@forgeax/engine-assets-runtime 0.1.3 → 0.1.6

package/src/asset-registry.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,2040 @@
+// @forgeax/engine-assets-runtime - AssetRegistry v2 (feat-20260513-guid-asset-package-system).
+//
+// Entrypoints (feat-20260614 M8 de-handle cut, D-15/D-17/D-19): the registry
+// is a GUID->payload catalogue. It no longer mints or maps handles -- column
+// handles are minted on the World via `world.allocSharedRef('Kind', payload)`,
+// and resolved through the two-tier `resolveAssetHandle` (BuiltinAssetRegistry
+// process-static slots [1,1024) + per-World `world.sharedRefs` slots >=1024).
+//
+//   - catalog<T extends Asset>(guid, asset): Result<T, AssetError>
+//       stores the GUID->payload entry loadByGuid resolves (dev/inline path)
+//   - parseGuid(guidStr): AssetGuid
+//   - lookup(guid): Asset | undefined          (catalogued payload, no fetch)
+//   - loadByGuid<T extends Asset>(guid): Promise<Result<T, AssetError | ImageError | RhiError>>
+//       returns the PAYLOAD T (never a handle, D-17)
+//       dev/fallback: synchronous catalogue lookup wrapped in Promise
+//       prod: fetch(packIndexUrl) -> parse catalog -> fetch entry -> parse Asset
+//   - instantiate<T extends SceneAsset>(handle, world, parent?): Result<EntityHandle, ...>
+//       handle is a `world.allocSharedRef('SceneAsset', payload)` column handle
+//   - inspect(): InspectSnapshot
+//
+// v1 load(url) removed in feat-20260513-guid-asset-package-system (w12).
+// loadByGuid is the replacement; M4/w23 adds real fetch-from-pack-index.
+//
+// feat-20260514-ecs-children-instances-managed-buffer-array M3 / w15: the
+// `createInstancedBuffer` / `updateInstancedBuffer` / `getInstancedGpuBuffer`
+// triplet is removed alongside the `InstancedBufferAsset` POD; per-entity
+// instance transforms are now stored inside the ECS via the `Instances {
+// transforms: 'array<f32>' }` component (the RenderSystem record stage owns
+// the GPU storage buffer + dirty-version upload). Asset closed-union narrows
+// 5 -> 4; the registry surface loses the optional `RhiDevice` constructor
+// argument (no remaining device consumer).
+//
+// Dual-backend audited: the registry is engine-agnostic (no @webgpu/types
+// imports + no rhi-webgpu / rhi-wgpu references); the same instance drives
+// both dual-impl shim backends through the @forgeax/engine-rhi interface
+// SSOT at the consumer site.
+
+import type { Component, EcsError, EntityHandle, World } from '@forgeax/engine-ecs';
+import type { PackError } from '@forgeax/engine-pack/errors';
+import { AssetGuid } from '@forgeax/engine-pack/guid';
+import { deriveAssetName } from '@forgeax/engine-pack/name';
+import { err, ok, type Result, type RhiError } from '@forgeax/engine-rhi';
+import type { ShaderRegistry } from '@forgeax/engine-shader';
+import {
+  ASSET_ERROR_HINTS,
+  type Asset,
+  type AssetEnvelope,
+  AssetError,
+  type AssetEvidence,
+  type AssetEvidenceError,
+  type AssetRef,
+  authoringCapabilityForAssetKind,
+  type CatalogEntry,
+  catalogOperationsFor,
+  type EngineMetrics,
+  type Handle,
+  handleSlot,
+  type ImageError,
+  type ImportTransport,
+  type InspectEntry,
+  type InspectSnapshot,
+  type Loader,
+  type MaterialAsset,
+  type MountOverride,
+  migrateLegacyMeshMaterialOverrides,
+  type Package,
+  type ParseErrorDetail,
+  type RuntimeAssetBinding,
+  type SceneAsset,
+  type SceneEntity,
+  type SceneInstanceMount,
+  type TagOf,
+  type TilesetAsset,
+  type TranscodeCaps,
+  type MeshAsset as TypesMeshAsset,
+  unwrapHandle,
+} from '@forgeax/engine-types';
+import {
+  BUILTIN_CUBE,
+  BUILTIN_CYLINDER,
+  BUILTIN_NINESLICE_QUAD,
+  BUILTIN_QUAD,
+  BUILTIN_SPHERE,
+  BUILTIN_TRIANGLE,
+} from './builtin-asset-registry';
+import type { LoaderRegistry } from './loader-registry';
+import { createDefaultLoaderRegistry } from './wire-default-loaders';
+
+/**
+ * Strip readonly from all fields of T. Used to mutate the MeshAsset.aabb slot
+ * after mesh validation passes (the interface is readonly but register-time
+ * computation writes the real AABB into the caller's placeholder).
+ */
+
+// feat-20260705-runtime-tier2-decomposition M1 / w4 (D-4 F1): the pre-class
+// constants, loaders, scene-payload / payload-validate / aabb helpers were
+// straight-cut into sibling modules. The thin class value-imports only what its
+// method bodies still reference; the full public consumer face (barrel + tests)
+// is preserved via the `export ... from` re-export block below (pre-w14 shim,
+// removed when consumers repoint in w14/w15).
+import { withMeshAabb } from './aabb';
+import type { CatalogListener, CatalogSource } from './catalog-source';
+import {
+  BUILTIN_MESH_GUIDS,
+  HANDLE_CUBE,
+  HANDLE_CYLINDER,
+  HANDLE_NINESLICE_QUAD,
+  HANDLE_QUAD,
+  HANDLE_SPHERE,
+  HANDLE_TRIANGLE,
+} from './handles';
+import type { MaterialLoadError, MaterialReady } from './material/loader';
+import { installMaterialReadyShaders } from './material/runtime-shader';
+import { inferAtlasExtent, validateMeshPayload, validateTilesetPayload } from './payload-validate';
+import { ArtifactReadCache } from './registry/artifact-io';
+import {
+  createRuntimeAssetEvidenceAdapter,
+  type RuntimeAssetEvidenceAdapter,
+  type RuntimeEvidenceSource,
+} from './registry/asset-evidence';
+import { type CatalogRecord, fetchPackIndex } from './registry/catalog';
+import { CatalogReplica, type CatalogReplicaSnapshot } from './registry/catalog-state';
+import {
+  instantiateFlat as instantiateFlatImpl,
+  instantiate as instantiateImpl,
+  type PostSpawnHook,
+  resolveHandleGuid,
+  resolveMountsRec,
+} from './registry/instantiate';
+import {
+  loadByGuid as loadByGuidImpl,
+  parseAndReturnAsset as parseAndReturnAssetImpl,
+  parseAssetPayload as parseAssetPayloadImpl,
+  registerPackagesFromIndex,
+} from './registry/load-by-guid';
+import { LoadStateStore } from './registry/load-state';
+import type {
+  ScenePublicationFence,
+  ScenePublicationFenceError,
+} from './registry/scene-publication-fence';
+import {
+  detectTileNeedsRepeatSampler,
+  materialShaderTextureFieldNames as materialShaderTextureFieldNamesImpl,
+  validateMaterialPasses,
+  validateSpriteSlices,
+} from './registry/validate-material';
+import { extractSceneEntityHandleGuids } from './scene-handle-fields';
+
+// Public re-export surface (pre-w14 consumer face preservation): the extracted
+// modules are the new SSOT; asset-registry re-exports them until w14/w15 repoint
+// every consumer to the sibling modules / the new package.
+export {
+  HANDLE_CUBE,
+  HANDLE_CYLINDER,
+  HANDLE_NINESLICE_QUAD,
+  HANDLE_QUAD,
+  HANDLE_SPHERE,
+  HANDLE_TRIANGLE,
+} from './handles';
+export {
+  animationClipLoader,
+  animationGraphLoader,
+  INLINE_PACK_LOADERS,
+  materialLoader,
+  meshLoader,
+  sceneLoader,
+  skeletonLoader,
+  skinLoader,
+} from './loaders/inline-pack';
+export {
+  equirectLoader,
+  fontLoader,
+  PACK_ARTIFACT_LOADERS,
+  textureLoader,
+} from './loaders/pack-artifact';
+export { type TilesetValidateOptions, validateTilesetPayload } from './payload-validate';
+
+// ─── Re-exports for engine-runtime-local consumers ──────────────────────────
+//
+// Legacy re-exports: `Asset` widens to the 4-variant engine-types union;
+// `MeshAsset` keeps the engine-types shape (with `attributes`). Consumers
+// that previously imported from `./asset-registry` keep working through
+// the type alias re-exports below.
+
+export type { Asset, TypesMeshAsset as MeshAsset };
+
+// D-15: the BUILTIN_* mesh payloads moved to builtin-asset-registry.ts (the
+// process-static payload SSOT); the shared runtime vertex layout remains owned
+// by @forgeax/engine-geometry.
+// imported at the top of this file. The constructor still pre-populates the
+// handle->payload map from those imports (the map itself retires in w49).
+
+// feat-20260618-asset-and-pack-name-fields M3 (D-1 / D-3): the mutable runtime
+// package object every GUID of the same import path shares. `assetGuids` grows
+// as `registerPackage` adds GUIDs; `assetCount` (the engine-types `Package`
+// view) is derived from `assetGuids.size`, never stored (#2 Derive). The public
+// `packageOf(guid)` projects this to the readonly `Package` interface.
+interface MutablePackage {
+  path: string;
+  readonly assetGuids: Set<string>;
+}
+
+// ─── Runtime brand helper ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
+//
+// AC-11 inspect() `.brand` is a 4-member string literal union mirroring the
+// engine-types Asset discriminated union. Map a stored Asset value to its
+// brand via the `.kind` discriminator (+ `.shadingModel` refinement for
+// `MaterialAsset`, preserved for forward compatibility though the runtime
+// brand stays at the asset-kind level per AC-11 spec).
+//
+// feat-20260514 M3 / w15: the `'InstancedBufferAsset'` brand is retired
+// alongside the deleted POD + 3 registry methods; the runtime brand union
+// shrinks 5 -> 4 to mirror the Asset closed-union shape.
+// feat-20260514 w3: re-extends to 5 with the addition of the `'SceneAsset'`
+// brand mirroring the new `'scene'` kind in the Asset discriminated union.
+// feat-20260618-asset-and-pack-name-fields M1 / w3: AssetBrand moved to
+// @forgeax/engine-types (public, single-entry discoverability per charter F1).
+// feat-20260608-tilemap-object-layer-rendering M0: AssetBrand union grows
+// 13 -> 14 with `'TilesetAsset'` in @forgeax/engine-types.
+
+// feat-20260622 D-4/D-8: the 14-arm assetBrand switch and ASSET_BRAND Record
+// table are both retired (PR #496 eliminated the brand concept entirely).
+// New Asset union members no longer need a brand mapping; the closed union
+// exhaustive switch in test-d files is the sole type-level guard.
+
+// ─── Schema-driven material parse result (feat-20260523 M4-T01) ──────────
+// ─── AssetRegistry class ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/**
+ * Asset registry (instance-per-engine; `engine.assets: AssetRegistry | null`).
+ *
+ * The builtin meshes (`HANDLE_CUBE` / `HANDLE_TRIANGLE` / ...) are served by
+ * the process-static `BuiltinAssetRegistry`, so AI users see usable handles in
+ * the very first frame without registration ceremony (charter proposition 1).
+ *
+ * @example Catalogue a texture by GUID, load its payload, and bind a material:
+ * ```ts
+ * const guid = engine.assets.parseGuid('00000000-0000-7000-8000-000000000001');
+ * engine.assets.catalog(guid, myTexture);                       // GUID -> payload
+ * const res = await engine.assets.loadByGuid(guid);             // payload (D-17)
+ * if (!res.ok) {
+ *   switch (res.error.code) {
+ *     case 'asset-not-found':  // guid not catalogued
+ *   }
+ *   return;
+ * }
+ * const material = world.allocSharedRef('MaterialAsset', {       // mint column handle
+ *   kind: 'material',
+ *   passes: [{ name: 'Forward', program: { module: 'forgeax::default-standard-pbr' }, tags: { LightMode: 'Forward' }, queue: 2000 }],
+ *   values: { baseColorTexture: res.value },
+ * });
+ * world.spawn({ component: MeshRenderer, data: { materials: [material] } });
+ * ```
+ */
+
+// bug-20260610 Fix B: parsed pack-file body stored in the fetchPackFile
+// in-memory cache + in-flight dedup maps (D-4). Only the raw JSON shape is
+// cached -- parseAssetPayload still runs per-call to look up the per-GUID
+// entry (CON-2 register-before-recurse cycle safety).
+export interface ParsedPackFile {
+  schemaVersion?: string;
+  kind?: string;
+  assets: Array<{
+    guid: string;
+    kind: string;
+    payload: Record<string, unknown>;
+    refs?: string[];
+    artifacts?: Record<string, import('@forgeax/engine-types').ArtifactDescriptor>;
+  }>;
+}
+
+export type CatalogReconcileError = AssetError;
+export type CatalogReconcileResult = Result<CatalogReplicaSnapshot, CatalogReconcileError>;
+
+function catalogSourceUnconfigured<T>(): Result<T, AssetError> {
+  return err(
+    new AssetError({
+      code: 'catalog-source-unconfigured',
+      expected: 'a configured catalog source',
+      hint: ASSET_ERROR_HINTS['catalog-source-unconfigured'],
+    }),
+  );
+}
+
+export class AssetRegistry {
+  private catalogSource: CatalogSource | undefined;
+  private catalogEnumerating: Promise<Result<readonly CatalogEntry[], AssetError>> | undefined;
+  private readonly catalogListeners = new Set<CatalogListener>();
+  private catalogSourceDispose: (() => void) | undefined;
+  private catalogReplica: CatalogReplica | undefined;
+  // feat-20260614 M8 (D-15 / D-17 / D-19): the registry is a GUID -> payload
+  // catalogue. It holds NO handle concept -- it cannot mint a column handle
+  // (it has no World). `loadByGuid` returns the PAYLOAD; column minting
+  // (`world.allocSharedRef`) is the caller's job on the ECS/render side.
+  // Sub-asset refs embedded in a payload stay as GUID strings (AssetGuid /
+  // dash-form), never minted at load time. Keyed by lowercased GUID string.
+  // feat-20260705-runtime-tier2-decomposition M1 / w5 (D-4): public so the
+  // extracted `./registry/validate-material` free functions (detectTileNeeds-
+  // RepeatSampler) can read it. No underscore + genuinely public is the
+  // lint-compliant exposure (D-internal R-internal-C ties `@internal` to `_`).
+  readonly assetCatalog: Map<string, AssetEnvelope<Asset>> = new Map();
+
+  /** Owner-injected component catalog used for scene breadcrumb projection. */
+  readonly componentCatalog: ReadonlyMap<string, Component>;
+
+  // feat-20260618-asset-and-pack-name-fields M3 (D-1): the package index that
+  // backs the two-segment asset identity `<packagePath>.<name>`. `packages`
+  // maps a lowercased GUID key to its `MutablePackage` (a shared object every
+  // GUID of the same import path points at), or `null` for assets with no
+  // package (catalog() inline + builtin, D-5). All three registration entry
+  // points (catalog / loadByGuid / builtin) funnel through the single
+  // `registerPackage` primitive so the XOR name invariant lands once (#1 SSOT).
+  private readonly packages: Map<string, MutablePackage | null> = new Map();
+
+  // Secondary index path -> shared MutablePackage so every GUID of the same
+  // import path points at one object (the 1->N promotion + assetCount derive
+  // depend on this sharing). Not a duplicate of `packages` (#2): `packages` is
+  // the per-GUID lookup; this is the per-path dedup used only inside
+  // registerPackage to find-or-create the shared object.
+  private readonly packageByPath: Map<string, MutablePackage> = new Map();
+
+  // Per-GUID stored display names now live on the asset envelope's `name` field
+  // (the single home, replacing the retired storedNameOf side table; D-6).
+  // resolveName reads `assetCatalog.get(key)?.name` as the `storedName` argument
+  // of deriveAssetName. `pendingNames` bridges the one ordering where a name is
+  // known before its envelope exists: the prod disk path registers the package
+  // (entry names) during resolveCatalogEntry, then catalogues the body later --
+  // catalog() drains the pending name into the new envelope, so nothing persists
+  // here once the envelope is in place.
+  private readonly pendingNames: Map<string, string> = new Map();
+
+  // ─── Prod pack-index fetch state (M4/w23) ──────────────────────────────
+  // When packIndexUrl is configured, loadByGuid fetches pack-index.json on
+  // first call, caches the parsed catalog in packIndexCache, then fetches
+  // each resource URL resolved against that index and registers the asset.
+  packIndexUrl: string | undefined = undefined;
+  packIndexCache: Map<string, CatalogRecord> | undefined = undefined;
+  /** Current browser-facing asset realm; absent for inline/shipped legacy use. */
+  runtimeBinding: RuntimeAssetBinding | undefined = undefined;
+
+  // tweak-20260609 M1: in-flight Map for recursive loadByGuid dedup + cycle
+  // prevention (D-5 / B-10). Maps guidKey → Promise<Result<Handle, ...>> so
+  // concurrent calls for the same GUID share the same fetch + register chain,
+  // and cycles (A→B→A) terminate when the second visit hits the in-flight
+  // entry for A instead of re-entering fetch.
+  readonly inFlight: Map<string, Promise<Result<unknown, AssetError | ImageError | RhiError>>> =
+    new Map();
+
+  // bug-20260610 Fix B (M3 / D-4): per-instance pack-file cache keyed by
+  // packageUrl (the .pack.json URL). `packFileInFlight` de-duplicates
+  // concurrent fetches; `packFileCache` stores resolved bodies so the
+  // same URL is fetched at most once per AssetRegistry lifetime (CON-6).
+  readonly packFileCache: Map<string, ParsedPackFile> = new Map();
+  readonly packFileInFlight: Map<string, Promise<ParsedPackFile>> = new Map();
+  readonly artifactCache = new ArtifactReadCache();
+  readonly loadState = new LoadStateStore();
+  /**
+   * Render-facing material readiness owned by the production GUID loader.
+   * The map stores the complete tuple result, including structured failures,
+   * so record code cannot silently fall back to a generic MaterialAsset.
+   */
+  readonly materialReadiness = new Map<string, MaterialReady | MaterialLoadError>();
+  private assetEvidenceAdapter: RuntimeAssetEvidenceAdapter = createRuntimeAssetEvidenceAdapter();
+
+  // feat-20260621-asset-registry-robustness-invalidate-inflight-cach F17c:
+  // per-GUID generation counter incremented on each invalidate(guid) call.
+  // loadByGuid captures this value at Promise creation and discards the
+  // result (returning asset-invalidated) if the generation has changed by
+  // the time the fetch completes.
+  // F22: invalidateAll increments a single globalGeneration counter instead,
+  // which invalidates every in-flight Promise regardless of GUID.
+  readonly generations: Map<string, number> = new Map();
+  globalGeneration: number = 0;
+  /**
+   * Monotonic payload-cache epoch. Render-side derived snapshots use this
+   * single stamp to skip re-walking an unchanged material parent chain on
+   * every frame; catalog/invalidation mutations advance it conservatively.
+   */
+  catalogEpoch: number = 0;
+
+  // F20: per-cache Promise queue to serialise packIndexCache write operations
+  // in transportOrFail. The "check -> new Map() -> set" three-step block is
+  // not atomic across concurrent transportOrFail calls; chaining through a
+  // single queue Promise ensures each patch completes before the next starts.
+  packIndexCachePatchQueue: Promise<void> = Promise.resolve();
+
+  // feat-20260527-sprite-nineslice M4 / w16 + w18 (D-5 + D-9): per-Renderer
+  // EngineMetrics shared with the runtime so register-time soft-warns
+  // (`nineslice.tile-needs-repeat-sampler` for sliceMode=1 + sampler not
+  // 'repeat') and runtime soft-warns (`nineslice.scale-too-small`) increment
+  // the SAME counter map. `createRenderer.ts` calls `assets.setMetrics(metrics)`
+  // immediately after constructing the registry; standalone test fixtures
+  // that do not go through `createRenderer` may leave this null and the
+  // soft-warn paths simply no-op (charter P9 graceful degradation: the
+  // structured fail-fast branches still fire; only the metric is dropped).
+  // feat-20260705-runtime-tier2-decomposition M1 / w5 (D-4): public so the
+  // extracted `./registry/validate-material` free functions (detectTileNeeds-
+  // RepeatSampler) can read + increment it. No underscore + genuinely public
+  // is the lint-compliant exposure (D-internal R-internal-C ties `@internal`
+  // to `_`).
+  metrics: EngineMetrics | null = null;
+
+  // feat-20260707 M5 / w33 (D-11): device texture-compression caps the Basis
+  // texture / equirect arms feed to `selectTranscodeTarget`. `createRenderer`
+  // projects `RhiCaps` -> `TranscodeCaps` and calls `setTranscodeCaps` right
+  // after construction (D-8 one-line projection). A standalone registry (test /
+  // headless) keeps the all-false default, which drives the uncompressed
+  // fallback path (section 8 P3, AC-04) rather than a hard failure.
+  transcodeCaps: TranscodeCaps = { bc: false, etc2: false, astc: false };
+
+  // feat-20260703-collect-nested-sceneinstance-to-mount-roundtrip M1 (D-1):
+  // origin reverse-index: a payload object -> its catalog GUID, for payloads
+  // that are NOT the current catalog identity. WeakMap so entries auto-GC when
+  // the world despawns and the object is no longer held by sharedRefs.
+  // _guidForAsset consults it after the catalog identity scan MISSes.
+  // SSOT for the "payload-to-GUID provenance" fact (architecture-principles #1).
+  //
+  // Two writers populate it:
+  //   1. instantiate (registry/instantiate.ts): the resolved SceneAsset copy ->
+  //      its original catalog GUID (the deep-copied envelope is never the catalog
+  //      identity).
+  //   2. feat-20260713 M4 / w15 (D-6, root cause a): catalog() records the
+  //      SUPERSEDED payload here when re-cataloguing a GUID with a fresh object.
+  //      A handle minted before the override still points at the old object; this
+  //      keeps that object reverse-lookupable so save/collect resolves its GUID
+  //      instead of failing with a GUID-unresolved error (the 2026-07-06 crash).
+  //
+  // Key type is `object` (not `SceneAsset`) because both material and scene
+  // payloads are recorded (material payloads flow through writer 2).
+  /** @internal */
+  _originIndex: WeakMap<object, string> = new WeakMap();
+
+  /**
+   * Construct a fresh registry pre-populated with the builtin cube + triangle
+   * mesh handles (`HANDLE_CUBE` / `HANDLE_TRIANGLE`).
+   *
+   * feat-20260514 M3 / w15: the previous optional `RhiDevice` constructor
+   * argument (consumed by the now-deleted `createInstancedBuffer` triplet)
+   * is removed; the registry surface is engine-agnostic again. Per-entity
+   * instance transforms now live inside the ECS `Instances { transforms:
+   * 'array<f32>' }` component; the RenderSystem record stage owns GPU
+   * storage buffer allocation + cap-gate.
+   */
+  // feat-20260603-asset-import-loader-injection M1 / w5 (D-7): the registry
+  // dispatches `parseAssetPayload` / the texture+font upstream branches through
+  // this `LoaderRegistry`. feat-20260623 M3 / w9: the loader registry is now
+  // internally built by `createDefaultLoaderRegistry()` (public readonly field)
+  // so host apps can reach `engine.assets.loaders.register(...)` without a
+  // constructor-injection slot or a phantom passthrough wrapper.
+  // The loader set is wired at construction from the complete ordinary Asset
+  // vocabulary (including video and audio) plus caller-supplied extensions.
+  // Assigned here so the optional loaders cannot appear after a load begins.
+  readonly loaders: LoaderRegistry;
+
+  // feat-20260603-asset-import-loader-injection M4 / w31 (AC-19 / AC-22):
+  // the optional `ImportTransport` is the *only* difference between the studio
+  // form (transport injected, dev DDC miss triggers lazy import) and the shipped
+  // form (transport absent, DDC miss fails fast with `asset-not-imported`).
+  // The load path AFTER a successful DDC fetch is identical in both forms --
+  // zero branching on transport (AC-23 key invariant). Set at construction (no
+  // setter, no illegal intermediate state), same D-7 stance as LoaderRegistry.
+  readonly importTransport: ImportTransport | undefined;
+
+  // feat-20260705-runtime-tier2-decomposition M1 / w9 (D-1): optional post-spawn
+  // hook invoked by `instantiate` after the scene subtree spawns. The shipped
+  // implementation is runtime's `postSpawnResolveJoints` (auto-wire Skin.joints),
+  // injected at the sole production assembly point (createRenderer, w10). When
+  // absent (standalone / test registries), instantiate skips joint wiring
+  // silently. Public so the extracted `./registry/instantiate` free function can
+  // read it (D-internal R-internal-C ties `@internal` to a `_` prefix;
+  // genuinely-public is the lint-compliant exposure).
+  readonly postSpawnHook: PostSpawnHook | undefined;
+
+  /** @internal Stored for M2 validation; TS suppressor reference */
+  constructor(
+    // feat-20260705-runtime-tier2-decomposition M1 / w5 (D-4): public so the
+    // extracted `./registry/validate-material` free functions can read it. No
+    // underscore + genuinely public is the lint-compliant exposure (an
+    // `@internal` tag would require a `_` prefix per D-internal R-internal-C).
+    readonly shaderRegistry: ShaderRegistry,
+    importTransport?: ImportTransport | undefined,
+    // Caller-supplied loaders extend the ordinary default set. Duplicate kinds
+    // are rejected by LoaderRegistry so no consumer can observe replacement
+    // order as an accidental ownership rule.
+    extraLoaders?: readonly Loader[] | undefined,
+    // feat-20260705-runtime-tier2-decomposition M1 / w9 (D-1): optional
+    // post-spawn hook; createRenderer injects `postSpawnResolveJoints`.
+    postSpawnHook?: PostSpawnHook | undefined,
+    runtimeBinding?: RuntimeAssetBinding | undefined,
+    componentCatalog: ReadonlyMap<string, Component> = new Map(),
+  ) {
+    void this.shaderRegistry;
+    this.importTransport = importTransport;
+    this.postSpawnHook = postSpawnHook;
+    this.runtimeBinding = runtimeBinding;
+    this.componentCatalog = componentCatalog;
+    this.loaders = createDefaultLoaderRegistry(extraLoaders);
+    this.registerBuiltins();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Restore the engine-owned GUID catalogue after a runtime-realm transition.
+   *
+   * Builtin meshes are process-static engine assets, not game-owned catalog
+   * rows. A realm transition clears the user catalog and load caches, but must
+   * leave these assets addressable so a scene in the newly bound game can keep
+   * resolving its builtin mesh references.
+   */
+  private registerBuiltins(): void {
+    // feat-20260614 M8 (D-15): builtins are GUID-addressable catalogue rows.
+    // The builtin payloads also live process-static in BuiltinAssetRegistry
+    // (slot < BUILTIN_BASE) for handle-tier resolution; here they are
+    // catalogued by GUID so loadByGuid(builtinGuid) returns the payload and
+    // scene refs[] pointing at a builtin GUID resolve without a hand-
+    // maintained table (docs/feedbacks/2026-06-03 §6.2 Tier 0).
+    const builtinByHandle = new Map<number, Asset>([
+      [handleSlot(HANDLE_CUBE), BUILTIN_CUBE],
+      [handleSlot(HANDLE_TRIANGLE), BUILTIN_TRIANGLE],
+      [handleSlot(HANDLE_QUAD), BUILTIN_QUAD],
+      [handleSlot(HANDLE_SPHERE), BUILTIN_SPHERE],
+      [handleSlot(HANDLE_NINESLICE_QUAD), BUILTIN_NINESLICE_QUAD],
+      [handleSlot(HANDLE_CYLINDER), BUILTIN_CYLINDER],
+    ]);
+    for (const [handle, guidStr] of BUILTIN_MESH_GUIDS) {
+      const parsed = AssetGuid.parse(guidStr);
+      if (!parsed.ok) {
+        throw new Error(`[asset-registry] builtin GUID ${guidStr} is not a valid UUID`);
+      }
+      const payload = builtinByHandle.get(handleSlot(handle));
+      if (payload !== undefined)
+        this.assetCatalog.set(guidStr.toLowerCase(), {
+          guid: guidStr,
+          kind: payload.kind,
+          payload,
+          refs: [],
+        });
+      if (payload !== undefined) this.loadState.registerReady(guidStr, payload);
+    }
+    // D-5: builtin meshes have no import path and no source name -- register
+    // them with a null package so resolveName returns '' (the detectable
+    // "genuinely no name" signal). They are deliberately NOT given a synthetic
+    // package + derived name (memory builtin-guid-preregister-collides).
+    this._registerPackage(
+      null,
+      BUILTIN_MESH_GUIDS.map(([, guidStr]) => guidStr),
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * feat-20260527-sprite-nineslice M4 / w16 prep + w18 (D-5 + D-9): inject the
+   * per-Renderer `EngineMetrics` so register-time soft-warns can bump the same
+   * counter map the runtime reads through `renderer.metrics.snapshot()`. Called
+   * by `createRenderer` after constructing both the registry and the metrics
+   * instance; safe to skip in standalone tests (the soft-warn arms simply do
+   * not record).
+   */
+  setMetrics(metrics: EngineMetrics): void {
+    this.metrics = metrics;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * feat-20260707 M5 / w33 (D-11): wire the device compression caps used by the
+   * Basis texture / equirect transcode arms. `createRenderer` calls this right
+   * after construction with `RhiCaps` projected to `TranscodeCaps` (D-8). Left
+   * at the all-false default, the loaders transcode to the uncompressed
+   * `rgba8unorm` / `rgba16float` fallback (AC-04, section 8 P3).
+   */
+  setTranscodeCaps(caps: TranscodeCaps): void {
+    this.transcodeCaps = caps;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Inject authoritative runtime evidence without importing CLI or Node policy.
+   * `inspect(guid)` and `verifyByGuid(guid)` return the shared state model; an
+   * omitted capability remains an explicit structured error, never a pass.
+   */
+  configureAssetEvidence(source: RuntimeEvidenceSource): void {
+    this.assetEvidenceAdapter = createRuntimeAssetEvidenceAdapter(source);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @internal — read the metrics handle for register-time soft-warn paths.
+   * Returns `null` when no `createRenderer` wired the registry to a renderer
+   * (the standalone-test path; the structured fail-fast branches still fire).
+   */
+  _getMetrics(): EngineMetrics | null {
+    return this.metrics;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @internal — reverse-lookup: find the GUID key for a catalogued asset
+   * payload by identity comparison (===). Returns the GUID string if found,
+   * `undefined` otherwise. This is the SSOT for the inline identity scan
+   * idiom that previously existed in two places (instantiate sceneGuidKey
+   * lookup and resolveSkinAsset skeleton match).
+   *
+   * Linear scan of the assetCatalog (Map<string, AssetEnvelope>). The O(n)
+   * cost is acceptable for save-path frequencies (OOS-2).
+   */
+  _guidForAsset(asset: Asset): string | undefined {
+    for (const [key, envelope] of this.assetCatalog) {
+      if (envelope.payload === asset) {
+        return key;
+      }
+    }
+    // feat-20260703 M1 (D-1): fallback to the origin reverse-index. Covers two
+    // MISS cases the catalog identity scan cannot: (1) _resolveSceneGuids deep
+    // copies — the copy is never the catalogued original; (2) feat-20260713 M4
+    // (D-6): a payload superseded by a catalog override, still live behind a
+    // handle minted before the override.
+    return this._originIndex.get(asset as object);
+  }
+
+  /** Return the production MaterialReady/Error result for one material GUID. */
+  getMaterialReadiness(guid: string): MaterialReady | MaterialLoadError | undefined {
+    return this.materialReadiness.get(guid.toLowerCase());
+  }
+
+  /** Record the canonical result produced by the production material loader. */
+  recordMaterialReadiness(guid: string, readiness: MaterialReady | MaterialLoadError): void {
+    this.materialReadiness.set(guid.toLowerCase(), readiness);
+    if (readiness.status === 'Ready') {
+      installMaterialReadyShaders(this.shaderRegistry, readiness);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Configure a catalog URL for `loadByGuid`.
+   *
+   * Call this once during engine initialization with the URL where
+   * `pack-index.json` is served (emitted by `@forgeax/engine-vite-plugin-pack`
+   * during `vite build`). In a Vite dev host, use `configureRuntimeBinding`
+   * instead so the catalog remains bound to its scope and generation. The
+   * index is also the canonical base URL for every
+   * catalog entry: relative, root-relative, and absolute entry URLs are resolved
+   * against it before the registry fetches a pack body. After configuration,
+   * `loadByGuid` will fetch the catalog on its first invocation and cache it for
+   * subsequent calls.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * engine.assets.configurePackIndex('/pack-index.json');
+   * const payloadRes = await engine.assets.loadByGuid(guid); // payload, not a handle (D-17)
+   * ```
+   */
+  configurePackIndex(url: string): void {
+    this.packIndexUrl = url;
+    this.packIndexCache = undefined; // reset cache if URL changes
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Atomically replace the browser-side asset realm. The binding owns the
+   * catalog URL and generation; no cache from the previous game survives the
+   * transition.
+   */
+  configureRuntimeBinding(binding: RuntimeAssetBinding): void {
+    this.clearCatalogSource();
+    this.runtimeBinding = binding;
+    this.configurePackIndex(binding.catalogUrl);
+    this.invalidateAll();
+    this.registerBuiltins();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * feat-20260621 F17c: invalidate a single cached asset by GUID so the next
+   * `loadByGuid` performs a genuinely fresh fetch. Clears, for this GUID only:
+   * the catalogue entry, the in-flight dedup entry, the cached pack-file body
+   * (keyed by the index entry's packageUrl), and the pack-index entry. Then
+   * increments the per-GUID generation counter so any still in-flight Promise
+   * for this GUID discards its result (returns `asset-invalidated`). The body +
+   * index clears are targeted (other GUIDs' cached bodies and index entries
+   * survive); deleting the index entry forces `resolveCatalogEntry` to re-fetch
+   * the pack-index on the next load, re-resolving the packageUrl whose body
+   * cache was just dropped. No-op when the GUID is not catalogued.
+   *
+   * Does NOT touch `packages` (a re-load's registerPackage overwrites them; D-8)
+   * and does NOT trigger GPU resource release (OOS-1,
+   * q1 boundary: the asset is CPU-only; GPU resources follow the ECS).
+   *
+   * @param guid - Case-insensitive GUID string or AssetGuid.
+   */
+  invalidate(guid: string): void {
+    const guidKey = guid.toLowerCase();
+    // D-6: the stored name lives on the envelope; preserve it across the delete
+    // (the `packages` mapping survives, so resolveName must still see the name
+    // until a re-load's registerPackage overwrites it) by parking it on
+    // pendingNames -- the next catalog() of this GUID drains it back.
+    const survivingEnvelope = this.assetCatalog.get(guidKey);
+    const survivingName = survivingEnvelope?.name;
+    if (survivingName !== undefined) this.pendingNames.set(guidKey, survivingName);
+    if (survivingEnvelope !== undefined) this._originIndex.set(survivingEnvelope.payload, guidKey);
+    this.assetCatalog.delete(guidKey);
+    this.loadState.remove(guidKey);
+    this.materialReadiness.delete(guidKey);
+    // R-1 hard fix (research-decisions.md): delete inFlight entry so the
+    // next loadByGuid does not hit the old Promise whose generation no
+    // longer matches (AC-04 requires a fresh fetch, not asset-invalidated).
+    this.inFlight.delete(guidKey);
+    // Round-2 M-A: widen the clear so a COMPLETED reload re-fetches fresh
+    // bytes instead of serving the stale cached body. Ordering is load-bearing:
+    // read packageUrl from the index entry FIRST, then delete the body, then
+    // delete the index entry. Targeted delete (not wholesale undefined) keeps
+    // other GUIDs' cached bodies/index entries intact (per-GUID precision).
+    const entry = this.packIndexCache?.get(guidKey);
+    if (entry !== undefined) this.packFileCache.delete(entry.packageUrl);
+    this.packIndexCache?.delete(guidKey);
+    this.generations.set(guidKey, (this.generations.get(guidKey) ?? 0) + 1);
+    this.catalogEpoch++;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Adopt freshly loaded Mesh material slots into an object that is already
+   * pinned by live World shared refs. Geometry and GPU-backed fields deliberately
+   * remain untouched: this primitive is only for a default-material source
+   * override, never a general Mesh reimport. This is the atomic cutover: Catalog,
+   * Ready load state, and payload-to-GUID provenance must all name the same
+   * object after the call. Call only after invalidate(guid) + loadByGuid(guid)
+   * has completed successfully.
+   */
+  adoptReloadedMeshMaterialSlots(guid: string, livePayload: Asset): Result<Asset, AssetError> {
+    const key = guid.toLowerCase();
+    const envelope = this.assetCatalog.get(key);
+    const freshPayload = this.loadState.getReady<Asset>(key);
+    if (envelope === undefined || freshPayload === undefined || envelope.payload !== freshPayload) {
+      return err(
+        new AssetError({
+          code: 'asset-not-found',
+          expected: `GUID ${key} to have one freshly loaded Ready payload`,
+          hint: 'complete invalidate + loadByGuid before adopting a live Mesh identity',
+        }),
+      );
+    }
+    if (livePayload.kind !== 'mesh' || freshPayload.kind !== 'mesh') {
+      return err(
+        new AssetError({
+          code: 'asset-parse-failed',
+          expected: `GUID ${key} live and fresh payloads to both be MeshAsset`,
+          hint: 'use Mesh identity adoption only for a recooked MeshAsset',
+        }),
+      );
+    }
+    if (this._guidForAsset(livePayload) !== key) {
+      return err(
+        new AssetError({
+          code: 'asset-not-found',
+          expected: `live Mesh payload to retain GUID provenance for ${key}`,
+          hint: 'capture the catalogued live payload before invalidating and reloading the same GUID',
+        }),
+      );
+    }
+    if (livePayload === freshPayload) return ok(livePayload);
+
+    (livePayload as unknown as { materialSlots: TypesMeshAsset['materialSlots'] }).materialSlots =
+      freshPayload.materialSlots;
+    this._originIndex.set(freshPayload as object, key);
+    this.assetCatalog.set(key, { ...envelope, payload: livePayload });
+    this.loadState.registerReady(key, livePayload);
+    this.catalogEpoch++;
+    return ok(livePayload);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * feat-20260621 F17c: invalidate ALL cached assets so the next `loadByGuid`
+   * re-fetches both the pack-index and the asset body. Clears assetCatalog,
+   * inFlight, and packFileCache (wholesale), and resets packIndexCache to
+   * `undefined` (NOT `.clear()` -- an empty Map would short-circuit
+   * `resolveCatalogEntry`'s `=== undefined` re-fetch guard and serve
+   * asset-not-imported for every later load; undefined forces a fresh
+   * fetchPackIndex). Then increments a single globalGeneration counter so every
+   * in-flight Promise (regardless of GUID) discards its result. Returns the
+   * number of assets that were catalogued before the call.
+   *
+   * Idempotent: second call on an already-empty catalogue returns clearedCount 0
+   * (AC-06). Does NOT trigger GPU resource release (OOS-1).
+   */
+  invalidateAll(): { clearedCount: number } {
+    const count = this.assetCatalog.size;
+    this.assetCatalog.clear();
+    this.loadState.clear();
+    this.materialReadiness.clear();
+    this.inFlight.clear();
+    this.globalGeneration++;
+    // Round-2 M-A: wholesale clear of the shared body cache, and reset the
+    // index cache to UNDEFINED (R2-1) -- NOT .clear(). packFileCache uses
+    // .clear() because fetchPackFile checks `.get(packageUrl)` per URL, so an
+    // empty Map correctly misses and re-fetches. packIndexCache uses =undefined
+    // because resolveCatalogEntry's re-fetch guard tests `=== undefined`; an
+    // empty Map would short-circuit it and serve asset-not-imported for every
+    // later load -- the exact F17b pollution this feat fixes. The asymmetry is
+    // intentional; do not normalise the two operations.
+    this.packFileCache.clear();
+    this.packIndexCache = undefined;
+    this.catalogEpoch++;
+    return { clearedCount: count };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Force a re-fetch of the configured pack-index NOW and repopulate the cache,
+   * so a synchronous `listCatalog()` immediately reflects assets added on disk
+   * since boot (a freshly imported GLB's sub-assets). `loadByGuid`'s lazy
+   * re-fetch only fires on a per-GUID miss and `invalidateAll()` merely clears
+   * the cache (leaving `listCatalog()` empty until the next load), so neither
+   * makes a Content Browser or `loadByGuid`-driven "Add to Scene" see a new
+   * asset without a page reload. This does.
+   *
+   * No-op (returns false) when no pack-index URL is configured (dev inline
+   * catalogue path) or the fetch fails — callers keep the stale cache rather
+   * than blanking it. Returns true when the cache was repopulated.
+   */
+  async refreshCatalog(): Promise<boolean> {
+    if (this.packIndexUrl === undefined) return false;
+    const result = await fetchPackIndex(this);
+    if (!result.ok) return false;
+    this.packIndexCache = result.value;
+    registerPackagesFromIndex(this, this.packIndexCache);
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  setCatalogSource(source: CatalogSource): void {
+    this.clearCatalogSource();
+    this.catalogSource = source;
+    this.catalogReplica = new CatalogReplica(source);
+    this.catalogSourceDispose = this.catalogReplica.subscribe((delta) => {
+      for (const listener of [...this.catalogListeners]) {
+        try {
+          listener(delta);
+        } catch {
+          // One host listener cannot prevent the remaining listeners from seeing a fact.
+        }
+      }
+    });
+    void this.catalogReplica.start();
+  }
+
+  /** Stop the catalog transport and remove its replica without clearing payload caches. */
+  clearCatalogSource(): void {
+    this.catalogReplica?.dispose();
+    this.catalogSourceDispose?.();
+    this.catalogSourceDispose = undefined;
+    this.catalogSource = undefined;
+    this.catalogReplica = undefined;
+    this.catalogEnumerating = undefined;
+  }
+
+  enumerateCatalog(): Promise<Result<readonly CatalogEntry[], AssetError>> {
+    if (this.catalogEnumerating !== undefined) return this.catalogEnumerating;
+    if (this.catalogSource === undefined || this.catalogReplica === undefined) {
+      return Promise.resolve(catalogSourceUnconfigured());
+    }
+    const promise = this.catalogReplica
+      .start()
+      .then((result) => (result.ok ? ok(result.value.entries) : result));
+    this.catalogEnumerating = promise;
+    void promise.then(() => {
+      this.catalogEnumerating = undefined;
+    });
+    return promise;
+  }
+
+  /** Read the immutable catalog projection folded by this registry. */
+  catalogSnapshot(): CatalogReplicaSnapshot | undefined {
+    return this.catalogReplica?.snapshot();
+  }
+
+  /** Explicitly recover the registry's single catalog replica from its configured source. */
+  reconcileCatalog(): Promise<CatalogReconcileResult> {
+    if (this.catalogSource === undefined || this.catalogReplica === undefined) {
+      return Promise.resolve(catalogSourceUnconfigured());
+    }
+    return this.catalogReplica.reconcile();
+  }
+
+  subscribeCatalog(listener: CatalogListener): () => void {
+    this.catalogListeners.add(listener);
+    return () => {
+      this.catalogListeners.delete(listener);
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Materialise a `SceneAsset` into an existing `World` and return the
+   * synthetic root `Entity` (feat-20260514 w31 sugar wrapper; AC-03 +
+   * requirements §IN-3; M3: returns Entity not SceneInstanceId).
+   *
+   * Before spawning, handle-type component fields (e.g. `assetHandle`,
+   * `material`, `skeleton`) containing GUID strings are resolved to fresh
+   * user-tier `Handle` numbers via `world.allocSharedRef` (feat-20260614 M8
+   * D-19 instantiate-time GUID->handle mint; supersedes the pre-D-17
+   * `resolveGuid` map). GUIDs that fail to parse or are not catalogued return
+   * `AssetError(code='asset-not-found')` with a hint containing the GUID,
+   * node localId, and field name.
+   *
+   * Errors propagate verbatim through the closed
+   * `AssetError | PackError | EcsError` union so AI users that already
+   * narrow `loadByGuid<SceneAsset>` results reuse the same `switch
+   * (err.code)` exhaustively (charter proposition 3 machine-readable
+   * union; plan-strategy §3.3 closed-union transparency).
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const sceneRes = await engine.assets.loadByGuid<SceneAsset>(roomGuid); // payload (D-17)
+   * if (!sceneRes.ok) return;
+   * const handle = world.allocSharedRef('SceneAsset', sceneRes.value);     // mint column handle
+   * const r = engine.assets.instantiate(handle, world);
+   * if (!r.ok) {
+   *   switch (r.error.code) {
+   *     case 'asset-not-found':
+   *     case 'pack-cyclic-reference':
+   *     // ... AssetErrorCode | PackErrorCode | EcsErrorCode exhaustive
+   *   }
+   * }
+   * ```
+   */
+  instantiate<T extends SceneAsset>(
+    handle: Handle<TagOf<T>, 'shared'>,
+    world: World,
+    parent?: EntityHandle,
+  ): Result<EntityHandle, AssetError | PackError | EcsError> {
+    return instantiateImpl(this, handle, world, parent) as Result<
+      EntityHandle,
+      AssetError | PackError | EcsError
+    >;
+  }
+
+  instantiateWithPublicationFence<T extends SceneAsset>(
+    handle: Handle<TagOf<T>, 'shared'>,
+    world: World,
+    parent: EntityHandle | undefined,
+    expectedPublication: ScenePublicationFence,
+  ): Result<EntityHandle, AssetError | PackError | EcsError | ScenePublicationFenceError>;
+  instantiateWithPublicationFence<T extends SceneAsset>(
+    handle: Handle<TagOf<T>, 'shared'>,
+    world: World,
+    parent: EntityHandle | undefined,
+    expectedPublication: ScenePublicationFence,
+  ): Result<EntityHandle, AssetError | PackError | EcsError | ScenePublicationFenceError> {
+    return instantiateImpl(this, handle, world, parent, expectedPublication);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Materialise a `SceneAsset` FLAT into an existing `World` — the "open a scene
+   * for authoring" registry entry (#655): NO synthetic SceneInstance root, NO
+   * forced `ChildOf` on top-level members. Returns the top-level entity handles.
+   * Nested prefabs (`mounts[]`) still materialise as their own SceneInstance
+   * anchors. Use {@link instantiate} (anchor) at runtime / Play and for nested
+   * prefabs.
+   */
+  instantiateFlat<T extends SceneAsset>(
+    handle: Handle<TagOf<T>, 'shared'>,
+    world: World,
+  ): Result<EntityHandle[], AssetError | PackError | EcsError> {
+    return instantiateFlatImpl(this, handle, world) as Result<
+      EntityHandle[],
+      AssetError | PackError | EcsError
+    >;
+  }
+
+  instantiateFlatWithPublicationFence<T extends SceneAsset>(
+    handle: Handle<TagOf<T>, 'shared'>,
+    world: World,
+    expectedPublication: ScenePublicationFence,
+  ): Result<EntityHandle[], AssetError | PackError | EcsError | ScenePublicationFenceError> {
+    return instantiateFlatImpl(this, handle, world, expectedPublication);
+  }
+
+  private sceneMeshGuidBySlot(
+    scene: SceneAsset,
+    visited: Set<string> = new Set(),
+  ): Map<number, string> {
+    const result = new Map<number, string>();
+    for (const entity of scene.entities) {
+      const components = entity.components as Record<string, Record<string, unknown>>;
+      const meshGuid = components.MeshFilter?.assetHandle;
+      if (typeof meshGuid === 'string') result.set(entity.localId as number, meshGuid);
+    }
+    for (const mount of scene.mounts ?? []) {
+      const mountComponents = mount.components as
+        | Record<string, Record<string, unknown>>
+        | undefined;
+      const mountMeshGuid = mountComponents?.MeshFilter?.assetHandle;
+      if (typeof mountMeshGuid === 'string') result.set(mount.localId as number, mountMeshGuid);
+      if (typeof mount.source !== 'string') continue;
+      const childKey = mount.source.toLowerCase();
+      if (visited.has(childKey)) continue;
+      const child = this.assetCatalog.get(childKey)?.payload;
+      if (child?.kind !== 'scene') continue;
+      const childVisited = new Set(visited);
+      childVisited.add(childKey);
+      const childSlots = this.sceneMeshGuidBySlot(child, childVisited);
+      const first = mount.memberFirst as unknown as number;
+      for (const [childSlot, meshGuid] of childSlots) result.set(first + childSlot, meshGuid);
+      for (const override of mount.overrides ?? []) {
+        if (override.comp !== 'MeshFilter') continue;
+        const nextMeshGuid =
+          override.field === 'assetHandle'
+            ? override.value
+            : override.field === undefined &&
+                typeof override.value === 'object' &&
+                override.value !== null &&
+                !Array.isArray(override.value)
+              ? (override.value as Record<string, unknown>).assetHandle
+              : undefined;
+        if (typeof nextMeshGuid === 'string') {
+          result.set(override.localId as unknown as number, nextMeshGuid);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  private migrateLegacySceneMaterialOverrides(
+    scene: SceneAsset,
+    sceneGuidKey?: string,
+  ): Result<{ readonly scene: SceneAsset; readonly changed: boolean }, AssetError> {
+    const nodes: SceneEntity[] = [];
+    let changed = false;
+    for (const node of scene.entities) {
+      const components = node.components as Record<string, Record<string, unknown>>;
+      const rawMeshGuid = components.MeshFilter?.assetHandle;
+      const meshGuid = typeof rawMeshGuid === 'string' ? rawMeshGuid : undefined;
+      const legacyOverrides = components.MeshRenderer?.materials;
+      const mesh =
+        meshGuid === undefined ? undefined : this.assetCatalog.get(meshGuid.toLowerCase())?.payload;
+      if (
+        mesh?.kind !== 'mesh' ||
+        meshGuid === undefined ||
+        !Array.isArray(legacyOverrides) ||
+        legacyOverrides.length < mesh.submeshes.length ||
+        mesh.submeshes.length <= mesh.materialSlots.length ||
+        !legacyOverrides.every((value) => typeof value === 'string')
+      ) {
+        nodes.push(node);
+        continue;
+      }
+      const migrated = migrateLegacyMeshMaterialOverrides(
+        legacyOverrides as string[],
+        mesh.submeshes,
+        mesh.materialSlots.length,
+        {
+          meshGuid: meshGuid.toLowerCase(),
+          sceneGuid: sceneGuidKey ?? '<unregistered-scene>',
+          entityId: node.localId as number,
+        },
+      );
+      if (!migrated.ok) {
+        return err(
+          new AssetError({
+            code: 'asset-parse-failed',
+            expected:
+              'legacy per-submesh material overrides to collapse unambiguously onto Mesh v3 slots',
+            hint: migrated.error.hint,
+            detail: migrated.error as unknown as import('@forgeax/engine-types').AssetErrorDetail,
+          }),
+        );
+      }
+      changed = true;
+      nodes.push({
+        ...node,
+        components: {
+          ...components,
+          MeshRenderer: { ...components.MeshRenderer, materials: migrated.overrides },
+        },
+      } as SceneEntity);
+    }
+
+    const mounts: SceneInstanceMount[] = [];
+    for (const mount of scene.mounts ?? []) {
+      const child =
+        typeof mount.source === 'string'
+          ? this.assetCatalog.get(mount.source.toLowerCase())?.payload
+          : undefined;
+      let nextMount = mount;
+      let mountChanged = false;
+      const mountComponents = mount.components as
+        | Record<string, Record<string, unknown>>
+        | undefined;
+      const mountMeshGuid = mountComponents?.MeshFilter?.assetHandle;
+      const mountMaterials = mountComponents?.MeshRenderer?.materials;
+      const mountMesh =
+        typeof mountMeshGuid === 'string'
+          ? this.assetCatalog.get(mountMeshGuid.toLowerCase())?.payload
+          : undefined;
+      if (
+        mountMesh?.kind === 'mesh' &&
+        typeof mountMeshGuid === 'string' &&
+        Array.isArray(mountMaterials) &&
+        mountMaterials.length >= mountMesh.submeshes.length &&
+        mountMesh.submeshes.length > mountMesh.materialSlots.length &&
+        mountMaterials.every((value) => typeof value === 'string')
+      ) {
+        const migrated = migrateLegacyMeshMaterialOverrides(
+          mountMaterials as string[],
+          mountMesh.submeshes,
+          mountMesh.materialSlots.length,
+          {
+            meshGuid: mountMeshGuid.toLowerCase(),
+            sceneGuid: sceneGuidKey ?? '<unregistered-scene>',
+            entityId: mount.localId as unknown as number,
+          },
+        );
+        if (!migrated.ok) {
+          return err(
+            new AssetError({
+              code: 'asset-parse-failed',
+              expected:
+                'legacy mount-entity materials to collapse unambiguously onto Mesh v3 slots',
+              hint: migrated.error.hint,
+              detail: migrated.error as unknown as import('@forgeax/engine-types').AssetErrorDetail,
+            }),
+          );
+        }
+        mountChanged = true;
+        nextMount = {
+          ...mount,
+          components: {
+            ...mountComponents,
+            MeshRenderer: { ...mountComponents?.MeshRenderer, materials: migrated.overrides },
+          },
+        } as SceneInstanceMount;
+      }
+      if (child?.kind !== 'scene' || mount.overrides === undefined) {
+        if (mountChanged) changed = true;
+        mounts.push(nextMount);
+        continue;
+      }
+      const meshByMember = this.sceneMeshGuidBySlot(child);
+      const nextOverrides: MountOverride[] = [];
+      for (const override of mount.overrides) {
+        const childLocalId =
+          (override.localId as unknown as number) - (mount.memberFirst as unknown as number);
+        if (override.comp === 'MeshFilter') {
+          const nextMeshGuid =
+            override.field === 'assetHandle'
+              ? override.value
+              : override.field === undefined &&
+                  typeof override.value === 'object' &&
+                  override.value !== null &&
+                  !Array.isArray(override.value)
+                ? (override.value as Record<string, unknown>).assetHandle
+                : undefined;
+          if (typeof nextMeshGuid === 'string') meshByMember.set(childLocalId, nextMeshGuid);
+          nextOverrides.push(override);
+          continue;
+        }
+        const legacyMaterials =
+          override.comp === 'MeshRenderer' && override.field === 'materials'
+            ? override.value
+            : override.comp === 'MeshRenderer' &&
+                override.field === undefined &&
+                typeof override.value === 'object' &&
+                override.value !== null &&
+                !Array.isArray(override.value)
+              ? (override.value as Record<string, unknown>).materials
+              : undefined;
+        const meshGuid = meshByMember.get(childLocalId);
+        const mesh =
+          meshGuid === undefined
+            ? undefined
+            : this.assetCatalog.get(meshGuid.toLowerCase())?.payload;
+        if (
+          mesh?.kind !== 'mesh' ||
+          meshGuid === undefined ||
+          !Array.isArray(legacyMaterials) ||
+          legacyMaterials.length < mesh.submeshes.length ||
+          mesh.submeshes.length <= mesh.materialSlots.length ||
+          !legacyMaterials.every((value) => typeof value === 'string')
+        ) {
+          nextOverrides.push(override);
+          continue;
+        }
+        const migrated = migrateLegacyMeshMaterialOverrides(
+          legacyMaterials as string[],
+          mesh.submeshes,
+          mesh.materialSlots.length,
+          {
+            meshGuid: meshGuid.toLowerCase(),
+            sceneGuid: sceneGuidKey ?? '<unregistered-scene>',
+            entityId: override.localId as unknown as number,
+          },
+        );
+        if (!migrated.ok) {
+          return err(
+            new AssetError({
+              code: 'asset-parse-failed',
+              expected:
+                'legacy mount material overrides to collapse unambiguously onto Mesh v3 slots',
+              hint: migrated.error.hint,
+              detail: migrated.error as unknown as import('@forgeax/engine-types').AssetErrorDetail,
+            }),
+          );
+        }
+        mountChanged = true;
+        nextOverrides.push(
+          override.field === 'materials'
+            ? { ...override, value: migrated.overrides }
+            : {
+                ...override,
+                value: {
+                  ...(override.value as Record<string, unknown>),
+                  materials: migrated.overrides,
+                },
+              },
+        );
+      }
+      if (mountChanged) {
+        changed = true;
+        mounts.push({ ...nextMount, overrides: nextOverrides });
+      } else {
+        mounts.push(nextMount);
+      }
+    }
+    return ok({
+      scene: changed
+        ? {
+            ...scene,
+            entities: nodes,
+            ...(scene.mounts === undefined ? {} : { mounts }),
+          }
+        : scene,
+      changed,
+    });
+  }
+
+  private preflightSceneMaterialGraph(
+    scene: SceneAsset,
+    sceneGuidKey?: string,
+    visited: Set<string> = new Set(),
+  ): Result<void, AssetError> {
+    const key = sceneGuidKey?.toLowerCase();
+    if (key !== undefined) {
+      if (visited.has(key)) return ok(undefined);
+      visited.add(key);
+    }
+    const local = this.migrateLegacySceneMaterialOverrides(scene, sceneGuidKey);
+    if (!local.ok) return local;
+    for (const mount of scene.mounts ?? []) {
+      if (typeof mount.source !== 'string') continue;
+      const childKey = mount.source.toLowerCase();
+      const child = this.assetCatalog.get(childKey)?.payload;
+      if (child?.kind !== 'scene') continue;
+      const nested = this.preflightSceneMaterialGraph(child, childKey, visited);
+      if (!nested.ok) return nested;
+    }
+    return ok(undefined);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @internal
+   * Transform a SceneAsset whose handle-type component fields hold GUID
+   * strings (post-parseScenePayload intermediate state) into a copy whose
+   * handle fields hold resolved Handle numbers.
+   *
+   * Schema-driven field detection (plan-strategy D-4): for each component
+   * field whose Component.schema fieldType starts with `shared\<`, the
+   * value is treated as a GUID string and resolved via `AssetGuid.parse` +
+   * catalogue lookup + `world.internSharedRef` (feat-20260614 M8 D-15/D-17;
+   * the registry mints nothing). Unknown component names are silently passed
+   * through (the ecs layer's additionalProperties check will catch unknowns at
+   * spawn if appropriate).
+   *
+   * Stop-on-first-error (AC-08): the first unresolvable GUID aborts
+   * iteration and returns `AssetError(code='asset-not-found')` with a hint
+   * containing the GUID string, node localId, and field name for AI-user
+   * debuggability (P3).
+   */
+  _resolveSceneGuids(
+    scene: SceneAsset,
+    world: World,
+    sceneGuidKey?: string,
+    _visitedMountGuids?: Set<string>,
+    _guidToHandle?: Map<string, number>,
+    _resolvedSceneHandles?: Map<string, number>,
+    _materialGraphPreflighted = false,
+  ): Result<SceneAsset, AssetError> {
+    // feat-20260622 M3 / w8: reverse-decode from envelope.refs edges when
+    // sceneGuidKey is provided and the catalog holds an envelope for this
+    // scene. Each edge with sceneEntityId+sourceField.componentName carries
+    // the (entityLocalId, componentName, fieldName, arrayIndex) triple —
+    // no need to walk entities with a process-global component reflection table.
+    // D-15/D-17 dedup contract: the same catalogued payload referenced from
+    // multiple nodes must resolve to ONE user-tier handle. The local GUID map
+    // avoids repeat lookups inside this traversal; World interning preserves
+    // payload identity across separate scene-resolution calls.
+    if (!_materialGraphPreflighted) {
+      const graph = this.preflightSceneMaterialGraph(scene, sceneGuidKey);
+      if (!graph.ok) return graph;
+    }
+    const localMigration = this.migrateLegacySceneMaterialOverrides(scene, sceneGuidKey);
+    if (!localMigration.ok) return localMigration;
+    const sceneForResolution = localMigration.value.scene;
+    const preflightChanged = localMigration.value.changed;
+
+    const resolvedMap = new Map<string, number>();
+    const guidToHandle = _guidToHandle ?? new Map<string, number>();
+    const resolvedSceneHandles = _resolvedSceneHandles ?? new Map<string, number>();
+    const sceneEnvelope =
+      !preflightChanged && sceneGuidKey !== undefined
+        ? this.assetCatalog.get(sceneGuidKey)
+        : undefined;
+    // Did the structured-edge branch actually resolve anything? Prod-loaded
+    // packs catalogue refs[] as GUID-only edges (sourceField / sceneEntityId
+    // stripped at the w7 D-10 serialization boundary), so the rich-edge loop
+    // below `continue`-skips every ref and resolves nothing. When that happens
+    // we MUST fall through to the entity-walk fallback — otherwise the handle
+    // fields keep their GUID strings and `spawn` writes the sentinel 0 while
+    // `retainSharedScalarHandle(GUID)` routes `shared-ref-released` (the on-disk
+    // game-scene instantiate crash: enemy MeshFilter.assetHandle).
+    let resolvedFromEdges = false;
+    if (
+      sceneEnvelope !== undefined &&
+      sceneEnvelope.refs !== undefined &&
+      sceneEnvelope.refs.length > 0
+    ) {
+      for (const ref of sceneEnvelope.refs) {
+        const { sceneEntityId, sourceField } = ref;
+        if (sceneEntityId === undefined || sourceField === undefined) continue;
+        const { componentName, fieldName, arrayIndex } = sourceField;
+        if (componentName === undefined || fieldName === undefined) continue;
+
+        const fieldPath = `${componentName}.${fieldName}${arrayIndex !== undefined ? `[${arrayIndex}]` : ''}`;
+
+        const envelope = this.assetCatalog.get(ref.guid.toLowerCase());
+        if (envelope === undefined) {
+          return err(
+            new AssetError({
+              code: 'asset-not-found',
+              expected: `GUID ${ref.guid} catalogued in AssetRegistry`,
+              hint:
+                `GUID ${ref.guid} not catalogued; ` +
+                `call loadByGuid('${ref.guid}') before instantiate; ` +
+                `at node localId=${sceneEntityId}, field=${fieldPath}`,
+            }),
+          );
+        }
+        const payload = envelope.payload;
+        const guidKey = ref.guid.toLowerCase();
+        let resolvedSlot = guidToHandle.get(guidKey);
+        if (resolvedSlot === undefined) {
+          resolvedSlot = unwrapHandle(world.internSharedRef(payload.kind, payload));
+          guidToHandle.set(guidKey, resolvedSlot);
+        }
+
+        const key =
+          `${sceneEntityId}|${componentName}|${fieldName}` +
+          (arrayIndex !== undefined ? `|${arrayIndex}` : '|');
+        resolvedMap.set(key, resolvedSlot);
+        resolvedFromEdges = true;
+      }
+    }
+    if (!resolvedFromEdges) {
+      // Fallback: positive extraction via extractSceneEntityHandleGuids when
+      // the structured edges resolved nothing — either the scene envelope is
+      // absent (unit tests that build a SceneAsset without cataloguing it) OR
+      // the catalogued refs[] are GUID-only with no per-entity metadata (the
+      // prod on-disk pack path). The entity-component walk recovers the
+      // (localId, componentName, fieldName, arrayIndex) triple the bare edge
+      // dropped, so GUID strings resolve to live handles before spawn.
+      const entries = extractSceneEntityHandleGuids(
+        world.components.entries(),
+        sceneForResolution.entities as unknown as ReadonlyArray<{
+          readonly localId: number;
+          readonly components: Record<string, Record<string, unknown>>;
+        }>,
+      );
+
+      for (const entry of entries) {
+        const fieldPath =
+          `${entry.componentName}.${entry.fieldName}` +
+          (entry.arrayIndex !== undefined ? `[${entry.arrayIndex}]` : '');
+        const resolvedSlot = resolveHandleGuid(
+          this,
+          world,
+          entry.guidString,
+          guidToHandle,
+          fieldPath,
+          `node localId=${entry.entityLocalId}`,
+        );
+        if (!resolvedSlot.ok) return resolvedSlot;
+
+        const key =
+          `${entry.entityLocalId}|${entry.componentName}|${entry.fieldName}` +
+          (entry.arrayIndex !== undefined ? `|${entry.arrayIndex}` : '|');
+        resolvedMap.set(key, resolvedSlot.value);
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Build the resolved copy. Handle-type fields (detected above) are
+    // reconstructed from the resolvedMap; all other fields pass through as-is.
+    const resolvedNodes: SceneEntity[] = [];
+    for (const node of sceneForResolution.entities) {
+      const rawComponents = node.components as Record<string, Record<string, unknown>>;
+      const resolvedComponents: Record<string, Record<string, unknown>> = {};
+
+      for (const compName of Object.keys(rawComponents)) {
+        const rawFields = rawComponents[compName];
+        if (!rawFields) {
+          resolvedComponents[compName] = {};
+          continue;
+        }
+        const resolvedFields: Record<string, unknown> = {};
+        for (const fieldName of Object.keys(rawFields)) {
+          const value = rawFields[fieldName];
+          const plainKey = `${node.localId}|${compName}|${fieldName}|`;
+          const plainResolved = resolvedMap.get(plainKey);
+          if (plainResolved !== undefined) {
+            resolvedFields[fieldName] = plainResolved;
+          } else if (Array.isArray(value)) {
+            const resolvedArr: number[] = [];
+            let hasAnyResolved = false;
+            for (let i = 0; i < value.length; i++) {
+              const arrKey = `${node.localId}|${compName}|${fieldName}|${i}`;
+              const arrResolved = resolvedMap.get(arrKey);
+              if (arrResolved !== undefined) {
+                resolvedArr.push(arrResolved);
+                hasAnyResolved = true;
+              } else if (typeof value[i] === 'number') {
+                resolvedArr.push(value[i]);
+              }
+            }
+            resolvedFields[fieldName] = hasAnyResolved ? resolvedArr : value;
+          } else {
+            resolvedFields[fieldName] = value;
+          }
+        }
+        resolvedComponents[compName] = resolvedFields;
+      }
+      resolvedNodes.push({
+        localId: node.localId,
+        components: resolvedComponents,
+      });
+    }
+
+    // ── m3-i2 / m3-i3: Resolve mounts recursively (breakpoint B fix) ──
+    // For each mount.source (GUID string), look up the child scene in
+    // assetCatalog, recursively resolve its GUIDs, allocSharedRef the
+    // resolved child copy, register it in originIndex (D-7), and produce
+    // a resolved mount with source as the live handle number.
+    // Cycle detection via visited GUID set (R-9): re-entry =>
+    // pack-cyclic-reference / mount-asset, cast through the return type
+    // as world.ts does for its PackError exits.
+    const mountVisited = _visitedMountGuids ?? new Set<string>();
+    if (sceneGuidKey !== undefined) mountVisited.add(sceneGuidKey.toLowerCase());
+    if (sceneForResolution.mounts !== undefined && sceneForResolution.mounts.length > 0) {
+      // feat-20260713 M3 / w13: share the entity-field dedup map so an override
+      // value GUID that also appears as an entity field mints one handle (D-15/D-17).
+      const resolvedMounts = resolveMountsRec(
+        this,
+        sceneForResolution.mounts,
+        world,
+        mountVisited,
+        guidToHandle,
+        resolvedSceneHandles,
+      );
+      if (sceneGuidKey !== undefined) mountVisited.delete(sceneGuidKey.toLowerCase());
+      if (!resolvedMounts.ok) {
+        // Cycle or child-resolution error: cast through as AssetError
+        // (same pattern as world.ts PackError-as-EcsError casts).
+        return resolvedMounts as unknown as Result<SceneAsset, AssetError>;
+      }
+      return ok({
+        kind: 'scene',
+        entities: resolvedNodes,
+        mounts: resolvedMounts.value,
+      } as SceneAsset);
+    }
+    if (sceneGuidKey !== undefined) mountVisited.delete(sceneGuidKey.toLowerCase());
+    return ok({ kind: 'scene', entities: resolvedNodes });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Register an asset and return a fresh
+   * `Result<Handle<TagOf<T>, 'shared'>, AssetError>`. The brand `target`
+   * tag is derived from the Asset's `kind` discriminator via `AssetTagMap`
+   * (charter F1 single-entry indexability). The runtime representation is
+   * an auto-incrementing u32 starting at 1024 (builtins reserve 1-2).
+   *
+   * feat-20260526 M4: `shadingModel` field is retired in favour of
+   * pass-based MaterialAsset. This generic surface covers the full
+   * `Asset` closed union (mesh / texture / sampler / scene / equirect
+   * / material).
+   */
+  /**
+   * feat-20260614 M8 (D-15 / D-17): catalogue a payload under its GUID.
+   * Replaces the old `register` / `registerWithGuid` mint pair -- the registry
+   * stores the PAYLOAD and never produces a handle (it owns no World).
+   * Column minting is the caller's job via `world.allocSharedRef`.
+   *
+   * Validates mesh stride + material passes / sprite slices at catalogue entry
+   * (same fail-fast surface as the old register path). Returns
+   * `Result.err(AssetError)` on validation failure; `Result.ok(payload)` with
+   * the stored payload (mesh payloads gain an `aabb`) on success.
+   */
+  catalog<T = Asset>(
+    guid: AssetGuid | string,
+    asset: T,
+    refs?: readonly AssetRef[],
+  ): Result<T, AssetError> {
+    // D-5: narrow T to Asset for kind-discriminate branches. The runtime
+    // catalog only accepts Asset-kind payloads (host custom kinds enter
+    // through loadByGuid + registerParsedAsset, not catalog directly).
+    const a: Asset = asset as unknown as Asset;
+    const meshValidation = validateMeshPayload(a);
+    if (meshValidation !== null) return err(meshValidation);
+
+    // feat-20260608 M0 baseline rebuild: tileset payload fail-fast gate at
+    // register entry — region rectangle bounds-check uses the implicit atlas
+    // extent (columns * tileWidth x rows * tileHeight) when the caller did
+    // not supply an explicit one (charter P3 explicit failure).
+    if (a.kind === 'tileset') {
+      const tilesetAsset = a as TilesetAsset;
+      const tilesetValidation = validateTilesetPayload(
+        tilesetAsset,
+        inferAtlasExtent(tilesetAsset),
+      );
+      if (tilesetValidation !== null) return err(tilesetValidation);
+    }
+
+    // feat-20260527 M2 / w6: material validation with union paramSchema
+    // semantics across all passes (plan-strategy D-2, D-5).
+    if (a.kind === 'material') {
+      const matValidation = validateMaterialPasses(this, a as MaterialAsset);
+      if (matValidation !== null) return err(matValidation);
+      const sliceValidation = validateSpriteSlices(this, a as MaterialAsset);
+      if (sliceValidation !== null) return err(sliceValidation);
+      detectTileNeedsRepeatSampler(this, a as MaterialAsset);
+    }
+
+    let stored: Asset = a;
+    if (a.kind === 'mesh') {
+      stored = withMeshAabb(a as TypesMeshAsset);
+    }
+    const key =
+      typeof guid === 'string' ? guid.toLowerCase() : AssetGuid.format(guid).toLowerCase();
+    const kind = a.kind;
+    // Drain any name recorded by an earlier _registerPackage call whose body had
+    // not yet been catalogued (prod disk path; D-6). Preserve a name already on
+    // a prior envelope for this key (re-catalog of the same GUID).
+    const pendingName = this.pendingNames.get(key);
+    const priorEnvelope = this.assetCatalog.get(key);
+    const priorName = priorEnvelope?.name;
+    const name = pendingName ?? priorName;
+    this.pendingNames.delete(key);
+    // feat-20260713 M4 / w15 (D-6, root cause a): when this GUID is being
+    // re-catalogued with a DIFFERENT payload object, the prior object may still
+    // be live behind a handle minted before the override (asset-registry.ts:513
+    // identity scan would then MISS it). Record the superseded object -> GUID in
+    // the origin reverse-index so `_guidForAsset` keeps resolving it — save/
+    // collect of an owned entity holding that handle no longer fails with a
+    // GUID-unresolved error (the 2026-07-06 crash). Structurally-modified copies
+    // (a fresh object never catalogued) stay uncatalogued and correctly surface a
+    // structured error at collect (requirements edge case "modified payload judged
+    // as a new asset, not silently zeroed").
+    if (priorEnvelope !== undefined && priorEnvelope.payload !== stored) {
+      this._originIndex.set(priorEnvelope.payload, key);
+    }
+    this.assetCatalog.set(key, {
+      guid: key,
+      kind,
+      ...(name !== undefined ? { name } : {}),
+      payload: stored,
+      refs: refs ?? [],
+    });
+    this.catalogEpoch++;
+    this.loadState.registerReady(key, stored);
+    // D-1: catalog() inline path defaults every GUID to the no-package state
+    // (null). loadByGuid + builtin override via their own registerPackage calls
+    // before / after this so the package mapping is populated for all assets
+    // through the single primitive (#1 SSOT). Do not clobber a package mapping
+    // a prior registerPackage already established for this GUID.
+    if (!this.packages.has(key)) this.packages.set(key, null);
+    return ok(stored as T);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @internal feat-20260618-asset-and-pack-name-fields M3 (D-1): the single
+   * package-mapping write primitive. All three registration entry points funnel
+   * here so the XOR name invariant is implemented once (#1 SSOT):
+   *   - catalog() inline path -> registerPackage(null, [guid])          (no package)
+   *   - loadByGuid disk path  -> registerPackage(packageUrl, [g1,g2,...], names)
+   *   - constructor builtin    -> registerPackage(null, [...guids])      (D-5 null)
+   *
+   * `path === null` registers the GUIDs with no package (resolveName reads their
+   * storedName or returns ''). A non-null `path` finds-or-creates the shared
+   * MutablePackage for that path and adds the GUIDs to it; per-GUID entry names
+   * (D-2: name flows entry -> Package, never the payload) are taken from
+   * `names`. The 1->N promotion branch (D-3) is added by w11. Never throws --
+   * it only writes maps; resolution + validation happen in resolveName / rename.
+   */
+  _registerPackage(
+    path: string | null,
+    guids: readonly string[],
+    names?: Map<string, string>,
+  ): void {
+    if (path === null) {
+      for (const g of guids) {
+        const key = g.toLowerCase();
+        this.packages.set(key, null);
+        const n = names?.get(g) ?? names?.get(key);
+        if (n !== undefined) this.setStoredName(key, n);
+      }
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const pkg = this.packageByPath.get(path) ?? { path, assetGuids: new Set<string>() };
+    this.packageByPath.set(path, pkg);
+
+    // D-3: 1->N promotion. When this path already holds exactly one asset and a
+    // new member is arriving, freeze the original asset's derived basename as its
+    // stored name so it joins the multi-asset branch with a stable name. The
+    // freeze is idempotent: an original that already carries a stored name (the
+    // abnormal single-asset-with-name state, D-4) is left untouched and the
+    // soft-violation counter records it (charter P3 machine-readable signal).
+    const addsNewMember = guids.some((g) => !pkg.assetGuids.has(g.toLowerCase()));
+    if (pkg.assetGuids.size === 1 && addsNewMember) {
+      const [originalKey] = pkg.assetGuids;
+      if (originalKey !== undefined) {
+        if (this.hasStoredName(originalKey)) {
+          this.metrics?.increment('package.xor-invariant-violated');
+        } else {
+          this.setStoredName(originalKey, deriveAssetName(pkg.path, 1));
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    for (const g of guids) {
+      const key = g.toLowerCase();
+      pkg.assetGuids.add(key);
+      this.packages.set(key, pkg);
+      const n = names?.get(g) ?? names?.get(key);
+      if (n !== undefined) this.setStoredName(key, n);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Read the per-GUID stored display name (D-6 home: the envelope's `name`
+   * field, with `pendingNames` covering the prod-disk ordering where the name is
+   * known before the body is catalogued). Single read point for resolveName /
+   * the 1->N promotion XOR check.
+   */
+  private storedNameFor(key: string): string | undefined {
+    return this.assetCatalog.get(key)?.name ?? this.pendingNames.get(key);
+  }
+
+  private hasStoredName(key: string): boolean {
+    return this.storedNameFor(key) !== undefined;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Write the per-GUID stored display name. When the envelope exists, replace it
+   * with one carrying the new `name` (the envelope is immutable; D-6 keeps the
+   * payload free of the name). Before the envelope is catalogued (prod disk
+   * path), stash on `pendingNames` so catalog() can drain it into the new
+   * envelope. `name === undefined` clears the name in both homes.
+   */
+  private setStoredName(key: string, name: string | undefined): void {
+    const envelope = this.assetCatalog.get(key);
+    if (envelope !== undefined) {
+      const { name: _drop, ...rest } = envelope;
+      this.assetCatalog.set(key, name === undefined ? rest : { ...rest, name });
+      this.pendingNames.delete(key);
+      return;
+    }
+    if (name === undefined) this.pendingNames.delete(key);
+    else this.pendingNames.set(key, name);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Return the `Package` this GUID belongs to, or `null` when the asset has no
+   * package (catalog() inline + builtin, D-5), or `undefined` when the GUID was
+   * never registered. The returned `Package` is a readonly snapshot whose
+   * `assetCount` is derived from the live member set (#2 Derive).
+   */
+  packageOf(guid: AssetGuid | string): Package | null | undefined {
+    const key =
+      typeof guid === 'string' ? guid.toLowerCase() : AssetGuid.format(guid).toLowerCase();
+    const pkg = this.packages.get(key);
+    if (pkg === undefined) return undefined;
+    if (pkg === null) return null;
+    return { path: pkg.path, assetGuids: pkg.assetGuids, assetCount: pkg.assetGuids.size };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Resolve an asset's human-readable display name -- the single source of truth
+   * for the two-segment identity's `name` segment (D-6). Every name consumer
+   * (inspect / catalog builder / CLI) reads this or the same `deriveAssetName`
+   * pure function it delegates to (AC-04); no consumer re-implements the XOR
+   * rule. Returns a deterministic fallback rather than throwing on a missing
+   * name (AC-15): `basename(path)` for a multi-asset entry that lacks a stored
+   * name, or `''` for a no-package asset with no self name (the detectable
+   * "genuinely no name" signal, charter P3). An unregistered GUID is treated as
+   * the no-package branch.
+   */
+  resolveName(guid: AssetGuid | string): string {
+    const key =
+      typeof guid === 'string' ? guid.toLowerCase() : AssetGuid.format(guid).toLowerCase();
+    const pkg = this.packages.get(key);
+    const storedName = this.storedNameFor(key);
+    const path = pkg == null ? null : pkg.path;
+    const assetCount = pkg == null ? 0 : pkg.assetGuids.size;
+    return deriveAssetName(path, assetCount, storedName);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Rename an asset's display name in memory (D-4). Three classes by package
+   * shape:
+   *   - no-package asset      -> set the stored self name
+   *   - multi-asset package   -> set the entry stored name
+   *   - single-asset package  -> rewrite the package path's leaf segment so the
+   *                              derived basename becomes `newName` (the package
+   *                              stays single-asset; the leaf IS the name)
+   *
+   * In-memory only (OOS-1: no disk write-back). Returns structured failures via
+   * the closed `AssetErrorCode` union with no new members (D-4): a name that
+   * collides with another member of the same package -> `asset-invalid-value`;
+   * an unregistered GUID -> `asset-not-found`. AI users consume `.code` through
+   * a `switch`, not by parsing `.message` (charter P3).
+   */
+  rename(guid: AssetGuid | string, newName: string): Result<void, AssetError> {
+    const key =
+      typeof guid === 'string' ? guid.toLowerCase() : AssetGuid.format(guid).toLowerCase();
+    if (!this.packages.has(key)) {
+      return err(
+        new AssetError({
+          code: 'asset-not-found',
+          expected: `a registered asset for GUID ${key}`,
+          hint: ASSET_ERROR_HINTS['asset-not-found'],
+        }),
+      );
+    }
+
+    const pkg = this.packages.get(key) ?? null;
+
+    const collision = pkg !== null ? this.nameCollisionIn(pkg, key, newName) : null;
+    if (collision !== null) return err(collision);
+
+    if (pkg !== null && pkg.assetGuids.size === 1) {
+      // Single-asset package: the leaf segment IS the derived name; rewrite it so
+      // basename(path) === newName. Keep the directory prefix intact.
+      const slash = pkg.path.lastIndexOf('/');
+      const oldPath = pkg.path;
+      pkg.path = slash >= 0 ? `${pkg.path.slice(0, slash + 1)}${newName}` : newName;
+      this.packageByPath.delete(oldPath);
+      this.packageByPath.set(pkg.path, pkg);
+      this.setStoredName(key, undefined);
+      return ok(undefined);
+    }
+
+    this.setStoredName(key, newName);
+    return ok(undefined);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Return an `asset-invalid-value` AssetError if another member of `pkg`
+   * already resolves to `newName`, else null. Extracted from `rename` to keep
+   * the collision-detection control flow flat (D-4 reuses the closed error code;
+   * the detail narrows via the `{ field, value, reason }` union variant).
+   */
+  private nameCollisionIn(
+    pkg: MutablePackage,
+    selfKey: string,
+    newName: string,
+  ): AssetError | null {
+    for (const memberKey of pkg.assetGuids) {
+      if (memberKey !== selfKey && this.resolveName(memberKey) === newName) {
+        return new AssetError({
+          code: 'asset-invalid-value',
+          expected: `a name unique within package "${pkg.path}"`,
+          hint: `another asset in "${pkg.path}" is already named "${newName}"; choose a distinct name`,
+          detail: {
+            field: 'name',
+            value: newName,
+            reason: `duplicate name within package ${pkg.path}`,
+          },
+        });
+      }
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Parse a dash-form GUID string into an `AssetGuid`. Thin convenience over
+   * `AssetGuid.parse` for the `loadByGuid` / `catalog` call sites; throws
+   * `AssetError` on a malformed GUID (caller-error, mirrors `parseInt`-style
+   * eager validation -- the GUID literal is author-supplied, not user data).
+   */
+  parseGuid(guidStr: string): AssetGuid {
+    const parsed = AssetGuid.parse(guidStr);
+    if (!parsed.ok) {
+      throw new AssetError({
+        code: 'asset-parse-failed',
+        expected: `valid dash-form GUID, got "${guidStr}"`,
+        hint: ASSET_ERROR_HINTS['asset-parse-failed'],
+      });
+    }
+    return parsed.value;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Look up a catalogued payload by GUID, or `undefined` on miss. Used by the
+   * ECS/render side (e.g. `walkMaterialParents` in `resolve-asset-handle.ts`)
+   * to resolve a payload's embedded sub-asset GUIDs (D-19) without minting.
+   */
+  lookup<T = Asset>(guid: AssetGuid | string): T | undefined {
+    const key =
+      typeof guid === 'string' ? guid.toLowerCase() : AssetGuid.format(guid).toLowerCase();
+    const ready = this.loadState.getReady<T>(key);
+    if (ready !== undefined) return ready;
+    if (this.packIndexUrl === undefined)
+      return this.assetCatalog.get(key)?.payload as T | undefined;
+    return undefined;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * feat-20260613-material-paramschema-driven-binding M4 / w23 (D-5 graceful):
+   * Return the texture-field name set for the given material-shader id,
+   * derived from the registered shader's paramSchema via `derive(paramSchema)
+   * .textureFieldNames`. Returns `undefined` when the shader is not yet
+   * registered (cross-worktree shader-late-register, plan R-4).
+   *
+   * Used by `extractFrame` to know which values fields the shader
+   * declares as texture handles; the extract layer validates handle-vs-
+   * scalar typing and drops misclassified slots so the record stage's
+   * MISSING_TEXTURE_HANDLE fallback can take over (white default texture)
+   * rather than letting a stray handle reach `device.createBindGroup`.
+   *
+   * feat-20260705-runtime-tier2-decomposition M1 / w5 (D-4): delegates to the
+   * extracted `./registry/validate-material` free function (signature stable).
+   */
+  materialShaderTextureFieldNames(shaderId: string): ReadonlySet<string> | undefined {
+    return materialShaderTextureFieldNamesImpl(this, shaderId);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Load an asset and all its transitively referenced sub-assets by GUID.
+   * The result is a durable Asset payload. Consumer owners may narrow the
+   * success type, then call their own World/Host projection; this registry does
+   * not create a generic GUID-to-handle materializer.
+   * Delegates to the load-by-guid collaboration module (w7 / D-4); see
+   * registry/load-by-guid.ts for the full DDC / pack-fetch pipeline.
+   */
+  async loadByGuid<T = Asset>(
+    guid: AssetGuid,
+    parentContext?: {
+      sceneEntityId?: number;
+      componentField?: string;
+    },
+  ): Promise<Result<T, AssetError | ImageError | RhiError>> {
+    return loadByGuidImpl<T>(this, guid, parentContext);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Dispatch a pack payload through the injected LoaderRegistry. Delegates to
+   * the load-by-guid collaboration module (w7 / D-4). Kept as a class method so
+   * existing structural-cast test access keeps resolving.
+   */
+  parseAssetPayload(
+    kind: string,
+    payload: Record<string, unknown>,
+    refs?: string[],
+  ):
+    | Asset
+    | Record<string, unknown>
+    | undefined
+    | { readonly ok: false; readonly error: ParseErrorDetail } {
+    return parseAssetPayloadImpl(this, kind, payload, refs);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Parse a pack asset entry and return the payload + refs. Delegates to the
+   * load-by-guid collaboration module (w7 / D-4). Kept as a class method so
+   * existing structural-cast test access keeps resolving.
+   */
+  parseAndReturnAsset(assetEntry: {
+    kind: string;
+    payload: Record<string, unknown>;
+    refs?: string[];
+  }): Result<{ asset: Asset; refs: readonly string[] }, AssetError> {
+    return parseAndReturnAssetImpl(this, assetEntry);
+  }
+  /** Return the legacy catalog snapshot when no GUID is supplied. */
+  inspect(): InspectSnapshot;
+  /** Return joined source/cook/package/runtime evidence for one GUID. */
+  inspect(guid: string): Promise<Result<AssetEvidence, AssetEvidenceError>>;
+  inspect(guid?: string): InspectSnapshot | Promise<Result<AssetEvidence, AssetEvidenceError>> {
+    if (guid !== undefined) return this.assetEvidenceAdapter.inspect(guid);
+    const assets: InspectEntry[] = [];
+    for (const [guid, envelope] of this.assetCatalog) {
+      assets.push({
+        guid,
+        kind: envelope.payload.kind,
+        name: this.resolveName(guid),
+      });
+    }
+    return { assets };
+  }
+
+  /** Verify the same GUID evidence chain through the injected SDK capability. */
+  verifyByGuid(guid: string): Promise<Result<AssetEvidence, AssetEvidenceError>> {
+    return this.assetEvidenceAdapter.verifyByGuid(guid);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Return a readonly snapshot of all catalogued assets (inlined + pack-index)
+   * for enumeration by asset panels (AC-03 single source of truth).
+   *
+   * Merges entries from the private `packIndexCache` (prod path, carries
+   * `packageUrl`) and `assetCatalog` (inlined / dev path, no URL). Each
+   * GUID appears exactly once. Returns a fresh array on every call — the
+   * internal Maps are never exposed (charter P4 consistent abstraction).
+   *
+   * plan-strategy section 2 D1; requirements AC-03; research Finding 5.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * for (const e of registry.listCatalog()) {
+   *   console.log(e.guid, e.kind, e.name, e.packageUrl);
+   * }
+   * ```
+   */
+  listCatalog(): readonly {
+    guid: string;
+    kind: string;
+    name?: string;
+    packageUrl: string;
+    packageId?: CatalogEntry['packageId'];
+    provenance?: CatalogEntry['provenance'];
+    revision?: CatalogEntry['revision'];
+    sourceKey?: CatalogEntry['sourceKey'];
+    sourceIndex?: CatalogEntry['sourceIndex'];
+    sourceOverrides?: CatalogEntry['sourceOverrides'];
+    sourceOverrideDescriptors?: CatalogEntry['sourceOverrideDescriptors'];
+    authoring?: CatalogEntry['authoring'];
+    relations?: CatalogEntry['relations'];
+    diagnostics?: CatalogEntry['diagnostics'];
+    refs?: readonly string[];
+    subject?: import('@forgeax/engine-types').CatalogSubject;
+    execution?: import('@forgeax/engine-types').CookExecution;
+    lifecycle?: import('@forgeax/engine-types').CatalogLifecycle;
+    projection?: import('@forgeax/engine-types').CatalogProjection;
+    /**
+     * On-disk source-file path for external imported assets (FBX / GLB / HDR /
+     * audio / font), relative to the game root. Editors locate the
+     * `.meta.json` sidecar via `sourcePath + '.meta.json'` for CRUD; unlike
+     * `packageUrl` (the runtime load artefact) it is stable across DDC cook
+     * state. `undefined` for inline / dev-path assets (no sidecar, no CRUD).
+     */
+    sourcePath?: string;
+  }[] {
+    const seen = new Set<string>();
+    const result: {
+      guid: string;
+      kind: string;
+      name?: string;
+      packageUrl: string;
+      packageId?: CatalogEntry['packageId'];
+      provenance?: CatalogEntry['provenance'];
+      revision?: CatalogEntry['revision'];
+      sourceKey?: CatalogEntry['sourceKey'];
+      sourceIndex?: CatalogEntry['sourceIndex'];
+      sourceOverrides?: CatalogEntry['sourceOverrides'];
+      sourceOverrideDescriptors?: CatalogEntry['sourceOverrideDescriptors'];
+      authoring?: CatalogEntry['authoring'];
+      relations?: CatalogEntry['relations'];
+      diagnostics?: CatalogEntry['diagnostics'];
+      refs?: readonly string[];
+      subject?: import('@forgeax/engine-types').CatalogSubject;
+      execution?: import('@forgeax/engine-types').CookExecution;
+      lifecycle?: import('@forgeax/engine-types').CatalogLifecycle;
+      projection?: import('@forgeax/engine-types').CatalogProjection;
+      sourcePath?: string;
+      cookReceiptUrl?: string;
+    }[] = [];
+
+    // Prod entries: packIndexCache carries packageUrl + optional name + refs.
+    if (this.packIndexCache) {
+      for (const [guidKey, entry] of this.packIndexCache) {
+        seen.add(guidKey);
+        result.push({
+          guid: guidKey,
+          kind: entry.kind,
+          ...(entry.name !== undefined ? { name: entry.name } : {}),
+          packageUrl: entry.packageUrl,
+          ...(entry.packageId !== undefined ? { packageId: entry.packageId } : {}),
+          ...(entry.provenance !== undefined ? { provenance: entry.provenance } : {}),
+          ...(entry.revision !== undefined ? { revision: entry.revision } : {}),
+          ...(entry.sourceKey !== undefined ? { sourceKey: entry.sourceKey } : {}),
+          ...(entry.sourceIndex !== undefined ? { sourceIndex: entry.sourceIndex } : {}),
+          ...(entry.sourceOverrides !== undefined
+            ? { sourceOverrides: entry.sourceOverrides }
+            : {}),
+          ...(entry.sourceOverrideDescriptors !== undefined
+            ? { sourceOverrideDescriptors: entry.sourceOverrideDescriptors }
+            : {}),
+          authoring: entry.authoring ?? authoringCapabilityForAssetKind(entry.kind),
+          ...(entry.relations !== undefined ? { relations: entry.relations } : {}),
+          ...(entry.diagnostics !== undefined ? { diagnostics: entry.diagnostics } : {}),
+          ...(entry.refs !== undefined ? { refs: entry.refs } : {}),
+          ...(entry.sourcePath !== undefined ? { sourcePath: entry.sourcePath } : {}),
+          ...(entry.cookReceiptUrl !== undefined ? { cookReceiptUrl: entry.cookReceiptUrl } : {}),
+          ...(entry.subject !== undefined ? { subject: entry.subject } : {}),
+          ...(entry.execution !== undefined ? { execution: entry.execution } : {}),
+          ...(entry.lifecycle !== undefined ? { lifecycle: entry.lifecycle } : {}),
+          ...(entry.projection !== undefined ? { projection: entry.projection } : {}),
+        });
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Inlined / dev-path entries: assetCatalog, no pack-index URL. The envelope
+    // holds the authoritative AssetRef[] graph; flatten it to plain GUID edges
+    // so both catalog paths expose the same refs: readonly string[] shape.
+    for (const [guidKey, envelope] of this.assetCatalog) {
+      if (!seen.has(guidKey)) {
+        const name = envelope.name ?? this.resolveName(guidKey);
+        result.push({
+          guid: guidKey,
+          kind: envelope.payload.kind,
+          name,
+          packageUrl: '',
+          authoring: authoringCapabilityForAssetKind(envelope.payload.kind),
+          subject: 'internal-asset',
+          execution: 'direct',
+          lifecycle: 'current',
+          projection: {
+            subject: 'internal-asset',
+            execution: 'direct',
+            lifecycle: 'current',
+            operations: catalogOperationsFor({
+              subject: 'internal-asset',
+              execution: 'direct',
+              lifecycle: 'current',
+            }),
+          },
+          ...(envelope.refs.length > 0 ? { refs: envelope.refs.map((r) => r.guid) } : {}),
+        });
+      }
+    }
+
+    return result;
+  }
+}