@forgeax/engine-render 0.1.28 → 0.1.29

package/src/pipeline/standard-output/auto-exposure/oracle.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+import { AUTO_EXPOSURE_PRESET_V1 } from './preset';
+
+const RGB_TO_XYZ_D65 = [
+  [0.4124564, 0.3575761, 0.1804375],
+  [0.2126729, 0.7151522, 0.072175],
+  [0.0193339, 0.119192, 0.9503041],
+] as const;
+const D65_XYZ = [0.95047, 1, 1.08883] as const;
+const BRADFORD = [
+  [0.8951, 0.2664, -0.1614],
+  [-0.7502, 1.7135, 0.0367],
+  [0.0389, -0.0685, 1.0296],
+] as const;
+const BRADFORD_INVERSE = [
+  [0.9869929, -0.1470543, 0.1599627],
+  [0.4323053, 0.5183603, 0.0492912],
+  [-0.0085287, 0.0400428, 0.9684867],
+] as const;
+
+function multiply3(
+  matrix: readonly (readonly number[])[],
+  value: readonly [number, number, number],
+): [number, number, number] {
+  const row0 = matrix[0] ?? [0, 0, 0];
+  const row1 = matrix[1] ?? [0, 0, 0];
+  const row2 = matrix[2] ?? [0, 0, 0];
+  return [
+    (row0[0] ?? 0) * value[0] + (row0[1] ?? 0) * value[1] + (row0[2] ?? 0) * value[2],
+    (row1[0] ?? 0) * value[0] + (row1[1] ?? 0) * value[1] + (row1[2] ?? 0) * value[2],
+    (row2[0] ?? 0) * value[0] + (row2[1] ?? 0) * value[1] + (row2[2] ?? 0) * value[2],
+  ];
+}
+
+function blackbodyWhitePoint(temperature: number): [number, number, number] {
+  if (temperature === 6504) return [...D65_XYZ];
+  const t = Math.min(40000, Math.max(1000, temperature));
+  const x =
+    t <= 4000
+      ? -0.2661239e9 / t ** 3 - 0.234358e6 / t ** 2 + 0.8776956e3 / t + 0.17991
+      : -3.0258469e9 / t ** 3 + 2.1070379e6 / t ** 2 + 0.2226347e3 / t + 0.24039;
+  const y =
+    t <= 2222
+      ? -1.1063814 * x ** 3 - 1.3481102 * x ** 2 + 2.18555832 * x - 0.20219683
+      : t <= 4000
+        ? -0.9549476 * x ** 3 - 1.37418593 * x ** 2 + 2.09137015 * x - 0.16748867
+        : 3.081758 * x ** 3 - 5.8733867 * x ** 2 + 3.75112997 * x - 0.37001483;
+  return [x / y, 1, (1 - x - y) / y];
+}
+
+export function luminanceHistogram(
+  pixels: readonly (readonly [number, number, number, number])[],
+  bins = AUTO_EXPOSURE_PRESET_V1.histogramBins,
+): Uint32Array {
+  const histogram = new Uint32Array(bins);
+  const min = AUTO_EXPOSURE_PRESET_V1.logLuminanceMin;
+  const max = AUTO_EXPOSURE_PRESET_V1.logLuminanceMax;
+  for (const pixel of pixels) {
+    const luminance = 0.2126 * pixel[0] + 0.7152 * pixel[1] + 0.0722 * pixel[2];
+    if (!Number.isFinite(luminance) || luminance <= 0) continue;
+    const normalized = (Math.log2(luminance) - min) / (max - min);
+    const index = Math.min(bins - 1, Math.max(0, Math.floor(normalized * bins)));
+    const bucket = histogram[index];
+    if (bucket !== undefined) histogram[index] = bucket + 1;
+  }
+  return histogram;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Mirror the fixed shader-side center weighting for deterministic tests. The
+ * sample list is row-major over the metering grid (one sample per 4x4 block),
+ * so the helper never changes the texture-read/sample-count contract.
+ */
+export function centerWeight(
+  block: readonly [number, number],
+  sampleGrid: readonly [number, number],
+): number {
+  const centerX = (sampleGrid[0] - 1) * 0.5;
+  const centerY = (sampleGrid[1] - 1) * 0.5;
+  const extentX = Math.max(centerX, 1);
+  const extentY = Math.max(centerY, 1);
+  const offsetX = (block[0] - centerX) / extentX;
+  const offsetY = (block[1] - centerY) / extentY;
+  const radial = Math.max(0, 1 - offsetX * offsetX - offsetY * offsetY);
+  return 1 + Math.min(2, Math.floor(radial * 2 + 0.5));
+}
+
+export function weightedLuminanceHistogram(
+  pixels: readonly (readonly [number, number, number, number])[],
+  sampleGrid: readonly [number, number],
+  bins = AUTO_EXPOSURE_PRESET_V1.histogramBins,
+): Uint32Array {
+  const histogram = new Uint32Array(bins);
+  const min = AUTO_EXPOSURE_PRESET_V1.logLuminanceMin;
+  const max = AUTO_EXPOSURE_PRESET_V1.logLuminanceMax;
+  const width = Math.max(1, Math.floor(sampleGrid[0]));
+  const height = Math.max(1, Math.floor(sampleGrid[1]));
+  for (let index = 0; index < Math.min(pixels.length, width * height); index += 1) {
+    const pixel = pixels[index];
+    if (pixel === undefined) continue;
+    const luminance = 0.2126 * pixel[0] + 0.7152 * pixel[1] + 0.0722 * pixel[2];
+    if (!Number.isFinite(luminance) || luminance <= 0) continue;
+    const normalized = (Math.log2(luminance) - min) / (max - min);
+    const bucket = Math.min(bins - 1, Math.max(0, Math.floor(normalized * bins)));
+    const row = Math.floor(index / width);
+    const column = index - row * width;
+    const weight = centerWeight([column, row], [width, height]);
+    const current = histogram[bucket];
+    if (current !== undefined) histogram[bucket] = current + weight;
+  }
+  return histogram;
+}
+
+/** Fixed product target mapping used to compare GPU adaptation with a CPU oracle. */
+export function autoExposureTarget(
+  histogram: Uint32Array,
+  compensationEv: number,
+  rangeEv: readonly [number, number],
+  fallback: number,
+): number {
+  if (
+    ![compensationEv, rangeEv[0], rangeEv[1], fallback].every(Number.isFinite) ||
+    fallback <= 0 ||
+    rangeEv[0] > rangeEv[1]
+  ) {
+    return fallback;
+  }
+  const total = histogram.reduce((sum, value) => sum + value, 0);
+  if (total <= 0) return fallback;
+  const lowRank = Math.min(total, Math.floor(total * 0.05));
+  const highRank = Math.min(total, Math.max(lowRank + 1, Math.ceil(total * 0.95)));
+  let cumulative = 0;
+  let clippedTotal = 0;
+  let clippedWeightedLog = 0;
+  for (let index = 0; index < histogram.length; index += 1) {
+    const count = histogram[index] ?? 0;
+    const begin = cumulative;
+    cumulative += count;
+    const keptBegin = Math.max(begin, lowRank);
+    const keptEnd = Math.min(cumulative, highRank);
+    if (keptEnd > keptBegin) {
+      const kept = keptEnd - keptBegin;
+      clippedTotal += kept;
+      clippedWeightedLog +=
+        kept *
+        (AUTO_EXPOSURE_PRESET_V1.logLuminanceMin +
+          (index + 0.5) *
+            ((AUTO_EXPOSURE_PRESET_V1.logLuminanceMax - AUTO_EXPOSURE_PRESET_V1.logLuminanceMin) /
+              histogram.length));
+    }
+  }
+  if (clippedTotal <= 0) return fallback;
+  const averageLog = clippedWeightedLog / clippedTotal;
+  const measuredExposure = 2 ** -averageLog * AUTO_EXPOSURE_PRESET_V1.middleGray;
+  if (!Number.isFinite(measuredExposure)) return fallback;
+  const targetEv = Math.min(
+    rangeEv[1],
+    Math.max(rangeEv[0], Math.log2(Math.max(measuredExposure, 1e-6)) + compensationEv),
+  );
+  const target = 2 ** targetEv;
+  return Number.isFinite(target) && target > 0 ? target : fallback;
+}
+
+export function histogramPercentile(histogram: Uint32Array, percentile: number): number {
+  const total = histogram.reduce((sum, value) => sum + value, 0);
+  if (total === 0) return 0;
+  const target = Math.min(total - 1, Math.max(0, Math.floor(percentile * total)));
+  let accumulated = 0;
+  for (let index = 0; index < histogram.length; index += 1) {
+    accumulated += histogram[index] ?? 0;
+    if (accumulated > target) {
+      return (
+        AUTO_EXPOSURE_PRESET_V1.logLuminanceMin +
+        ((index + 0.5) / histogram.length) *
+          (AUTO_EXPOSURE_PRESET_V1.logLuminanceMax - AUTO_EXPOSURE_PRESET_V1.logLuminanceMin)
+      );
+    }
+  }
+  return AUTO_EXPOSURE_PRESET_V1.logLuminanceMax;
+}
+
+export function adaptExposure(
+  current: number,
+  target: number,
+  deltaTime: number,
+  upRate: number,
+  downRate: number,
+): number {
+  if (![current, target, deltaTime, upRate, downRate].every(Number.isFinite)) return current;
+  if (deltaTime <= 0 || current === target) return current;
+  const rate = target > current ? Math.max(0, upRate) : Math.max(0, downRate);
+  if (rate === 0) return current;
+  const amount = 1 - Math.exp(-rate * deltaTime);
+  return current + (target - current) * amount;
+}
+
+export function bradfordAdaptD65(
+  rgb: readonly [number, number, number],
+  temperature: number,
+): [number, number, number] {
+  if (temperature === 6504) return [rgb[0], rgb[1], rgb[2]];
+  const source = multiply3(BRADFORD, D65_XYZ);
+  const target = multiply3(BRADFORD, blackbodyWhitePoint(temperature));
+  const scale: [number, number, number] = [
+    target[0] / source[0],
+    target[1] / source[1],
+    target[2] / source[2],
+  ];
+  const adaptedLms = multiply3(BRADFORD, multiply3(RGB_TO_XYZ_D65, rgb));
+  const adaptedXyz = multiply3(BRADFORD_INVERSE, [
+    adaptedLms[0] * scale[0],
+    adaptedLms[1] * scale[1],
+    adaptedLms[2] * scale[2],
+  ]);
+  return [adaptedXyz[0] / 0.95047, adaptedXyz[1], adaptedXyz[2] / 1.08883];
+}
+
+function labPivot(value: number): number {
+  const epsilon = (6 / 29) ** 3;
+  const kappa = (29 / 3) ** 3;
+  return value > epsilon ? Math.cbrt(value) : value * kappa + 4 / 29;
+}
+
+export function linearRgbToLab(rgb: readonly [number, number, number]): [number, number, number] {
+  const xyz = multiply3(RGB_TO_XYZ_D65, rgb);
+  const x = labPivot(xyz[0] / D65_XYZ[0]);
+  const y = labPivot(xyz[1] / D65_XYZ[1]);
+  const z = labPivot(xyz[2] / D65_XYZ[2]);
+  return [116 * y - 16, 500 * (x - y), 200 * (y - z)];
+}
+
+export function ciede2000(
+  first: readonly [number, number, number],
+  second: readonly [number, number, number],
+): number {
+  const [l1, a1, b1] = first;
+  const [l2, a2, b2] = second;
+  const c1 = Math.hypot(a1, b1);
+  const c2 = Math.hypot(a2, b2);
+  const cBar = (c1 + c2) / 2;
+  const g = 0.5 * (1 - Math.sqrt(cBar ** 7 / (cBar ** 7 + 25 ** 7)));
+  const a1Prime = (1 + g) * a1;
+  const a2Prime = (1 + g) * a2;
+  const c1Prime = Math.hypot(a1Prime, b1);
+  const c2Prime = Math.hypot(a2Prime, b2);
+  const h1 = hueAngle(a1Prime, b1);
+  const h2 = hueAngle(a2Prime, b2);
+  const deltaL = l2 - l1;
+  const deltaC = c2Prime - c1Prime;
+  const deltaH = hueDelta(h1, h2, c1Prime * c2Prime);
+  const deltaBigH = 2 * Math.sqrt(c1Prime * c2Prime) * Math.sin(deltaH / 2);
+  const lBar = (l1 + l2) / 2;
+  const cBarPrime = (c1Prime + c2Prime) / 2;
+  const hBar = hueMean(h1, h2);
+  const t =
+    1 -
+    0.17 * Math.cos(hBar - Math.PI / 6) +
+    0.24 * Math.cos(2 * hBar) +
+    0.32 * Math.cos(3 * hBar + Math.PI / 30) -
+    0.2 * Math.cos(4 * hBar - (21 * Math.PI) / 60);
+  const deltaTheta =
+    ((30 * Math.PI) / 180) * Math.exp(-((((hBar * 180) / Math.PI - 275) / 25) ** 2));
+  const rc = 2 * Math.sqrt(cBarPrime ** 7 / (cBarPrime ** 7 + 25 ** 7));
+  const sl = 1 + (0.015 * (lBar - 50) ** 2) / Math.sqrt(20 + (lBar - 50) ** 2);
+  const sc = 1 + 0.045 * cBarPrime;
+  const sh = 1 + 0.015 * cBarPrime * t;
+  const rt = -Math.sin(2 * deltaTheta) * rc;
+  return Math.sqrt(
+    (deltaL / sl) ** 2 +
+      (deltaC / sc) ** 2 +
+      (deltaBigH / sh) ** 2 +
+      rt * (deltaC / sc) * (deltaBigH / sh),
+  );
+}
+
+function hueAngle(a: number, b: number): number {
+  if (a === 0 && b === 0) return 0;
+  const angle = Math.atan2(b, a);
+  return angle >= 0 ? angle : angle + 2 * Math.PI;
+}
+
+function hueDelta(first: number, second: number, chromaProduct: number): number {
+  if (chromaProduct === 0) return 0;
+  const delta = second - first;
+  if (Math.abs(delta) <= Math.PI) return delta;
+  return delta > 0 ? delta - 2 * Math.PI : delta + 2 * Math.PI;
+}
+
+function hueMean(first: number, second: number): number {
+  if (Math.abs(first - second) <= Math.PI) return (first + second) / 2;
+  return (first + second + (first + second < 2 * Math.PI ? 2 * Math.PI : -2 * Math.PI)) / 2;
+}

package/src/pipeline/standard-output/auto-exposure/preset.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/** Versioned product constants. External standards supply formulas, not these values. */
+export interface AutoExposurePreset {
+  readonly version: 'auto-exposure-v1';
+  readonly histogramBins: 256;
+  readonly sampleBlockSize: 4;
+  readonly lowPercentile: number;
+  readonly highPercentile: number;
+  readonly middleGray: number;
+  readonly logLuminanceMin: number;
+  readonly logLuminanceMax: number;
+  readonly referenceFormulas: readonly string[];
+}
+
+export const AUTO_EXPOSURE_PRESET_V1: AutoExposurePreset = Object.freeze({
+  version: 'auto-exposure-v1',
+  histogramBins: 256,
+  sampleBlockSize: 4,
+  lowPercentile: 0.05,
+  highPercentile: 0.95,
+  middleGray: 0.18,
+  logLuminanceMin: -12,
+  logLuminanceMax: 12,
+  referenceFormulas: Object.freeze([
+    'linear-rgb-to-xyz-d65',
+    'bradford-d65-adaptation',
+    'cielab-delta-e-2000',
+  ]),
+});

package/src/pipeline/standard-output/auto-exposure/state.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+import { err, ok, type Result } from '@forgeax/engine-types';
+import {
+  AutoExposureInvalidParameterError,
+  type AutoExposureReceipt,
+  type AutoExposureResetReason,
+  AutoExposureStaleGenerationError,
+} from './inspection';
+
+/** CPU-side ownership record for the two GPU state slots and accepted candidate. */
+export interface AutoExposureState {
+  readonly acceptedEv: number;
+  readonly fallback: number;
+  readonly lastKnownGood: number;
+  readonly targetGeneration: number;
+  readonly deviceEpoch: number;
+  readonly reset: readonly AutoExposureResetReason[];
+  readonly receipt: AutoExposureReceipt;
+}
+
+export interface AutoExposureCandidate {
+  readonly ev: number;
+  readonly generation: number;
+  readonly deviceEpoch: number;
+  readonly frameId: number;
+}
+
+export interface AutoExposureSubmissionMetadata {
+  readonly generation: number;
+  readonly deviceEpoch: number;
+  readonly frameId: number;
+}
+
+function finite(value: number): boolean {
+  return Number.isFinite(value);
+}
+
+export function createAutoExposureState(input: {
+  readonly fallback: number;
+  readonly targetGeneration?: number;
+  readonly deviceEpoch?: number;
+  readonly frameId?: number;
+}): Result<AutoExposureState, AutoExposureInvalidParameterError> {
+  if (!finite(input.fallback) || input.fallback <= 0) {
+    return err(
+      new AutoExposureInvalidParameterError({
+        field: 'fallback',
+        value: input.fallback,
+        expected: 'a finite positive multiplier',
+      }),
+    );
+  }
+  const targetGeneration = input.targetGeneration ?? 0;
+  const deviceEpoch = input.deviceEpoch ?? 0;
+  const frameId = input.frameId ?? 0;
+  if (!Number.isInteger(targetGeneration) || targetGeneration < 0) {
+    return err(
+      new AutoExposureInvalidParameterError({
+        field: 'targetGeneration',
+        value: targetGeneration,
+        expected: 'a non-negative integer',
+      }),
+    );
+  }
+  return ok(
+    Object.freeze({
+      acceptedEv: 0,
+      fallback: input.fallback,
+      lastKnownGood: input.fallback,
+      targetGeneration,
+      deviceEpoch,
+      reset: Object.freeze([]),
+      receipt: Object.freeze({ frameId, committed: false }),
+    }),
+  );
+}
+
+export function prepareAutoExposureCandidate(
+  state: AutoExposureState,
+  candidate: AutoExposureCandidate,
+): Result<
+  AutoExposureCandidate,
+  AutoExposureStaleGenerationError | AutoExposureInvalidParameterError
+> {
+  if (!finite(candidate.ev) || candidate.ev <= 0) {
+    return err(
+      new AutoExposureInvalidParameterError({
+        field: 'candidate.ev',
+        value: candidate.ev,
+        expected: 'a finite positive multiplier',
+      }),
+    );
+  }
+  if (
+    candidate.generation !== state.targetGeneration ||
+    candidate.deviceEpoch !== state.deviceEpoch
+  ) {
+    return err(
+      new AutoExposureStaleGenerationError({
+        expectedGeneration: state.targetGeneration,
+        actualGeneration: candidate.generation,
+      }),
+    );
+  }
+  return ok(Object.freeze({ ...candidate }));
+}
+
+/** Publish a candidate only after the owning frame transaction has submitted. */
+export function commitAutoExposureCandidate(
+  state: AutoExposureState,
+  candidate: AutoExposureCandidate,
+): AutoExposureState {
+  return Object.freeze({
+    ...state,
+    acceptedEv: candidate.ev,
+    lastKnownGood: candidate.ev,
+    receipt: Object.freeze({ frameId: candidate.frameId, committed: true }),
+  });
+}
+
+/**
+ * Publish only the successful-submit receipt for the live GPU path.
+ *
+ * The numeric candidate is produced and retained by the GPU state buffer. No
+ * CPU readback is permitted on the frame path, so this transaction helper must
+ * not manufacture an accepted exposure from fallback/LKG data.
+ */
+export function commitAutoExposureSubmission(
+  state: AutoExposureState,
+  metadata: AutoExposureSubmissionMetadata,
+): AutoExposureState {
+  if (
+    metadata.generation !== state.targetGeneration ||
+    metadata.deviceEpoch !== state.deviceEpoch
+  ) {
+    return state;
+  }
+  return Object.freeze({
+    ...state,
+    receipt: Object.freeze({ frameId: metadata.frameId, committed: true }),
+  });
+}
+
+/** Reset GPU state ownership while retaining the accepted EV as the fallback. */
+export function resetAutoExposureState(
+  state: AutoExposureState,
+  reason: AutoExposureResetReason,
+  input: { readonly targetGeneration: number; readonly deviceEpoch: number },
+): AutoExposureState {
+  return Object.freeze({
+    ...state,
+    targetGeneration: input.targetGeneration,
+    deviceEpoch: input.deviceEpoch,
+    reset: Object.freeze([...state.reset, reason]),
+    receipt: Object.freeze({ ...state.receipt, committed: false }),
+  });
+}

package/src/pipeline/standard-output/color-transform.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+import type { ColorValueDomain } from '@forgeax/engine-render-graph';
+import { bradfordAdaptD65 } from './auto-exposure/oracle';
+import type { StandardOutputEncoding, StandardOutputLogicalStage } from './types';
+
+export interface StandardOutputDomainTransition {
+  readonly stage: StandardOutputLogicalStage;
+  readonly input: ColorValueDomain;
+  readonly output: ColorValueDomain;
+}
+
+export const LINEAR_HDR_DOMAIN: ColorValueDomain = 'linear-hdr';
+export const LINEAR_LDR_DOMAIN: ColorValueDomain = 'linear-ldr';
+export const DISPLAY_ENCODED_DOMAIN: ColorValueDomain = 'display-encoded';
+
+/** D65 product white point shared by the Camera output oracle. */
+export const D65_TEMPERATURE_KELVIN = 6504;
+export const CAMERA_COLOR_LUT_ZERO_COST_STRENGTH = 0;
+
+export function outputEncodingOwner(encoding: StandardOutputEncoding): string {
+  return encoding === 'explicit-oetf' ? 'output-encoding.wgsl' : 'srgb-attachment';
+}
+
+export function outputEncodingUsesOetf(encoding: StandardOutputEncoding): boolean {
+  return encoding === 'explicit-oetf';
+}
+
+export type StandardRgb = readonly [number, number, number];
+export type StandardRgba = readonly [number, number, number, number];
+
+/** Apply the camera's Bradford white-balance adaptation in linear HDR. */
+export function applyStandardWhiteBalance(
+  rgb: StandardRgb,
+  temperature: number,
+  tint: number,
+): [number, number, number] {
+  const adapted = bradfordAdaptD65(rgb, temperature);
+  if (tint === 0) return adapted;
+  const greenScale = Math.max(0, 1 - tint);
+  const magentaScale = Math.max(0, 1 + tint);
+  return [adapted[0] * magentaScale, adapted[1] * greenScale, adapted[2] * magentaScale];
+}
+
+export interface StandardColorLutData {
+  readonly size: number;
+  /** RGBA half-float texels in z-major, y-major, x-major order. */
+  readonly data: ArrayLike<number>;
+}
+
+function halfToFloat(value: number): number {
+  const sign = (value & 0x8000) === 0 ? 1 : -1;
+  const exponent = (value >>> 10) & 0x1f;
+  const mantissa = value & 0x3ff;
+  if (exponent === 0) return sign * 2 ** -14 * (mantissa / 1024);
+  if (exponent === 0x1f) return mantissa === 0 ? sign * Infinity : Number.NaN;
+  return sign * 2 ** (exponent - 15) * (1 + mantissa / 1024);
+}
+
+function lutValue(data: ArrayLike<number>, index: number): number {
+  const value = data[index] ?? 0;
+  if (data instanceof Uint8Array) {
+    const byte = index * 2;
+    return halfToFloat((data[byte] ?? 0) | ((data[byte + 1] ?? 0) << 8));
+  }
+  return data instanceof Uint16Array ? halfToFloat(value) : value;
+}
+
+function sampleNearest(data: StandardColorLutData, x: number, y: number, z: number): StandardRgba {
+  const size = data.size;
+  const texel = ((z * size + y) * size + x) * 4;
+  return [
+    lutValue(data.data, texel),
+    lutValue(data.data, texel + 1),
+    lutValue(data.data, texel + 2),
+    lutValue(data.data, texel + 3),
+  ];
+}
+
+/** CPU reference for the fixed clamp-to-edge, texel-center trilinear LUT sample. */
+export function sampleStandardColorLut(
+  data: StandardColorLutData,
+  rgb: StandardRgb,
+  strength = 1,
+  alpha = 1,
+): StandardRgba {
+  if (!Number.isInteger(data.size) || data.size < 2) return [rgb[0], rgb[1], rgb[2], alpha];
+  const size = data.size;
+  const coordinate = rgb.map((value) =>
+    Math.min(size - 1, Math.max(0, Math.min(1, value) * size - 0.5)),
+  ) as [number, number, number];
+  const base = coordinate.map(Math.floor) as [number, number, number];
+  const fraction: [number, number, number] = [
+    coordinate[0] - base[0],
+    coordinate[1] - base[1],
+    coordinate[2] - base[2],
+  ];
+  const sampled: [number, number, number, number] = [0, 0, 0, 0];
+  for (let dz = 0; dz <= 1; dz += 1) {
+    for (let dy = 0; dy <= 1; dy += 1) {
+      for (let dx = 0; dx <= 1; dx += 1) {
+        const sample = sampleNearest(
+          data,
+          Math.min(size - 1, base[0] + dx),
+          Math.min(size - 1, base[1] + dy),
+          Math.min(size - 1, base[2] + dz),
+        );
+        const weight =
+          (dx === 0 ? 1 - fraction[0] : fraction[0]) *
+          (dy === 0 ? 1 - fraction[1] : fraction[1]) *
+          (dz === 0 ? 1 - fraction[2] : fraction[2]);
+        sampled[0] += sample[0] * weight;
+        sampled[1] += sample[1] * weight;
+        sampled[2] += sample[2] * weight;
+        sampled[3] += sample[3] * weight;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  const amount = Math.min(1, Math.max(0, strength));
+  return [
+    rgb[0] + (sampled[0] - rgb[0]) * amount,
+    rgb[1] + (sampled[1] - rgb[1]) * amount,
+    rgb[2] + (sampled[2] - rgb[2]) * amount,
+    alpha,
+  ];
+}