@forgeax/engine-render 0.1.20 → 0.1.21

package/dist/{chunk-4XINDLAY.mjs → chunk-5YADUCA7.mjs}

@@ -1,24 +1,19 @@
 import { TRANSPARENT_SORT_MODE_LAYER_Z, TRANSPARENT_SORT_MODE_LAYER_Y } from './chunk-RXZ3RGOU.mjs';
-import { DEFAULT_CLUSTER_GRID, CLUSTER_GRID_STRIDE_U32, LIGHT_INDEX_LIST_CAPACITY, EquirectProjectionFailedError, PointShadowAtlasUninitializedError, PointShadowAtlasBoundsViolationError, HdrpLightBudgetExceededError, STANDARD_OUTPUT_TRANSFORM_FEATURE_ID, MAX_LIGHTS, HdrpIndexListOverflowError, VideoUploadUnsupportedError, VertexColorVariantConflictError } from './chunk-TBQJOK2L.mjs';
+import { DEFAULT_CLUSTER_GRID, GPU_TEXTURE_USAGE_RENDER_ATTACHMENT, GPU_TEXTURE_USAGE_COPY_SRC, EquirectProjectionFailedError, SHADOW_ATLAS_DEFAULT_LAYERS, SHADOW_ATLAS_DEFAULT_FACE_SIZE, ShadowAtlas, PointShadowAtlasUninitializedError, PointShadowAtlasBoundsViolationError, DEFAULT_STANDARD_PROFILE, StandardClusterTransportUnavailableError, createIblKernelCache, GPU_TEXTURE_USAGE_RENDER_ATTACHMENT_AND_TEXTURE_BINDING, GPU_TEXTURE_USAGE_COPY_DST, GPU_TEXTURE_USAGE_TEXTURE_BINDING, STANDARD_OUTPUT_TRANSFORM_FEATURE_ID, MAX_LIGHTS, CLUSTER_GRID_STRIDE_U32, LIGHT_INDEX_LIST_CAPACITY, StandardLightBudgetExceededError, createStandardClusterLayout, RenderTargetDescriptorInvalidError, RendererOperationError, StandardClusterIndexOverflowError, FXAA_POST_PROCESS_ID, VideoUploadUnsupportedError, VertexColorVariantConflictError } from './chunk-6OPXDQ2E.mjs';
 import { SPRITE_PREMULTIPLIED_ALPHA_BLEND } from './chunk-VFPLTKCU.mjs';
-import { clampPcfKernelSize, worldEntityKey } from './chunk-M2MP4ZOU.mjs';
+import { worldEntityKey } from './chunk-BXBQQKFQ.mjs';
 import { ok, derive, err as err$1, toShared, ASSET_ERROR_HINTS, deriveTextureLayout, KNOWN_PASS_KINDS, resolveMaterialTextureCoordinates, handleSlot } from '@forgeax/engine-types';
-import { ok as ok$1, err, RhiError, cubeArrayDepthDescriptor, comparisonSamplerDescriptor, cubeArrayDepthFaceView } from '@forgeax/engine-rhi';
-import { vec3, mat3, mat4 } from '@forgeax/engine-math';
-import { deriveVertexLayoutProjection, deriveVertexBufferLayout } from '@forgeax/engine-geometry';
+import { ok as ok$1, err, RhiError } from '@forgeax/engine-rhi';
+import { mat3, vec3, mat4 } from '@forgeax/engine-math';
 import { DEFAULT_STANDARD_PBR_PARAM_SCHEMA, DEFAULT_MSDF_TEXT_PARAM_SCHEMA, DEFAULT_SPRITE_PARAM_SCHEMA, DEFAULT_UNLIT_PARAM_SCHEMA } from '@forgeax/engine-shader';
+import { deriveVertexLayoutProjection, deriveVertexBufferLayout } from '@forgeax/engine-geometry';
 import { resolveAssetHandle } from '@forgeax/engine-assets-runtime';
 import { probeVideoHighPerfUpload, VIDEO_ELEMENT_PROVIDER_KEY } from '@forgeax/engine-graphics-extras';
 import { isCompressedFormat, bytesPerRow, blockParamsForFormat } from '@forgeax/engine-codec';
 
-// src/gpu-texture-usage.ts
-var GPU_TEXTURE_USAGE_COPY_SRC = 1;
-var GPU_TEXTURE_USAGE_COPY_DST = 2;
-var GPU_TEXTURE_USAGE_TEXTURE_BINDING = 4;
-var GPU_TEXTURE_USAGE_RENDER_ATTACHMENT = 16;
-var GPU_TEXTURE_USAGE_RENDER_ATTACHMENT_AND_TEXTURE_BINDING = GPU_TEXTURE_USAGE_RENDER_ATTACHMENT | GPU_TEXTURE_USAGE_TEXTURE_BINDING;
-
-// src/render-pipeline.ts
+function resolveOutputDither(config) {
+  return config?.outputDither ?? true;
+}
 function createRenderPipelineTarget(graph, label, descriptor, viewDescriptor = {}) {
   const texture = graph.createTexture(label, descriptor);
   if (!texture.ok) return texture;
@@ -88,628 +83,214 @@ function importRenderPipelineSurface(graph, topology) {
     }
   });
 }
-function runClusterBinProfilePhase(runner, phase, action) {
-  return runner === void 0 ? action() : runner(phase, action);
-}
-function createClusterBinScratch() {
-  return {
-    clusterCounts: new Uint32Array(0),
-    clusterCursors: new Uint32Array(0),
-    lightBounds: new Int32Array(0),
-    clusterDeltas: new Int32Array(0),
-    aabbOutput: {
-      min: vec3.create(0, 0, 0),
-      max: vec3.create(0, 0, 0)
-    },
-    boundsOutput: {
-      min: { x: 0, y: 0, z: 0 },
-      max: { x: 0, y: 0, z: 0 }
-    }
-  };
-}
-function ensureScratchCapacity(scratch, clusterCount, lightCount, gridX, gridY, gridZ) {
-  if (scratch.clusterCounts.length < clusterCount) {
-    scratch.clusterCounts = new Uint32Array(clusterCount);
-    scratch.clusterCursors = new Uint32Array(clusterCount);
+
+// src/gpu-stage.ts
+var GPU_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX = 1;
+var GPU_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT = 2;
+var GPU_SHADER_STAGE_COMPUTE = 4;
+
+// src/gpu-usage.ts
+var GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX = 32;
+var GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX = 16;
+var GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_DST = 8;
+var GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_SRC = 4;
+var GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM = 64;
+var GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE = 128;
+var GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_INDIRECT = 256;
+var GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_MAP_READ = 1;
+var GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_QUERY_RESOLVE = 512;
+var BYTES_PER_LIGHT_SLOT = 64;
+var LightSlotKind = {
+  POINT: 0,
+  SPOT: 1
+};
+var STORAGE_BUFFER_MIN_REQUIRED = 4;
+var POINT_LIGHT_STD430_BYTES = 32;
+var SPOT_LIGHT_STD430_BYTES = 80;
+var SPOT_LIGHT_SHADOW_TILE_SENTINEL = -1;
+var SPOT_LIGHT_PROJECTOR_FLAG = 1073741824;
+var SPOT_LIGHT_TILE_MASK = SPOT_LIGHT_PROJECTOR_FLAG - 1;
+var LIGHT_ARRAY_HEADER_BYTES = 16;
+var LIGHT_ARRAY_MAX_SLOTS = 4;
+var POINT_LIGHT_SHADOW_LAYER_SENTINEL = -1;
+function packLightSlot(snap, shadow, projectorSelected) {
+  const out = new Float32Array(16);
+  out[0] = snap.position[0] ?? 0;
+  out[1] = snap.position[1] ?? 0;
+  out[2] = snap.position[2] ?? 0;
+  out[3] = snap.invRangeSquared;
+  out[4] = snap.color[0] ?? 0;
+  out[5] = snap.color[1] ?? 0;
+  out[6] = snap.color[2] ?? 0;
+  out[7] = snap.kind === "point" ? 1 : snap.cosInner;
+  out[8] = snap.kind === "point" ? 0 : snap.direction[0] ?? 0;
+  out[9] = snap.kind === "point" ? 0 : snap.direction[1] ?? 0;
+  out[10] = snap.kind === "point" ? 0 : snap.direction[2] ?? 0;
+  out[11] = snap.kind === "point" ? 0 : snap.cosOuter;
+  const u32 = new Uint32Array(out.buffer);
+  u32[12] = snap.kind === "point" ? LightSlotKind.POINT : LightSlotKind.SPOT;
+  const i32 = new Int32Array(out.buffer);
+  if (snap.kind === "point" && shadow !== void 0) {
+    i32[13] = shadow.shadowAtlasLayer;
+    out[14] = shadow.near;
+    out[15] = shadow.far;
+  } else if (snap.kind === "spot") {
+    const hasProjector = projectorSelected ?? (snap.projectorAsset !== void 0 && snap.lightViewProj !== void 0);
+    const tile = snap.shadowAtlasTile >= 0 ? snap.shadowAtlasTile : 0;
+    i32[13] = hasProjector ? SPOT_LIGHT_PROJECTOR_FLAG | tile & SPOT_LIGHT_TILE_MASK : snap.shadowAtlasTile >= 0 ? snap.shadowAtlasTile : SPOT_LIGHT_SHADOW_TILE_SENTINEL;
+    out[14] = snap.shadowIntensity ?? 1;
+    out[15] = snap.pcfKernelSize ?? 3;
+  } else {
+    i32[13] = POINT_LIGHT_SHADOW_LAYER_SENTINEL;
   }
-  if (scratch.lightBounds.length < lightCount * 6) {
-    scratch.lightBounds = new Int32Array(lightCount * 6);
+  return out;
+}
+function assertStorageBufferCap(cap) {
+  if (cap >= STORAGE_BUFFER_MIN_REQUIRED) {
+    return ok$1(true);
   }
-  const differenceVolumeSize = (gridX + 1) * (gridY + 1) * (gridZ + 1);
-  if (scratch.clusterDeltas.length < differenceVolumeSize) {
-    scratch.clusterDeltas = new Int32Array(differenceVolumeSize);
+  if (cap === 0) {
+    return ok$1(false);
   }
+  return err(
+    new RhiError({
+      code: "limit-exceeded",
+      expected: `device.limits.maxStorageBuffersPerShaderStage >= ${STORAGE_BUFFER_MIN_REQUIRED}, or exactly 0 for uniform-fallback path`,
+      hint: `device.limits.maxStorageBuffersPerShaderStage = ${cap} < ${STORAGE_BUFFER_MIN_REQUIRED} and != 0. WebGPU spec default minimum is 8; this may be a downlevel adapter with partial storage support. Wait for todo-125 multi-light-pack which collapses point + spot into a single cluster storage buffer (1 entry instead of 2) for 2-3 buffer environments.`,
+      detail: {
+        maxStorageBufferBindingSize: cap,
+        requestedBytes: STORAGE_BUFFER_MIN_REQUIRED
+      }
+    })
+  );
 }
-function deriveCullingRadius(range, intensity, threshold = 1e-3) {
-  if (Number.isFinite(range)) {
-    return Math.max(0, range);
+var BGL_ONLY_SPEC_STUB = Object.freeze({
+  shader: { id: "", passKind: "forward", variantSet: void 0 },
+  attachments: { colorFormats: [], depthFormat: void 0, sampleCount: 1 },
+  geometry: { topology: "triangle-list", vertexLayout: {} },
+  renderState: void 0
+});
+function buildPbrMaterialUserRegionEntries(paramSchema = DEFAULT_STANDARD_PBR_PARAM_SCHEMA) {
+  const derived = derive(paramSchema);
+  const entries = derived.bglEntries.map(
+    (entry) => ({
+      binding: entry.binding,
+      visibility: entry.visibility,
+      ...entry.buffer === void 0 ? {} : { buffer: entry.buffer },
+      ...entry.sampler === void 0 ? {} : { sampler: entry.sampler },
+      ...entry.texture === void 0 ? {} : { texture: entry.texture },
+      ...entry.storageTexture === void 0 ? {} : { storageTexture: entry.storageTexture }
+    })
+  );
+  const ubo = entries[0];
+  if (ubo !== void 0 && ubo.binding === 0 && ubo.buffer?.type === "uniform") {
+    entries[0] = {
+      binding: 0,
+      visibility: GPU_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX | GPU_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT,
+      buffer: { type: "uniform", hasDynamicOffset: true }
+    };
   }
-  const derived = Math.sqrt(intensity / threshold);
-  return Math.min(derived, 1e3);
+  return entries;
 }
-function viewZToZSlice(viewZ, gridZ, near, far) {
-  if (viewZ >= -near) {
-    return 0;
-  }
-  const logFarOverNear = Math.log(far / near);
-  const slice = Math.floor(Math.log(-viewZ / near) / logFarOverNear * gridZ);
-  if (slice < 0) return 0;
-  if (slice >= gridZ) return gridZ - 1;
-  return slice;
-}
-function clusterSpaceObjectAabb(center, radius, view, proj, output) {
-  const result = output ?? {
-    min: vec3.create(0, 0, 0),
-    max: vec3.create(0, 0, 0)
-  };
-  const cx = center[0] ?? 0;
-  const cy = center[1] ?? 0;
-  const cz = center[2] ?? 0;
-  const v00 = view[0] ?? 0;
-  const v01 = view[1] ?? 0;
-  const v02 = view[2] ?? 0;
-  const v10 = view[4] ?? 0;
-  const v11 = view[5] ?? 0;
-  const v12 = view[6] ?? 0;
-  const v20 = view[8] ?? 0;
-  const v21 = view[9] ?? 0;
-  const v22 = view[10] ?? 0;
-  const v30 = view[12] ?? 0;
-  const v31 = view[13] ?? 0;
-  const v32 = view[14] ?? 0;
-  const vx = v00 * cx + v10 * cy + v20 * cz + v30;
-  const vy = v01 * cx + v11 * cy + v21 * cz + v31;
-  const vz = v02 * cx + v12 * cy + v22 * cz + v32;
-  const viewScaleX = Math.hypot(v00, v01, v02);
-  const viewScaleY = Math.hypot(v10, v11, v12);
-  const viewScaleZ = Math.hypot(v20, v21, v22);
-  const rx = radius * viewScaleX;
-  const ry = radius * viewScaleY;
-  const rz = radius * viewScaleZ;
-  const vMinX = vx - rx;
-  const vMaxX = vx + rx;
-  const vMinY = vy - ry;
-  const vMaxY = vy + ry;
-  const vMinZ = vz - rz;
-  const vMaxZ = vz + rz;
-  const minViewZ = vMinZ;
-  const maxViewZ = Math.min(vMaxZ, -1e-5);
-  if (minViewZ > maxViewZ) {
-    result.min[0] = 1;
-    result.min[1] = 1;
-    result.min[2] = -1e-5;
-    result.max[0] = -1;
-    result.max[1] = -1;
-    result.max[2] = -1e-5;
-    return result;
-  }
-  let ndcMinX = Infinity;
-  let ndcMaxX = -Infinity;
-  let ndcMinY = Infinity;
-  let ndcMaxY = -Infinity;
-  const p00 = proj[0] ?? 0;
-  const p10 = proj[4] ?? 0;
-  const p20 = proj[8] ?? 0;
-  const p30 = proj[12] ?? 0;
-  const p01 = proj[1] ?? 0;
-  const p11 = proj[5] ?? 0;
-  const p21 = proj[9] ?? 0;
-  const p31 = proj[13] ?? 0;
-  const p23 = proj[11] ?? 0;
-  const perspectiveWOnlyZ = Math.abs(proj[3] ?? 0) < 1e-8 && Math.abs(proj[7] ?? 0) < 1e-8 && Math.abs(proj[15] ?? 0) < 1e-8 && Math.abs(p23) >= 1e-5;
-  if (perspectiveWOnlyZ) {
-    const xExtent = Math.abs(p00) * rx + Math.abs(p10) * ry;
-    const yExtent = Math.abs(p01) * rx + Math.abs(p11) * ry;
-    for (let face = 0; face < 2; face++) {
-      const zTest = face === 0 ? minViewZ : maxViewZ;
-      if (zTest > 0) continue;
-      const invW = 1 / (p23 * zTest);
-      const xCenter = p20 * zTest + p30;
-      const yCenter = p21 * zTest + p31;
-      const x0 = (xCenter - xExtent) * invW;
-      const x1 = (xCenter + xExtent) * invW;
-      const y0 = (yCenter - yExtent) * invW;
-      const y1 = (yCenter + yExtent) * invW;
-      ndcMinX = Math.min(ndcMinX, x0, x1);
-      ndcMaxX = Math.max(ndcMaxX, x0, x1);
-      ndcMinY = Math.min(ndcMinY, y0, y1);
-      ndcMaxY = Math.max(ndcMaxY, y0, y1);
-    }
-  } else {
-    const corners = [
-      [vMinX, vMinY],
-      [vMinX, vMaxY],
-      [vMaxX, vMinY],
-      [vMaxX, vMaxY]
-    ];
-    for (const zTest of [minViewZ, maxViewZ]) {
-      if (zTest <= 0) {
-        for (const corner of corners) {
-          const sx = corner[0];
-          const sy = corner[1];
-          const ndc = projectToNdc(sx, sy, zTest, proj);
-          ndcMinX = Math.min(ndcMinX, ndc[0]);
-          ndcMaxX = Math.max(ndcMaxX, ndc[0]);
-          ndcMinY = Math.min(ndcMinY, ndc[1]);
-          ndcMaxY = Math.max(ndcMaxY, ndc[1]);
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  ndcMinX = Math.max(ndcMinX, -1);
-  ndcMinY = Math.max(ndcMinY, -1);
-  ndcMaxX = Math.min(ndcMaxX, 1);
-  ndcMaxY = Math.min(ndcMaxY, 1);
-  result.min[0] = ndcMinX;
-  result.min[1] = ndcMinY;
-  result.min[2] = minViewZ;
-  result.max[0] = ndcMaxX;
-  result.max[1] = ndcMaxY;
-  result.max[2] = maxViewZ;
-  return result;
-}
-function projectToNdc(vx, vy, vz, proj) {
-  const p00 = proj[0] ?? 0;
-  const p10 = proj[4] ?? 0;
-  const p20 = proj[8] ?? 0;
-  const p30 = proj[12] ?? 0;
-  const p01 = proj[1] ?? 0;
-  const p11 = proj[5] ?? 0;
-  const p21 = proj[9] ?? 0;
-  const p31 = proj[13] ?? 0;
-  const p02 = proj[2] ?? 0;
-  const p12 = proj[6] ?? 0;
-  const p22 = proj[10] ?? 0;
-  const p32 = proj[14] ?? 0;
-  const p03 = proj[3] ?? 0;
-  const p13 = proj[7] ?? 0;
-  const p23 = proj[11] ?? 0;
-  const p33 = proj[15] ?? 0;
-  const cx = p00 * vx + p10 * vy + p20 * vz + p30;
-  const cy = p01 * vx + p11 * vy + p21 * vz + p31;
-  const cz = p02 * vx + p12 * vy + p22 * vz + p32;
-  const cw = p03 * vx + p13 * vy + p23 * vz + p33;
-  if (Math.abs(cw) < 1e-10) {
-    return [vx < 0 ? -1 : 1, vy < 0 ? -1 : 1, cz];
-  }
-  const invW = 1 / cw;
-  return [cx * invW, cy * invW, cz * invW];
-}
-function ndcPositionToCluster(ndc, viewZ, gridX, gridY, gridZ, near, far) {
-  const ndcX = ndc[0] ?? 0;
-  const ndcY = ndc[1] ?? 0;
-  let cx = Math.floor((ndcX * 0.5 + 0.5) * gridX);
-  let cy = Math.floor((ndcY * 0.5 + 0.5) * gridY);
-  if (cx < 0) cx = 0;
-  if (cx >= gridX) cx = gridX - 1;
-  if (cy < 0) cy = 0;
-  if (cy >= gridY) cy = gridY - 1;
-  const cz = viewZToZSlice(viewZ, gridZ, near, far);
-  return { x: cx, y: cy, z: cz };
-}
-function calculateSphereClusterBounds(aabb, gridX, gridY, gridZ, near, far, output) {
-  const result = output ?? {
-    min: { x: 0, y: 0, z: 0 },
-    max: { x: 0, y: 0, z: 0 }
-  };
-  const minZ = aabb.min[2] ?? 0;
-  const maxZ = aabb.max[2] ?? 0;
-  const idxMin = ndcPositionToCluster(aabb.min, minZ, gridX, gridY, gridZ, near, far);
-  const idxMax = ndcPositionToCluster(aabb.max, maxZ, gridX, gridY, gridZ, near, far);
-  result.min.x = Math.min(idxMin.x, idxMax.x);
-  result.min.y = Math.min(idxMin.y, idxMax.y);
-  result.min.z = Math.min(idxMin.z, idxMax.z);
-  result.max.x = Math.max(idxMin.x, idxMax.x);
-  result.max.y = Math.max(idxMin.y, idxMax.y);
-  result.max.z = Math.max(idxMin.z, idxMax.z);
-  return result;
-}
-function bin(lights, view, proj, grid, near, far, clusterGrid, lightIndexList, capacity, scratch, profile, options = {}) {
-  const gridX = grid.x;
-  const gridY = grid.y;
-  const gridZ = grid.z;
-  const clusterCount = gridX * gridY * gridZ;
-  const binScratch = scratch ?? createClusterBinScratch();
-  ensureScratchCapacity(binScratch, clusterCount, lights.length, gridX, gridY, gridZ);
-  const { clusterCounts, clusterCursors, lightBounds, clusterDeltas } = binScratch;
-  clusterGrid.fill(0, 0, clusterCount * 2);
-  clusterCounts.fill(0, 0, clusterCount);
-  let attemptedTotal = 0;
-  runClusterBinProfilePhase(profile, "light-bounds-and-occupancy", () => {
-    runClusterBinProfilePhase(profile, "light-bounds-and-occupancy/light-aabb", () => {
-      for (let lightIdx = 0; lightIdx < lights.length; lightIdx++) {
-        const boundsOffset = lightIdx * 6;
-        lightBounds[boundsOffset] = -1;
-        const light = lights[lightIdx];
-        if (!light) continue;
-        const radius = deriveCullingRadius(light.range, 1);
-        if (radius <= 0) {
-          continue;
-        }
-        const aabb = clusterSpaceObjectAabb(
-          light.position,
-          radius,
-          view,
-          proj,
-          binScratch.aabbOutput
-        );
-        const bounds = calculateSphereClusterBounds(
-          aabb,
-          gridX,
-          gridY,
-          gridZ,
-          near,
-          far,
-          binScratch.boundsOutput
-        );
-        if (bounds.min.x > bounds.max.x || bounds.min.y > bounds.max.y || bounds.min.z > bounds.max.z) {
-          continue;
-        }
-        lightBounds[boundsOffset] = bounds.min.x;
-        lightBounds[boundsOffset + 1] = bounds.min.y;
-        lightBounds[boundsOffset + 2] = bounds.min.z;
-        lightBounds[boundsOffset + 3] = bounds.max.x;
-        lightBounds[boundsOffset + 4] = bounds.max.y;
-        lightBounds[boundsOffset + 5] = bounds.max.z;
-      }
-    });
-    runClusterBinProfilePhase(profile, "light-bounds-and-occupancy/cluster-occupancy", () => {
-      const diffX = gridX + 1;
-      const diffY = gridY + 1;
-      const diffRow = diffX * diffY;
-      clusterDeltas.fill(0, 0, diffRow * (gridZ + 1));
-      const addDifference = (x, y, z, delta) => {
-        const index = z * diffRow + y * diffX + x;
-        clusterDeltas[index] = (clusterDeltas[index] ?? 0) + delta;
-      };
-      for (let lightIdx = 0; lightIdx < lights.length; lightIdx++) {
-        const boundsOffset = lightIdx * 6;
-        if ((lightBounds[boundsOffset] ?? -1) < 0) continue;
-        const minX = lightBounds[boundsOffset] ?? 0;
-        const minY = lightBounds[boundsOffset + 1] ?? 0;
-        const minZ = lightBounds[boundsOffset + 2] ?? 0;
-        const maxX = lightBounds[boundsOffset + 3] ?? -1;
-        const maxY = lightBounds[boundsOffset + 4] ?? -1;
-        const maxZ = lightBounds[boundsOffset + 5] ?? -1;
-        const endX = maxX + 1;
-        const endY = maxY + 1;
-        const endZ = maxZ + 1;
-        addDifference(minX, minY, minZ, 1);
-        addDifference(endX, minY, minZ, -1);
-        addDifference(minX, endY, minZ, -1);
-        addDifference(minX, minY, endZ, -1);
-        addDifference(endX, endY, minZ, 1);
-        addDifference(endX, minY, endZ, 1);
-        addDifference(minX, endY, endZ, 1);
-        addDifference(endX, endY, endZ, -1);
-      }
-      for (let cz = 0; cz < gridZ; cz++) {
-        for (let cy = 0; cy < gridY; cy++) {
-          for (let cx = 0; cx < gridX; cx++) {
-            const diffIdx = cz * diffRow + cy * diffX + cx;
-            let count = clusterDeltas[diffIdx] ?? 0;
-            if (cx > 0) count += clusterDeltas[diffIdx - 1] ?? 0;
-            if (cy > 0) count += clusterDeltas[diffIdx - diffX] ?? 0;
-            if (cz > 0) count += clusterDeltas[diffIdx - diffRow] ?? 0;
-            if (cx > 0 && cy > 0) count -= clusterDeltas[diffIdx - diffX - 1] ?? 0;
-            if (cx > 0 && cz > 0) count -= clusterDeltas[diffIdx - diffRow - 1] ?? 0;
-            if (cy > 0 && cz > 0) count -= clusterDeltas[diffIdx - diffRow - diffX] ?? 0;
-            if (cx > 0 && cy > 0 && cz > 0) {
-              count += clusterDeltas[diffIdx - diffRow - diffX - 1] ?? 0;
-            }
-            clusterDeltas[diffIdx] = count;
-            const clusterIdx = cz * gridY * gridX + cy * gridX + cx;
-            clusterCounts[clusterIdx] = count;
-            attemptedTotal += count;
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    });
-  });
-  if (attemptedTotal > capacity) {
-    return err({
-      code: "index-overflow",
-      expected: `writeCount <= ${capacity}`,
-      hint: `light index list overflow: needed ${attemptedTotal} entries, capacity ${capacity}; reduce lights, shrink grid, or shrink ranges (overrun = ${attemptedTotal - capacity})`,
-      detail: { actual: attemptedTotal, capacity }
-    });
-  }
-  const writeCount = runClusterBinProfilePhase(profile, "cluster-reserve", () => {
-    let reserved = 0;
-    for (let ci = 0; ci < clusterCount; ci++) {
-      const base = ci * 2;
-      clusterGrid[base] = reserved;
-      clusterGrid[base + 1] = clusterCounts[ci] ?? 0;
-      clusterCursors[ci] = reserved;
-      reserved += clusterCounts[ci] ?? 0;
-    }
-    return reserved;
-  });
-  if (options.writeMembership !== false) {
-    runClusterBinProfilePhase(profile, "light-index-write", () => {
-      for (let lightIdx = 0; lightIdx < lights.length; lightIdx++) {
-        const boundsOffset = lightIdx * 6;
-        let valid = false;
-        let minX = 0;
-        let minY = 0;
-        let minZ = 0;
-        let maxX = -1;
-        let maxY = -1;
-        let maxZ = -1;
-        runClusterBinProfilePhase(profile, "light-index-write/bounds-read", () => {
-          if ((lightBounds[boundsOffset] ?? -1) < 0) return;
-          valid = true;
-          minX = lightBounds[boundsOffset] ?? 0;
-          minY = lightBounds[boundsOffset + 1] ?? 0;
-          minZ = lightBounds[boundsOffset + 2] ?? 0;
-          maxX = lightBounds[boundsOffset + 3] ?? -1;
-          maxY = lightBounds[boundsOffset + 4] ?? -1;
-          maxZ = lightBounds[boundsOffset + 5] ?? -1;
-        });
-        if (!valid) continue;
-        runClusterBinProfilePhase(profile, "light-index-write/cluster-write", () => {
-          for (let cz = minZ; cz <= maxZ; cz++) {
-            for (let cy = minY; cy <= maxY; cy++) {
-              for (let cx = minX; cx <= maxX; cx++) {
-                const clusterIdx = cz * gridY * gridX + cy * gridX + cx;
-                const cursor = clusterCursors[clusterIdx] ?? 0;
-                lightIndexList[cursor] = lightIdx;
-                clusterCursors[clusterIdx] = cursor + 1;
-              }
-            }
-          }
-        });
-      }
-    });
-  }
-  return ok$1(writeCount);
-}
-
-// src/gpu-stage.ts
-var GPU_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX = 1;
-var GPU_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT = 2;
-var GPU_SHADER_STAGE_COMPUTE = 4;
-
-// src/gpu-usage.ts
-var GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX = 32;
-var GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX = 16;
-var GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_DST = 8;
-var GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_SRC = 4;
-var GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM = 64;
-var GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE = 128;
-var GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_INDIRECT = 256;
-var GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_MAP_READ = 1;
-var GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_QUERY_RESOLVE = 512;
-var BYTES_PER_LIGHT_SLOT = 64;
-var LightSlotKind = {
-  POINT: 0,
-  SPOT: 1
-};
-var STORAGE_BUFFER_MIN_REQUIRED = 4;
-var POINT_LIGHT_STD430_BYTES = 32;
-var SPOT_LIGHT_STD430_BYTES = 80;
-var SPOT_LIGHT_SHADOW_TILE_SENTINEL = -1;
-var SPOT_LIGHT_PROJECTOR_ONLY_SENTINEL = -2;
-var LIGHT_ARRAY_HEADER_BYTES = 16;
-var LIGHT_ARRAY_MAX_SLOTS = 4;
-var POINT_LIGHT_SHADOW_LAYER_SENTINEL = -1;
-function packPointLight(snap) {
-  const out = new Float32Array(8);
-  out[0] = snap.position[0] ?? 0;
-  out[1] = snap.position[1] ?? 0;
-  out[2] = snap.position[2] ?? 0;
-  out[3] = snap.invRangeSquared;
-  out[4] = snap.color[0] ?? 0;
-  out[5] = snap.color[1] ?? 0;
-  out[6] = snap.color[2] ?? 0;
-  const i32 = new Int32Array(out.buffer);
-  i32[7] = snap.shadowAtlasLayer ?? POINT_LIGHT_SHADOW_LAYER_SENTINEL;
-  return out;
-}
-function packSpotLight(snap) {
-  const out = new Float32Array(20);
-  out[0] = snap.position[0] ?? 0;
-  out[1] = snap.position[1] ?? 0;
-  out[2] = snap.position[2] ?? 0;
-  out[3] = snap.invRangeSquared;
-  out[4] = snap.color[0] ?? 0;
-  out[5] = snap.color[1] ?? 0;
-  out[6] = snap.color[2] ?? 0;
-  out[7] = snap.cosInner;
-  out[8] = snap.direction[0] ?? 0;
-  out[9] = snap.direction[1] ?? 0;
-  out[10] = snap.direction[2] ?? 0;
-  out[11] = snap.cosOuter;
-  out[12] = snap.depthBias ?? 5e-3;
-  out[13] = snap.normalBias ?? 0.05;
-  out[14] = snap.pcfKernelSize ?? 3;
-  const i32 = new Int32Array(out.buffer);
-  i32[15] = snap.shadowAtlasTile >= 0 ? snap.shadowAtlasTile : snap.projectorAsset !== void 0 && snap.lightViewProj !== void 0 ? SPOT_LIGHT_PROJECTOR_ONLY_SENTINEL : SPOT_LIGHT_SHADOW_TILE_SENTINEL;
-  out[16] = snap.shadowIntensity ?? 1;
-  return out;
-}
-function packLightArrayHeader(count) {
-  const buf = new ArrayBuffer(LIGHT_ARRAY_HEADER_BYTES);
-  const u32 = new Uint32Array(buf);
-  u32[0] = count >>> 0;
-  return buf;
-}
-function packLightSlot(snap, shadow) {
-  const out = new Float32Array(16);
-  out[0] = snap.position[0] ?? 0;
-  out[1] = snap.position[1] ?? 0;
-  out[2] = snap.position[2] ?? 0;
-  out[3] = snap.invRangeSquared;
-  out[4] = snap.color[0] ?? 0;
-  out[5] = snap.color[1] ?? 0;
-  out[6] = snap.color[2] ?? 0;
-  out[7] = snap.kind === "point" ? 1 : snap.cosInner;
-  out[8] = snap.kind === "point" ? 0 : snap.direction[0] ?? 0;
-  out[9] = snap.kind === "point" ? 0 : snap.direction[1] ?? 0;
-  out[10] = snap.kind === "point" ? 0 : snap.direction[2] ?? 0;
-  out[11] = snap.kind === "point" ? 0 : snap.cosOuter;
-  const u32 = new Uint32Array(out.buffer);
-  u32[12] = snap.kind === "point" ? LightSlotKind.POINT : LightSlotKind.SPOT;
-  const i32 = new Int32Array(out.buffer);
-  if (snap.kind === "point" && shadow !== void 0) {
-    i32[13] = shadow.shadowAtlasLayer;
-    out[14] = shadow.near;
-    out[15] = shadow.far;
-  } else if (snap.kind === "spot") {
-    i32[13] = snap.shadowAtlasTile >= 0 ? snap.shadowAtlasTile : snap.projectorAsset !== void 0 && snap.lightViewProj !== void 0 ? SPOT_LIGHT_PROJECTOR_ONLY_SENTINEL : SPOT_LIGHT_SHADOW_TILE_SENTINEL;
-    out[14] = snap.shadowIntensity ?? 1;
-    out[15] = snap.pcfKernelSize ?? 3;
-  } else {
-    i32[13] = POINT_LIGHT_SHADOW_LAYER_SENTINEL;
-  }
-  return out;
-}
-function assertStorageBufferCap(cap) {
-  if (cap >= STORAGE_BUFFER_MIN_REQUIRED) {
-    return ok$1(true);
-  }
-  if (cap === 0) {
-    return ok$1(false);
-  }
-  return err(
-    new RhiError({
-      code: "limit-exceeded",
-      expected: `device.limits.maxStorageBuffersPerShaderStage >= ${STORAGE_BUFFER_MIN_REQUIRED}, or exactly 0 for uniform-fallback path`,
-      hint: `device.limits.maxStorageBuffersPerShaderStage = ${cap} < ${STORAGE_BUFFER_MIN_REQUIRED} and != 0. WebGPU spec default minimum is 8; this may be a downlevel adapter with partial storage support. Wait for todo-125 multi-light-pack which collapses point + spot into a single cluster storage buffer (1 entry instead of 2) for 2-3 buffer environments.`,
-      detail: {
-        maxStorageBufferBindingSize: cap,
-        requestedBytes: STORAGE_BUFFER_MIN_REQUIRED
-      }
-    })
-  );
-}
-var BGL_ONLY_SPEC_STUB = Object.freeze({
-  shader: { id: "", passKind: "forward", variantSet: void 0 },
-  attachments: { colorFormats: [], depthFormat: void 0, sampleCount: 1 },
-  geometry: { topology: "triangle-list", vertexLayout: {} },
-  renderState: void 0
-});
-function buildPbrMaterialUserRegionEntries(paramSchema = DEFAULT_STANDARD_PBR_PARAM_SCHEMA) {
-  const derived = derive(paramSchema);
-  const entries = derived.bglEntries.map(
-    (entry) => ({
-      binding: entry.binding,
-      visibility: entry.visibility,
-      ...entry.buffer === void 0 ? {} : { buffer: entry.buffer },
-      ...entry.sampler === void 0 ? {} : { sampler: entry.sampler },
-      ...entry.texture === void 0 ? {} : { texture: entry.texture },
-      ...entry.storageTexture === void 0 ? {} : { storageTexture: entry.storageTexture }
-    })
-  );
-  const ubo = entries[0];
-  if (ubo !== void 0 && ubo.binding === 0 && ubo.buffer?.type === "uniform") {
-    entries[0] = {
-      binding: 0,
-      visibility: GPU_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX | GPU_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT,
-      buffer: { type: "uniform", hasDynamicOffset: true }
-    };
-  }
-  return entries;
-}
-function appendInjection(bgl, kind) {
-  const start = bgl.length;
-  switch (kind) {
-    case "ibl":
-      return [
-        // binding start+0: irradianceMap (texture_cube)
-        {
-          binding: start,
-          visibility: GPU_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT,
-          texture: { sampleType: "float", viewDimension: "cube" }
-        },
-        // binding start+1: irradianceSampler
-        {
-          binding: start + 1,
-          visibility: GPU_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT,
-          sampler: { type: "filtering" }
-        },
-        // binding start+2: prefilterMap (texture_cube)
-        {
-          binding: start + 2,
-          visibility: GPU_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT,
-          texture: { sampleType: "float", viewDimension: "cube" }
-        },
-        // binding start+3: prefilterSampler
-        {
-          binding: start + 3,
-          visibility: GPU_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT,
-          sampler: { type: "filtering" }
-        },
-        // binding start+4: brdfLut (texture_2d)
-        {
-          binding: start + 4,
-          visibility: GPU_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT,
-          texture: { sampleType: "float", viewDimension: "2d" }
-        },
-        // binding start+5: brdfLutSampler
-        {
-          binding: start + 5,
-          visibility: GPU_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT,
-          sampler: { type: "filtering" }
-        },
-        // binding start+6: uniform { intensity: f32 }
-        {
-          binding: start + 6,
-          visibility: GPU_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT,
-          buffer: { type: "uniform" }
-        }
-      ];
-    case "lightmap":
-      return [
-        // emissive sampler + texture pair
-        {
-          binding: start,
-          visibility: GPU_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT,
-          sampler: { type: "filtering" }
-        },
-        {
-          binding: start + 1,
-          visibility: GPU_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT,
-          texture: { sampleType: "float", viewDimension: "2d" }
-        },
-        // occlusion sampler + texture pair
-        {
-          binding: start + 2,
-          visibility: GPU_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT,
-          sampler: { type: "filtering" }
-        },
-        {
-          binding: start + 3,
-          visibility: GPU_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT,
-          texture: { sampleType: "float", viewDimension: "2d" }
-        }
-      ];
-    case "shadow":
-      return [
-        {
-          binding: start,
-          visibility: GPU_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT,
-          sampler: { type: "comparison" }
-        },
-        {
-          binding: start + 1,
-          visibility: GPU_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT,
-          texture: { sampleType: "depth", viewDimension: "2d" }
-        }
-      ];
-    case "transmission":
-      return [
-        {
-          binding: start,
-          visibility: GPU_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT,
-          sampler: { type: "filtering" }
-        },
-        {
-          binding: start + 1,
-          visibility: GPU_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT,
-          texture: { sampleType: "float", viewDimension: "2d" }
-        }
-      ];
+function appendInjection(bgl, kind) {
+  const start = bgl.length;
+  switch (kind) {
+    case "ibl":
+      return [
+        // binding start+0: irradianceMap (texture_cube)
+        {
+          binding: start,
+          visibility: GPU_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT,
+          texture: { sampleType: "float", viewDimension: "cube" }
+        },
+        // binding start+1: irradianceSampler
+        {
+          binding: start + 1,
+          visibility: GPU_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT,
+          sampler: { type: "filtering" }
+        },
+        // binding start+2: prefilterMap (texture_cube)
+        {
+          binding: start + 2,
+          visibility: GPU_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT,
+          texture: { sampleType: "float", viewDimension: "cube" }
+        },
+        // binding start+3: prefilterSampler
+        {
+          binding: start + 3,
+          visibility: GPU_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT,
+          sampler: { type: "filtering" }
+        },
+        // binding start+4: brdfLut (texture_2d)
+        {
+          binding: start + 4,
+          visibility: GPU_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT,
+          texture: { sampleType: "float", viewDimension: "2d" }
+        },
+        // binding start+5: brdfLutSampler
+        {
+          binding: start + 5,
+          visibility: GPU_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT,
+          sampler: { type: "filtering" }
+        },
+        // binding start+6: uniform { intensity: f32 }
+        {
+          binding: start + 6,
+          visibility: GPU_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT,
+          buffer: { type: "uniform" }
+        }
+      ];
+    case "lightmap":
+      return [
+        // emissive sampler + texture pair
+        {
+          binding: start,
+          visibility: GPU_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT,
+          sampler: { type: "filtering" }
+        },
+        {
+          binding: start + 1,
+          visibility: GPU_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT,
+          texture: { sampleType: "float", viewDimension: "2d" }
+        },
+        // occlusion sampler + texture pair
+        {
+          binding: start + 2,
+          visibility: GPU_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT,
+          sampler: { type: "filtering" }
+        },
+        {
+          binding: start + 3,
+          visibility: GPU_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT,
+          texture: { sampleType: "float", viewDimension: "2d" }
+        }
+      ];
+    case "shadow":
+      return [
+        {
+          binding: start,
+          visibility: GPU_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT,
+          sampler: { type: "comparison" }
+        },
+        {
+          binding: start + 1,
+          visibility: GPU_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT,
+          texture: { sampleType: "depth", viewDimension: "2d" }
+        }
+      ];
+    case "transmission":
+      return [
+        {
+          binding: start,
+          visibility: GPU_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT,
+          sampler: { type: "filtering" }
+        },
+        {
+          binding: start + 1,
+          visibility: GPU_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT,
+          texture: { sampleType: "float", viewDimension: "2d" }
+        }
+      ];
   }
 }
 function buildPbrViewBglEntries(caps) {
@@ -718,7 +299,9 @@ function buildPbrViewBglEntries(caps) {
     {
       binding: 0,
       visibility: GPU_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX | GPU_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT,
-      buffer: { type: "uniform" }
+      // View captures use the same bind group with a per-face view slot.
+      // Keeping this dynamic is also valid for the display slot at offset 0.
+      buffer: { type: "uniform", hasDynamicOffset: true }
     },
     {
       binding: 1,
@@ -873,8 +456,17 @@ function shadowCasterVariantSet(storageBuffer, skinned) {
   if (storageBuffer && skinningDisabled) return "";
   return `SKINNING_DISABLED=${String(skinningDisabled)}+STORAGE_BUFFER_AVAILABLE=${String(storageBuffer)}`;
 }
-function isSkinnedShadowCasterVariant(materialShaderId, variantSet) {
-  return materialShaderId === SHADOW_CASTER_SHADER_ID && variantSet?.includes("SKINNING_DISABLED=false") === true;
+function resolvePipelineGroup2Contract(source) {
+  const withoutComments = source.replace(/\/\*[\s\S]*?\*\//gu, "").replace(/\/\/.*$/gmu, "");
+  const bindings = [
+    ...withoutComments.matchAll(/@group\s*\(\s*2\s*\)\s*@binding\s*\(\s*(\d+)\s*\)/gu)
+  ].map((match) => Number(match[1]));
+  const hasSkinBindings = bindings.includes(1) || bindings.includes(2);
+  const hasClusterBindings = bindings.some((binding) => binding >= 3);
+  if (hasSkinBindings && hasClusterBindings) return "skin-cluster";
+  if (hasSkinBindings) return "skin";
+  if (hasClusterBindings) return "cluster";
+  return "mesh";
 }
 function isStandardPbrMaterialShader(shaderId) {
   return shaderId === "forgeax::default-standard-pbr" || shaderId === SKIN_MATERIAL_SHADER_ID || shaderId === "forgeax::default-standard-pbr-skin";
@@ -907,16 +499,43 @@ function buildPbrSkinLayouts(device, caps, pbr) {
     bindGroupLayouts: layouts
   };
 }
+function createPbrSkinMeshBindGroupEntries(meshBuffer, meshSize, paletteBuffer, paletteWindowBytes) {
+  return [
+    {
+      binding: 0,
+      resource: { kind: "buffer", value: { buffer: meshBuffer, offset: 0, size: meshSize } }
+    },
+    ...[1, 2].map((binding) => ({
+      binding,
+      resource: {
+        kind: "buffer",
+        value: {
+          buffer: paletteBuffer,
+          offset: 0,
+          size: paletteWindowBytes
+        }
+      }
+    }))
+  ];
+}
+function pbrSkinMeshDynamicOffsets(meshOffset, paletteOffset) {
+  return [meshOffset, paletteOffset, paletteOffset];
+}
 var SPRITE_PASS_PER_INSTANCE_REGION_VARIANT_SET = "";
-function createHdrpBindGroupLayoutDescriptor(storageBuffer = true) {
-  const meshBufType = storageBuffer ? "read-only-storage" : "uniform";
-  const clusterBufType = storageBuffer ? "read-only-storage" : "uniform";
+function createHdrpBindGroupLayoutDescriptor() {
+  const meshBufType = "read-only-storage";
+  const clusterBufType = "read-only-storage";
   return {
     label: "hdrp-unified-bgl-group2",
     entries: [
       {
         binding: 0,
-        visibility: GPU_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX,
+        // Standard fragment lighting (transmission/refraction and clustered
+        // evaluation) reads the same mesh transform window as the vertex
+        // stage. Keep this visibility in the HDRP descriptor aligned with
+        // the URP mesh-array descriptor; restricting it to vertex makes the
+        // HDRP pipeline invalid when fs_main accesses `meshes[0]`.
+        visibility: GPU_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX | GPU_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT,
         buffer: { type: meshBufType, hasDynamicOffset: true }
       },
       // Bindings 1 and 2 stay absent for the URP physical isolation gap.
@@ -953,6 +572,31 @@ function createHdrpBindGroupLayoutDescriptor(storageBuffer = true) {
     ]
   };
 }
+function createHdrpSkinBindGroupLayoutDescriptor() {
+  const base = createHdrpBindGroupLayoutDescriptor();
+  const baseEntries = base.entries;
+  if (baseEntries === void 0 || baseEntries[0] === void 0) {
+    throw new Error("HDRP base group(2) layout must declare mesh binding 0");
+  }
+  const paletteType = "read-only-storage";
+  return {
+    label: "hdrp-skin-unified-bgl-group2",
+    entries: [
+      baseEntries[0],
+      {
+        binding: 1,
+        visibility: GPU_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX,
+        buffer: { type: paletteType, hasDynamicOffset: true }
+      },
+      {
+        binding: 2,
+        visibility: GPU_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX,
+        buffer: { type: paletteType, hasDynamicOffset: true }
+      },
+      ...baseEntries.slice(1)
+    ]
+  };
+}
 function resolveMaterialParamSchema(spec, options) {
   if (options.materialParamSchema !== void 0) return options.materialParamSchema;
   if (options.registry !== void 0) {
@@ -1017,6 +661,11 @@ function buildBindGroupLayoutDescriptor(spec, options) {
             binding: 1,
             visibility: GPU_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX,
             buffer: { type: meshBufType, hasDynamicOffset: true }
+          },
+          {
+            binding: 2,
+            visibility: GPU_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX,
+            buffer: { type: meshBufType, hasDynamicOffset: true }
           }
         ]
       };
@@ -1039,8 +688,7 @@ function buildBindGroupLayoutDescriptor(spec, options) {
       };
     }
     case "hdrp-7-slot": {
-      const caps = options.caps ?? { storageBuffer: true };
-      const desc = createHdrpBindGroupLayoutDescriptor(caps.storageBuffer);
+      const desc = createHdrpBindGroupLayoutDescriptor();
       return {
         label: desc.label ?? "hdrp-unified-bgl-group2",
         entries: [...desc.entries ?? []]
@@ -1131,8 +779,6 @@ function buildFullscreenPostInputEntries(spec) {
     }
   ];
 }
-
-// src/pipeline-spec.ts
 var DEFERRED_COLOR_FORMATS = [
   "rgba16float",
   "rgba8unorm",
@@ -1230,6 +876,24 @@ function variantSetFromVertexLayoutProjection(projection, authoredVariantSet) {
   parts.push(axis);
   return ok(parts.join("+"));
 }
+function standardCapabilityVariantSet(clustered, storageBuffer, vertexColorAvailable) {
+  if (clustered && storageBuffer && vertexColorAvailable) return "";
+  return `CLUSTER_FORWARD_AVAILABLE=${clustered}+STORAGE_BUFFER_AVAILABLE=${storageBuffer}`;
+}
+function standardTopologyVariantSet(topology, storageBuffer, vertexColorAvailable) {
+  return standardCapabilityVariantSet(
+    topology?.kind === "clustered",
+    storageBuffer,
+    vertexColorAvailable
+  );
+}
+function standardTopologyBindGroupReady(topology, clusterBindGroup) {
+  return topology?.kind !== "clustered" || clusterBindGroup !== null && clusterBindGroup !== void 0;
+}
+function standardStorageVariantSet(storageBuffer, vertexColorAvailable) {
+  if (storageBuffer && vertexColorAvailable) return "";
+  return `STORAGE_BUFFER_AVAILABLE=${storageBuffer}+VERTEX_COLOR_AVAILABLE=${vertexColorAvailable}`;
+}
 function buildPipelineDescriptor(spec, modules) {
   const { attachments, geometry, renderState } = spec;
   const vertexBuffers = geometry.vertexLayoutProjection === void 0 ? deriveVertexBufferLayout(geometry.vertexLayout, {
@@ -1552,7 +1216,7 @@ var TRI_GEOMETRY_PBR = {
   vertexLayout: PROCEDURAL_ATTR_LAYOUT,
   shaderUvSetCount: 8
 };
-var URP_PBR_VARIANT_SET = "CLUSTER_FORWARD_AVAILABLE=false+STORAGE_BUFFER_AVAILABLE=true";
+var STANDARD_BOOT_VARIANT_SET = standardCapabilityVariantSet(false, true, false);
 function buildSpecConstTable(ldrViewFormat) {
   const TRI_ATTACHMENTS_LDR_S1 = {
     colorFormats: [ldrViewFormat],
@@ -1631,19 +1295,19 @@ function buildSpecConstTable(ldrViewFormat) {
       geometry: TRI_GEOMETRY_PBR,
       renderState: void 0
     },
-    // ── M6 fix-up: URP-variant standard-pbr prewarm ─────────────────────────
-    // URP record path (`getMaterialShaderPipeline`) requests
-    // `variantSet=URP_PBR_VARIANT_SET` for standard-shading entities; pre-M6
+    // ── M6 fix-up: non-clustered standard-pbr prewarm ─────────────────────────
+    // The default record path (`getMaterialShaderPipeline`) requests
+    // `variantSet=STANDARD_BOOT_VARIANT_SET` for standard-shading entities; pre-M6
     // the silent `selectStandardFallbackPipeline` shim served the no-variant
     // boot prewarm during the 1-frame async-compile warmup. With M6's
-    // explicit-failure surface, those URP requests must hit the boot prewarm
+    // explicit-failure surface, those requests must hit the boot prewarm
     // by their own variantSet — these 4 entries close that gap.
     // standard PBR URP LDR S1
     {
       shader: {
         id: "forgeax::default-standard-pbr",
         passKind: "forward",
-        variantSet: URP_PBR_VARIANT_SET
+        variantSet: STANDARD_BOOT_VARIANT_SET
       },
       attachments: TRI_ATTACHMENTS_LDR_S1,
       geometry: TRI_GEOMETRY_PBR,
@@ -1654,7 +1318,7 @@ function buildSpecConstTable(ldrViewFormat) {
       shader: {
         id: "forgeax::default-standard-pbr",
         passKind: "forward",
-        variantSet: URP_PBR_VARIANT_SET
+        variantSet: STANDARD_BOOT_VARIANT_SET
       },
       attachments: TRI_ATTACHMENTS_LDR_S4,
       geometry: TRI_GEOMETRY_PBR,
@@ -1665,7 +1329,7 @@ function buildSpecConstTable(ldrViewFormat) {
       shader: {
         id: "forgeax::default-standard-pbr",
         passKind: "forward",
-        variantSet: URP_PBR_VARIANT_SET
+        variantSet: STANDARD_BOOT_VARIANT_SET
       },
       attachments: TRI_ATTACHMENTS_HDR_S1,
       geometry: TRI_GEOMETRY_PBR,
@@ -1676,7 +1340,7 @@ function buildSpecConstTable(ldrViewFormat) {
       shader: {
         id: "forgeax::default-standard-pbr",
         passKind: "forward",
-        variantSet: URP_PBR_VARIANT_SET
+        variantSet: STANDARD_BOOT_VARIANT_SET
       },
       attachments: TRI_ATTACHMENTS_HDR_S4,
       geometry: TRI_GEOMETRY_PBR,
@@ -2102,7 +1766,8 @@ var UNIFORM_BYTES = 256;
 var fallbackCache = /* @__PURE__ */ new WeakMap();
 function getOrCreateSsaoFallbackTexture(runtime) {
   const cached = fallbackCache.get(runtime);
-  if (cached !== void 0) return cached;
+  if (cached !== void 0 && cached.device === runtime.device) return cached;
+  if (cached !== void 0) fallbackCache.delete(runtime);
   const device = runtime.device;
   const texRes = device.createTexture({
     label: "hdrp-ssao-fallback-white",
@@ -2161,6 +1826,7 @@ function getOrCreateSsaoFallbackTexture(runtime) {
     return null;
   }
   const resources = {
+    device,
     texture: texRes.value,
     view: viewRes.value,
     sampler: samplerRes.value
@@ -2171,7 +1837,8 @@ function getOrCreateSsaoFallbackTexture(runtime) {
 var cache = /* @__PURE__ */ new WeakMap();
 function getOrCreateSsaoBuffers(runtime) {
   const cached = cache.get(runtime);
-  if (cached !== void 0) return cached;
+  if (cached !== void 0 && cached.device === runtime.device) return cached;
+  if (cached !== void 0) cache.delete(runtime);
   const device = runtime.device;
   const kernelSamples = generateSsaoKernel();
   const kernelData = new Float32Array(SSAO_KERNEL_SAMPLE_COUNT * 4);
@@ -2244,6 +1911,7 @@ function getOrCreateSsaoBuffers(runtime) {
     return null;
   }
   const buffers = {
+    device,
     kernelBuffer: kernelBufferRes.value,
     kernelBytes: SSAO_KERNEL_SAMPLE_COUNT * BYTES_PER_KERNEL_ELEMENT,
     noiseTexture: noiseTexRes.value,
@@ -2255,7 +1923,6 @@ function getOrCreateSsaoBuffers(runtime) {
 }
 
 // src/hdrp-buffers.ts
-var HDRP_UNIFORM_LIGHT_CAPACITY = 128;
 function createHdrpClusterMembershipBindGroupLayoutDescriptor() {
   return {
     label: "hdrp-cluster-membership-bgl",
@@ -2285,46 +1952,67 @@ function createHdrpClusterMembershipBindGroupLayoutDescriptor() {
 }
 var cache2 = /* @__PURE__ */ new WeakMap();
 function getOrCreateHdrpBuffers(runtime, grid = DEFAULT_CLUSTER_GRID) {
+  if (runtime.device.caps?.storageBuffer !== true) return null;
+  const deviceSurface = runtime.device;
+  if (typeof deviceSurface.createBuffer !== "function" || typeof deviceSurface.createBindGroupLayout !== "function" || typeof deviceSurface.destroyBuffer !== "function") {
+    return null;
+  }
   const cached = cache2.get(runtime);
-  if (cached !== void 0) return cached;
+  if (cached !== void 0 && cached.device === runtime.device) {
+    const requestedCells = grid.x * grid.y * grid.z;
+    const cachedCells = cached.grid.x * cached.grid.y * cached.grid.z;
+    if (requestedCells <= cachedCells) return cached;
+  }
   const device = runtime.device;
-  const storageBuffer = runtime.device.caps?.storageBuffer === true;
   const clusterUniformBytes = 32;
-  const lightDataBytes = (storageBuffer ? MAX_LIGHTS : HDRP_UNIFORM_LIGHT_CAPACITY) * BYTES_PER_LIGHT_SLOT;
+  const lightDataBytes = MAX_LIGHTS * BYTES_PER_LIGHT_SLOT;
   const clusterCells = grid.x * grid.y * grid.z;
-  const clusterGridBytes = storageBuffer ? clusterCells * CLUSTER_GRID_STRIDE_U32 * 4 : clusterUniformBytes;
-  const lightIndexListBytes = storageBuffer ? LIGHT_INDEX_LIST_CAPACITY * 4 : clusterUniformBytes;
+  const clusterGridBytes = clusterCells * CLUSTER_GRID_STRIDE_U32 * 4;
+  const lightIndexListBytes = LIGHT_INDEX_LIST_CAPACITY * 4;
   const lightBoundsBytes = MAX_LIGHTS * 6 * 4;
+  const created = [];
+  const releaseCreated = () => {
+    for (const buffer of created) {
+      const result = device.destroyBuffer(buffer);
+      if (!result.ok) runtime.errorRegistry.fire(result.error);
+    }
+    created.length = 0;
+  };
+  const failAllocation = (error) => {
+    runtime.errorRegistry.fire(error);
+    releaseCreated();
+    return null;
+  };
   const lightData = device.createBuffer({
     label: "hdrp-light-data",
     size: lightDataBytes,
-    usage: (storageBuffer ? GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE : GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM) | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_DST,
+    usage: GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_DST,
     mappedAtCreation: false
   });
   if (!lightData.ok) {
-    runtime.errorRegistry.fire(lightData.error);
-    return null;
+    return failAllocation(lightData.error);
   }
+  created.push(lightData.value);
   const clusterGrid = device.createBuffer({
     label: "hdrp-cluster-grid",
     size: clusterGridBytes,
-    usage: (storageBuffer ? GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE : GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM) | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_DST,
+    usage: GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_DST,
     mappedAtCreation: false
   });
   if (!clusterGrid.ok) {
-    runtime.errorRegistry.fire(clusterGrid.error);
-    return null;
+    return failAllocation(clusterGrid.error);
   }
+  created.push(clusterGrid.value);
   const lightIndexList = device.createBuffer({
     label: "hdrp-light-index-list",
     size: lightIndexListBytes,
-    usage: (storageBuffer ? GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE : GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM) | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_DST,
+    usage: GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_DST,
     mappedAtCreation: false
   });
   if (!lightIndexList.ok) {
-    runtime.errorRegistry.fire(lightIndexList.error);
-    return null;
+    return failAllocation(lightIndexList.error);
   }
+  created.push(lightIndexList.value);
   const clusterUniform = device.createBuffer({
     label: "hdrp-cluster-uniform",
     size: clusterUniformBytes,
@@ -2332,29 +2020,25 @@ function getOrCreateHdrpBuffers(runtime, grid = DEFAULT_CLUSTER_GRID) {
     mappedAtCreation: false
   });
   if (!clusterUniform.ok) {
-    runtime.errorRegistry.fire(clusterUniform.error);
-    return null;
+    return failAllocation(clusterUniform.error);
   }
+  created.push(clusterUniform.value);
   const lightBounds = device.createBuffer({
     label: "hdrp-light-bounds",
     size: lightBoundsBytes,
-    usage: (storageBuffer ? GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE : GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM) | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_DST,
+    usage: GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_DST,
     mappedAtCreation: false
   });
   if (!lightBounds.ok) {
-    runtime.errorRegistry.fire(lightBounds.error);
-    return null;
+    return failAllocation(lightBounds.error);
   }
-  const storageBufferCap = runtime.device.caps?.storageBuffer === true;
-  const unifiedBglRes = device.createBindGroupLayout(
-    createHdrpBindGroupLayoutDescriptor(storageBufferCap)
-  );
+  created.push(lightBounds.value);
+  const unifiedBglRes = device.createBindGroupLayout(createHdrpBindGroupLayoutDescriptor());
   if (!unifiedBglRes.ok) {
-    runtime.errorRegistry.fire(unifiedBglRes.error);
-    return null;
+    return failAllocation(unifiedBglRes.error);
   }
   const buffers = {
-    storageBuffer,
+    device,
     lightDataBuffer: lightData.value,
     lightDataBytes,
     clusterGridBuffer: clusterGrid.value,
@@ -2369,261 +2053,647 @@ function getOrCreateHdrpBuffers(runtime, grid = DEFAULT_CLUSTER_GRID) {
     unifiedBindGroupLayout: unifiedBglRes.value
   };
   cache2.set(runtime, buffers);
+  if (cached !== void 0) {
+    retireHdrpBuffers(runtime, cached);
+  }
   return buffers;
 }
-function packClusterUniform(grid, near, far, ssaoIntensity = 0, lightCount = 0, lightCapacity = HDRP_UNIFORM_LIGHT_CAPACITY) {
+function resetHdrpBuffers(runtime) {
+  const cached = cache2.get(runtime);
+  if (cached === void 0) return;
+  cache2.delete(runtime);
+  retireHdrpBuffers(runtime, cached);
+}
+function retireHdrpBuffers(runtime, buffers) {
+  const device = buffers.device;
+  const destroy = () => {
+    for (const buffer of [
+      buffers.lightDataBuffer,
+      buffers.clusterGridBuffer,
+      buffers.lightIndexListBuffer,
+      buffers.clusterUniformBuffer,
+      buffers.lightBoundsBuffer
+    ]) {
+      const result = device.destroyBuffer(buffer);
+      if (!result.ok) runtime.errorRegistry.fire(result.error);
+    }
+  };
+  const queue = device.queue;
+  if (typeof queue.onSubmittedWorkDone === "function") {
+    queue.onSubmittedWorkDone().then(destroy, destroy);
+  } else {
+    destroy();
+  }
+}
+function packClusterUniform(grid, near, far, ssaoIntensity = 0, lightCount = 0) {
   const buf = new ArrayBuffer(32);
   const u32 = new Uint32Array(buf);
   const f32 = new Float32Array(buf);
   u32[0] = grid.x >>> 0;
   u32[1] = grid.y >>> 0;
   u32[2] = grid.z >>> 0;
-  u32[3] = Math.min(Math.max(lightCount, 0), lightCapacity) >>> 0;
+  u32[3] = Math.min(Math.max(lightCount, 0), MAX_LIGHTS) >>> 0;
   f32[4] = near;
   f32[5] = far;
   f32[6] = near > 0 && far > near ? Math.log(far / near) : 0;
   f32[7] = ssaoIntensity;
   return buf;
 }
-function createHdrpUnifiedBindGroup(runtime, hdrpBuffers, meshStorageBuffer, ssaoOptions = { enabled: false }) {
-  const fallback = getOrCreateSsaoFallbackTexture(runtime);
-  if (fallback === null) return null;
-  const ssaoTexView = ssaoOptions.enabled ? ssaoOptions.ssaoBlurredView : fallback.view;
-  const ssaoSampler = fallback.sampler;
+function createHdrpUnifiedBindGroup(runtime, hdrpBuffers, meshStorageBuffer, ssaoOptions = { enabled: false }) {
+  const fallback = getOrCreateSsaoFallbackTexture(runtime);
+  if (fallback === null) return null;
+  const ssaoTexView = ssaoOptions.enabled ? ssaoOptions.ssaoBlurredView : fallback.view;
+  const ssaoSampler = fallback.sampler;
+  const result = runtime.device.createBindGroup({
+    label: "hdrp-unified-bg-group2",
+    layout: hdrpBuffers.unifiedBindGroupLayout,
+    entries: [
+      {
+        binding: 0,
+        resource: {
+          kind: "buffer",
+          value: {
+            buffer: meshStorageBuffer,
+            offset: 0,
+            size: MESH_PER_ENTITY_STRIDE
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        binding: 3,
+        resource: {
+          kind: "buffer",
+          value: { buffer: hdrpBuffers.lightDataBuffer }
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        binding: 4,
+        resource: {
+          kind: "buffer",
+          value: { buffer: hdrpBuffers.clusterGridBuffer }
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        binding: 5,
+        resource: {
+          kind: "buffer",
+          value: { buffer: hdrpBuffers.lightIndexListBuffer }
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        binding: 6,
+        resource: {
+          kind: "buffer",
+          value: { buffer: hdrpBuffers.clusterUniformBuffer }
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        binding: 7,
+        resource: { kind: "textureView", value: ssaoTexView }
+      },
+      {
+        binding: 8,
+        resource: { kind: "sampler", value: ssaoSampler }
+      }
+    ]
+  });
+  if (!result.ok) {
+    runtime.errorRegistry.fire(result.error);
+    return null;
+  }
+  return result.value;
+}
+function createHdrpSkinUnifiedBindGroup(runtime, hdrpBuffers, layout, meshStorageBuffer, paletteBuffer, paletteBindingWindowBytes, ssaoOptions = { enabled: false }) {
+  const fallback = getOrCreateSsaoFallbackTexture(runtime);
+  if (fallback === null) return null;
+  const meshSize = MESH_PER_ENTITY_STRIDE;
+  const result = runtime.device.createBindGroup({
+    label: "hdrp-skin-unified-bg-group2",
+    layout,
+    entries: [
+      ...createPbrSkinMeshBindGroupEntries(
+        meshStorageBuffer,
+        meshSize,
+        paletteBuffer,
+        paletteBindingWindowBytes
+      ),
+      { binding: 3, resource: { kind: "buffer", value: { buffer: hdrpBuffers.lightDataBuffer } } },
+      {
+        binding: 4,
+        resource: { kind: "buffer", value: { buffer: hdrpBuffers.clusterGridBuffer } }
+      },
+      {
+        binding: 5,
+        resource: { kind: "buffer", value: { buffer: hdrpBuffers.lightIndexListBuffer } }
+      },
+      {
+        binding: 6,
+        resource: { kind: "buffer", value: { buffer: hdrpBuffers.clusterUniformBuffer } }
+      },
+      {
+        binding: 7,
+        resource: {
+          kind: "textureView",
+          value: ssaoOptions.enabled ? ssaoOptions.ssaoBlurredView : fallback.view
+        }
+      },
+      { binding: 8, resource: { kind: "sampler", value: fallback.sampler } }
+    ]
+  });
+  if (!result.ok) {
+    runtime.errorRegistry.fire(result.error);
+    return null;
+  }
+  return result.value;
+}
+function createHdrpClusterMembershipBindGroup(runtime, hdrpBuffers, layout) {
   const result = runtime.device.createBindGroup({
-    label: "hdrp-unified-bg-group2",
-    layout: hdrpBuffers.unifiedBindGroupLayout,
+    label: "hdrp-cluster-membership-bg",
+    layout,
     entries: [
       {
         binding: 0,
-        resource: {
-          kind: "buffer",
-          value: {
-            buffer: meshStorageBuffer,
-            offset: 0,
-            size: hdrpBuffers.storageBuffer ? MESH_PER_ENTITY_STRIDE : MESH_UBO_FULL_ARRAY_BYTES
-          }
-        }
+        resource: { kind: "buffer", value: { buffer: hdrpBuffers.clusterGridBuffer } }
       },
       {
-        binding: 3,
-        resource: {
-          kind: "buffer",
-          value: { buffer: hdrpBuffers.lightDataBuffer }
-        }
+        binding: 1,
+        resource: { kind: "buffer", value: { buffer: hdrpBuffers.lightIndexListBuffer } }
       },
       {
-        binding: 4,
-        resource: {
-          kind: "buffer",
-          value: { buffer: hdrpBuffers.clusterGridBuffer }
+        binding: 2,
+        resource: { kind: "buffer", value: { buffer: hdrpBuffers.clusterUniformBuffer } }
+      },
+      {
+        binding: 3,
+        resource: { kind: "buffer", value: { buffer: hdrpBuffers.lightBoundsBuffer } }
+      }
+    ]
+  });
+  if (!result.ok) {
+    runtime.errorRegistry.fire(result.error);
+    return null;
+  }
+  return result.value;
+}
+function runClusterBinProfilePhase(runner, phase, action) {
+  return action() ;
+}
+function createClusterBinScratch() {
+  return {
+    clusterCounts: new Uint32Array(0),
+    clusterCursors: new Uint32Array(0),
+    lightBounds: new Int32Array(0),
+    clusterDeltas: new Int32Array(0),
+    aabbOutput: {
+      min: vec3.create(0, 0, 0),
+      max: vec3.create(0, 0, 0)
+    },
+    boundsOutput: {
+      min: { x: 0, y: 0, z: 0 },
+      max: { x: 0, y: 0, z: 0 }
+    }
+  };
+}
+function ensureScratchCapacity(scratch, clusterCount, lightCount, gridX, gridY, gridZ) {
+  if (scratch.clusterCounts.length < clusterCount) {
+    scratch.clusterCounts = new Uint32Array(clusterCount);
+    scratch.clusterCursors = new Uint32Array(clusterCount);
+  }
+  if (scratch.lightBounds.length < lightCount * 6) {
+    scratch.lightBounds = new Int32Array(lightCount * 6);
+  }
+  const differenceVolumeSize = (gridX + 1) * (gridY + 1) * (gridZ + 1);
+  if (scratch.clusterDeltas.length < differenceVolumeSize) {
+    scratch.clusterDeltas = new Int32Array(differenceVolumeSize);
+  }
+}
+function deriveCullingRadius(range, intensity, threshold = 1e-3) {
+  if (Number.isFinite(range)) {
+    return Math.max(0, range);
+  }
+  const derived = Math.sqrt(intensity / threshold);
+  return Math.min(derived, 1e3);
+}
+function viewZToZSlice(viewZ, gridZ, near, far) {
+  if (viewZ >= -near) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+  const logFarOverNear = Math.log(far / near);
+  const slice = Math.floor(Math.log(-viewZ / near) / logFarOverNear * gridZ);
+  if (slice < 0) return 0;
+  if (slice >= gridZ) return gridZ - 1;
+  return slice;
+}
+function clusterSpaceObjectAabb(center, radius, view, proj, output) {
+  const result = output ?? {
+    min: vec3.create(0, 0, 0),
+    max: vec3.create(0, 0, 0)
+  };
+  const cx = center[0] ?? 0;
+  const cy = center[1] ?? 0;
+  const cz = center[2] ?? 0;
+  const v00 = view[0] ?? 0;
+  const v01 = view[1] ?? 0;
+  const v02 = view[2] ?? 0;
+  const v10 = view[4] ?? 0;
+  const v11 = view[5] ?? 0;
+  const v12 = view[6] ?? 0;
+  const v20 = view[8] ?? 0;
+  const v21 = view[9] ?? 0;
+  const v22 = view[10] ?? 0;
+  const v30 = view[12] ?? 0;
+  const v31 = view[13] ?? 0;
+  const v32 = view[14] ?? 0;
+  const vx = v00 * cx + v10 * cy + v20 * cz + v30;
+  const vy = v01 * cx + v11 * cy + v21 * cz + v31;
+  const vz = v02 * cx + v12 * cy + v22 * cz + v32;
+  const viewScaleX = Math.hypot(v00, v01, v02);
+  const viewScaleY = Math.hypot(v10, v11, v12);
+  const viewScaleZ = Math.hypot(v20, v21, v22);
+  const rx = radius * viewScaleX;
+  const ry = radius * viewScaleY;
+  const rz = radius * viewScaleZ;
+  const vMinX = vx - rx;
+  const vMaxX = vx + rx;
+  const vMinY = vy - ry;
+  const vMaxY = vy + ry;
+  const vMinZ = vz - rz;
+  const vMaxZ = vz + rz;
+  const minViewZ = vMinZ;
+  const maxViewZ = Math.min(vMaxZ, -1e-5);
+  if (minViewZ > maxViewZ) {
+    result.min[0] = 1;
+    result.min[1] = 1;
+    result.min[2] = -1e-5;
+    result.max[0] = -1;
+    result.max[1] = -1;
+    result.max[2] = -1e-5;
+    return result;
+  }
+  let ndcMinX = Infinity;
+  let ndcMaxX = -Infinity;
+  let ndcMinY = Infinity;
+  let ndcMaxY = -Infinity;
+  const p00 = proj[0] ?? 0;
+  const p10 = proj[4] ?? 0;
+  const p20 = proj[8] ?? 0;
+  const p30 = proj[12] ?? 0;
+  const p01 = proj[1] ?? 0;
+  const p11 = proj[5] ?? 0;
+  const p21 = proj[9] ?? 0;
+  const p31 = proj[13] ?? 0;
+  const p23 = proj[11] ?? 0;
+  const perspectiveWOnlyZ = Math.abs(proj[3] ?? 0) < 1e-8 && Math.abs(proj[7] ?? 0) < 1e-8 && Math.abs(proj[15] ?? 0) < 1e-8 && Math.abs(p23) >= 1e-5;
+  if (perspectiveWOnlyZ) {
+    const xExtent = Math.abs(p00) * rx + Math.abs(p10) * ry;
+    const yExtent = Math.abs(p01) * rx + Math.abs(p11) * ry;
+    for (let face = 0; face < 2; face++) {
+      const zTest = face === 0 ? minViewZ : maxViewZ;
+      if (zTest > 0) continue;
+      const invW = 1 / (p23 * zTest);
+      const xCenter = p20 * zTest + p30;
+      const yCenter = p21 * zTest + p31;
+      const x0 = (xCenter - xExtent) * invW;
+      const x1 = (xCenter + xExtent) * invW;
+      const y0 = (yCenter - yExtent) * invW;
+      const y1 = (yCenter + yExtent) * invW;
+      ndcMinX = Math.min(ndcMinX, x0, x1);
+      ndcMaxX = Math.max(ndcMaxX, x0, x1);
+      ndcMinY = Math.min(ndcMinY, y0, y1);
+      ndcMaxY = Math.max(ndcMaxY, y0, y1);
+    }
+  } else {
+    const corners = [
+      [vMinX, vMinY],
+      [vMinX, vMaxY],
+      [vMaxX, vMinY],
+      [vMaxX, vMaxY]
+    ];
+    for (const zTest of [minViewZ, maxViewZ]) {
+      if (zTest <= 0) {
+        for (const corner of corners) {
+          const sx = corner[0];
+          const sy = corner[1];
+          const ndc = projectToNdc(sx, sy, zTest, proj);
+          ndcMinX = Math.min(ndcMinX, ndc[0]);
+          ndcMaxX = Math.max(ndcMaxX, ndc[0]);
+          ndcMinY = Math.min(ndcMinY, ndc[1]);
+          ndcMaxY = Math.max(ndcMaxY, ndc[1]);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  ndcMinX = Math.max(ndcMinX, -1);
+  ndcMinY = Math.max(ndcMinY, -1);
+  ndcMaxX = Math.min(ndcMaxX, 1);
+  ndcMaxY = Math.min(ndcMaxY, 1);
+  result.min[0] = ndcMinX;
+  result.min[1] = ndcMinY;
+  result.min[2] = minViewZ;
+  result.max[0] = ndcMaxX;
+  result.max[1] = ndcMaxY;
+  result.max[2] = maxViewZ;
+  return result;
+}
+function projectToNdc(vx, vy, vz, proj) {
+  const p00 = proj[0] ?? 0;
+  const p10 = proj[4] ?? 0;
+  const p20 = proj[8] ?? 0;
+  const p30 = proj[12] ?? 0;
+  const p01 = proj[1] ?? 0;
+  const p11 = proj[5] ?? 0;
+  const p21 = proj[9] ?? 0;
+  const p31 = proj[13] ?? 0;
+  const p02 = proj[2] ?? 0;
+  const p12 = proj[6] ?? 0;
+  const p22 = proj[10] ?? 0;
+  const p32 = proj[14] ?? 0;
+  const p03 = proj[3] ?? 0;
+  const p13 = proj[7] ?? 0;
+  const p23 = proj[11] ?? 0;
+  const p33 = proj[15] ?? 0;
+  const cx = p00 * vx + p10 * vy + p20 * vz + p30;
+  const cy = p01 * vx + p11 * vy + p21 * vz + p31;
+  const cz = p02 * vx + p12 * vy + p22 * vz + p32;
+  const cw = p03 * vx + p13 * vy + p23 * vz + p33;
+  if (Math.abs(cw) < 1e-10) {
+    return [vx < 0 ? -1 : 1, vy < 0 ? -1 : 1, cz];
+  }
+  const invW = 1 / cw;
+  return [cx * invW, cy * invW, cz * invW];
+}
+function ndcPositionToCluster(ndc, viewZ, gridX, gridY, gridZ, near, far) {
+  const ndcX = ndc[0] ?? 0;
+  const ndcY = ndc[1] ?? 0;
+  let cx = Math.floor((ndcX * 0.5 + 0.5) * gridX);
+  let cy = Math.floor((ndcY * 0.5 + 0.5) * gridY);
+  if (cx < 0) cx = 0;
+  if (cx >= gridX) cx = gridX - 1;
+  if (cy < 0) cy = 0;
+  if (cy >= gridY) cy = gridY - 1;
+  const cz = viewZToZSlice(viewZ, gridZ, near, far);
+  return { x: cx, y: cy, z: cz };
+}
+function calculateSphereClusterBounds(aabb, gridX, gridY, gridZ, near, far, output) {
+  const result = output ?? {
+    min: { x: 0, y: 0, z: 0 },
+    max: { x: 0, y: 0, z: 0 }
+  };
+  const minZ = aabb.min[2] ?? 0;
+  const maxZ = aabb.max[2] ?? 0;
+  const idxMin = ndcPositionToCluster(aabb.min, minZ, gridX, gridY, gridZ, near, far);
+  const idxMax = ndcPositionToCluster(aabb.max, maxZ, gridX, gridY, gridZ, near, far);
+  result.min.x = Math.min(idxMin.x, idxMax.x);
+  result.min.y = Math.min(idxMin.y, idxMax.y);
+  result.min.z = Math.min(idxMin.z, idxMax.z);
+  result.max.x = Math.max(idxMin.x, idxMax.x);
+  result.max.y = Math.max(idxMin.y, idxMax.y);
+  result.max.z = Math.max(idxMin.z, idxMax.z);
+  return result;
+}
+function bin(lights, view, proj, grid, near, far, clusterGrid, lightIndexList, capacity, scratch, profile, options = {}) {
+  const gridX = grid.x;
+  const gridY = grid.y;
+  const gridZ = grid.z;
+  const clusterCount = gridX * gridY * gridZ;
+  const binScratch = scratch ?? createClusterBinScratch();
+  ensureScratchCapacity(binScratch, clusterCount, lights.length, gridX, gridY, gridZ);
+  const { clusterCounts, clusterCursors, lightBounds, clusterDeltas } = binScratch;
+  clusterGrid.fill(0, 0, clusterCount * 2);
+  clusterCounts.fill(0, 0, clusterCount);
+  let attemptedTotal = 0;
+  runClusterBinProfilePhase(profile, "light-bounds-and-occupancy", () => {
+    runClusterBinProfilePhase(profile, "light-bounds-and-occupancy/light-aabb", () => {
+      for (let lightIdx = 0; lightIdx < lights.length; lightIdx++) {
+        const boundsOffset = lightIdx * 6;
+        lightBounds[boundsOffset] = -1;
+        const light = lights[lightIdx];
+        if (!light) continue;
+        const radius = deriveCullingRadius(light.range, 1);
+        if (radius <= 0) {
+          continue;
         }
-      },
-      {
-        binding: 5,
-        resource: {
-          kind: "buffer",
-          value: { buffer: hdrpBuffers.lightIndexListBuffer }
+        const aabb = clusterSpaceObjectAabb(
+          light.position,
+          radius,
+          view,
+          proj,
+          binScratch.aabbOutput
+        );
+        const bounds = calculateSphereClusterBounds(
+          aabb,
+          gridX,
+          gridY,
+          gridZ,
+          near,
+          far,
+          binScratch.boundsOutput
+        );
+        if (bounds.min.x > bounds.max.x || bounds.min.y > bounds.max.y || bounds.min.z > bounds.max.z) {
+          continue;
         }
-      },
-      {
-        binding: 6,
-        resource: {
-          kind: "buffer",
-          value: { buffer: hdrpBuffers.clusterUniformBuffer }
+        lightBounds[boundsOffset] = bounds.min.x;
+        lightBounds[boundsOffset + 1] = bounds.min.y;
+        lightBounds[boundsOffset + 2] = bounds.min.z;
+        lightBounds[boundsOffset + 3] = bounds.max.x;
+        lightBounds[boundsOffset + 4] = bounds.max.y;
+        lightBounds[boundsOffset + 5] = bounds.max.z;
+      }
+    });
+    runClusterBinProfilePhase(profile, "light-bounds-and-occupancy/cluster-occupancy", () => {
+      const diffX = gridX + 1;
+      const diffY = gridY + 1;
+      const diffRow = diffX * diffY;
+      clusterDeltas.fill(0, 0, diffRow * (gridZ + 1));
+      const addDifference = (x, y, z, delta) => {
+        const index = z * diffRow + y * diffX + x;
+        clusterDeltas[index] = (clusterDeltas[index] ?? 0) + delta;
+      };
+      for (let lightIdx = 0; lightIdx < lights.length; lightIdx++) {
+        const boundsOffset = lightIdx * 6;
+        if ((lightBounds[boundsOffset] ?? -1) < 0) continue;
+        const minX = lightBounds[boundsOffset] ?? 0;
+        const minY = lightBounds[boundsOffset + 1] ?? 0;
+        const minZ = lightBounds[boundsOffset + 2] ?? 0;
+        const maxX = lightBounds[boundsOffset + 3] ?? -1;
+        const maxY = lightBounds[boundsOffset + 4] ?? -1;
+        const maxZ = lightBounds[boundsOffset + 5] ?? -1;
+        const endX = maxX + 1;
+        const endY = maxY + 1;
+        const endZ = maxZ + 1;
+        addDifference(minX, minY, minZ, 1);
+        addDifference(endX, minY, minZ, -1);
+        addDifference(minX, endY, minZ, -1);
+        addDifference(minX, minY, endZ, -1);
+        addDifference(endX, endY, minZ, 1);
+        addDifference(endX, minY, endZ, 1);
+        addDifference(minX, endY, endZ, 1);
+        addDifference(endX, endY, endZ, -1);
+      }
+      for (let cz = 0; cz < gridZ; cz++) {
+        for (let cy = 0; cy < gridY; cy++) {
+          for (let cx = 0; cx < gridX; cx++) {
+            const diffIdx = cz * diffRow + cy * diffX + cx;
+            let count = clusterDeltas[diffIdx] ?? 0;
+            if (cx > 0) count += clusterDeltas[diffIdx - 1] ?? 0;
+            if (cy > 0) count += clusterDeltas[diffIdx - diffX] ?? 0;
+            if (cz > 0) count += clusterDeltas[diffIdx - diffRow] ?? 0;
+            if (cx > 0 && cy > 0) count -= clusterDeltas[diffIdx - diffX - 1] ?? 0;
+            if (cx > 0 && cz > 0) count -= clusterDeltas[diffIdx - diffRow - 1] ?? 0;
+            if (cy > 0 && cz > 0) count -= clusterDeltas[diffIdx - diffRow - diffX] ?? 0;
+            if (cx > 0 && cy > 0 && cz > 0) {
+              count += clusterDeltas[diffIdx - diffRow - diffX - 1] ?? 0;
+            }
+            clusterDeltas[diffIdx] = count;
+            const clusterIdx = cz * gridY * gridX + cy * gridX + cx;
+            clusterCounts[clusterIdx] = count;
+            attemptedTotal += count;
+          }
         }
-      },
-      {
-        binding: 7,
-        resource: { kind: "textureView", value: ssaoTexView }
-      },
-      {
-        binding: 8,
-        resource: { kind: "sampler", value: ssaoSampler }
       }
-    ]
+    });
   });
-  if (!result.ok) {
-    runtime.errorRegistry.fire(result.error);
-    return null;
+  if (attemptedTotal > capacity) {
+    return err({
+      code: "index-overflow",
+      expected: `writeCount <= ${capacity}`,
+      hint: `light index list overflow: needed ${attemptedTotal} entries, capacity ${capacity}; reduce lights, shrink grid, or shrink ranges (overrun = ${attemptedTotal - capacity})`,
+      detail: { actual: attemptedTotal, capacity }
+    });
   }
-  return result.value;
-}
-function createHdrpClusterMembershipBindGroup(runtime, hdrpBuffers, layout) {
-  const result = runtime.device.createBindGroup({
-    label: "hdrp-cluster-membership-bg",
-    layout,
-    entries: [
-      {
-        binding: 0,
-        resource: { kind: "buffer", value: { buffer: hdrpBuffers.clusterGridBuffer } }
-      },
-      {
-        binding: 1,
-        resource: { kind: "buffer", value: { buffer: hdrpBuffers.lightIndexListBuffer } }
-      },
-      {
-        binding: 2,
-        resource: { kind: "buffer", value: { buffer: hdrpBuffers.clusterUniformBuffer } }
-      },
-      {
-        binding: 3,
-        resource: { kind: "buffer", value: { buffer: hdrpBuffers.lightBoundsBuffer } }
-      }
-    ]
+  const writeCount = runClusterBinProfilePhase(profile, "cluster-reserve", () => {
+    let reserved = 0;
+    for (let ci = 0; ci < clusterCount; ci++) {
+      const base = ci * 2;
+      clusterGrid[base] = reserved;
+      clusterGrid[base + 1] = clusterCounts[ci] ?? 0;
+      clusterCursors[ci] = reserved;
+      reserved += clusterCounts[ci] ?? 0;
+    }
+    return reserved;
   });
-  if (!result.ok) {
-    runtime.errorRegistry.fire(result.error);
-    return null;
-  }
-  return result.value;
-}
-var SHADOW_ATLAS_DEFAULT_FACE_SIZE = 512;
-var SHADOW_ATLAS_DEFAULT_LAYERS = 4;
-var ShadowAtlas = class {
-  /** Backing cube_array depth texture. `null` until `ensure()` has run. */
-  texture = null;
-  /**
-   * Whole-atlas cube_array sampling view used by URP shaders that bind the
-   * atlas at `@group(0) @binding(5)`. `null` until `ensure()` has run.
-   */
-  cubeArrayView = null;
-  /** Comparison sampler for `texture_depth_cube_array`. */
-  compareSampler = null;
-  /** Per-face 2D depth view cache, keyed by `layer * 6 + face`. */
-  faceViews = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
-  /** Per-face label cache (debug aid). Reused on re-creation. */
-  device;
-  /** Per-face square size in pixels. */
-  faceSize;
-  /** Cube layer count. */
-  layers;
-  constructor(device, options = {}) {
-    this.device = device;
-    this.faceSize = options.faceSize ?? SHADOW_ATLAS_DEFAULT_FACE_SIZE;
-    this.layers = options.layers ?? SHADOW_ATLAS_DEFAULT_LAYERS;
-  }
-  /**
-   * Returns `true` once the atlas texture is allocated. Used by the extract /
-   * record path to gate "no PointLightShadow → no allocation" (AC-09) — the
-   * caller calls {@link ensure} on a frame that has at least one snapshot;
-   * before that, `isAllocated()` stays `false` and tests can assert no GPU
-   * resources were created.
-   */
-  isAllocated() {
-    return this.texture !== null;
-  }
-  /**
-   * Lazy-allocate the atlas texture + cube_array sampling view + comparison
-   * sampler. Idempotent: subsequent calls are zero-cost no-ops once the
-   * resources exist.
-   *
-   * Throws (via the RHI error registry) on allocation failure. This is the
-   * only path that touches the GPU — keeping it inside one method makes the
-   * "zero-shadow scene = zero allocation" gate easy to enforce: the renderer
-   * never calls this method on a frame with no PointLightShadow entities.
-   */
-  ensure() {
-    if (this.texture !== null) return;
-    const usage = GPU_TEXTURE_USAGE_RENDER_ATTACHMENT_AND_TEXTURE_BINDING;
-    const texDesc = cubeArrayDepthDescriptor(this.faceSize, this.layers, usage);
-    const texRes = this.device.createTexture(texDesc);
-    if (!texRes.ok) throw texRes.error;
-    this.texture = texRes.value;
-    const viewRes = this.device.createTextureView(this.texture, {
-      label: "shadow-atlas-cube-array-view",
-      dimension: "cube-array",
-      aspect: "depth-only",
-      baseArrayLayer: 0,
-      arrayLayerCount: 6 * this.layers,
-      baseMipLevel: 0,
-      mipLevelCount: 1
+  if (options.writeMembership !== false) {
+    runClusterBinProfilePhase(profile, "light-index-write", () => {
+      for (let lightIdx = 0; lightIdx < lights.length; lightIdx++) {
+        const boundsOffset = lightIdx * 6;
+        let valid = false;
+        let minX = 0;
+        let minY = 0;
+        let minZ = 0;
+        let maxX = -1;
+        let maxY = -1;
+        let maxZ = -1;
+        runClusterBinProfilePhase(profile, "light-index-write/bounds-read", () => {
+          if ((lightBounds[boundsOffset] ?? -1) < 0) return;
+          valid = true;
+          minX = lightBounds[boundsOffset] ?? 0;
+          minY = lightBounds[boundsOffset + 1] ?? 0;
+          minZ = lightBounds[boundsOffset + 2] ?? 0;
+          maxX = lightBounds[boundsOffset + 3] ?? -1;
+          maxY = lightBounds[boundsOffset + 4] ?? -1;
+          maxZ = lightBounds[boundsOffset + 5] ?? -1;
+        });
+        if (!valid) continue;
+        runClusterBinProfilePhase(profile, "light-index-write/cluster-write", () => {
+          for (let cz = minZ; cz <= maxZ; cz++) {
+            for (let cy = minY; cy <= maxY; cy++) {
+              for (let cx = minX; cx <= maxX; cx++) {
+                const clusterIdx = cz * gridY * gridX + cy * gridX + cx;
+                const cursor = clusterCursors[clusterIdx] ?? 0;
+                lightIndexList[cursor] = lightIdx;
+                clusterCursors[clusterIdx] = cursor + 1;
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        });
+      }
     });
-    if (!viewRes.ok) {
-      this.device.destroyTexture(this.texture);
-      this.texture = null;
-      throw viewRes.error;
-    }
-    this.cubeArrayView = viewRes.value;
-    const sampRes = this.device.createSampler(comparisonSamplerDescriptor());
-    if (!sampRes.ok) {
-      this.device.destroyTexture(this.texture);
-      this.texture = null;
-      this.cubeArrayView = null;
-      throw sampRes.error;
-    }
-    this.compareSampler = sampRes.value;
-  }
-  /**
-   * Whole-atlas cube_array sampling view (`texture_depth_cube_array`). Returns
-   * `null` if the atlas is not yet allocated; the caller should gate on a
-   * non-null pointShadow array before calling {@link ensure} + this getter.
-   */
-  getAtlasView() {
-    return this.cubeArrayView;
-  }
-  /**
-   * Comparison sampler (`compare: 'less'`) for cube_array depth sampling.
-   * Returns `null` if the atlas is not yet allocated.
-   */
-  getComparisonSampler() {
-    return this.compareSampler;
   }
-  /**
-   * Backing texture handle. Returns `null` if the atlas is not yet allocated.
-   */
-  getTexture() {
-    return this.texture;
-  }
-  /**
-   * Lazy 2D depth view selecting `(layer, face)` (the caller passes
-   * `shadowAtlasLayer` from the snapshot and a face index 0..5). Used as the
-   * depth attachment of the shadow-caster render pass for one cube face.
-   *
-   * Caches per `(layer, face)` so the per-frame shadow loop pays zero
-   * `createTextureView` cost after the first allocation. Cache is cleared on
-   * {@link dispose}.
-   *
-   * @throws PointShadowAtlasUninitializedError if the atlas is not yet
-   *   allocated (caller must call {@link ensure} first).
-   * @throws PointShadowAtlasBoundsViolationError if `layer` or `face` is out
-   *   of range.
-   * @throws RhiError if the underlying `createTextureView` fails.
-   */
-  faceView(layer, face) {
-    if (this.texture === null) {
-      throw new PointShadowAtlasUninitializedError();
-    }
-    if (layer < 0 || layer >= this.layers) {
-      throw new PointShadowAtlasBoundsViolationError("layer", layer, this.layers);
-    }
-    if (face < 0 || face >= 6) {
-      throw new PointShadowAtlasBoundsViolationError("face", face, 6);
-    }
-    const key = layer * 6 + face;
-    const cached = this.faceViews.get(key);
-    if (cached !== void 0) return cached;
-    const desc = cubeArrayDepthFaceView(layer, face);
-    const r = this.device.createTextureView(this.texture, desc);
-    if (!r.ok) throw r.error;
-    this.faceViews.set(key, r.value);
-    return r.value;
+  return ok$1(writeCount);
+}
+
+// src/pipeline/standard-lighting/errors.ts
+function fromClusterBinError(error) {
+  return new StandardClusterIndexOverflowError(error.detail.actual, error.detail.capacity);
+}
+
+// src/pipeline/standard-lighting/membership.ts
+function deriveStandardMembership(frame, layout, scratch = createClusterBinScratch()) {
+  const clusterGrid = new Uint32Array(layout.clusterGridU32Length);
+  const lightIndexList = new Uint32Array(layout.lightIndexListCapacity);
+  const result = bin(
+    frame.local,
+    frame.view,
+    frame.projection,
+    layout.grid,
+    frame.near,
+    frame.far,
+    clusterGrid,
+    lightIndexList,
+    layout.lightIndexListCapacity,
+    scratch
+  );
+  if (!result.ok) return err$1(fromClusterBinError(result.error));
+  return ok({
+    clusterGrid,
+    lightIndexList,
+    lightBounds: scratch.lightBounds.slice(0, frame.local.length * 6),
+    membershipEntryCount: result.value,
+    scratch
+  });
+}
+
+// src/pipeline/standard-lighting/prepare.ts
+function prepareStandardLighting(frame) {
+  if (frame.local.length > frame.lightCount || frame.local.length > MAX_LIGHTS) {
+    return err$1(new StandardLightBudgetExceededError(frame.local.length, frame.lightCount));
+  }
+  const layout = createStandardClusterLayout(frame.grid);
+  const membership = deriveStandardMembership(frame, layout);
+  if (!membership.ok) return membership;
+  return ok({
+    ...membership.value,
+    directional: frame.directional,
+    local: frame.local,
+    layout,
+    membershipLightCount: frame.local.length,
+    renderPath: frame.renderPath,
+    maxLights: frame.lightCount
+  });
+}
+function occupiedClusterCount(prepared) {
+  let occupied = 0;
+  for (let index = 1; index < prepared.clusterGrid.length; index += 2) {
+    if ((prepared.clusterGrid[index] ?? 0) > 0) occupied += 1;
   }
-  /**
-   * Release the GPU resources and clear the per-face view cache. Idempotent;
-   * subsequent calls are zero-cost. After dispose, `isAllocated()` returns
-   * `false` and the next `ensure()` re-allocates from scratch.
-   */
-  dispose() {
-    this.faceViews.clear();
-    if (this.texture !== null) {
-      this.device.destroyTexture(this.texture);
-      this.texture = null;
-    }
-    this.cubeArrayView = null;
-    this.compareSampler = null;
+  return occupied;
+}
+function selectStandardClusterTransport(capabilities, prepared) {
+  const requested = prepared.local.length;
+  if (!capabilities.storageBuffer) {
+    return err$1(
+      new StandardClusterTransportUnavailableError(
+        requested,
+        "enable a proven storage-buffer Cluster transport; compute without storage is not a membership path"
+      )
+    );
   }
-};
+  const producer = capabilities.compute && capabilities.membershipPipelineReady ? "gpu" : "cpu";
+  const kind = producer === "gpu" ? "compute-storage" : "cpu-storage";
+  return ok({
+    kind,
+    producer,
+    layout: prepared.layout,
+    requestedLightCount: requested,
+    admittedLightCount: requested,
+    membershipEntryCount: prepared.membershipEntryCount,
+    occupiedClusterCount: occupiedClusterCount(prepared),
+    clusterGridBytes: prepared.layout.clusterGridU32Length * Uint32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT,
+    lightIndexListBytes: prepared.membershipEntryCount * Uint32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT,
+    lightDataBytes: requested * 64,
+    lightBoundsBytes: prepared.lightBounds.byteLength
+  });
+}
 
 // src/post-process-errors.ts
 var POST_PROCESS_POLICY = {
@@ -2746,38 +2816,6 @@ function warnMultiLightDirectional(frameState, directionalCount, envOverride) {
     }
   }
 }
-function warnMultiLightPoint(frameState, pointCount, envOverride) {
-  if (!frameState.warnedMultiLightPoint && pointCount > 4) {
-    frameState.warnedMultiLightPoint = true;
-    const env = globalThis.process;
-    if (env?.env?.NODE_ENV !== "production") {
-      console.warn(
-        "[forgeax] render-system-multi-light point: at most 4 entities (got N=" + pointCount + "). First 4 used; rest dropped.",
-        {
-          code: "render-system-multi-light",
-          expected: "at most 4 point",
-          detail: { type: "point", got: pointCount }
-        }
-      );
-    }
-  }
-}
-function warnMultiLightSpot(frameState, spotCount, envOverride) {
-  if (!frameState.warnedMultiLightSpot && spotCount > 4) {
-    frameState.warnedMultiLightSpot = true;
-    const env = globalThis.process;
-    if (env?.env?.NODE_ENV !== "production") {
-      console.warn(
-        "[forgeax] render-system-multi-light spot: at most 4 entities (got N=" + spotCount + "). First 4 used; rest dropped.",
-        {
-          code: "render-system-multi-light",
-          expected: "at most 4 spot",
-          detail: { type: "spot", got: spotCount }
-        }
-      );
-    }
-  }
-}
 function warnMultiSkylight(frameState, skylightCount, winningEntityHandle) {
   if (!frameState.warnedMultiSkylight && skylightCount > 1) {
     frameState.warnedMultiSkylight = true;
@@ -2844,10 +2882,32 @@ var POINTS_LINES_VIEW_SLOT_COUNT = 1024;
 var POINTS_LINES_VIEW_BUFFER_SIZE = POINTS_LINES_VIEW_SLOT_STRIDE * POINTS_LINES_VIEW_SLOT_COUNT;
 var VIEW_UNIFORM_SLOT_STRIDE = 1024;
 var POINT_SHADOW_VIEW_SLOT_COUNT = 24;
-var VIEW_UNIFORM_BUFFER_SIZE = VIEW_UNIFORM_SLOT_STRIDE * (1 + POINT_SHADOW_VIEW_SLOT_COUNT);
+var CUBE_CAPTURE_VIEW_SLOT_BASE = 1 + POINT_SHADOW_VIEW_SLOT_COUNT;
+var REFLECTION_PROBE_VIEW_SLOT_BASE = CUBE_CAPTURE_VIEW_SLOT_BASE + 6;
+var REFLECTION_PROBE_VIEW_SLOT_COUNT = 16;
+var VIEW_UNIFORM_BUFFER_SIZE = VIEW_UNIFORM_SLOT_STRIDE * (REFLECTION_PROBE_VIEW_SLOT_BASE + REFLECTION_PROBE_VIEW_SLOT_COUNT);
 function pointShadowViewOffset(layer, face) {
   return VIEW_UNIFORM_SLOT_STRIDE * (1 + layer * 6 + face);
 }
+function directionalShadowFilterCarrier(quality) {
+  if (quality === void 0) return [0, 0, 0, 0];
+  if (quality.kind === "pcss") {
+    return [
+      quality.preset === "medium" ? 4 : 5,
+      quality.angularRadiusRadians,
+      quality.maxPenumbraTexels,
+      0
+    ];
+  }
+  switch (quality.kernel) {
+    case 1:
+      return [1, 0, 0, 0];
+    case 3:
+      return [2, 0, 0, 0];
+    case 5:
+      return [3, 0, 0, 0];
+  }
+}
 function writePointsLinesViewUbo(queue, buffer, camera, width, height, model, style, byteOffset = 0) {
   const projection = computeProjectionMatrix(camera);
   const view = computeViewMatrix(camera);
@@ -2879,7 +2939,9 @@ function writePointsLinesViewUbo(queue, buffer, camera, width, height, model, st
   const uploaded = queue.writeBuffer(buffer, byteOffset, payload);
   if (!uploaded.ok) throw uploaded.error;
 }
-function writeViewUbo(queue, viewUniformBuffer, camera, light, lights, spotShadowSnapshots, fogOrTemporal, temporal) {
+function writeViewUbo(queue, viewUniformBuffer, camera, light, lights, spotShadowSnapshots, fogOrTemporalOrOffset, temporal, projectorSpotIndex) {
+  const byteOffset = typeof fogOrTemporalOrOffset === "number" ? fogOrTemporalOrOffset : 0;
+  const fogOrTemporal = typeof fogOrTemporalOrOffset === "number" ? void 0 : fogOrTemporalOrOffset;
   const isTemporal = fogOrTemporal !== void 0 && ("currentJitterUv" in fogOrTemporal || "currentUnjitteredViewProjection" in fogOrTemporal);
   const fog = isTemporal ? void 0 : fogOrTemporal;
   const resolvedTemporal = temporal ?? (isTemporal ? fogOrTemporal : void 0);
@@ -2935,14 +2997,20 @@ function writeViewUbo(queue, viewUniformBuffer, camera, light, lights, spotShado
   viewPayload[230] = camera.projection === "orthographic" ? 1 : 0;
   if (lights.splitPlanes !== void 0) {
     for (let s = 0; s < 4; s++) {
-      viewPayload[108 + s * 4] = lights.splitPlanes[s] ?? 0;
+      for (let lane = 0; lane < 4; lane++) {
+        viewPayload[108 + s * 4 + lane] = lights.splitPlanes[s * 4 + lane] ?? 0;
+      }
     }
   }
   viewPayload[124] = lights.cascadeCount ?? 0;
   viewPayload[125] = lights.cascadeBlend ?? 0;
   viewPayload[126] = lights.depthBias ?? 5e-3;
   viewPayload[127] = lights.normalBias ?? 0.05;
-  viewPayload[128] = clampPcfKernelSize(lights.pcfKernelSize);
+  const filterCarrier = directionalShadowFilterCarrier(lights.directionalShadowQuality);
+  viewPayload[128] = filterCarrier[0] ?? 0;
+  viewPayload[129] = filterCarrier[1] ?? 0;
+  viewPayload[130] = filterCarrier[2] ?? 0;
+  viewPayload[131] = filterCarrier[3] ?? 0;
   {
     const SPOT_LVP_BASE_FLOAT = 132;
     const SPOT_LVP_LANE_COUNT = 4;
@@ -2952,10 +3020,11 @@ function writeViewUbo(queue, viewUniformBuffer, camera, light, lights, spotShado
       const ss = spotSnaps[i];
       if (ss === void 0) continue;
       const tile = ss.shadowAtlasTile;
-      if (tile < 0 || tile >= SPOT_LVP_LANE_COUNT) continue;
       const lvp = ss.lightViewProj;
       if (lvp === void 0) continue;
-      const base = SPOT_LVP_BASE_FLOAT + tile * SPOT_LVP_FLOATS_PER_LANE;
+      const lane = tile >= 0 && tile < SPOT_LVP_LANE_COUNT ? tile : i === projectorSpotIndex ? 0 : -1;
+      if (lane < 0) continue;
+      const base = SPOT_LVP_BASE_FLOAT + lane * SPOT_LVP_FLOATS_PER_LANE;
       for (let f = 0; f < SPOT_LVP_FLOATS_PER_LANE; f++) {
         viewPayload[base + f] = lvp[f] ?? 0;
       }
@@ -2969,10 +3038,11 @@ function writeViewUbo(queue, viewUniformBuffer, camera, light, lights, spotShado
     viewPayload[236] = fog.heightFalloff;
     viewPayload[237] = fog.maxOpacity;
   }
-  const viewUploadResult = queue.writeBuffer(viewUniformBuffer, 0, viewPayload);
+  const viewUploadResult = queue.writeBuffer(viewUniformBuffer, byteOffset, viewPayload);
   if (!viewUploadResult.ok) throw viewUploadResult.error;
   for (const snapshot of lights.pointShadow ?? []) {
-    if (snapshot.shadowAtlasLayer < 0 || snapshot.shadowAtlasLayer >= 4) continue;
+    if (snapshot.shadowAtlasLayer < 0 || snapshot.shadowAtlasLayer >= SHADOW_ATLAS_DEFAULT_LAYERS)
+      continue;
     for (let face = 0; face < 6; face += 1) {
       const facePayload = viewPayload.slice();
       const matrix = snapshot.shadowMatrices.subarray(face * 16, (face + 1) * 16);
@@ -2988,14 +3058,42 @@ function writeViewUbo(queue, viewUniformBuffer, camera, light, lights, spotShado
 }
 
 // src/record/frame-lighting.ts
+function resolveReflectionProbeBinding(selection, table) {
+  if (selection.kind !== "probe") return { probeIndex: void 0, useSkylight: true };
+  const primitiveKey = `${selection.worldId}:${selection.entityKey}`;
+  const tableIndex = table?.cpuIndexByPrimitive(primitiveKey);
+  return { probeIndex: tableIndex ?? selection.entityKey, useSkylight: false };
+}
+function projectDeviceOwnedBindGroup(state, device, layout) {
+  return state !== null && state !== void 0 && state.device === device && state.layout === layout ? state.bindGroup : null;
+}
 function runHdrpClusterProfilePhase(runner, phase, action) {
   return runner === void 0 ? action() : runner(phase, action);
 }
-function buildPerFrameBindGroups(internals, frameState, pipelineState, hasValidated, bindGroupCounts, graphTargets, includeView = true) {
+function mapClusterUploadFailure(resource, error) {
+  return new RendererOperationError("device-operation-failed", {
+    operation: "draw",
+    cause: {
+      code: error.code,
+      expected: `queue.writeBuffer succeeds for Standard Cluster ${resource}`,
+      hint: `repair the device write for Standard Cluster ${resource} and retry the frame`,
+      detail: error
+    }
+  });
+}
+function buildPerFrameBindGroups(internals, frameState, pipelineState, hasValidated, bindGroupCounts, graphTargets, includeView = true, standardLighting) {
   let viewBindGroup = null;
   let meshBindGroup = null;
   let hdrpClusterBindGroup = null;
-  const hdrpClusterMembershipBindGroup = frameState.isHdrpActive ? frameState.hdrpClusterMembershipBindGroup : null;
+  const clusteredLighting = standardLighting?.kind === "clustered";
+  const membershipLayout = pipelineState.hdrpClusterMembershipBindGroupLayout;
+  const membership = frameState.hdrpClusterMembership;
+  const expectedHdrpBuffers = hasValidated && clusteredLighting ? getOrCreateHdrpBuffers(internals, frameState.installedPipelineConfig?.clusterGrid) : null;
+  const currentMembership = expectedHdrpBuffers !== null && membership?.clusterGridBuffer === expectedHdrpBuffers.clusterGridBuffer ? projectDeviceOwnedBindGroup(membership, internals.device, membershipLayout) : null;
+  if (membership !== null && currentMembership === null) {
+    frameState.hdrpClusterMembership = null;
+  }
+  const hdrpClusterMembershipBindGroup = clusteredLighting ? currentMembership : null;
   if (hasValidated) {
     if (includeView) {
       const shadowSampler = pipelineState.perPassResources.shadowSampler;
@@ -3173,11 +3271,8 @@ function buildPerFrameBindGroups(internals, frameState, pipelineState, hasValida
       },
       bindGroupCounts
     );
-    if (frameState.isHdrpActive) {
-      const hdrpBuffers = getOrCreateHdrpBuffers(
-        internals,
-        frameState.installedPipelineConfig?.clusterGrid
-      );
+    if (clusteredLighting) {
+      const hdrpBuffers = expectedHdrpBuffers;
       if (hdrpBuffers !== null) {
         hdrpClusterBindGroup = getOrCreateFromChain(
           frameState.meshBindGroupCache,
@@ -3211,27 +3306,19 @@ function buildPerFrameBindGroups(internals, frameState, pipelineState, hasValida
   }
   return { viewBindGroup, meshBindGroup, hdrpClusterBindGroup, hdrpClusterMembershipBindGroup };
 }
-function prepareFrameLighting(internals, frameState, lights) {
+function prepareFrameLighting(internals, frameState, lights, camera, pipelineState) {
   if (lights.directionalCount > 1) {
     warnMultiLightDirectional(frameState, lights.directionalCount);
   }
-  if (!frameState.isHdrpActive) {
-    if (lights.point.length > LIGHT_ARRAY_MAX_SLOTS) {
-      warnMultiLightPoint(frameState, lights.point.length);
-    }
-    if (lights.spot.length > LIGHT_ARRAY_MAX_SLOTS) {
-      warnMultiLightSpot(frameState, lights.spot.length);
-    }
-  }
   frameState.pointShadowSnapshots = lights.pointShadow;
   frameState.spotShadowSnapshots = lights.spot;
   if (lights.pointShadow.length > 0) {
     if (frameState.pointShadowAtlas === null) {
       const firstSnap = lights.pointShadow[0];
-      const faceSize = firstSnap?.mapSize ?? 512;
+      const faceSize = firstSnap?.mapSize ?? SHADOW_ATLAS_DEFAULT_FACE_SIZE;
       frameState.pointShadowAtlas = new ShadowAtlas(internals.device, {
         faceSize,
-        layers: 4
+        layers: SHADOW_ATLAS_DEFAULT_LAYERS
       });
     }
     try {
@@ -3254,49 +3341,60 @@ function prepareFrameLighting(internals, frameState, lights) {
     intensity: 0
   };
   const totalLightCount = (directionalLight !== void 0 ? 1 : 0) + pointLights.length + spotLights.length;
-  return { light, pointLights, spotLights, totalLightCount };
-}
-function writePointSpotLightBuffers(internals, pipelineState, lights) {
-  const pointSlots = lights.point.length <= LIGHT_ARRAY_MAX_SLOTS ? lights.point : lights.point.slice(0, LIGHT_ARRAY_MAX_SLOTS);
-  const pointHeader = packLightArrayHeader(pointSlots.length);
-  const pointHeaderUpload = internals.device.queue.writeBuffer(
-    pipelineState.pointLightsBuffer,
-    0,
-    new Uint8Array(pointHeader)
-  );
-  if (!pointHeaderUpload.ok) throw pointHeaderUpload.error;
-  for (let i = 0; i < pointSlots.length; i++) {
-    const slot = pointSlots[i];
-    if (slot === void 0) continue;
-    const packed = packPointLight(slot);
-    const offset = LIGHT_ARRAY_HEADER_BYTES + i * POINT_LIGHT_STD430_BYTES;
-    const writeRes = internals.device.queue.writeBuffer(
-      pipelineState.pointLightsBuffer,
-      offset,
-      packed
-    );
-    if (!writeRes.ok) throw writeRes.error;
+  const clusterGrid = frameState.installedPipelineConfig?.clusterGrid ?? DEFAULT_CLUSTER_GRID;
+  const local = [
+    ...pointLights.map((source) => ({
+      kind: "point",
+      shadowed: source.shadowAtlasLayer !== void 0 && source.shadowAtlasLayer >= 0,
+      position: source.position,
+      range: Number.isFinite(source.invRangeSquared) && source.invRangeSquared > 0 ? Math.sqrt(1 / source.invRangeSquared) : 1e3,
+      source
+    })),
+    ...spotLights.map((source) => ({
+      kind: "spot",
+      shadowed: source.castShadow && source.shadowAtlasTile >= 0 && source.lightViewProj !== void 0,
+      position: source.position,
+      range: Number.isFinite(source.invRangeSquared) && source.invRangeSquared > 0 ? Math.sqrt(1 / source.invRangeSquared) : 1e3,
+      source
+    }))
+  ];
+  const prepared = prepareStandardLighting({
+    directional: directionalLight,
+    local,
+    view: computeViewMatrix(camera),
+    projection: computeProjectionMatrix(camera),
+    near: camera.near,
+    far: camera.far,
+    grid: clusterGrid,
+    lightCount: internals.standardProfile?.lightCount ?? DEFAULT_STANDARD_PROFILE.lightCount,
+    renderPath: internals.standardProfile?.renderPath ?? DEFAULT_STANDARD_PROFILE.renderPath
+  });
+  if (!prepared.ok) return prepared;
+  if (prepared.value.local.length === 0 && !internals.device.caps.storageBuffer) {
+    return ok({
+      light,
+      pointLights,
+      spotLights,
+      totalLightCount,
+      standard: { kind: "no-local-lights", prepared: prepared.value }
+    });
   }
-  const spotSlots = lights.spot.length <= LIGHT_ARRAY_MAX_SLOTS ? lights.spot : lights.spot.slice(0, LIGHT_ARRAY_MAX_SLOTS);
-  const spotHeader = packLightArrayHeader(spotSlots.length);
-  const spotHeaderUpload = internals.device.queue.writeBuffer(
-    pipelineState.spotLightsBuffer,
-    0,
-    new Uint8Array(spotHeader)
+  const transport = selectStandardClusterTransport(
+    {
+      compute: internals.device.caps.compute,
+      storageBuffer: internals.device.caps.storageBuffer,
+      membershipPipelineReady: pipelineState !== void 0 && pipelineState.hdrpClusterMembershipPipeline !== null && pipelineState.hdrpClusterMembershipBindGroupLayout !== null
+    },
+    prepared.value
   );
-  if (!spotHeaderUpload.ok) throw spotHeaderUpload.error;
-  for (let i = 0; i < spotSlots.length; i++) {
-    const slot = spotSlots[i];
-    if (slot === void 0) continue;
-    const packed = packSpotLight(slot);
-    const offset = LIGHT_ARRAY_HEADER_BYTES + i * SPOT_LIGHT_STD430_BYTES;
-    const writeRes = internals.device.queue.writeBuffer(
-      pipelineState.spotLightsBuffer,
-      offset,
-      packed
-    );
-    if (!writeRes.ok) throw writeRes.error;
-  }
+  if (!transport.ok) return transport;
+  return ok({
+    light,
+    pointLights,
+    spotLights,
+    totalLightCount,
+    standard: { kind: "clustered", prepared: prepared.value, transport: transport.value }
+  });
 }
 function writeShadowParamsBuffer(internals, frameState, pipelineState) {
   const SHADOW_PARAMS_LANE_COUNT = 4;
@@ -3339,191 +3437,81 @@ function warnZeroLightStandard(frameState, renderables, skylight, totalLightCoun
     }
   }
 }
-function writeHdrpClusterAndSsaoBuffers(internals, frameState, camera, pointLights, spotLights, profilePhase, useGpuMembership = false, membershipBindGroupLayout = null) {
-  const hdrpLightCount = pointLights.length + spotLights.length;
-  if (!frameState.isHdrpActive) return;
-  if (hdrpLightCount === 0) {
-    const grid = frameState.installedPipelineConfig?.clusterGrid ?? DEFAULT_CLUSTER_GRID;
-    const hdrpBuffers = getOrCreateHdrpBuffers(internals, grid);
-    if (hdrpBuffers === null) return;
-    const lightCapacity = hdrpBuffers.storageBuffer ? 256 : HDRP_UNIFORM_LIGHT_CAPACITY;
-    const clusterSsaoConfig = frameState.installedPipelineConfig?.ssao;
-    const clusterSsaoIntensity = clusterSsaoConfig !== void 0 && clusterSsaoConfig.enabled === true ? clusterSsaoConfig.intensity ?? 1 : 0;
-    const clusterUniformPayload = packClusterUniform(
-      grid,
-      camera.near,
-      camera.far,
-      clusterSsaoIntensity,
-      0,
-      lightCapacity
-    );
-    const clusterUniformUpload = internals.device.queue.writeBuffer(
-      hdrpBuffers.clusterUniformBuffer,
-      0,
-      new Uint8Array(clusterUniformPayload)
-    );
-    if (!clusterUniformUpload.ok) internals.errorRegistry.fire(clusterUniformUpload.error);
-    const clusterGridClear = internals.device.queue.writeBuffer(
-      hdrpBuffers.clusterGridBuffer,
-      0,
-      new Uint8Array(hdrpBuffers.clusterGridBytes)
-    );
-    if (!clusterGridClear.ok) internals.errorRegistry.fire(clusterGridClear.error);
-    const lightIndexListClear = internals.device.queue.writeBuffer(
-      hdrpBuffers.lightIndexListBuffer,
-      0,
-      new Uint8Array(hdrpBuffers.lightIndexListBytes)
+function writeHdrpClusterAndSsaoBuffers(internals, frameState, camera, prepared, transport, profilePhase, gpuMembershipPipelineReady = false, membershipBindGroupLayout = null, projectorLightSlotIndex) {
+  const configuredClusterGrid = prepared.layout.grid;
+  const gpuMembership = transport.producer === "gpu";
+  if (gpuMembership && (!gpuMembershipPipelineReady || membershipBindGroupLayout === null)) {
+    return err$1(
+      new StandardClusterTransportUnavailableError(
+        prepared.local.length,
+        "the selected GPU Cluster producer requires a ready membership pipeline and bind-group layout"
+      )
     );
-    if (!lightIndexListClear.ok) internals.errorRegistry.fire(lightIndexListClear.error);
-    return;
-  }
-  const HDRP_LIGHT_BUDGET = 256;
-  let effectivePointLights = pointLights;
-  let effectiveSpotLights = spotLights;
-  if (hdrpLightCount > HDRP_LIGHT_BUDGET) {
-    if (!frameState.hdrpOncePerFrameFired.has("hdrp-light-budget-exceeded")) {
-      frameState.hdrpOncePerFrameFired.add("hdrp-light-budget-exceeded");
-      internals.errorRegistry.fire(
-        new HdrpLightBudgetExceededError(hdrpLightCount, HDRP_LIGHT_BUDGET)
-      );
-    }
-    if (pointLights.length >= HDRP_LIGHT_BUDGET) {
-      effectivePointLights = pointLights.slice(0, HDRP_LIGHT_BUDGET);
-      effectiveSpotLights = [];
-    } else {
-      effectivePointLights = pointLights;
-      effectiveSpotLights = spotLights.slice(0, HDRP_LIGHT_BUDGET - pointLights.length);
-    }
-  }
-  const effectiveLightCount = effectivePointLights.length + effectiveSpotLights.length;
-  const configuredClusterGrid = frameState.installedPipelineConfig?.clusterGrid ?? DEFAULT_CLUSTER_GRID;
-  let gpuMembership = useGpuMembership && membershipBindGroupLayout !== null;
-  if (gpuMembership && membershipBindGroupLayout !== null && frameState.hdrpClusterMembershipBindGroup === null) {
-    const hdrpBuffers = getOrCreateHdrpBuffers(internals, configuredClusterGrid);
-    if (hdrpBuffers !== null) {
-      frameState.hdrpClusterMembershipBindGroup = createHdrpClusterMembershipBindGroup(
-        internals,
-        hdrpBuffers,
-        membershipBindGroupLayout
-      );
-    }
-    gpuMembership = frameState.hdrpClusterMembershipBindGroup !== null;
   }
-  const { clusterGrid, gridX, gridY, gridZ, clusterGridBuf, lightIndexListBuf, lightIndexCount } = runHdrpClusterProfilePhase(profilePhase, "record/scene-state/hdrp-cluster/binner", () => {
-    const binnerProfile = profilePhase === void 0 ? void 0 : (phase, action) => runHdrpClusterProfilePhase(
-      profilePhase,
-      `record/scene-state/hdrp-cluster/binner/${phase}`,
-      action
-    );
-    const {
-      hdrpLights,
-      clusterGrid: clusterGrid2,
-      gridX: gridX2,
-      gridY: gridY2,
-      gridZ: gridZ2,
-      clusterGridBuf: clusterGridBuf2,
-      lightIndexListBuf: lightIndexListBuf2,
-      projMatrix,
-      viewMatrix
-    } = runHdrpClusterProfilePhase(
-      profilePhase,
-      "record/scene-state/hdrp-cluster/binner/input-preparation",
-      () => {
-        const hdrpLights2 = [];
-        for (const pl of effectivePointLights) {
-          const range = Number.isFinite(pl.invRangeSquared) && pl.invRangeSquared > 0 ? Math.sqrt(1 / pl.invRangeSquared) : 1e3;
-          hdrpLights2.push({ position: pl.position, range });
-        }
-        for (const sl of effectiveSpotLights) {
-          const range = Number.isFinite(sl.invRangeSquared) && sl.invRangeSquared > 0 ? Math.sqrt(1 / sl.invRangeSquared) : 1e3;
-          hdrpLights2.push({ position: sl.position, range });
-        }
-        const clusterGrid3 = frameState.installedPipelineConfig?.clusterGrid ?? DEFAULT_CLUSTER_GRID;
-        const gridX3 = clusterGrid3.x;
-        const gridY3 = clusterGrid3.y;
-        const gridZ3 = clusterGrid3.z;
-        const clusterCount = gridX3 * gridY3 * gridZ3;
-        const projMatrix2 = computeProjectionMatrix(camera);
-        const viewMatrix2 = computeViewMatrix(camera);
-        const clusterGridBuf3 = frameState.hdrpClusterGridScratch === null || frameState.hdrpClusterGridScratch.length < clusterCount * 2 ? new Uint32Array(clusterCount * 2) : frameState.hdrpClusterGridScratch;
-        frameState.hdrpClusterGridScratch = clusterGridBuf3;
-        const lightIndexListBuf3 = frameState.hdrpLightIndexListScratch === null || frameState.hdrpLightIndexListScratch.length < LIGHT_INDEX_LIST_CAPACITY ? new Uint32Array(LIGHT_INDEX_LIST_CAPACITY) : frameState.hdrpLightIndexListScratch;
-        frameState.hdrpLightIndexListScratch = lightIndexListBuf3;
-        return {
-          hdrpLights: hdrpLights2,
-          clusterGrid: clusterGrid3,
-          gridX: gridX3,
-          gridY: gridY3,
-          gridZ: gridZ3,
-          clusterGridBuf: clusterGridBuf3,
-          lightIndexListBuf: lightIndexListBuf3,
-          projMatrix: projMatrix2,
-          viewMatrix: viewMatrix2
-        };
-      }
-    );
-    const binResult = runHdrpClusterProfilePhase(
-      profilePhase,
-      "record/scene-state/hdrp-cluster/binner/bin-core",
-      () => bin(
-        hdrpLights,
-        viewMatrix,
-        projMatrix,
-        { x: gridX2, y: gridY2, z: gridZ2 },
-        camera.near,
-        camera.far,
-        clusterGridBuf2,
-        lightIndexListBuf2,
-        LIGHT_INDEX_LIST_CAPACITY,
-        frameState.hdrpClusterBinScratch,
-        binnerProfile,
-        { writeMembership: !gpuMembership }
+  const hdrpBuffers = getOrCreateHdrpBuffers(internals, configuredClusterGrid);
+  if (hdrpBuffers === null) {
+    return err$1(
+      new StandardClusterTransportUnavailableError(
+        prepared.local.length,
+        "the selected Standard Cluster transport could not allocate its persistent buffers"
       )
     );
-    if (!binResult.ok && !frameState.hdrpOncePerFrameFired.has("hdrp-index-list-overflow")) {
-      frameState.hdrpOncePerFrameFired.add("hdrp-index-list-overflow");
-      const detail = binResult.error.detail;
-      internals.errorRegistry.fire(
-        new HdrpIndexListOverflowError(detail.actual, detail.capacity)
+  }
+  const existingMembership = projectDeviceOwnedBindGroup(
+    frameState.hdrpClusterMembership,
+    internals.device,
+    membershipBindGroupLayout
+  );
+  const membershipMatchesBuffers = existingMembership !== null && frameState.hdrpClusterMembership?.clusterGridBuffer === hdrpBuffers.clusterGridBuffer;
+  if (!membershipMatchesBuffers) frameState.hdrpClusterMembership = null;
+  if (gpuMembership && membershipBindGroupLayout !== null && frameState.hdrpClusterMembership === null) {
+    const bindGroup = createHdrpClusterMembershipBindGroup(
+      internals,
+      hdrpBuffers,
+      membershipBindGroupLayout
+    );
+    if (bindGroup === null) {
+      return err$1(
+        new StandardClusterTransportUnavailableError(
+          prepared.local.length,
+          "the selected GPU Cluster producer could not create its membership bind group"
+        )
       );
     }
-    const envFalsify = globalThis.process?.env;
-    if (envFalsify?.FORGEAX_HDRP_FALSIFY_CLUSTER_GRID_ZERO) {
-      clusterGridBuf2.fill(0);
-    }
-    return {
-      clusterGrid: clusterGrid2,
-      gridX: gridX2,
-      gridY: gridY2,
-      gridZ: gridZ2,
-      clusterGridBuf: clusterGridBuf2,
-      lightIndexListBuf: lightIndexListBuf2,
-      lightIndexCount: binResult.ok ? binResult.value : 0
+    frameState.hdrpClusterMembership = {
+      device: internals.device,
+      layout: membershipBindGroupLayout,
+      bindGroup,
+      clusterGridBuffer: hdrpBuffers.clusterGridBuffer
     };
-  });
+  }
+  const gridX = prepared.layout.grid.x;
+  const gridY = prepared.layout.grid.y;
+  const gridZ = prepared.layout.grid.z;
+  const clusterGridBuf = prepared.clusterGrid;
+  const lightIndexListBuf = prepared.lightIndexList;
+  const lightIndexCount = prepared.membershipEntryCount;
+  const envFalsify = globalThis.process?.env;
+  if (envFalsify?.FORGEAX_HDRP_FALSIFY_CLUSTER_GRID_ZERO) clusterGridBuf.fill(0);
   const hdrpPayload = runHdrpClusterProfilePhase(
     profilePhase,
     "record/scene-state/hdrp-cluster/payload-packing",
     () => {
-      const hdrpBuffers = getOrCreateHdrpBuffers(internals, clusterGrid);
-      if (hdrpBuffers === null) return null;
-      const lightCapacity = hdrpBuffers.storageBuffer ? 256 : HDRP_UNIFORM_LIGHT_CAPACITY;
-      const lightDataPayload = new Float32Array(lightCapacity * 16);
+      const lightDataPayload = new Float32Array(prepared.layout.lightDataSlotCount * 16);
       let slotIdx = 0;
-      for (const pl of effectivePointLights) {
-        if (slotIdx >= lightCapacity) break;
-        const layer = pl.shadowAtlasLayer;
-        const packed = layer !== void 0 && layer >= 0 && pl.shadowNear !== void 0 && pl.shadowFar !== void 0 ? packLightSlot(pl, {
-          shadowAtlasLayer: layer,
-          near: pl.shadowNear,
-          far: pl.shadowFar
-        }) : packLightSlot(pl);
-        lightDataPayload.set(packed, slotIdx * 16);
-        slotIdx += 1;
-      }
-      for (const sl of effectiveSpotLights) {
-        if (slotIdx >= lightCapacity) break;
-        const packed = packLightSlot(sl);
+      for (const local of prepared.local) {
+        const source = local.source;
+        if (source === void 0) return null;
+        const projectorSelected = projectorLightSlotIndex !== void 0 && projectorLightSlotIndex === slotIdx;
+        const packed = source.kind === "point" && source.shadowAtlasLayer !== void 0 && source.shadowAtlasLayer >= 0 && source.shadowNear !== void 0 && source.shadowFar !== void 0 ? packLightSlot(
+          source,
+          {
+            shadowAtlasLayer: source.shadowAtlasLayer,
+            near: source.shadowNear,
+            far: source.shadowFar
+          },
+          projectorSelected
+        ) : packLightSlot(source, void 0, projectorSelected);
         lightDataPayload.set(packed, slotIdx * 16);
         slotIdx += 1;
       }
@@ -3534,8 +3522,7 @@ function writeHdrpClusterAndSsaoBuffers(internals, frameState, camera, pointLigh
         camera.near,
         camera.far,
         clusterSsaoIntensity,
-        Math.min(effectivePointLights.length + effectiveSpotLights.length, lightCapacity),
-        lightCapacity
+        transport.admittedLightCount
       );
       return {
         hdrpBuffers,
@@ -3544,73 +3531,97 @@ function writeHdrpClusterAndSsaoBuffers(internals, frameState, camera, pointLigh
       };
     }
   );
-  runHdrpClusterProfilePhase(profilePhase, "record/scene-state/hdrp-cluster/buffer-upload", () => {
-    if (hdrpPayload !== null) {
-      const { hdrpBuffers, lightDataUploadPayload, clusterUniformPayload } = hdrpPayload;
+  if (hdrpPayload === null) {
+    return err$1(
+      new StandardClusterTransportUnavailableError(
+        prepared.local.length,
+        "the prepared Standard Cluster payload could not be materialized"
+      )
+    );
+  }
+  const bufferUpload = runHdrpClusterProfilePhase(
+    profilePhase,
+    "record/scene-state/hdrp-cluster/buffer-upload",
+    () => {
+      const { hdrpBuffers: hdrpBuffers2, lightDataUploadPayload, clusterUniformPayload } = hdrpPayload;
       const lightDataUpload = internals.device.queue.writeBuffer(
-        hdrpBuffers.lightDataBuffer,
+        hdrpBuffers2.lightDataBuffer,
         0,
         lightDataUploadPayload
       );
-      if (!lightDataUpload.ok) internals.errorRegistry.fire(lightDataUpload.error);
-      if (hdrpBuffers.storageBuffer) {
-        if (gpuMembership) {
-          const lightBoundsUpload = internals.device.queue.writeBuffer(
-            hdrpBuffers.lightBoundsBuffer,
-            0,
-            frameState.hdrpClusterBinScratch.lightBounds.subarray(0, effectiveLightCount * 6)
-          );
-          if (!lightBoundsUpload.ok) internals.errorRegistry.fire(lightBoundsUpload.error);
-        }
-        const clusterGridUpload = internals.device.queue.writeBuffer(
-          hdrpBuffers.clusterGridBuffer,
+      if (!lightDataUpload.ok)
+        return err$1(mapClusterUploadFailure("light-data", lightDataUpload.error));
+      if (gpuMembership) {
+        const lightBoundsUpload = internals.device.queue.writeBuffer(
+          hdrpBuffers2.lightBoundsBuffer,
           0,
-          clusterGridBuf.subarray(0, gridX * gridY * gridZ * 2)
+          prepared.lightBounds
         );
-        if (!clusterGridUpload.ok) internals.errorRegistry.fire(clusterGridUpload.error);
-        if (!gpuMembership && lightIndexCount > 0) {
-          const lightIndexListUpload = internals.device.queue.writeBuffer(
-            hdrpBuffers.lightIndexListBuffer,
-            0,
-            lightIndexListBuf.subarray(0, lightIndexCount)
-          );
-          if (!lightIndexListUpload.ok) internals.errorRegistry.fire(lightIndexListUpload.error);
+        if (!lightBoundsUpload.ok)
+          return err$1(mapClusterUploadFailure("light-bounds", lightBoundsUpload.error));
+      }
+      const clusterGridUpload = internals.device.queue.writeBuffer(
+        hdrpBuffers2.clusterGridBuffer,
+        0,
+        clusterGridBuf.subarray(0, gridX * gridY * gridZ * 2)
+      );
+      if (!clusterGridUpload.ok)
+        return err$1(mapClusterUploadFailure("cluster-grid", clusterGridUpload.error));
+      if (!gpuMembership && lightIndexCount > 0) {
+        const lightIndexListUpload = internals.device.queue.writeBuffer(
+          hdrpBuffers2.lightIndexListBuffer,
+          0,
+          lightIndexListBuf.subarray(0, lightIndexCount)
+        );
+        if (!lightIndexListUpload.ok) {
+          return err$1(mapClusterUploadFailure("light-index-list", lightIndexListUpload.error));
         }
       }
       const clusterUniformUpload = internals.device.queue.writeBuffer(
-        hdrpBuffers.clusterUniformBuffer,
+        hdrpBuffers2.clusterUniformBuffer,
         0,
         clusterUniformPayload
       );
-      if (!clusterUniformUpload.ok) internals.errorRegistry.fire(clusterUniformUpload.error);
+      if (!clusterUniformUpload.ok) {
+        return err$1(mapClusterUploadFailure("cluster-uniform", clusterUniformUpload.error));
+      }
+      return ok(void 0);
     }
-    {
+  );
+  if (!bufferUpload.ok) return bufferUpload;
+  const ssaoUpload = runHdrpClusterProfilePhase(
+    profilePhase,
+    "record/scene-state/hdrp-cluster/buffer-upload",
+    () => {
       const ssaoBufs = getOrCreateSsaoBuffers(internals);
-      if (ssaoBufs !== null) {
-        const sProj = computeProjectionMatrix(camera);
-        const sView = computeViewMatrix(camera);
-        const invProjOnly = mat4.create();
-        mat4.invert(invProjOnly, sProj);
-        const ssaoUniformPayload = new Float32Array(64);
-        ssaoUniformPayload.set(sView, 0);
-        ssaoUniformPayload.set(sProj, 16);
-        ssaoUniformPayload.set(invProjOnly, 32);
-        const ssaoConfig = frameState.installedPipelineConfig?.ssao;
-        const parameters = getSsaoParameters(
-          ssaoConfig !== void 0 && ssaoConfig.enabled === true ? ssaoConfig : void 0
-        );
-        ssaoUniformPayload[48] = parameters.intensity;
-        ssaoUniformPayload[49] = parameters.radius;
-        ssaoUniformPayload[50] = parameters.bias;
-        const ssaoUniformRes = internals.device.queue.writeBuffer(
-          ssaoBufs.uniformBuffer,
-          0,
-          ssaoUniformPayload
-        );
-        if (!ssaoUniformRes.ok) internals.errorRegistry.fire(ssaoUniformRes.error);
-      }
+      if (ssaoBufs === null) return ok(void 0);
+      const sProj = computeProjectionMatrix(camera);
+      const sView = computeViewMatrix(camera);
+      const invProjOnly = mat4.create();
+      mat4.invert(invProjOnly, sProj);
+      const ssaoUniformPayload = new Float32Array(64);
+      ssaoUniformPayload.set(sView, 0);
+      ssaoUniformPayload.set(sProj, 16);
+      ssaoUniformPayload.set(invProjOnly, 32);
+      const ssaoConfig = frameState.installedPipelineConfig?.ssao;
+      const parameters = getSsaoParameters(
+        ssaoConfig !== void 0 && ssaoConfig.enabled === true ? ssaoConfig : void 0
+      );
+      ssaoUniformPayload[48] = parameters.intensity;
+      ssaoUniformPayload[49] = parameters.radius;
+      ssaoUniformPayload[50] = parameters.bias;
+      const ssaoUniformRes = internals.device.queue.writeBuffer(
+        ssaoBufs.uniformBuffer,
+        0,
+        ssaoUniformPayload
+      );
+      if (!ssaoUniformRes.ok)
+        return err$1(mapClusterUploadFailure("ssao-uniform", ssaoUniformRes.error));
+      return ok(void 0);
     }
-  });
+  );
+  if (!ssaoUpload.ok) return ssaoUpload;
+  return ok(void 0);
 }
 function resolveSkyboxActive(internals, frameState, camera, skybox) {
   const tonemapActive = camera.tonemap !== "none";
@@ -3636,6 +3647,7 @@ function getOrCreateIblCache(scope) {
   const existing = scopeCaches.get(scope);
   if (existing !== void 0) return existing;
   const cache3 = {
+    probeKernel: createIblKernelCache(scope.generation),
     irradianceBakeCount: 0,
     prefilterBakeCount: 0,
     brdfLutBakeCount: 0
@@ -4780,6 +4792,51 @@ function deriveRenderDataCubemap(source) {
     cubeUsage: GPU_TEXTURE_USAGE_RENDER_ATTACHMENT_AND_TEXTURE_BINDING | GPU_TEXTURE_USAGE_COPY_DST | GPU_TEXTURE_USAGE_COPY_SRC
   });
 }
+
+// src/targets/material-source.ts
+var sourceBindings = /* @__PURE__ */ new WeakMap();
+function sourceToken() {
+  return Object.freeze({});
+}
+function resolveRenderTargetMaterialSource(source) {
+  return sourceBindings.get(source);
+}
+function invalid(field, value, expected) {
+  return {
+    ok: false,
+    error: new RenderTargetDescriptorInvalidError({ field, value, expected })
+  };
+}
+function createRenderTargetMaterialSource(target, descriptor, options) {
+  if (options.aspect !== "color") return invalid("aspect", options.aspect, "color");
+  if (options.dimension !== descriptor.shape) {
+    return invalid("dimension", options.dimension, `dimension matches ${descriptor.shape}`);
+  }
+  const mipCount = descriptor.mipLevels === 1 ? 1 : Math.floor(Math.log2(Math.max(descriptor.width, descriptor.height))) + 1;
+  if (!Number.isInteger(options.mipLevel) || options.mipLevel < 0 || options.mipLevel >= mipCount) {
+    return invalid("mipLevel", options.mipLevel, `an admitted mip level below ${mipCount}`);
+  }
+  if (!Number.isInteger(options.generation) || options.generation < 0) {
+    return invalid("generation", options.generation, "a non-negative device generation");
+  }
+  const result = {
+    ok: true,
+    value: Object.freeze({
+      source: sourceToken(),
+      target,
+      generation: options.generation,
+      shape: descriptor.shape,
+      format: descriptor.format,
+      view: Object.freeze({
+        dimension: options.dimension,
+        mipLevel: options.mipLevel,
+        resolveRequired: descriptor.sampleCount === 4
+      })
+    })
+  };
+  sourceBindings.set(result.value.source, result.value);
+  return result;
+}
 var STANDARD_PBR_UBO_SIZE = 384;
 var MATERIAL_PER_ENTITY_STRIDE = 512;
 function resolveSurfaceProfile(storageFormat, viewFormat, facts) {
@@ -4892,6 +4949,11 @@ function selectSwapChainFormat(storageBufferCapable, surfaceViewFormats = true)
 }
 
 // src/record/main-pass-material.ts
+function selectMaterialGroup2(clusterGroup, meshGroup, group2Contract) {
+  if (group2Contract === "cluster") return clusterGroup;
+  if (group2Contract === "mesh") return meshGroup;
+  return null;
+}
 var DERIVED_PARAM_SCHEMA_CACHE = /* @__PURE__ */ new WeakMap();
 function derivedParamSchema(schema) {
   const cached = DERIVED_PARAM_SCHEMA_CACHE.get(schema);
@@ -5119,6 +5181,10 @@ function materialTextureForField(material, field) {
   if (field === "occlusionTexture") return material.occlusionTexture;
   return material.textureHandles?.get(field);
 }
+function materialRenderTargetSourceForField(material, field, resolveSource) {
+  const source = material.textureSources?.get(field);
+  return source === void 0 ? void 0 : resolveSource?.(source) ?? resolveRenderTargetMaterialSource(source);
+}
 function materialUboFloatView(payload) {
   if (payload instanceof Float32Array) return payload;
   return payload instanceof Uint8Array ? new Float32Array(payload.buffer, payload.byteOffset, payload.byteLength / 4) : new Float32Array(payload);
@@ -5210,7 +5276,11 @@ function userRegionTextureFieldOrder(schema) {
   const fields = [...derivedParamSchema(schema).textureFieldNames];
   return fields;
 }
-function defaultViewForUserRegionField(field, pipelineState) {
+function defaultViewForUserRegionField(field, pipelineState, schema) {
+  const parameter = schema?.find((entry) => entry.name === field);
+  if (parameter?.type === "texture_cube") {
+    return pipelineState.skylightFallback?.prefilterView ?? pipelineState.defaultWhiteTextureView;
+  }
   if (field === "normalTexture") return pipelineState.defaultNormalTextureView;
   if (field === "baseColorTexture") return pipelineState.fallbackTextureView;
   return pipelineState.defaultWhiteTextureView;
@@ -5320,11 +5390,14 @@ function buildPerSubmeshMaterialBg(deps, submeshMaterial, entityKey, materialWor
     materialSlice,
     videoHighPerfAvailable,
     skylightResources,
+    resolveRenderTargetTextureSource,
+    resolveReflectionProbeResources,
     materialBgShared,
     materialBgAssemblyCache,
     transmissionBackdropView,
     bindGroupCounts
   } = deps;
+  const effectiveSkylightResources = resolveReflectionProbeResources?.(materialWorld, entityKey) ?? skylightResources;
   const smMaterialHandle = submeshMaterial.materialHandle;
   const materialCacheKey = smMaterialHandle === void 0 ? void 0 : `${materialWorld.identity}:${smMaterialHandle}`;
   const smHasVideoFields = (submeshMaterial.videoTextureFields?.size ?? 0) > 0;
@@ -5339,7 +5412,7 @@ function buildPerSubmeshMaterialBg(deps, submeshMaterial, entityKey, materialWor
       submeshMaterial,
       smMaterialBgl,
       pipelineState.materialUniformBuffer.buffer,
-      skylightResources,
+      effectiveSkylightResources,
       store.materialResourceEpoch,
       transmissionBackdropView
     )) {
@@ -5374,9 +5447,17 @@ function buildPerSubmeshMaterialBg(deps, submeshMaterial, entityKey, materialWor
     const field = smUserRegionFields[fi];
     const samplerBinding = 1 + fi * 2;
     const textureBinding = samplerBinding + 1;
-    let smView = field !== void 0 ? defaultViewForUserRegionField(field, pipelineState) : pipelineState.defaultWhiteTextureView;
+    let smView = field !== void 0 ? defaultViewForUserRegionField(field, pipelineState, smSchema) : pipelineState.defaultWhiteTextureView;
     const smVideoClip = field !== void 0 ? submeshMaterial.videoTextureFields?.get(field) : void 0;
-    if (smVideoClip !== void 0) {
+    const smTargetSource = field === void 0 ? void 0 : materialRenderTargetSourceForField(
+      submeshMaterial,
+      field,
+      resolveRenderTargetTextureSource
+    );
+    if (smTargetSource !== void 0) {
+      if (smTargetSource.textureView !== void 0) smView = smTargetSource.textureView;
+      else materialResourcesResident = false;
+    } else if (smVideoClip !== void 0) {
       const view = videoTextureView(
         materialWorld,
         runtime.dynamicTextureStore,
@@ -5405,11 +5486,15 @@ function buildPerSubmeshMaterialBg(deps, submeshMaterial, entityKey, materialWor
       }
     );
   }
-  const transmissionSampler = transmissionBackdropView != null ? skylightResources.prefilterSampler : pipelineState.defaultSampler;
-  const smMergedEntries = assembleMaterialWithSkylightEntries(smBaseEntries, skylightResources, {
-    sampler: transmissionSampler,
-    ...transmissionBackdropView === void 0 ? {} : { backdropView: transmissionBackdropView }
-  });
+  const transmissionSampler = transmissionBackdropView != null ? effectiveSkylightResources.prefilterSampler : pipelineState.defaultSampler;
+  const smMergedEntries = assembleMaterialWithSkylightEntries(
+    smBaseEntries,
+    effectiveSkylightResources,
+    {
+      sampler: transmissionSampler,
+      ...transmissionBackdropView === void 0 ? {} : { backdropView: transmissionBackdropView }
+    }
+  );
   const createBindGroup = () => {
     const result = runtime.device.createBindGroup({
       label: "pbr-material-skylight-bg",
@@ -5434,7 +5519,7 @@ function buildPerSubmeshMaterialBg(deps, submeshMaterial, entityKey, materialWor
         materialResourceEpoch: store.materialResourceEpoch,
         materialBgl: smMaterialBgl,
         materialBuffer: pipelineState.materialUniformBuffer.buffer,
-        skylightResources,
+        skylightResources: effectiveSkylightResources,
         bindGroup: smBindGroup
       });
     }
@@ -5495,9 +5580,11 @@ function recordGeometryDraws(c, pass, matchedMaterials, materialSlotIndices, sam
     msaaActive,
     validatedOrdered,
     splitLdrSprite,
-    viewBindGroup
+    viewBindGroup,
+    viewBindGroupDynamicOffset = 0
   } = c;
   const colorFormatOverride = c.transparentColorFormat;
+  const clusteredLighting = c.standardLighting?.kind === "clustered";
   const isHdrTarget = tonemapActive || colorFormatOverride === "rgba16float";
   let lastVertexBuffer = null;
   let lastIndexBuffer = null;
@@ -5516,7 +5603,6 @@ function recordGeometryDraws(c, pass, matchedMaterials, materialSlotIndices, sam
   const profilePhase = c.profilePhase;
   const materialGroup1DynamicOffsets = new Uint32Array(1);
   const meshGroup2DynamicOffsets = [0];
-  const skinGroup2DynamicOffsets = [0, 0];
   let lastStencilReference = null;
   const materialPipelineLookupCache = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
   const resolveMaterialPipeline = (materialShaderId, renderState, topology, indexFormat, variantSet, colorFormat, layoutProjection) => {
@@ -5536,7 +5622,7 @@ function recordGeometryDraws(c, pass, matchedMaterials, materialSlotIndices, sam
       return null;
     }
     const resolvedVariantSet = resolvedVariantSetResult.value;
-    const resolvePipeline = () => runtime.getMaterialShaderPipeline?.(
+    const resolvePipeline = () => runtime.getMaterialShaderPipelineEntry?.(
       materialShaderId,
       isHdrTarget,
       renderState,
@@ -5583,7 +5669,7 @@ function recordGeometryDraws(c, pass, matchedMaterials, materialSlotIndices, sam
   for (let i = 0; i < validatedOrdered.length; i++) {
     const entry = validatedOrdered[i];
     if (entry === void 0) continue;
-    const pointsLinesSubmission = c.pointsLines?.prepare(entry, frameState.isHdrpActive);
+    const pointsLinesSubmission = c.pointsLines?.prepare(entry, clusteredLighting);
     if (entry.source.pointsLines !== void 0 && pointsLinesSubmission?.plan.drawCount !== 1)
       continue;
     if (passKind === "forward" && c.gpuDrivenEntityKeys.has(worldEntityKey(entry.source.worldId, entry.source.entityKey))) {
@@ -5609,7 +5695,7 @@ function recordGeometryDraws(c, pass, matchedMaterials, materialSlotIndices, sam
         entry.source.entityKey,
         entry.world ?? c.world
       );
-      const pointsLinesPipeline = resolveMaterialPipeline(
+      const pointsLinesPipelineEntry = resolveMaterialPipeline(
         POINTS_LINES_MATERIAL_SHADER_ID,
         {
           ...pointsLinesMaterial.renderState,
@@ -5621,7 +5707,8 @@ function recordGeometryDraws(c, pass, matchedMaterials, materialSlotIndices, sam
         colorFormatOverride,
         pointsLinesSubmission.layoutProjection
       );
-      if (pointsLinesPipeline === null) continue;
+      if (pointsLinesPipelineEntry === null) continue;
+      const pointsLinesPipeline = pointsLinesPipelineEntry.pipeline;
       if (pipelineState.pointsLinesViewBuffer === void 0) continue;
       writePointsLinesViewUbo(
         runtime.device.queue,
@@ -5636,9 +5723,9 @@ function recordGeometryDraws(c, pass, matchedMaterials, materialSlotIndices, sam
       pass.setBindGroup(
         0,
         viewBindGroup,
-        new Uint32Array([i * POINTS_LINES_VIEW_SLOT_STRIDE]),
+        new Uint32Array([0, i * POINTS_LINES_VIEW_SLOT_STRIDE]),
         0,
-        1
+        2
       );
       pass.setPipeline(pointsLinesPipeline);
       pass.setVertexBuffer(0, pointsLinesSubmission.vertexBuffer);
@@ -5653,7 +5740,7 @@ function recordGeometryDraws(c, pass, matchedMaterials, materialSlotIndices, sam
         identityInstanceDraws[0]?.instanceBindGroup ?? resolveGeometryInstancesBindGroup(c, identityInstanceBuffer)
       );
       recordPointsLinesDraw(pass, pointsLinesSubmission.plan);
-      pass.setBindGroup(0, viewBindGroup, [0]);
+      pass.setBindGroup(0, viewBindGroup, [viewBindGroupDynamicOffset, 0]);
       continue;
     }
     if (entry.mesh.vertexBuffer !== lastVertexBuffer) {
@@ -5675,14 +5762,22 @@ function recordGeometryDraws(c, pass, matchedMaterials, materialSlotIndices, sam
     const isSkinEntry = entry.source.skin !== void 0;
     const skinAllocator = pipelineState.skinPaletteAllocator;
     const skinSlice = entry.source.skin;
-    const skinResources = isSkinEntry && pipelineState.pbrSkinMeshBindGroupLayout !== null && skinAllocator !== null && skinSlice !== void 0 ? {
-      meshArrayBgl: pipelineState.pbrSkinMeshBindGroupLayout,
+    const clusteredSkin = clusteredLighting;
+    const skinMeshBindGroupLayout = clusteredSkin ? pipelineState.hdrpSkinMeshBindGroupLayout : pipelineState.pbrSkinMeshBindGroupLayout;
+    const hdrpSkinBuffers = isSkinEntry && clusteredSkin ? getOrCreateHdrpBuffers(runtime, frameState.installedPipelineConfig?.clusterGrid) : null;
+    const skinResources = isSkinEntry && skinMeshBindGroupLayout !== null && skinAllocator !== null && skinSlice !== void 0 && (!clusteredSkin || hdrpSkinBuffers !== null) ? {
+      meshArrayBgl: skinMeshBindGroupLayout,
       paletteBuffer: skinSlice.buffer,
-      paletteBindingWindowBytes: skinAllocator.bindingWindowBytes
+      paletteBindingWindowBytes: skinAllocator.bindingWindowBytes,
+      hdrpBuffers: hdrpSkinBuffers
     } : null;
     const skinVariantSetResult = variantSetFromVertexLayoutProjection(
       entry.mesh.layoutProjection,
-      frameState.isHdrpActive ? "" : "CLUSTER_FORWARD_AVAILABLE=false+STORAGE_BUFFER_AVAILABLE=true"
+      standardTopologyVariantSet(
+        c.standardLighting,
+        runtime.device.caps.storageBuffer,
+        entry.mesh.layoutProjection.attributes.some((attribute) => attribute.key === "color")
+      )
     );
     if (!skinVariantSetResult.ok) runtime.errorRegistry.fire(skinVariantSetResult.error);
     const skinVariantSet = skinVariantSetResult.ok ? skinVariantSetResult.value : void 0;
@@ -5709,45 +5804,45 @@ function recordGeometryDraws(c, pass, matchedMaterials, materialSlotIndices, sam
       const skinMissesBefore = bindGroupCounts.createBindGroup;
       const skinBindGroup = getOrCreateFromChain(
         frameState.meshBindGroupCache,
-        [pipelineState.meshStorageBuffer.buffer, skinResources.paletteBuffer],
+        [
+          pipelineState.meshStorageBuffer.buffer,
+          skinResources.paletteBuffer,
+          ...skinResources.hdrpBuffers === null ? [] : [
+            skinResources.hdrpBuffers.lightDataBuffer,
+            skinResources.hdrpBuffers.clusterGridBuffer,
+            skinResources.hdrpBuffers.lightIndexListBuffer,
+            skinResources.hdrpBuffers.clusterUniformBuffer
+          ]
+        ],
         "pbr-skin-mesh",
         () => {
+          if (skinResources.hdrpBuffers !== null) {
+            const result2 = createHdrpSkinUnifiedBindGroup(
+              runtime,
+              skinResources.hdrpBuffers,
+              skinResources.meshArrayBgl,
+              pipelineState.meshStorageBuffer.buffer,
+              skinResources.paletteBuffer,
+              skinResources.paletteBindingWindowBytes
+            );
+            if (result2 === null) {
+              throw new RhiError({
+                code: "webgpu-runtime-error",
+                expected: "HDRP clustered skin BindGroup creation succeeds",
+                hint: "inspect prior errorRegistry events for createBindGroup failure detail"
+              });
+            }
+            return result2;
+          }
           const result = runtime.device.createBindGroup({
             label: "pbr-skin-mesh-bg",
             layout: skinResources.meshArrayBgl,
-            entries: [
-              {
-                binding: 0,
-                resource: {
-                  kind: "buffer",
-                  value: {
-                    buffer: pipelineState.meshStorageBuffer.buffer,
-                    offset: 0,
-                    size: meshBindSize
-                  }
-                }
-              },
-              {
-                binding: 1,
-                resource: {
-                  kind: "buffer",
-                  value: {
-                    buffer: skinResources.paletteBuffer,
-                    offset: 0,
-                    // M6 SSOT: static BG entry size (= MAX_JOINTS * 64 =
-                    // 16320 B) sourced from the allocator. The per-draw
-                    // window slides via `group2DynamicOffsets[1]`
-                    // (= entry.source.skin.byteOffset) so this size
-                    // stays at the worst case across all skin entries
-                    // -- one BG covers every skinned draw in the frame
-                    // (m3-1b miss=1 + hit=N-1 contract). The allocator
-                    // guarantees `buffer.size >= byteOffset + this size`
-                    // so dynOffset[1] passes WebGPU validation.
-                    size: skinResources.paletteBindingWindowBytes
-                  }
-                }
-              }
-            ]
+            entries: createPbrSkinMeshBindGroupEntries(
+              pipelineState.meshStorageBuffer.buffer,
+              meshBindSize,
+              skinResources.paletteBuffer,
+              skinResources.paletteBindingWindowBytes
+            )
           });
           if (!result.ok) throw result.error;
           return result.value;
@@ -5759,9 +5854,10 @@ function recordGeometryDraws(c, pass, matchedMaterials, materialSlotIndices, sam
         else skinStats.hit += 1;
       }
       group2BindGroup = skinBindGroup;
-      skinGroup2DynamicOffsets[0] = i * MESH_PER_ENTITY_STRIDE;
-      skinGroup2DynamicOffsets[1] = entry.source.skin?.byteOffset ?? 0;
-      group2DynamicOffsets = skinGroup2DynamicOffsets;
+      group2DynamicOffsets = pbrSkinMeshDynamicOffsets(
+        i * MESH_PER_ENTITY_STRIDE,
+        entry.source.skin?.byteOffset ?? 0
+      );
     } else if (isSkinEntry) {
       continue;
     }
@@ -5811,6 +5907,8 @@ function recordGeometryDraws(c, pass, matchedMaterials, materialSlotIndices, sam
       } : geometryRenderStateForTopology(smTopology, submeshMaterial.renderState);
       const pipelineRenderState = geometryRenderStateForPass(basePipelineRenderState, passKind);
       let smPipelineHandle;
+      let materialGroup2Contract;
+      let materialPipelineEntry = null;
       if (smMaterialShaderId === void 0 || smMaterialShaderId === "forgeax::default-unlit") {
         const unlitShaderId = smMaterialShaderId ?? "forgeax::default-unlit";
         const unlitProjectionVariantResult = variantSetFromVertexLayoutProjection(
@@ -5822,7 +5920,10 @@ function recordGeometryDraws(c, pass, matchedMaterials, materialSlotIndices, sam
           continue;
         }
         const unlitHasColor = unlitProjectionVariantResult.value === "VERTEX_COLOR_AVAILABLE=true";
-        const unlitVariantSet = unlitHasColor ? "" : "STORAGE_BUFFER_AVAILABLE=true+VERTEX_COLOR_AVAILABLE=false";
+        const unlitVariantSet = standardStorageVariantSet(
+          runtime.device.caps.storageBuffer,
+          unlitHasColor
+        );
         const unlitRsp = resolveMaterialPipeline(
           unlitShaderId,
           pipelineRenderState,
@@ -5832,12 +5933,17 @@ function recordGeometryDraws(c, pass, matchedMaterials, materialSlotIndices, sam
           colorFormatOverride,
           entry.mesh.layoutProjection
         );
-        smPipelineHandle = unlitRsp ?? (colorFormatOverride === void 0 ? selectGeometryPipeline(pipelineState, isHdrTarget, msaaActive) : null);
+        materialPipelineEntry = unlitRsp;
+        smPipelineHandle = unlitRsp?.pipeline ?? (colorFormatOverride === void 0 ? selectGeometryPipeline(pipelineState, isHdrTarget, msaaActive) : null);
       } else if (smMaterialShaderId !== void 0) {
         const hasVertexColor = entry.mesh.layoutProjection.attributes.some(
           (attribute) => attribute.key === "color"
         );
-        const capabilityVariantSet = frameState.isHdrpActive ? hasVertexColor ? "" : "CLUSTER_FORWARD_AVAILABLE=true+STORAGE_BUFFER_AVAILABLE=true" : "CLUSTER_FORWARD_AVAILABLE=false+STORAGE_BUFFER_AVAILABLE=true";
+        const capabilityVariantSet = standardTopologyVariantSet(
+          c.standardLighting,
+          runtime.device.caps.storageBuffer,
+          hasVertexColor
+        );
         const variantSet = isSpriteShader ? smMaterialShaderId === "forgeax::sprite" && entry.source.spriteInstances !== void 0 ? "" : void 0 : entry.variantSet === void 0 ? capabilityVariantSet : capabilityVariantSet === "" ? entry.variantSet : `${capabilityVariantSet}+${entry.variantSet}`;
         const projectionVariantSetResult = isSpriteShader ? { ok: true, value: variantSet } : variantSetFromVertexLayoutProjection(entry.mesh.layoutProjection, variantSet);
         if (!projectionVariantSetResult.ok) {
@@ -5853,23 +5959,24 @@ function recordGeometryDraws(c, pass, matchedMaterials, materialSlotIndices, sam
           colorFormatOverride,
           entry.mesh.layoutProjection
         );
-        smPipelineHandle = cachedPipeline ?? null;
+        materialPipelineEntry = cachedPipeline;
+        smPipelineHandle = cachedPipeline?.pipeline ?? null;
       } else {
         smPipelineHandle = selectGeometryPipeline(pipelineState, isHdrTarget, msaaActive);
       }
       if (smPipelineHandle === null) {
         continue;
       }
-      const usesStandardClusterBindings = smMaterialShaderId === "forgeax::default-standard-pbr";
       if (!isSkinEntry) {
-        if (usesStandardClusterBindings) {
-          if (meshGroup2 === null) continue;
-          group2BindGroup = meshGroup2;
-        } else {
-          const fallbackGroup = meshBindGroup ?? meshGroup2;
-          if (fallbackGroup === null) continue;
-          group2BindGroup = fallbackGroup;
-        }
+        materialGroup2Contract = materialPipelineEntry?.group2Contract;
+        if (materialGroup2Contract === void 0) continue;
+        const selectedGroup = selectMaterialGroup2(
+          meshGroup2,
+          meshBindGroup,
+          materialGroup2Contract
+        );
+        if (selectedGroup === null) continue;
+        group2BindGroup = selectedGroup;
       }
       pass.setBindGroup(2, group2BindGroup, group2DynamicOffsets);
       if (profilePhase === void 0) {
@@ -5907,6 +6014,7 @@ function resolveGeometryInstanceBuffer(c, entry, identityInstanceDraws) {
   const { runtime, pipelineState, frameState } = c;
   const inst = entry.source.instances;
   if (inst === void 0) return identityInstanceDraws;
+  if (inst.instanceCount === 0) return [];
   let instanceBuffer = pipelineState.identityInstanceBuffer;
   let instanceCount = 1;
   {
@@ -6126,8 +6234,13 @@ function recordSpritePass(c, pass, matchedIndices, materialSlotIndices, sampleCo
     ldrSpriteColorView,
     geometryDepthView,
     viewBindGroup,
+    meshBindGroup,
+    hdrpClusterBindGroup,
+    viewBindGroupDynamicOffset = 0,
     splitLdrSprite
   } = c;
+  const clusteredLighting = c.standardLighting?.kind === "clustered";
+  const meshGroup2 = clusteredLighting ? hdrpClusterBindGroup : meshBindGroup;
   const spriteIsHdr = c.tonemapActive || transparentPassColorFormat(c, pipelineState) === "rgba16float";
   let geometryPassEnded = false;
   if (splitLdrSprite && (graphPass !== void 0 || ldrSpritePassView !== null)) {
@@ -6155,7 +6268,7 @@ function recordSpritePass(c, pass, matchedIndices, materialSlotIndices, sampleCo
         { colorLoadOp: "load", depthLoadOp: "load" }
       )
     );
-    spritePass.setBindGroup(0, viewBindGroup, [0]);
+    spritePass.setBindGroup(0, viewBindGroup, [viewBindGroupDynamicOffset, 0]);
     const spritePremulBlend = {
       depthWriteEnabled: false,
       depthCompare: "less-equal",
@@ -6211,7 +6324,12 @@ function recordSpritePass(c, pass, matchedIndices, materialSlotIndices, sampleCo
       spritePremulBlend,
       "triangle-list",
       void 0,
-      void 0,
+      // sprite-lit declares the same Standard capability axes as PBR. The
+      // boot artifact is intentionally the direct compatibility variant,
+      // so a clustered frame must request its explicit Cluster artifact;
+      // otherwise the host binds the unified group(2) while the shader
+      // still reads the now-cleared direct-light headers.
+      standardTopologyVariantSet(c.standardLighting, runtime.device.caps.storageBuffer, false),
       "forward",
       void 0,
       msaaActive ? 4 : 1,
@@ -6233,14 +6351,15 @@ function recordSpritePass(c, pass, matchedIndices, materialSlotIndices, sampleCo
       matchedIndices,
       materialSlotIndices,
       sampleCount,
-      resolveMaterialBindGroup
+      resolveMaterialBindGroup,
+      meshGroup2
     );
     if (graphPass === void 0) spritePass.end();
   }
   return geometryPassEnded;
 }
-function recordSpriteTransparentPbrDraws(c, spritePass, matchedIndices, materialSlotIndices, sampleCount, resolveMaterialBindGroup) {
-  const { runtime, pipelineState, frameState, bindGroupCounts, validatedOrdered, meshBindGroup } = c;
+function recordSpriteTransparentPbrDraws(c, spritePass, matchedIndices, materialSlotIndices, sampleCount, resolveMaterialBindGroup, meshGroup2) {
+  const { runtime, pipelineState, frameState, bindGroupCounts, validatedOrdered } = c;
   const isHdrTarget = c.tonemapActive || transparentPassColorFormat(c, pipelineState) === "rgba16float";
   let lastPbrSubPipelineHandle = null;
   let lastPbrSubVertexBuffer = null;
@@ -6263,7 +6382,6 @@ function recordSpriteTransparentPbrDraws(c, spritePass, matchedIndices, material
       spritePass.setIndexBuffer(entry.mesh.indexBuffer.handle, entry.mesh.indexFormat);
       lastPbrSubIndexBuffer = entry.mesh.indexBuffer;
     }
-    spritePass.setBindGroup(2, meshBindGroup, [i * MESH_PER_ENTITY_STRIDE]);
     const identityInstBg = getOrCreatePerEntity(
       frameState.instancesBgPerEntity,
       worldEntityKey(entry.source.worldId, entry.source.entityKey),
@@ -6289,7 +6407,11 @@ function recordSpriteTransparentPbrDraws(c, spritePass, matchedIndices, material
       bindGroupCounts
     );
     spritePass.setBindGroup(3, identityInstBg);
-    const subVariantSet = frameState.isHdrpActive ? "" : "CLUSTER_FORWARD_AVAILABLE=false+STORAGE_BUFFER_AVAILABLE=true";
+    const subVariantSet = standardTopologyVariantSet(
+      c.standardLighting,
+      runtime.device.caps.storageBuffer,
+      entry.mesh.layoutProjection.attributes.some((attribute) => attribute.key === "color")
+    );
     const projectionVariantSetResult = variantSetFromVertexLayoutProjection(
       entry.mesh.layoutProjection,
       subVariantSet
@@ -6307,15 +6429,7 @@ function recordSpriteTransparentPbrDraws(c, spritePass, matchedIndices, material
       if (submeshMaterial.transparent !== true) continue;
       const smShaderId = submeshMaterial.materialShaderId;
       if (smShaderId === void 0) continue;
-      const materialSlot = materialSlotIndices[i]?.[matSlotIdx] ?? materialSlotIndices[i]?.[0] ?? 0;
-      const subBg = resolveMaterialBindGroup(
-        materialSlot,
-        submeshMaterial,
-        entry.source.entityKey,
-        entry.world ?? c.world
-      );
-      spritePass.setBindGroup(1, subBg, [materialSlot * MATERIAL_PER_ENTITY_STRIDE]);
-      const subPipeline = runtime.getMaterialShaderPipeline?.(
+      const subPipelineEntry = c.runtime.getMaterialShaderPipelineEntry?.(
         smShaderId,
         isHdrTarget,
         submeshMaterial.renderState,
@@ -6332,7 +6446,20 @@ function recordSpriteTransparentPbrDraws(c, spritePass, matchedIndices, material
         void 0,
         entry.mesh.layoutProjection
       ) ?? null;
-      if (subPipeline === null) continue;
+      if (subPipelineEntry === null) continue;
+      const submeshContract = subPipelineEntry.group2Contract;
+      const submeshGroup2 = selectMaterialGroup2(meshGroup2, c.meshBindGroup, submeshContract);
+      if (submeshGroup2 === null) continue;
+      spritePass.setBindGroup(2, submeshGroup2, [i * MESH_PER_ENTITY_STRIDE]);
+      const materialSlot = materialSlotIndices[i]?.[matSlotIdx] ?? materialSlotIndices[i]?.[0] ?? 0;
+      const subBg = resolveMaterialBindGroup(
+        materialSlot,
+        submeshMaterial,
+        entry.source.entityKey,
+        entry.world ?? c.world
+      );
+      spritePass.setBindGroup(1, subBg, [materialSlot * MATERIAL_PER_ENTITY_STRIDE]);
+      const subPipeline = subPipelineEntry.pipeline;
       if (lastPbrSubPipelineHandle !== subPipeline) {
         spritePass.setPipeline(subPipeline);
         lastPbrSubPipelineHandle = subPipeline;
@@ -6564,6 +6691,7 @@ function recordSpriteEntityDraws(c, spritePass, matchedIndices, skylightResource
     );
     spriteInstanceBuffer = _si.buffer;
     spriteInstanceCount = _si.count;
+    const spriteGroup2 = entityShaderId === "forgeax::sprite-lit" && c.standardLighting?.kind === "clustered" ? c.hdrpClusterBindGroup : meshBindGroup;
     const spriteInstancesBg = getOrCreatePerEntity(
       frameState.instancesBgPerEntity,
       worldEntityKey(spriteEntry.source.worldId, spriteEntry.source.entityKey),
@@ -6588,7 +6716,7 @@ function recordSpriteEntityDraws(c, spritePass, matchedIndices, skylightResource
       },
       bindGroupCounts
     );
-    spritePass.setBindGroup(2, meshBindGroup, [i * MESH_PER_ENTITY_STRIDE]);
+    spritePass.setBindGroup(2, spriteGroup2, [i * MESH_PER_ENTITY_STRIDE]);
     const spriteTexHandle = spriteEntry.source.material.baseColorTexture;
     let spriteTexView = pipelineState.defaultWhiteTextureView;
     if (spriteTexHandle !== void 0) {
@@ -6940,25 +7068,12 @@ function skinnedShadowMeshBindGroup(c, entry) {
       const created = c.runtime.device.createBindGroup({
         label: "shadow-pbr-skin-mesh-bg",
         layout,
-        entries: [
-          {
-            binding: 0,
-            resource: {
-              kind: "buffer",
-              value: {
-                buffer: c.pipelineState.meshStorageBuffer.buffer,
-                size: c.runtime.device.caps.storageBuffer ? MESH_SSBO_BYTES : MESH_UBO_FULL_ARRAY_BYTES
-              }
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            binding: 1,
-            resource: {
-              kind: "buffer",
-              value: { buffer: skin.buffer, size: allocator.bindingWindowBytes }
-            }
-          }
-        ]
+        entries: createPbrSkinMeshBindGroupEntries(
+          c.pipelineState.meshStorageBuffer.buffer,
+          c.runtime.device.caps.storageBuffer ? MESH_SSBO_BYTES : MESH_UBO_FULL_ARRAY_BYTES,
+          skin.buffer,
+          allocator.bindingWindowBytes
+        )
       });
       if (!created.ok) throw created.error;
       return created.value;
@@ -6980,7 +7095,7 @@ function encodeDirectionalShadowPass(c, pass, cascadeIndex, viewport) {
   c.frameState.directionalShadowCacheRecorded = true;
   pass.setViewport(viewport.x, viewport.y, viewport.w, viewport.h, 0, 1);
   pass.setPipeline(pipeline);
-  pass.setBindGroup(0, viewBg, [0]);
+  pass.setBindGroup(0, viewBg, [0, 0]);
   pass.setBindGroup(1, materialBg, [0]);
   recordShadowCasterDraws(
     c,
@@ -7004,7 +7119,7 @@ function encodePointShadowPass(c, pass, snapshotIndex, face) {
   const materialBg = ensureSpotShadowMaterialBg(c);
   if (pipeline === null || viewBg === null || materialBg === null) return;
   pass.setPipeline(pipeline);
-  pass.setBindGroup(0, viewBg, [0]);
+  pass.setBindGroup(0, viewBg, [0, 0]);
   pass.setBindGroup(1, materialBg, [0]);
   recordShadowCasterDraws(
     c,
@@ -7042,7 +7157,7 @@ function encodeSpotShadowPass(c, pass, snapshotIndex) {
     1
   );
   pass.setPipeline(pipeline);
-  pass.setBindGroup(0, viewBg, [0]);
+  pass.setBindGroup(0, viewBg, [0, 0]);
   pass.setBindGroup(1, materialBg, [0]);
   recordShadowCasterDraws(
     c,
@@ -7117,16 +7232,18 @@ function recordShadowCasterDraws(c, shadowPass, shadowPipeline2, shadowMeshBindG
     if (entry.source.skin !== void 0) {
       const skinMeshBindGroup = skinnedShadowMeshBindGroup(c, entry);
       if (skinMeshBindGroup === null) continue;
-      shadowPass.setBindGroup(2, skinMeshBindGroup, [
-        i * MESH_PER_ENTITY_STRIDE,
-        entry.source.skin.byteOffset
-      ]);
+      shadowPass.setBindGroup(
+        2,
+        skinMeshBindGroup,
+        pbrSkinMeshDynamicOffsets(i * MESH_PER_ENTITY_STRIDE, entry.source.skin.byteOffset)
+      );
     } else {
       shadowPass.setBindGroup(2, shadowMeshBindGroup, [i * MESH_PER_ENTITY_STRIDE]);
     }
     let shadowInstanceBuffer = pipelineState.identityInstanceBuffer;
     let shadowInstanceCount = 1;
     const shadowInst = entry.source.instances;
+    if (shadowInst?.instanceCount === 0) continue;
     if (shadowInst !== void 0) {
       const uniformFallback = runtime.device.caps.storageBuffer === false;
       if (uniformFallback && shadowInst.instanceCount > MAX_UNIFORM_INSTANCES) {
@@ -7341,6 +7458,7 @@ function recordMainPass(c, selector, options, graphPass) {
     geometryDepthView,
     validatedOrdered,
     viewBindGroup,
+    viewBindGroupDynamicOffset = 0,
     meshBindGroup,
     frameState,
     bindGroupCounts,
@@ -7375,8 +7493,10 @@ function recordMainPass(c, selector, options, graphPass) {
   const targetDepthView = options?.depthView ?? geometryDepthView;
   const clearColor = options?.clearColor ?? clear;
   const videoHighPerfAvailable = probeVideoHighPerfUpload(runtime.device);
+  const clusteredLighting = c.standardLighting?.kind === "clustered";
+  const clusteredBindGroupMissing = validatedOrdered.length > 0 && !standardTopologyBindGroupReady(c.standardLighting, hdrpClusterBindGroup);
   let hdrpSsaoBindGroup = null;
-  if (frameState.isHdrpActive && hdrpClusterBindGroup !== null && c.hdrpSsaoBlurredView !== void 0) {
+  if (clusteredLighting && hdrpClusterBindGroup !== null && c.hdrpSsaoBlurredView !== void 0) {
     const hdrpBuffers = getOrCreateHdrpBuffers(
       runtime,
       frameState.installedPipelineConfig?.clusterGrid
@@ -7390,7 +7510,7 @@ function recordMainPass(c, selector, options, graphPass) {
       );
     }
   }
-  const meshGroup2 = frameState.isHdrpActive && hdrpClusterBindGroup !== null ? hdrpSsaoBindGroup ?? hdrpClusterBindGroup : meshBindGroup;
+  const meshGroup2 = clusteredLighting ? hdrpSsaoBindGroup ?? hdrpClusterBindGroup : meshBindGroup;
   let geometryPassEnded = false;
   const mainColorLoadOp = skyboxActive ? "load" : "clear";
   const mainPassResolves = passKind === "forward" && msaaActive && geometryColorResolveView !== null && !splitLdrSprite;
@@ -7426,7 +7546,16 @@ function recordMainPass(c, selector, options, graphPass) {
       ...recordMode === "transmission" ? { variantSet: TRANSMISSION_VARIANT_SET } : {}
     }))
   };
-  if (validatedOrdered.length > 0) {
+  if (clusteredBindGroupMissing) {
+    runtime.errorRegistry.fire(
+      new RhiError({
+        code: "webgpu-runtime-error",
+        expected: "clustered Standard frame has a unified group(2) BindGroup",
+        hint: "repair the clustered buffer/layout admission before retrying the frame; direct URP fallback is unsafe"
+      })
+    );
+  }
+  if (validatedOrdered.length > 0 && !clusteredBindGroupMissing) {
     const MATERIAL_SLICE = STANDARD_PBR_UBO_SIZE;
     const skylightFallback = pipelineState.skylightFallback;
     if (skylightFallback === null) {
@@ -7477,6 +7606,31 @@ function recordMainPass(c, selector, options, graphPass) {
       materialSlice: MATERIAL_SLICE,
       videoHighPerfAvailable,
       skylightResources,
+      resolveRenderTargetTextureSource: runtime.resolveRenderTargetTextureSource,
+      resolveReflectionProbeResources: (materialWorld, entityKey) => {
+        const reflectionProbes = c.reflectionProbes;
+        if (reflectionProbes === void 0) return void 0;
+        const selection = reflectionProbes.selections.get(`${materialWorld.identity}:${entityKey}`);
+        if (selection === void 0) return void 0;
+        const binding = resolveReflectionProbeBinding(selection, reflectionProbes.table);
+        if (binding.useSkylight || binding.probeIndex === void 0) return void 0;
+        const row = reflectionProbes.table.rows.find(
+          (candidate) => candidate.index === binding.probeIndex
+        );
+        if (row?.filteredView === void 0 || row.sampler === void 0 || row.uniformBuffer === void 0) {
+          return void 0;
+        }
+        const probeResources = {
+          irradianceView: skylightResources.irradianceView,
+          irradianceSampler: skylightResources.irradianceSampler,
+          prefilterView: row.filteredView,
+          prefilterSampler: row.sampler,
+          brdfLutView: skylightResources.brdfLutView,
+          brdfLutSampler: skylightResources.brdfLutSampler,
+          intensityBuffer: row.uniformBuffer
+        };
+        return probeResources;
+      },
       materialBgShared: frameState.materialBgShared,
       materialBgAssemblyCache: c.materialBgAssemblyCache,
       bindGroupCounts,
@@ -7585,7 +7739,7 @@ function recordMainPass(c, selector, options, graphPass) {
       );
     }
     const resolveMaterialBindGroup = (materialSlot, material, entityKey, materialWorld = world) => material.materialShaderId !== POINTS_LINES_MATERIAL_SHADER_ID ? preparedMaterialBindGroups[materialSlot] ?? buildPerSubmeshMaterialBg2(material, entityKey, materialWorld) : buildPerSubmeshMaterialBg2(material, entityKey, materialWorld);
-    pass.setBindGroup(0, viewBindGroup, [0]);
+    pass.setBindGroup(0, viewBindGroup, [viewBindGroupDynamicOffset, 0]);
     const recordGeometry = () => {
       recordGeometryDraws(
         recordContext,
@@ -7984,14 +8138,20 @@ function recordBloomCompositePass(_c, resolve, graphPass) {
 function recordFxaaPass(c, resolve, graphPass) {
   const { runtime, pipelineState, encoder, camera, currentTexture } = c;
   const fxaaActive = camera.antialias === "fxaa";
-  if (fxaaActive && pipelineState.perPassResources.fxaaPipeline !== null && pipelineState.perPassResources.fxaaBindGroupLayout !== null && pipelineState.perPassResources.fxaaSampler !== null) {
+  if (fxaaActive && pipelineState.perPassResources.fxaaPipeline !== null && pipelineState.perPassResources.fxaaBindGroupLayout !== null && pipelineState.perPassResources.fxaaSampler !== null && runtime.getPostProcessParamsBuffer !== void 0) {
     const inputView = resolve.resolve("ldrColor");
     if (inputView === void 0) return;
+    const fxaaParams = runtime.getPostProcessParamsBuffer(FXAA_POST_PROCESS_ID);
+    if (fxaaParams === void 0) return;
+    const params = new Float32Array(4);
+    params[0] = resolveOutputDither(c.frameState.installedPipelineConfig) ? 1 : 0;
+    const paramsWrite = runtime.device.queue.writeBuffer(fxaaParams, 0, params);
+    if (!paramsWrite.ok) throw paramsWrite.error;
     const fxaaBglLayout = pipelineState.perPassResources.fxaaBindGroupLayout;
     const fxaaSampler = pipelineState.perPassResources.fxaaSampler;
     const fxaaBg = getOrCreateFromChain(
       c.frameState.postProcessBgCache,
-      [inputView],
+      [inputView, fxaaParams],
       "fxaa",
       () => {
         const fxaaBgRes = runtime.device.createBindGroup({
@@ -8008,6 +8168,10 @@ function recordFxaaPass(c, resolve, graphPass) {
             {
               binding: 1,
               resource: { kind: "sampler", value: fxaaSampler }
+            },
+            {
+              binding: 2,
+              resource: { kind: "buffer", value: { buffer: fxaaParams } }
             }
           ]
         });
@@ -8053,6 +8217,32 @@ var FULLSCREEN_DEFAULT_SPEC = Object.freeze({
   geometry: { topology: "triangle-list", vertexLayout: {} },
   renderState: void 0
 });
+function postProcessSourceDigest(source) {
+  let first = 2166136261;
+  let second = 2654435769;
+  for (let index = 0; index < source.length; index += 1) {
+    const code = source.charCodeAt(index);
+    first = Math.imul(first ^ code, 16777619);
+    second = Math.imul(second ^ code + index, 16777619);
+  }
+  return `${source.length.toString(16)}-${(first >>> 0).toString(16).padStart(8, "0")}-${(second >>> 0).toString(16).padStart(8, "0")}`;
+}
+function postProcessShaderPipelineLabel(identity, source) {
+  return `post-process-${identity}-pso-${postProcessSourceDigest(source)}`;
+}
+function postProcessShaderModuleLabel(identity, source) {
+  return `${postProcessShaderPipelineLabel(identity, source)}-module`;
+}
+function postProcessShaderEntrySignature(entry) {
+  return JSON.stringify({
+    source: entry.source,
+    params: entry.params === void 0 ? void 0 : {
+      byteSize: entry.params.byteSize,
+      defaultValue: Array.from(entry.params.defaultValue)
+    },
+    reads: entry.reads
+  });
+}
 function isTemporalFullscreenBinding(values) {
   return values.temporal !== void 0 || values.shader === "forgeax.taa-resolve" || values.shader === "forgeax.motion-blur";
 }
@@ -8401,7 +8591,7 @@ function recordSsaoBlurPass(_c, resolveCtx, ssaoBlurredKey, ssaoRawKey, gbuf0Key
   pass.draw(3, 1, 0, 0);
   if (graphPass === void 0) pass.end();
 }
-function dispatchFullscreenPass(ctx, name, shader, color, reads, resolveCtx, compositeOverSwapchain = false, rawSwapchainOutput = false, graphPass, graphOutputFormat, graphDepthView) {
+function dispatchFullscreenPass(ctx, name, shader, color, reads, resolveCtx, compositeOverSwapchain = false, rawSwapchainOutput = false, graphPass, graphOutputFormat, graphDepthView, paramsOverride) {
   if (shader === "fxaa") {
     if (resolveCtx === void 0) {
       throw new PostProcessError({
@@ -8512,7 +8702,7 @@ function dispatchFullscreenPass(ctx, name, shader, color, reads, resolveCtx, com
   if (entry.params !== void 0) {
     const ubo = ctx.runtime.getPostProcessParamsBuffer?.(shader);
     if (ubo !== void 0) {
-      const data = ctx.postProcessParams.get(shader);
+      const data = paramsOverride ?? ctx.postProcessParams.get(shader);
       if (data !== void 0) {
         if (data.byteLength !== entry.params.byteSize) {
           throw new PostProcessError({
@@ -8559,9 +8749,7 @@ function dispatchFullscreenPass(ctx, name, shader, color, reads, resolveCtx, com
   if (lookupPipeline === void 0) return;
   const postColorFormat = writeFormat;
   const pipeline = lookupPipeline(shader, built.bindGroupLayout, postColorFormat);
-  if (pipeline === null) {
-    return;
-  }
+  if (pipeline === null) return;
   const handle = built.createHandle(name, pipeline, paramsBuffer);
   const pass = graphPass ?? ctx.encoder.beginRenderPass(
     buildBeginRenderPassDescriptor(
@@ -8587,7 +8775,8 @@ function encodeFullscreenPass(ctx, pass, input) {
     input.rawSwapchainOutput ?? false,
     pass,
     input.outputFormat,
-    input.depthView
+    input.depthView,
+    input.paramsOverride
   );
 }
 
@@ -8912,7 +9101,9 @@ function addTypedScenePass(graph, options) {
           spotShadow,
           projector: internal.spotLightProjector?.view ?? internal.volumetricFog?.projectorView,
           projectorSampler: internal.spotLightProjector?.sampler ?? internal.volumetricFog?.projectorSampler
-        }
+        },
+        true,
+        internal.standardLighting
       );
       if (groups.viewBindGroup !== null) {
         options.gpuDriven?.encode(groups.viewBindGroup, pass, resources);
@@ -9297,7 +9488,7 @@ function addTypedOutputTransformPass(graph, input, output, options = {}) {
     output,
     outputOnly,
     rawSwapchainOutput: outputOnly,
-    ...options.outputTransform === true ? {
+    ...options.dither !== void 0 ? {
       paramsTransform: (params) => {
         if (params === void 0 || params.byteLength !== 16) return params;
         const transformed = params.slice();
@@ -9305,7 +9496,7 @@ function addTypedOutputTransformPass(graph, input, output, options = {}) {
           transformed.buffer,
           transformed.byteOffset,
           transformed.byteLength
-        ).setFloat32(12, 1, true);
+        ).setFloat32(12, options.dither === true ? 1 : 0, true);
         return transformed;
       }
     } : {}
@@ -9399,6 +9590,6 @@ function addTaaResolvePass(graph, current, currentTemporal, previousColor, previ
   });
 }
 
-export { CAPTURE_VIEW_PROJS, CUBEMAP_FACE_VERTICES, DEFERRED_COLOR_FORMATS, DEPTH_MIN_PARAMS_BYTE_SIZE, FALLBACK_BYTES_PER_ROW, GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_DST, GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_SRC, GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX, GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_INDIRECT, GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_MAP_READ, GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_QUERY_RESOLVE, GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE, GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM, GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX, GPU_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT, GPU_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX, GPU_TEXTURE_USAGE_COPY_DST, GPU_TEXTURE_USAGE_COPY_SRC, GPU_TEXTURE_USAGE_RENDER_ATTACHMENT, GPU_TEXTURE_USAGE_RENDER_ATTACHMENT_AND_TEXTURE_BINDING, GPU_TEXTURE_USAGE_TEXTURE_BINDING, GpuBuffer, GpuTexture, LIGHT_ARRAY_HEADER_BYTES, LIGHT_ARRAY_MAX_SLOTS, MATERIAL_PER_ENTITY_STRIDE, POINTS_LINES_MATERIAL_SHADER_ID, POINTS_LINES_VIEW_BUFFER_SIZE, POINT_LIGHT_STD430_BYTES, PREFILTER_MIP_LEVELS, PREFILTER_SIZE, PipelineSpecError, PostProcessError, SHADOW_CASTER_BUFFER_SIZE, SKIN_MATERIAL_SHADER_ID, SPOT_LIGHT_STD430_BYTES, TYPED_BLOOM_PASS_NAMES, VIEW_UNIFORM_BUFFER_SIZE, VIEW_UNIFORM_BYTES, abortTemporalGpuSubmit, addStandardSceneDataPass, addTaaResolvePass, addTypedBloomPasses, addTypedCompositePostEffects, addTypedFrameObservationPass, addTypedFullscreenPass, addTypedOutputTransformPass, addTypedScenePass, addTypedSkyboxPass, addTypedSsaoPasses, addTypedTemporalResolvePass, aggregateTemporalDemand, applyParamSnapshotToUbo, assembleMaterialWithSkylightEntries, assertStorageBufferCap, buildBindGroupLayoutDescriptor, buildFoldDispatchPlan, buildFullscreenPostProcessPass, buildLinearLdrMaterialSpecTable, buildPbrMaterialUserRegionEntries, buildPbrPipelineLayouts, buildPbrSkinLayouts, buildPerFrameBindGroups, buildSpecConstTable, cacheKeyOf, cleanPerEntityCache, colorFormatsForPassKind, commitTemporalGpuSubmit, computeProjectionMatrix, computeSplitLdrSprite, computeViewMatrix, configureSurface, createClusterBinScratch, createFullscreenBindGroup, createHdrpBindGroupLayoutDescriptor, createHdrpClusterMembershipBindGroupLayoutDescriptor, createIblPipelines, createPointsLinesLaneAdapter, createPointsLinesLaneContract, createRenderPipelineTarget, createSkylightFallback, createStandardSceneDataTarget, deriveRenderDataCubemap, deriveRenderDataMesh, deriveRenderDataTexture, describeTemporalDemand, driveLazyEquirectProjection, encodeDirectionalShadowPass, encodePointShadowPass, encodeSpotShadowPass, ensureMeshSsboCapacity, entryHasDepthRead, evaluateFoldBucketUniformCap, foldDispatchBuckets, geometryRenderStateForTopology, getOrBuildPipeline, getOrCreateHdrpBuffers, getTemporalGpuState, hasPendingTemporalGpuSubmit, importRenderPipelineSurface, incrementFoldedDrawsMetric, isSkinnedShadowCasterVariant, isStandardPbrMaterialShader, isTemporalFullscreenBinding, prepareFrameLighting, residentTextureView, resolveSkyboxActive, resolveSsaoParameters, resolveSurfaceFormatPair, resolveSurfaceProfile, retireTemporalGpuState, retireTemporalGpuStateAfterFence, runIblPrecompute, selectLazyEquirectHandle, selectPasses, selectSwapChainFormat, setIblComposedShaders, standardTemporalLaneAdmission, standardTemporalPostOrder, temporalReadIndex, temporalWriteIndex, typedFrameClearColor, uploadMeshSsboBatch, variantSetFromDefines, warnMultiSkybox, warnMultiSkylight, warnZeroLightStandard, writeHdrpClusterAndSsaoBuffers, writePointSpotLightBuffers, writePointsLinesViewUbo, writeShadowCasterUniforms, writeShadowParamsBuffer, writeViewUbo };
-//# sourceMappingURL=chunk-4XINDLAY.mjs.map
-//# sourceMappingURL=chunk-4XINDLAY.mjs.map
+export { CAPTURE_VIEW_PROJS, CUBEMAP_FACE_VERTICES, CUBE_CAPTURE_VIEW_SLOT_BASE, DEFERRED_COLOR_FORMATS, DEPTH_MIN_PARAMS_BYTE_SIZE, FALLBACK_BYTES_PER_ROW, GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_DST, GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_SRC, GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX, GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_INDIRECT, GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_MAP_READ, GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_QUERY_RESOLVE, GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE, GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM, GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX, GPU_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT, GPU_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX, GpuBuffer, GpuTexture, LIGHT_ARRAY_HEADER_BYTES, LIGHT_ARRAY_MAX_SLOTS, MATERIAL_PER_ENTITY_STRIDE, POINTS_LINES_MATERIAL_SHADER_ID, POINTS_LINES_VIEW_BUFFER_SIZE, POINT_LIGHT_STD430_BYTES, PREFILTER_MIP_LEVELS, PREFILTER_SIZE, PipelineSpecError, PostProcessError, REFLECTION_PROBE_VIEW_SLOT_BASE, SHADOW_CASTER_BUFFER_SIZE, SKIN_MATERIAL_SHADER_ID, SPOT_LIGHT_STD430_BYTES, TYPED_BLOOM_PASS_NAMES, VIEW_UNIFORM_BUFFER_SIZE, VIEW_UNIFORM_BYTES, VIEW_UNIFORM_SLOT_STRIDE, abortTemporalGpuSubmit, addStandardSceneDataPass, addTaaResolvePass, addTypedBloomPasses, addTypedCompositePostEffects, addTypedFrameObservationPass, addTypedFullscreenPass, addTypedOutputTransformPass, addTypedScenePass, addTypedSkyboxPass, addTypedSsaoPasses, addTypedTemporalResolvePass, aggregateTemporalDemand, applyParamSnapshotToUbo, assembleMaterialWithSkylightEntries, assertStorageBufferCap, buildBindGroupLayoutDescriptor, buildFoldDispatchPlan, buildFullscreenPostProcessPass, buildLinearLdrMaterialSpecTable, buildPbrMaterialUserRegionEntries, buildPbrPipelineLayouts, buildPbrSkinLayouts, buildPerFrameBindGroups, buildSpecConstTable, cacheKeyOf, cleanPerEntityCache, colorFormatsForPassKind, commitTemporalGpuSubmit, computeProjectionMatrix, computeSplitLdrSprite, computeViewMatrix, configureSurface, createClusterBinScratch, createFullscreenBindGroup, createHdrpBindGroupLayoutDescriptor, createHdrpClusterMembershipBindGroupLayoutDescriptor, createHdrpSkinBindGroupLayoutDescriptor, createIblPipelines, createPointsLinesLaneAdapter, createPointsLinesLaneContract, createRenderPipelineTarget, createRenderTargetMaterialSource, createSkylightFallback, createStandardSceneDataTarget, deriveRenderDataCubemap, deriveRenderDataMesh, deriveRenderDataTexture, describeTemporalDemand, driveLazyEquirectProjection, encodeDirectionalShadowPass, encodeMainPass, encodePointShadowPass, encodeSpotShadowPass, ensureMeshSsboCapacity, entryHasDepthRead, evaluateFoldBucketUniformCap, foldDispatchBuckets, geometryRenderStateForTopology, getOrBuildPipeline, getOrCreateHdrpBuffers, getOrCreateIblCache, getTemporalGpuState, hasPendingTemporalGpuSubmit, importRenderPipelineSurface, incrementFoldedDrawsMetric, isStandardPbrMaterialShader, isTemporalFullscreenBinding, postProcessShaderEntrySignature, postProcessShaderModuleLabel, postProcessShaderPipelineLabel, prepareFrameLighting, resetHdrpBuffers, residentTextureView, resolveOutputDither, resolvePipelineGroup2Contract, resolveRenderTargetMaterialSource, resolveSkyboxActive, resolveSsaoParameters, resolveSurfaceFormatPair, resolveSurfaceProfile, retireTemporalGpuState, retireTemporalGpuStateAfterFence, runIblPrecompute, selectLazyEquirectHandle, selectPasses, selectSwapChainFormat, setIblComposedShaders, standardTemporalLaneAdmission, standardTemporalPostOrder, temporalReadIndex, temporalWriteIndex, typedFrameClearColor, uploadMeshSsboBatch, variantSetFromDefines, warnMultiSkybox, warnMultiSkylight, warnZeroLightStandard, writeHdrpClusterAndSsaoBuffers, writePointsLinesViewUbo, writeShadowCasterUniforms, writeShadowParamsBuffer, writeViewUbo };
+//# sourceMappingURL=chunk-5YADUCA7.mjs.map
+//# sourceMappingURL=chunk-5YADUCA7.mjs.map