizontal' && newDirection !== 'vertical') {
@@ -4586,15 +4311,11 @@
     mount(element) {
       const swiper = this;
       if (swiper.mounted) return true;
-
-      // Find el
       let el = element || swiper.params.el;
       if (typeof el === 'string') {
         el = document.querySelector(el);
       }
-      if (!el) {
-        return false;
-      }
+      if (!el) return false;
       el.swiper = swiper;
       if (el.parentNode && el.parentNode.host && el.parentNode.host.nodeName === swiper.params.swiperElementNodeName.toUpperCase()) {
         swiper.isElement = true;
@@ -4605,12 +4326,10 @@
       const getWrapper = () => {
         if (el && el.shadowRoot && el.shadowRoot.querySelector) {
           const res = el.shadowRoot.querySelector(getWrapperSelector());
-          // Children needs to return slot items
           return res;
         }
         return elementChildren(el, getWrapperSelector())[0];
       };
-      // Find Wrapper
       let wrapperEl = getWrapper();
       if (!wrapperEl && swiper.params.createElements) {
         wrapperEl = createElement('div', swiper.params.wrapperClass);
@@ -4619,6 +4338,8 @@
           wrapperEl.append(slideEl);
         });
       }
+      const rtl = swiper.params.rtl ?? (el.dir.toLowerCase() === 'rtl' || elementStyle(el, 'direction') === 'rtl');
+      const wrongRTL = false;
       Object.assign(swiper, {
         el,
         wrapperEl,
@@ -4626,9 +4347,9 @@
         hostEl: swiper.isElement ? el.parentNode.host : el,
         mounted: true,
         // RTL
-        rtl: el.dir.toLowerCase() === 'rtl' || elementStyle(el, 'direction') === 'rtl',
-        rtlTranslate: swiper.params.direction === 'horizontal' && (el.dir.toLowerCase() === 'rtl' || elementStyle(el, 'direction') === 'rtl'),
-        wrongRTL: elementStyle(wrapperEl, 'display') === '-webkit-box'
+        rtl,
+        rtlTranslate: swiper.params.direction === 'horizontal' && rtl,
+        wrongRTL
       });
       return true;
     }
@@ -4645,7 +4366,6 @@
           const gap = Math.abs(swiper.snapGrid[1] - swiper.snapGrid[0]);
           const swiperTranslate = structuredClone(swiper.snapGrid[1]);
           if (isFirstSlide) {
-            // Move last item to first position when at first slide
             const lastSlide = slides.at(-1);
             lastSlide.swiperLoopMoveDOM = true;
             swiper.slidesEl.prepend(lastSlide);
@@ -4657,7 +4377,6 @@
             swiper.setTransition(speed);
             swiper.setTranslate(-swiperTranslate);
           } else if (isLastSlide) {
-            // Move first item to last position when at last slide
             const firstSlide = slides[0];
             firstSlide.swiperLoopMoveDOM = true;
             swiper.slidesEl.append(firstSlide);
@@ -4678,42 +4397,24 @@
       const mounted = swiper.mount(el);
       if (mounted === false) return swiper;
       swiper.emit('beforeInit');
-
-      // Set breakpoint
       if (swiper.params.breakpoints) {
         swiper.setBreakpoint();
       }
-
-      // Add Classes
       swiper.addClasses();
-
-      // Update size
       swiper.updateSize();
-
-      // Update slides
       swiper.updateSlides();
       if (swiper.params.watchOverflow) {
         swiper.checkOverflow();
       }
-
-      // Set Grab Cursor
       if (swiper.params.grabCursor && swiper.enabled) {
         swiper.setGrabCursor();
       }
 
-      // Slide To Initial Slide
-      if (swiper.params.loop && swiper.virtual && swiper.params.virtual.enabled) {
-        swiper.slideTo(swiper.params.initialSlide + swiper.virtual.slidesBefore, 0, swiper.params.runCallbacksOnInit, false, true);
-      } else {
-        swiper.slideTo(swiper.params.initialSlide, 0, swiper.params.runCallbacksOnInit, false, true);
-      }
-
-      // Create loop
+      // Slide to initial slide (core-lite: no optional feature initial offsets)
+      swiper.slideTo(swiper.params.initialSlide, 0, swiper.params.runCallbacksOnInit, false, true);
       if (swiper.params.loop) {
         swiper.loopCreate(undefined, true);
       }
-
-      // Attach events
       swiper.attachEvents();
       const lazyElements = [...swiper.el.querySelectorAll('[loading="lazy"]')];
       if (swiper.isElement) {
@@ -4723,16 +4424,11 @@
         if (imageEl.complete) {
           processLazyPreloader(swiper, imageEl);
         } else {
-          imageEl.addEventListener('load', e => {
-            processLazyPreloader(swiper, e.target);
-          });
+          imageEl.addEventListener('load', e => processLazyPreloader(swiper, e.target));
         }
       });
       preload(swiper);
-
-      // Init Flag
       swiper.initialized = true;
-      preload(swiper);
 
       // Emit
       swiper.emit('init');
@@ -4757,27 +4453,15 @@
         return null;
       }
       swiper.emit('beforeDestroy');
-
-      // Init Flag
       swiper.initialized = false;
-
-      // Detach events
       swiper.detachEvents();
-
-      // Destroy loop
       if (params.loop) {
         swiper.loopDestroy();
       }
-
-      // Cleanup styles
       if (cleanStyles) {
         swiper.removeClasses();
-        if (el && typeof el !== 'string') {
-          el.removeAttribute('style');
-        }
-        if (wrapperEl) {
-          wrapperEl.removeAttribute('style');
-        }
+        if (el && typeof el !== 'string') el.removeAttribute('style');
+        if (wrapperEl) wrapperEl.removeAttribute('style');
         if (slides && slides.length) {
           slides.forEach(slideEl => {
             slideEl.classList.remove(params.slideVisibleClass, params.slideFullyVisibleClass, params.slideActiveClass, params.slideNextClass, params.slidePrevClass);
@@ -4787,8 +4471,6 @@
         }
       }
       swiper.emit('destroy');
-
-      // Detach emitter events
       Object.keys(swiper.eventsListeners).forEach(eventName => {
         swiper.off(eventName);
       });
@@ -10223,7 +9905,7 @@
   }
 
   /**
-   * Swiper 0.0.15
+   * Swiper 0.0.16-dev.1
    * Gem SDK - Swiper, Customized of swiper
    * https://swiperjs.com
    *
@@ -10565,7 +10247,7 @@
   }
 
   /**
-   * Swiper Custom Element 0.0.15
+   * Swiper Custom Element 0.0.16-dev.1
    * Gem SDK - Swiper, Customized of swiper
    * https://swiperjs.com
    *