@fluidframework/container-runtime 2.0.0-internal.3.0.1 → 2.0.0-internal.3.1.0

package/src/garbageCollection.ts

@@ -6,230 +6,244 @@
 import { ITelemetryLogger } from "@fluidframework/common-definitions";
 import { assert, LazyPromise, Timer } from "@fluidframework/common-utils";
 import { ICriticalContainerError } from "@fluidframework/container-definitions";
-import { ClientSessionExpiredError, DataProcessingError, UsageError } from "@fluidframework/container-utils";
+import {
+	ClientSessionExpiredError,
+	DataProcessingError,
+	UsageError,
+} from "@fluidframework/container-utils";
 import { IRequestHeader } from "@fluidframework/core-interfaces";
 import {
-    cloneGCData,
-    concatGarbageCollectionData,
-    getGCDataFromSnapshot,
-    IGCResult,
-    runGarbageCollection,
-    trimLeadingSlashes,
+	cloneGCData,
+	concatGarbageCollectionData,
+	getGCDataFromSnapshot,
+	IGCResult,
+	runGarbageCollection,
+	trimLeadingSlashes,
 } from "@fluidframework/garbage-collector";
 import { ISnapshotTree, SummaryType } from "@fluidframework/protocol-definitions";
 import {
-    gcTreeKey,
-    gcBlobPrefix,
-    gcTombstoneBlobKey,
-    IGarbageCollectionData,
-    IGarbageCollectionDetailsBase,
-    IGarbageCollectionSnapshotData,
-    IGarbageCollectionState,
-    ISummarizeResult,
-    ITelemetryContext,
-    IGarbageCollectionNodeData,
-    IGarbageCollectionSummaryDetailsLegacy,
-    ISummaryTreeWithStats,
-    gcDeletedBlobKey,
+	gcTreeKey,
+	gcBlobPrefix,
+	gcTombstoneBlobKey,
+	IGarbageCollectionData,
+	IGarbageCollectionDetailsBase,
+	IGarbageCollectionSnapshotData,
+	IGarbageCollectionState,
+	ISummarizeResult,
+	ITelemetryContext,
+	IGarbageCollectionNodeData,
+	IGarbageCollectionSummaryDetailsLegacy,
+	ISummaryTreeWithStats,
+	gcDeletedBlobKey,
 } from "@fluidframework/runtime-definitions";
 import {
-    mergeStats,
-    packagePathToTelemetryProperty,
-    ReadAndParseBlob,
-    RefreshSummaryResult,
-    SummaryTreeBuilder,
+	mergeStats,
+	packagePathToTelemetryProperty,
+	ReadAndParseBlob,
+	RefreshSummaryResult,
+	SummaryTreeBuilder,
 } from "@fluidframework/runtime-utils";
 import {
-    ChildLogger,
-    generateStack,
-    loggerToMonitoringContext,
-    MonitoringContext,
-    PerformanceEvent,
-    TelemetryDataTag,
+	ChildLogger,
+	generateStack,
+	loggerToMonitoringContext,
+	MonitoringContext,
+	PerformanceEvent,
+	TelemetryDataTag,
 } from "@fluidframework/telemetry-utils";
 
 import { IGCRuntimeOptions, RuntimeHeaders } from "./containerRuntime";
 import { getSummaryForDatastores } from "./dataStores";
 import {
-    currentGCVersion,
-    defaultInactiveTimeoutMs,
-    defaultSessionExpiryDurationMs,
-    disableSweepLogKey,
-    disableTombstoneKey,
-    gcVersionUpgradeToV2Key,
-    gcTestModeKey,
-    oneDayMs,
-    runGCKey,
-    runSessionExpiryKey,
-    runSweepKey,
-    stableGCVersion,
-    trackGCStateKey
+	currentGCVersion,
+	defaultInactiveTimeoutMs,
+	defaultSessionExpiryDurationMs,
+	disableSweepLogKey,
+	disableTombstoneKey,
+	gcVersionUpgradeToV2Key,
+	gcTestModeKey,
+	oneDayMs,
+	runGCKey,
+	runSessionExpiryKey,
+	runSweepKey,
+	stableGCVersion,
+	trackGCStateKey,
+	gcTombstoneGenerationOptionName,
 } from "./garbageCollectionConstants";
-import { sendGCTombstoneEvent } from "./garbageCollectionTombstoneUtils";
+import { sendGCUnexpectedUsageEvent } from "./garbageCollectionHelpers";
 import { SweepReadyUsageDetectionHandler } from "./gcSweepReadyUsageDetection";
 import {
-    getGCVersion,
-    GCVersion,
-    IContainerRuntimeMetadata,
-    metadataBlobName,
-    ReadFluidDataStoreAttributes,
-    dataStoreAttributesBlobName,
-    IGCMetadata,
-    ICreateContainerMetadata,
+	getGCVersion,
+	GCVersion,
+	IContainerRuntimeMetadata,
+	metadataBlobName,
+	ReadFluidDataStoreAttributes,
+	dataStoreAttributesBlobName,
+	IGCMetadata,
+	ICreateContainerMetadata,
+	GCFeatureMatrix,
 } from "./summaryFormat";
 
 /** The statistics of the system state after a garbage collection run. */
 export interface IGCStats {
-    /** The number of nodes in the container. */
-    nodeCount: number;
-    /** The number of data stores in the container. */
-    dataStoreCount: number;
-    /** The number of attachment blobs in the container. */
-    attachmentBlobCount: number;
-    /** The number of unreferenced nodes in the container. */
-    unrefNodeCount: number;
-    /** The number of unreferenced data stores in the container. */
-    unrefDataStoreCount: number;
-    /** The number of unreferenced attachment blobs in the container. */
-    unrefAttachmentBlobCount: number;
-    /** The number of nodes whose reference state updated since last GC run. */
-    updatedNodeCount: number;
-    /** The number of data stores whose reference state updated since last GC run. */
-    updatedDataStoreCount: number;
-    /** The number of attachment blobs whose reference state updated since last GC run. */
-    updatedAttachmentBlobCount: number;
+	/** The number of nodes in the container. */
+	nodeCount: number;
+	/** The number of data stores in the container. */
+	dataStoreCount: number;
+	/** The number of attachment blobs in the container. */
+	attachmentBlobCount: number;
+	/** The number of unreferenced nodes in the container. */
+	unrefNodeCount: number;
+	/** The number of unreferenced data stores in the container. */
+	unrefDataStoreCount: number;
+	/** The number of unreferenced attachment blobs in the container. */
+	unrefAttachmentBlobCount: number;
+	/** The number of nodes whose reference state updated since last GC run. */
+	updatedNodeCount: number;
+	/** The number of data stores whose reference state updated since last GC run. */
+	updatedDataStoreCount: number;
+	/** The number of attachment blobs whose reference state updated since last GC run. */
+	updatedAttachmentBlobCount: number;
 }
 
 /** The types of GC nodes in the GC reference graph. */
 export const GCNodeType = {
-    // Nodes that are for data stores.
-    DataStore: "DataStore",
-    // Nodes that are within a data store. For example, DDS nodes.
-    SubDataStore: "SubDataStore",
-    // Nodes that are for attachment blobs, i.e., blobs uploaded via BlobManager.
-    Blob: "Blob",
-    // Nodes that are neither of the above. For example, root node.
-    Other: "Other",
+	// Nodes that are for data stores.
+	DataStore: "DataStore",
+	// Nodes that are within a data store. For example, DDS nodes.
+	SubDataStore: "SubDataStore",
+	// Nodes that are for attachment blobs, i.e., blobs uploaded via BlobManager.
+	Blob: "Blob",
+	// Nodes that are neither of the above. For example, root node.
+	Other: "Other",
 };
 export type GCNodeType = typeof GCNodeType[keyof typeof GCNodeType];
 
 /** Defines the APIs for the runtime object to be passed to the garbage collector. */
 export interface IGarbageCollectionRuntime {
-    /** Before GC runs, called to notify the runtime to update any pending GC state. */
-    updateStateBeforeGC(): Promise<void>;
-    /** Returns the garbage collection data of the runtime. */
-    getGCData(fullGC?: boolean): Promise<IGarbageCollectionData>;
-    /** After GC has run, called to notify the runtime of routes that are used in it. */
-    updateUsedRoutes(usedRoutes: string[]): void;
-    /** After GC has run, called to notify the runtime of routes that are unused in it. */
-    updateUnusedRoutes(unusedRoutes: string[]): void;
-    /** Called to notify the runtime of routes that are tombstones. */
-    updateTombstonedRoutes(tombstoneRoutes: string[]): void;
-    /** Returns a referenced timestamp to be used to track unreferenced nodes. */
-    getCurrentReferenceTimestampMs(): number | undefined;
-    /** Returns the type of the GC node. */
-    getNodeType(nodePath: string): GCNodeType;
-    /** Called when the runtime should close because of an error. */
-    closeFn: (error?: ICriticalContainerError) => void;
+	/** Before GC runs, called to notify the runtime to update any pending GC state. */
+	updateStateBeforeGC(): Promise<void>;
+	/** Returns the garbage collection data of the runtime. */
+	getGCData(fullGC?: boolean): Promise<IGarbageCollectionData>;
+	/** After GC has run, called to notify the runtime of routes that are used in it. */
+	updateUsedRoutes(usedRoutes: string[]): void;
+	/** After GC has run, called to notify the runtime of routes that are unused in it. */
+	updateUnusedRoutes(unusedRoutes: string[]): void;
+	/**
+	 * After GC has run, called to notify the runtime of deletable routes. The runtime is responsible
+	 * for telling the garbage collector the routes of the objects it has deleted
+	 */
+	deleteUnusedNodes(unusedNodes: string[]): string[];
+	/** Called to notify the runtime of routes that are tombstones. */
+	updateTombstonedRoutes(tombstoneRoutes: string[]): void;
+	/** Returns a referenced timestamp to be used to track unreferenced nodes. */
+	getCurrentReferenceTimestampMs(): number | undefined;
+	/** Returns the type of the GC node. */
+	getNodeType(nodePath: string): GCNodeType;
+	/** Called when the runtime should close because of an error. */
+	closeFn: (error?: ICriticalContainerError) => void;
+	/** If false, loading or using a Tombstoned object should merely log, not fail */
+	gcTombstoneEnforcementAllowed: boolean;
 }
 
 /** Defines the contract for the garbage collector. */
 export interface IGarbageCollector {
-    /** Tells whether GC should run or not. */
-    readonly shouldRunGC: boolean;
-    /** Tells whether the GC state in summary needs to be reset in the next summary. */
-    readonly summaryStateNeedsReset: boolean;
-    readonly trackGCState: boolean;
-    /** Initialize the state from the base snapshot after its creation. */
-    initializeBaseState(): Promise<void>;
-    /** Run garbage collection and update the reference / used state of the system. */
-    collectGarbage(
-        options: { logger?: ITelemetryLogger; runSweep?: boolean; fullGC?: boolean; },
-    ): Promise<IGCStats | undefined>;
-    /** Summarizes the GC data and returns it as a summary tree. */
-    summarize(
-        fullTree: boolean,
-        trackState: boolean,
-        telemetryContext?: ITelemetryContext,
-    ): ISummarizeResult | undefined;
-    /** Returns the garbage collector specific metadata to be written into the summary. */
-    getMetadata(): IGCMetadata;
-    /** Returns the GC details generated from the base snapshot. */
-    getBaseGCDetails(): Promise<IGarbageCollectionDetailsBase>;
-    /** Called when the latest summary of the system has been refreshed. */
-    refreshLatestSummary(
-        result: RefreshSummaryResult,
-        proposalHandle: string | undefined,
-        summaryRefSeq: number,
-        readAndParseBlob: ReadAndParseBlob,
-    ): Promise<void>;
-    /** Called when a node is updated. Used to detect and log when an inactive node is changed or loaded. */
-    nodeUpdated(
-        nodePath: string,
-        reason: "Loaded" | "Changed",
-        timestampMs?: number,
-        packagePath?: readonly string[],
-        requestHeaders?: IRequestHeader,
-    ): void;
-    /** Called when a reference is added to a node. Used to identify nodes that were referenced between summaries. */
-    addedOutboundReference(fromNodePath: string, toNodePath: string): void;
-    /** Returns true if this node has been deleted by GC during sweep phase. */
-    isNodeDeleted(nodePath: string): boolean;
-    setConnectionState(connected: boolean, clientId?: string): void;
-    dispose(): void;
+	/** Tells whether GC should run or not. */
+	readonly shouldRunGC: boolean;
+	/** Tells whether the GC state in summary needs to be reset in the next summary. */
+	readonly summaryStateNeedsReset: boolean;
+	readonly trackGCState: boolean;
+	/** Initialize the state from the base snapshot after its creation. */
+	initializeBaseState(): Promise<void>;
+	/** Run garbage collection and update the reference / used state of the system. */
+	collectGarbage(options: {
+		logger?: ITelemetryLogger;
+		runSweep?: boolean;
+		fullGC?: boolean;
+	}): Promise<IGCStats | undefined>;
+	/** Summarizes the GC data and returns it as a summary tree. */
+	summarize(
+		fullTree: boolean,
+		trackState: boolean,
+		telemetryContext?: ITelemetryContext,
+	): ISummarizeResult | undefined;
+	/** Returns the garbage collector specific metadata to be written into the summary. */
+	getMetadata(): IGCMetadata;
+	/** Returns the GC details generated from the base snapshot. */
+	getBaseGCDetails(): Promise<IGarbageCollectionDetailsBase>;
+	/** Called when the latest summary of the system has been refreshed. */
+	refreshLatestSummary(
+		proposalHandle: string | undefined,
+		result: RefreshSummaryResult,
+		readAndParseBlob: ReadAndParseBlob,
+	): Promise<void>;
+	/** Called when a node is updated. Used to detect and log when an inactive node is changed or loaded. */
+	nodeUpdated(
+		nodePath: string,
+		reason: "Loaded" | "Changed",
+		timestampMs?: number,
+		packagePath?: readonly string[],
+		requestHeaders?: IRequestHeader,
+	): void;
+	/** Called when a reference is added to a node. Used to identify nodes that were referenced between summaries. */
+	addedOutboundReference(fromNodePath: string, toNodePath: string): void;
+	/** Returns true if this node has been deleted by GC during sweep phase. */
+	isNodeDeleted(nodePath: string): boolean;
+	setConnectionState(connected: boolean, clientId?: string): void;
+	dispose(): void;
 }
 
 /** Parameters necessary for creating a GarbageCollector. */
 export interface IGarbageCollectorCreateParams {
-    readonly runtime: IGarbageCollectionRuntime;
-    readonly gcOptions: IGCRuntimeOptions;
-    readonly baseLogger: ITelemetryLogger;
-    readonly existing: boolean;
-    readonly metadata: IContainerRuntimeMetadata | undefined;
-    readonly createContainerMetadata: ICreateContainerMetadata;
-    readonly baseSnapshot: ISnapshotTree | undefined;
-    readonly isSummarizerClient: boolean;
-    readonly getNodePackagePath: (nodePath: string) => Promise<readonly string[] | undefined>;
-    readonly getLastSummaryTimestampMs: () => number | undefined;
-    readonly readAndParseBlob: ReadAndParseBlob;
-    readonly activeConnection: () => boolean;
-    readonly getContainerDiagnosticId: () => string;
+	readonly runtime: IGarbageCollectionRuntime;
+	readonly gcOptions: IGCRuntimeOptions;
+	readonly baseLogger: ITelemetryLogger;
+	readonly existing: boolean;
+	readonly metadata: IContainerRuntimeMetadata | undefined;
+	readonly createContainerMetadata: ICreateContainerMetadata;
+	readonly baseSnapshot: ISnapshotTree | undefined;
+	readonly isSummarizerClient: boolean;
+	readonly getNodePackagePath: (nodePath: string) => Promise<readonly string[] | undefined>;
+	readonly getLastSummaryTimestampMs: () => number | undefined;
+	readonly readAndParseBlob: ReadAndParseBlob;
+	readonly activeConnection: () => boolean;
+	readonly getContainerDiagnosticId: () => string;
 }
 
 /** The state of node that is unreferenced. */
 export const UnreferencedState = {
-    /** The node is active, i.e., it can become referenced again. */
-    Active: "Active",
-    /** The node is inactive, i.e., it should not become referenced. */
-    Inactive: "Inactive",
-    /** The node is ready to be deleted by the sweep phase. */
-    SweepReady: "SweepReady",
+	/** The node is active, i.e., it can become referenced again. */
+	Active: "Active",
+	/** The node is inactive, i.e., it should not become referenced. */
+	Inactive: "Inactive",
+	/** The node is ready to be deleted by the sweep phase. */
+	SweepReady: "SweepReady",
 } as const;
 export type UnreferencedState = typeof UnreferencedState[keyof typeof UnreferencedState];
 
 /** The event that is logged when unreferenced node is used after a certain time. */
 interface IUnreferencedEventProps {
-    usageType: "Changed" | "Loaded" | "Revived";
-    state: UnreferencedState;
-    id: string;
-    type: GCNodeType;
-    unrefTime: number;
-    age: number;
-    completedGCRuns: number;
-    fromId?: string;
-    timeout?: number;
-    lastSummaryTime?: number;
-    externalRequest?: boolean;
-    viaHandle?: boolean;
+	usageType: "Changed" | "Loaded" | "Revived";
+	state: UnreferencedState;
+	id: string;
+	type: GCNodeType;
+	unrefTime: number;
+	age: number;
+	completedGCRuns: number;
+	fromId?: string;
+	timeout?: number;
+	lastSummaryTime?: number;
+	externalRequest?: boolean;
+	viaHandle?: boolean;
 }
 
 /**
  * The GC data that is tracked for a summary that is submitted.
  */
 interface IGCSummaryTrackingData {
-    serializedGCState: string | undefined;
-    serializedTombstones: string | undefined;
-    serializedDeletedNodes: string | undefined;
+	serializedGCState: string | undefined;
+	serializedTombstones: string | undefined;
+	serializedDeletedNodes: string | undefined;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -237,85 +251,88 @@ interface IGCSummaryTrackingData {
  * be deleted by the sweep phase.
  */
 export class UnreferencedStateTracker {
-    private _state: UnreferencedState = UnreferencedState.Active;
-    public get state(): UnreferencedState {
-        return this._state;
-    }
-
-    /** Timer to indicate when an unreferenced object is considered Inactive */
-    private readonly inactiveTimer: TimerWithNoDefaultTimeout;
-    /** Timer to indicate when an unreferenced object is Sweep-Ready */
-    private readonly sweepTimer: TimerWithNoDefaultTimeout;
-
-    constructor(
-        public readonly unreferencedTimestampMs: number,
-        /** The time after which node transitions to Inactive state. */
-        private readonly inactiveTimeoutMs: number,
-        /** The current reference timestamp used to track how long this node has been unreferenced for. */
-        currentReferenceTimestampMs: number,
-        /** The time after which node transitions to SweepReady state; undefined if session expiry is disabled. */
-        private readonly sweepTimeoutMs: number | undefined,
-    ) {
-        if (this.sweepTimeoutMs !== undefined) {
-            assert(this.inactiveTimeoutMs <= this.sweepTimeoutMs,
-                0x3b0 /* inactive timeout must not be greater than the sweep timeout */);
-        }
-
-        this.sweepTimer = new TimerWithNoDefaultTimeout(
-            () => {
-                this._state = UnreferencedState.SweepReady;
-                assert(!this.inactiveTimer.hasTimer, 0x3b1 /* inactiveTimer still running after sweepTimer fired! */);
-            },
-        );
-
-        this.inactiveTimer = new TimerWithNoDefaultTimeout(() => {
-            this._state = UnreferencedState.Inactive;
-
-            // After the node becomes inactive, start the sweep timer after which the node will be ready for sweep.
-            if (this.sweepTimeoutMs !== undefined) {
-                this.sweepTimer.restart(this.sweepTimeoutMs - this.inactiveTimeoutMs);
-            }
-        });
-        this.updateTracking(currentReferenceTimestampMs);
-    }
-
-    /* Updates the unreferenced state based on the provided timestamp. */
-    public updateTracking(currentReferenceTimestampMs: number) {
-        const unreferencedDurationMs = currentReferenceTimestampMs - this.unreferencedTimestampMs;
-
-        // If the node has been unreferenced for sweep timeout amount of time, update the state to SweepReady.
-        if (this.sweepTimeoutMs !== undefined && unreferencedDurationMs >= this.sweepTimeoutMs) {
-            this._state = UnreferencedState.SweepReady;
-            this.clearTimers();
-            return;
-        }
-
-        // If the node has been unreferenced for inactive timeoutMs amount of time, update the state to inactive.
-        // Also, start a timer for the sweep timeout.
-        if (unreferencedDurationMs >= this.inactiveTimeoutMs) {
-            this._state = UnreferencedState.Inactive;
-            this.inactiveTimer.clear();
-
-            if (this.sweepTimeoutMs !== undefined) {
-                this.sweepTimer.restart(this.sweepTimeoutMs - unreferencedDurationMs);
-            }
-            return;
-        }
-
-        // The node is still active. Ensure the inactive timer is running with the proper remaining duration.
-        this.inactiveTimer.restart(this.inactiveTimeoutMs - unreferencedDurationMs);
-    }
-
-    private clearTimers() {
-        this.inactiveTimer.clear();
-        this.sweepTimer.clear();
-    }
-
-    /** Stop tracking this node. Reset the unreferenced timers and state, if any. */
-    public stopTracking() {
-        this.clearTimers();
-        this._state = UnreferencedState.Active;
-    }
+	private _state: UnreferencedState = UnreferencedState.Active;
+	public get state(): UnreferencedState {
+		return this._state;
+	}
+
+	/** Timer to indicate when an unreferenced object is considered Inactive */
+	private readonly inactiveTimer: TimerWithNoDefaultTimeout;
+	/** Timer to indicate when an unreferenced object is Sweep-Ready */
+	private readonly sweepTimer: TimerWithNoDefaultTimeout;
+
+	constructor(
+		public readonly unreferencedTimestampMs: number,
+		/** The time after which node transitions to Inactive state. */
+		private readonly inactiveTimeoutMs: number,
+		/** The current reference timestamp used to track how long this node has been unreferenced for. */
+		currentReferenceTimestampMs: number,
+		/** The time after which node transitions to SweepReady state; undefined if session expiry is disabled. */
+		private readonly sweepTimeoutMs: number | undefined,
+	) {
+		if (this.sweepTimeoutMs !== undefined) {
+			assert(
+				this.inactiveTimeoutMs <= this.sweepTimeoutMs,
+				0x3b0 /* inactive timeout must not be greater than the sweep timeout */,
+			);
+		}
+
+		this.sweepTimer = new TimerWithNoDefaultTimeout(() => {
+			this._state = UnreferencedState.SweepReady;
+			assert(
+				!this.inactiveTimer.hasTimer,
+				0x3b1 /* inactiveTimer still running after sweepTimer fired! */,
+			);
+		});
+
+		this.inactiveTimer = new TimerWithNoDefaultTimeout(() => {
+			this._state = UnreferencedState.Inactive;
+
+			// After the node becomes inactive, start the sweep timer after which the node will be ready for sweep.
+			if (this.sweepTimeoutMs !== undefined) {
+				this.sweepTimer.restart(this.sweepTimeoutMs - this.inactiveTimeoutMs);
+			}
+		});
+		this.updateTracking(currentReferenceTimestampMs);
+	}
+
+	/* Updates the unreferenced state based on the provided timestamp. */
+	public updateTracking(currentReferenceTimestampMs: number) {
+		const unreferencedDurationMs = currentReferenceTimestampMs - this.unreferencedTimestampMs;
+
+		// If the node has been unreferenced for sweep timeout amount of time, update the state to SweepReady.
+		if (this.sweepTimeoutMs !== undefined && unreferencedDurationMs >= this.sweepTimeoutMs) {
+			this._state = UnreferencedState.SweepReady;
+			this.clearTimers();
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// If the node has been unreferenced for inactive timeoutMs amount of time, update the state to inactive.
+		// Also, start a timer for the sweep timeout.
+		if (unreferencedDurationMs >= this.inactiveTimeoutMs) {
+			this._state = UnreferencedState.Inactive;
+			this.inactiveTimer.clear();
+
+			if (this.sweepTimeoutMs !== undefined) {
+				this.sweepTimer.restart(this.sweepTimeoutMs - unreferencedDurationMs);
+			}
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// The node is still active. Ensure the inactive timer is running with the proper remaining duration.
+		this.inactiveTimer.restart(this.inactiveTimeoutMs - unreferencedDurationMs);
+	}
+
+	private clearTimers() {
+		this.inactiveTimer.clear();
+		this.sweepTimer.clear();
+	}
+
+	/** Stop tracking this node. Reset the unreferenced timers and state, if any. */
+	public stopTracking() {
+		this.clearTimers();
+		this._state = UnreferencedState.Active;
+	}
 }
 
 /**
@@ -329,1457 +346,1631 @@ export class UnreferencedStateTracker {
  * Graph - all nodes with their respective routes
  *
  * ```
- *             GC Graph
+ *			 GC Graph
  *
- *               Node
- *        NodeId = "datastore1"
- *           /             \\
- *    OutboundRoute   OutboundRoute
- *         /                 \\
- *       Node               Node
- *  NodeId = "dds1"     NodeId = "dds2"
+ *			   Node
+ *		NodeId = "datastore1"
+ *		   /			 \\
+ *	OutboundRoute   OutboundRoute
+ *		 /				 \\
+ *	   Node			   Node
+ *  NodeId = "dds1"	 NodeId = "dds2"
  * ```
  */
 export class GarbageCollector implements IGarbageCollector {
-    public static create(createParams: IGarbageCollectorCreateParams): IGarbageCollector {
-        return new GarbageCollector(createParams);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Tells whether the GC state needs to be reset in the next summary. We need to do this if:
-     *
-     * 1. GC was enabled and is now disabled. The GC state needs to be removed and everything becomes referenced.
-     *
-     * 2. GC was disabled and is now enabled. The GC state needs to be regenerated and added to summary.
-     *
-     * 3. GC is enabled and the latest summary state is refreshed from a snapshot that had GC disabled and vice-versa.
-     *
-     * 4. The GC version in the latest summary is different from the current GC version. This can happen if:
-     *
-     * 4.1. The summary this client loaded with has data from a different GC version.
-     *
-     * 4.2. This client's latest summary was updated from a snapshot that has a different GC version.
-     */
-    public get summaryStateNeedsReset(): boolean {
-        return this.gcStateNeedsReset ||
-            (this.shouldRunGC && this.latestSummaryGCVersion !== this.currentGCVersion);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Tracks if GC is enabled for this document. This is specified during document creation and doesn't change
-     * throughout its lifetime.
-     */
-    private readonly gcEnabled: boolean;
-    /**
-     * Tracks if sweep phase is enabled for this document. This is specified during document creation and doesn't change
-     * throughout its lifetime.
-     */
-    private readonly sweepEnabled: boolean;
-
-    /**
-     * Tracks if GC should run or not. Even if GC is enabled for a document (see gcEnabled), it can be explicitly
-     * disabled via runtime options or feature flags.
-     */
-    public readonly shouldRunGC: boolean;
-    /**
-     * Tracks if sweep phase should run or not. Even if the sweep phase is enabled for a document (see sweepEnabled), it
-     * can be explicitly disabled via feature flags. It also won't run if session expiry is not enabled.
-     */
-    private readonly shouldRunSweep: boolean;
-
-    public readonly trackGCState: boolean;
-
-    private readonly testMode: boolean;
-    private readonly tombstoneMode: boolean;
-    private readonly mc: MonitoringContext;
-
-    /**
-     * Tells whether the GC state needs to be reset. This can happen under 3 conditions:
-     *
-     * 1. The base snapshot contains GC state but GC is disabled. This will happen the first time GC is disabled after
-     * it was enabled before. GC state needs to be removed from summary and all nodes should be marked referenced.
-     *
-     * 2. The base snapshot does not have GC state but GC is enabled. This will happen the very first time GC runs on
-     * a document and the first time GC is enabled after is was disabled before.
-     *
-     * 3. GC is enabled and the latest summary state is refreshed from a snapshot that had GC disabled and vice-versa.
-     *
-     * Note that the state will be reset only once for the first summary generated after this returns true. After that,
-     * this will return false.
-    */
-    private get gcStateNeedsReset(): boolean {
-        return this.wasGCRunInLatestSummary !== this.shouldRunGC;
-    }
-    // Tracks whether there was GC was run in latest summary being tracked.
-    private wasGCRunInLatestSummary: boolean;
-
-    // The current GC version that this container is running.
-    private readonly currentGCVersion: GCVersion;
-    // This is the version of GC data in the latest summary being tracked.
-    private latestSummaryGCVersion: GCVersion;
-
-    // Keeps track of the GC state from the last run.
-    private gcDataFromLastRun: IGarbageCollectionData | undefined;
-    // Keeps a list of references (edges in the GC graph) between GC runs. Each entry has a node id and a list of
-    // outbound routes from that node.
-    private readonly newReferencesSinceLastRun: Map<string, string[]> = new Map();
-    // A list of nodes that have been tombstoned.
-    private tombstones: string[] = [];
-    // A list of nodes that have been deleted during sweep phase.
-    private deletedNodes: Set<string> = new Set();
-
-    /**
-     * Keeps track of the GC data from the latest summary successfully submitted to and acked from the server.
-     */
-    private latestSummaryData: IGCSummaryTrackingData | undefined;
-    /**
-     * Keeps track of the GC data from the last summary submitted to the server but not yet acked.
-     */
-    private pendingSummaryData: IGCSummaryTrackingData | undefined;
-
-    // Promise when resolved returns the GC data data in the base snapshot.
-    private readonly baseSnapshotDataP: Promise<IGarbageCollectionSnapshotData | undefined>;
-    // Promise when resolved initializes the GC state from the data in the base snapshot.
-    private readonly initializeGCStateFromBaseSnapshotP: Promise<void>;
-    // The GC details generated from the base snapshot.
-    private readonly baseGCDetailsP: Promise<IGarbageCollectionDetailsBase>;
-    // Map of node ids to their unreferenced state tracker.
-    private readonly unreferencedNodesState: Map<string, UnreferencedStateTracker> = new Map();
-    // The Timer responsible for closing the container when the session has expired
-    private sessionExpiryTimer: Timer | undefined;
-
-    // Keeps track of unreferenced events that are logged for a node. This is used to limit the log generation to one
-    // per event per node.
-    private readonly loggedUnreferencedEvents: Set<string> = new Set();
-    // Queue for unreferenced events that should be logged the next time GC runs.
-    private pendingEventsQueue: IUnreferencedEventProps[] = [];
-
-    // The number of times GC has successfully completed on this instance of GarbageCollector.
-    private completedRuns = 0;
-
-    private readonly runtime: IGarbageCollectionRuntime;
-    private readonly createContainerMetadata: ICreateContainerMetadata;
-    private readonly gcOptions: IGCRuntimeOptions;
-    private readonly isSummarizerClient: boolean;
-
-    /** The time in ms to expire a session for a client for gc. */
-    private readonly sessionExpiryTimeoutMs: number | undefined;
-    /** The time after which an unreferenced node is inactive. */
-    private readonly inactiveTimeoutMs: number;
-    /** The time after which an unreferenced node is ready to be swept. */
-    private readonly sweepTimeoutMs: number | undefined;
-
-    /** For a given node path, returns the node's package path. */
-    private readonly getNodePackagePath: (nodePath: string) => Promise<readonly string[] | undefined>;
-    /** Returns the timestamp of the last summary generated for this container. */
-    private readonly getLastSummaryTimestampMs: () => number | undefined;
-    /** Returns true if connection is active, i.e. it's "write" connection and the runtime is connected. */
-    private readonly activeConnection: () => boolean;
-
-    /** Returns a list of all the configurations for garbage collection. */
-    private get configs() {
-        return {
-            gcEnabled: this.gcEnabled,
-            sweepEnabled: this.sweepEnabled,
-            runGC: this.shouldRunGC,
-            runSweep: this.shouldRunSweep,
-            testMode: this.testMode,
-            tombstoneMode: this.tombstoneMode,
-            sessionExpiry: this.sessionExpiryTimeoutMs,
-            sweepTimeout: this.sweepTimeoutMs,
-            inactiveTimeout: this.inactiveTimeoutMs,
-            trackGCState: this.trackGCState,
-            ...this.gcOptions,
-        };
-    }
-
-    /** Handler to respond to when a SweepReady object is used */
-    private readonly sweepReadyUsageHandler: SweepReadyUsageDetectionHandler;
-
-    protected constructor(createParams: IGarbageCollectorCreateParams) {
-        this.runtime = createParams.runtime;
-        this.isSummarizerClient = createParams.isSummarizerClient;
-        this.gcOptions = createParams.gcOptions;
-        this.createContainerMetadata = createParams.createContainerMetadata;
-        this.getNodePackagePath = createParams.getNodePackagePath;
-        this.getLastSummaryTimestampMs = createParams.getLastSummaryTimestampMs;
-        this.activeConnection = createParams.activeConnection;
-
-        const baseSnapshot = createParams.baseSnapshot;
-        const metadata = createParams.metadata;
-        const readAndParseBlob = createParams.readAndParseBlob;
-
-        this.mc = loggerToMonitoringContext(ChildLogger.create(
-            createParams.baseLogger, "GarbageCollector", { all: { completedGCRuns: () => this.completedRuns } },
-        ));
-
-        // If version upgrade is not enabled, fall back to the stable GC version.
-        this.currentGCVersion =
-            this.mc.config.getBoolean(gcVersionUpgradeToV2Key) === true ? currentGCVersion : stableGCVersion;
-
-        this.sweepReadyUsageHandler = new SweepReadyUsageDetectionHandler(
-            createParams.getContainerDiagnosticId(),
-            this.mc,
-            this.runtime.closeFn,
-        );
-
-        let prevSummaryGCVersion: number | undefined;
-
-        /**
-         * Sweep timeout is the time after which unreferenced content can be swept.
-         * Sweep timeout = session expiry timeout + snapshot cache expiry timeout + one day buffer.
-         *
-         * The snapshot cache expiry timeout cannot be known precisely but the upper bound is 5 days.
-         * The buffer is added to account for any clock skew or other edge cases.
-         * We use server timestamps throughout so the skew should be minimal but make it 1 day to be safe.
-         */
-        function computeSweepTimeout(sessionExpiryTimeoutMs: number | undefined) {
-            const maxSnapshotCacheExpiryMs = 5 * oneDayMs;
-            const bufferMs = oneDayMs;
-            return sessionExpiryTimeoutMs &&
-                (sessionExpiryTimeoutMs + maxSnapshotCacheExpiryMs + bufferMs);
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * The following GC state is enabled during container creation and cannot be changed throughout its lifetime:
-         * 1. Whether running GC mark phase is allowed or not.
-         * 2. Whether running GC sweep phase is allowed or not.
-         * 3. Whether GC session expiry is enabled or not.
-         * For existing containers, we get this information from the metadata blob of its summary.
-         */
-        if (createParams.existing) {
-            prevSummaryGCVersion = getGCVersion(metadata);
-            // Existing documents which did not have metadata blob or had GC disabled have version as 0. For all
-            // other existing documents, GC is enabled.
-            this.gcEnabled = prevSummaryGCVersion > 0;
-            this.sweepEnabled = metadata?.sweepEnabled ?? false;
-            this.sessionExpiryTimeoutMs = metadata?.sessionExpiryTimeoutMs;
-            this.sweepTimeoutMs =
-                metadata?.sweepTimeoutMs
-                ?? computeSweepTimeout(this.sessionExpiryTimeoutMs); // Backfill old documents that didn't persist this
-        } else {
-            // Sweep should not be enabled without enabling GC mark phase. We could silently disable sweep in this
-            // scenario but explicitly failing makes it clearer and promotes correct usage.
-            if (this.gcOptions.sweepAllowed && this.gcOptions.gcAllowed === false) {
-                throw new UsageError("GC sweep phase cannot be enabled without enabling GC mark phase");
-            }
-
-            // This Test Override only applies for new containers
-            const testOverrideSweepTimeoutMs =
-                this.mc.config.getNumber("Fluid.GarbageCollection.TestOverride.SweepTimeoutMs");
-
-            // For new documents, GC is enabled by default. It can be explicitly disabled by setting the gcAllowed
-            // flag in GC options to false.
-            this.gcEnabled = this.gcOptions.gcAllowed !== false;
-            // The sweep phase has to be explicitly enabled by setting the sweepAllowed flag in GC options to true.
-            this.sweepEnabled = this.gcOptions.sweepAllowed === true;
-
-            // Set the Session Expiry only if the flag is enabled and GC is enabled.
-            if (this.mc.config.getBoolean(runSessionExpiryKey) && this.gcEnabled) {
-                this.sessionExpiryTimeoutMs = this.gcOptions.sessionExpiryTimeoutMs ?? defaultSessionExpiryDurationMs;
-            }
-            this.sweepTimeoutMs =
-                testOverrideSweepTimeoutMs
-                ?? computeSweepTimeout(this.sessionExpiryTimeoutMs);
-        }
-
-        // If session expiry is enabled, we need to close the container when the session expiry timeout expires.
-        if (this.sessionExpiryTimeoutMs !== undefined) {
-            // If Test Override config is set, override Session Expiry timeout.
-            const overrideSessionExpiryTimeoutMs =
-                this.mc.config.getNumber("Fluid.GarbageCollection.TestOverride.SessionExpiryMs");
-            const timeoutMs = overrideSessionExpiryTimeoutMs ?? this.sessionExpiryTimeoutMs;
-
-            this.sessionExpiryTimer = new Timer(
-                timeoutMs,
-                () => { this.runtime.closeFn(new ClientSessionExpiredError(`Client session expired.`, timeoutMs)); },
-            );
-            this.sessionExpiryTimer.start();
-        }
-
-        // For existing document, the latest summary is the one that we loaded from. So, use its GC version as the
-        // latest tracked GC version. For new documents, we will be writing the first summary with the current version.
-        this.latestSummaryGCVersion = prevSummaryGCVersion ?? this.currentGCVersion;
-
-        /**
-         * Whether GC should run or not. The following conditions have to be met to run sweep:
-         *
-         * 1. GC should be enabled for this container.
-         *
-         * 2. GC should not be disabled via disableGC GC option.
-         *
-         * These conditions can be overridden via runGCKey feature flag.
-         */
-        this.shouldRunGC = this.mc.config.getBoolean(runGCKey) ?? (
-            // GC must be enabled for the document.
-            this.gcEnabled
-            // GC must not be disabled via GC options.
-            && !this.gcOptions.disableGC
-        );
-
-        /**
-         * Whether sweep should run or not. The following conditions have to be met to run sweep:
-         *
-         * 1. Overall GC or mark phase must be enabled (this.shouldRunGC).
-         * 2. Sweep timeout should be available. Without this, we wouldn't know when an object should be deleted.
-         * 3. The driver must implement the policy limiting the age of snapshots used for loading. Otherwise
-         * the Sweep Timeout calculation is not valid. We use the persisted value to ensure consistency over time.
-         * 4. Sweep should be enabled for this container (this.sweepEnabled). This can be overridden via runSweep
-         * feature flag.
-         */
-        this.shouldRunSweep =
-            this.shouldRunGC
-            && this.sweepTimeoutMs !== undefined
-            && (this.mc.config.getBoolean(runSweepKey) ?? this.sweepEnabled);
-
-        this.trackGCState = this.mc.config.getBoolean(trackGCStateKey) === true;
-
-        // Override inactive timeout if test config or gc options to override it is set.
-        this.inactiveTimeoutMs = this.mc.config.getNumber("Fluid.GarbageCollection.TestOverride.InactiveTimeoutMs") ??
-            this.gcOptions.inactiveTimeoutMs ??
-            defaultInactiveTimeoutMs;
-
-        // Inactive timeout must be greater than sweep timeout since a node goes from active -> inactive -> sweep ready.
-        if (this.sweepTimeoutMs !== undefined && this.inactiveTimeoutMs > this.sweepTimeoutMs) {
-            throw new UsageError("inactive timeout should not be greater than the sweep timeout");
-        }
-
-        // Whether we are running in test mode. In this mode, unreferenced nodes are immediately deleted.
-        this.testMode = this.mc.config.getBoolean(gcTestModeKey) ?? this.gcOptions.runGCInTestMode === true;
-        // Whether we are running in tombstone mode. This is enabled by default if sweep won't run. It can be disabled
-        // via feature flags.
-        this.tombstoneMode = !this.shouldRunSweep && this.mc.config.getBoolean(disableTombstoneKey) !== true;
-
-        // If GC ran in the container that generated the base snapshot, it will have a GC tree.
-        this.wasGCRunInLatestSummary = baseSnapshot?.trees[gcTreeKey] !== undefined;
-
-        // Get the GC data from the base snapshot. Use LazyPromise because we only want to do this once since it
-        // it involves fetching blobs from storage which is expensive.
-        this.baseSnapshotDataP = new LazyPromise<IGarbageCollectionSnapshotData | undefined>(async () => {
-            if (baseSnapshot === undefined) {
-                return undefined;
-            }
-
-            try {
-                // For newer documents, GC data should be present in the GC tree in the root of the snapshot.
-                const gcSnapshotTree = baseSnapshot.trees[gcTreeKey];
-                if (gcSnapshotTree !== undefined) {
-                    return getGCDataFromSnapshot(
-                        gcSnapshotTree,
-                        readAndParseBlob,
-                    );
-                }
-
-                // back-compat - Older documents will have the GC blobs in each data store's summary tree. Get them and
-                // consolidate into IGarbageCollectionState format.
-                // Add a node for the root node that is not present in older snapshot format.
-                const gcState: IGarbageCollectionState = { gcNodes: { "/": { outboundRoutes: [] } } };
-                const dataStoreSnapshotTree = getSummaryForDatastores(baseSnapshot, metadata);
-                assert(dataStoreSnapshotTree !== undefined,
-                    0x2a8 /* "Expected data store snapshot tree in base snapshot" */);
-                for (const [dsId, dsSnapshotTree] of Object.entries(dataStoreSnapshotTree.trees)) {
-                    const blobId = dsSnapshotTree.blobs[gcTreeKey];
-                    if (blobId === undefined) {
-                        continue;
-                    }
-
-                    const gcSummaryDetails = await readAndParseBlob<IGarbageCollectionSummaryDetailsLegacy>(blobId);
-                    // If there are no nodes for this data store, skip it.
-                    if (gcSummaryDetails.gcData?.gcNodes === undefined) {
-                        continue;
-                    }
-
-                    const dsRootId = `/${dsId}`;
-                    // Since we used to write GC data at data store level, we won't have an entry for the root ("/").
-                    // Construct that entry by adding root data store ids to its outbound routes.
-                    const initialSnapshotDetails = await readAndParseBlob<ReadFluidDataStoreAttributes>(
-                        dsSnapshotTree.blobs[dataStoreAttributesBlobName],
-                    );
-                    if (initialSnapshotDetails.isRootDataStore) {
-                        gcState.gcNodes["/"].outboundRoutes.push(dsRootId);
-                    }
-
-                    for (const [id, outboundRoutes] of Object.entries(gcSummaryDetails.gcData.gcNodes)) {
-                        // Prefix the data store id to the GC node ids to make them relative to the root from being
-                        // relative to the data store. Similar to how its done in DataStore::getGCData.
-                        const rootId = id === "/" ? dsRootId : `${dsRootId}${id}`;
-                        gcState.gcNodes[rootId] = { outboundRoutes: Array.from(outboundRoutes) };
-                    }
-                    assert(gcState.gcNodes[dsRootId] !== undefined,
-                        0x2a9 /* GC nodes for data store not in GC blob */);
-                    gcState.gcNodes[dsRootId].unreferencedTimestampMs = gcSummaryDetails.unrefTimestamp;
-                }
-                // If there is only one node (root node just added above), either GC is disabled or we are loading from
-                // the first summary generated by detached container. In both cases, GC was not run - return undefined.
-                return Object.keys(gcState.gcNodes).length === 1
-                    ? undefined
-                    : { gcState, tombstones: undefined, deletedNodes: undefined };
-            } catch (error) {
-                const dpe = DataProcessingError.wrapIfUnrecognized(
-                    error,
-                    "FailedToInitializeGC",
-                );
-                dpe.addTelemetryProperties({ gcConfigs: JSON.stringify(this.configs) });
-                throw dpe;
-            }
-        });
-
-        /**
-         * Set up the initializer which initializes the GC state from the data in base snapshot. This is done when
-         * connected in write mode or when GC runs the first time. It sets up all unreferenced nodes from the base
-         * GC state and updates their inactive or sweep ready state.
-         */
-        this.initializeGCStateFromBaseSnapshotP = new LazyPromise<void>(async () => {
-            /**
-             * If there is no current reference timestamp, skip initialization. We need the current timestamp to track
-             * how long objects have been unreferenced and if they can be deleted.
-             *
-             * Note that the only scenario where there is no reference timestamp is when no ops have ever been processed
-             * for this container and it is in read mode. In this scenario, there is no point in running GC anyway
-             * because references in the container do not change without any ops, i.e., there is nothing to collect.
-             */
-            const currentReferenceTimestampMs = this.runtime.getCurrentReferenceTimestampMs();
-            if (currentReferenceTimestampMs === undefined) {
-                // Log an event so we can evaluate how often we run into this scenario.
-                this.mc.logger.sendErrorEvent({
-                    eventName: "GarbageCollectorInitializedWithoutTimestamp",
-                    gcConfigs: JSON.stringify(this.configs),
-                });
-                return;
-            }
-            /**
-             * The base snapshot data will not be present if the container is loaded from:
-             * 1. The first summary created by the detached container.
-             * 2. A summary that was generated with GC disabled.
-             * 3. A summary that was generated before GC even existed.
-             */
-            const baseSnapshotData = await this.baseSnapshotDataP;
-            if (baseSnapshotData === undefined) {
-                return;
-            }
-            this.updateStateFromSnapshotData(baseSnapshotData, currentReferenceTimestampMs);
-        });
-
-        // Get the GC details from the GC state in the base summary. This is returned in getBaseGCDetails which is
-        // used to initialize the GC state of all the nodes in the container.
-        this.baseGCDetailsP = new LazyPromise<IGarbageCollectionDetailsBase>(async () => {
-            const baseSnapshotData = await this.baseSnapshotDataP;
-            if (baseSnapshotData === undefined) {
-                return {};
-            }
-
-            const gcNodes: { [id: string]: string[]; } = {};
-            for (const [nodeId, nodeData] of Object.entries(baseSnapshotData.gcState.gcNodes)) {
-                gcNodes[nodeId] = Array.from(nodeData.outboundRoutes);
-            }
-            // Run GC on the nodes in the base summary to get the routes used in each node in the container.
-            // This is an optimization for space (vs performance) wherein we don't need to store the used routes of
-            // each node in the summary.
-            const usedRoutes = runGarbageCollection(gcNodes, ["/"]).referencedNodeIds;
-
-            return { gcData: { gcNodes }, usedRoutes };
-        });
-
-        // Log all the GC options and the state determined by the garbage collector. This is interesting only for the
-        // summarizer client since it is the only one that runs GC. It also helps keep the telemetry less noisy.
-        if (this.isSummarizerClient) {
-            this.mc.logger.sendTelemetryEvent({
-                eventName: "GarbageCollectorLoaded",
-                gcConfigs: JSON.stringify(this.configs),
-            });
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Called during container initialization. Initialize from the tombstone state in the base snapshot. This is done
-     * during initialization so that deleted or tombstoned objects are marked as such before they are loaded or used.
-     */
-    public async initializeBaseState(): Promise<void> {
-        const baseSnapshotData = await this.baseSnapshotDataP;
-        /**
-         * The base snapshot data will not be present if the container is loaded from:
-         * 1. The first summary created by the detached container.
-         * 2. A summary that was generated with GC disabled.
-         * 3. A summary that was generated before GC even existed.
-         */
-        if (baseSnapshotData === undefined) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        // Initialize the deleted nodes from the snapshot. This is done irrespective of whether sweep is enabled or not
-        // to identify deleted nodes' usage.
-        if (baseSnapshotData.deletedNodes !== undefined) {
-            this.deletedNodes = new Set(baseSnapshotData.deletedNodes);
-        }
-
-        // If running in tombstone mode, initialize the tombstone state from the snapshot. Also, notify the runtime of
-        // tombstone routes.
-        if (this.tombstoneMode && baseSnapshotData.tombstones !== undefined) {
-            this.tombstones = Array.from(baseSnapshotData.tombstones);
-            this.runtime.updateTombstonedRoutes(this.tombstones);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Update state from the given snapshot data. This is done during load and during refreshing state from a snapshot.
-     * All current tracking is reset and updated from the data in the snapshot.
-     * @param snapshotData - The snapshot data to update state from. If this is undefined, all GC state and tracking
-     * is reset.
-     * @param currentReferenceTimestampMs - The current reference timestamp for marking unreferenced nodes' unreferenced
-     * timestamp.
-     */
-    private updateStateFromSnapshotData(
-        snapshotData: IGarbageCollectionSnapshotData | undefined,
-        currentReferenceTimestampMs: number,
-    ) {
-        /**
-         * Note: "newReferencesSinceLastRun" is not reset here. This is done because there may be references since the
-         * snapshot that we are updating state from. For example, this client may have processed ops till seq#1000 and
-         * its refreshing state from a summary that happened at seq#900. In this case, there may be references between
-         * seq#901 and seq#1000 that we don't want to reset.
-         * Unfortunately, there is no way to track the seq# of ops that add references, so we choose to not reset any
-         * references here. This should be fine because, in the worst case, we may end up updating the unreferenced
-         * timestamp of a node which will delay its deletion. Although not ideal, this will only happen in rare
-         * scenarios, so it should be okay.
-         */
-
-        // Clear all existing unreferenced state tracking.
-        for (const [, nodeStateTracker] of this.unreferencedNodesState) {
-            nodeStateTracker.stopTracking();
-        };
-        this.unreferencedNodesState.clear();
-
-        // If running sweep, the tombstone state represents the list of nodes that have been deleted during sweep.
-        // If running in tombstone mode, the tombstone state represents the list of nodes that have been marked as
-        // tombstones.
-        // If this call is because we are refreshing from a snapshot due to an ack, it is likely that the GC state
-        // in the snapshot is newer than this client's. And so, the deleted / tombstone nodes need to be updated.
-        if (this.shouldRunSweep) {
-            const snapshotDeletedNodes = snapshotData?.tombstones ? new Set(snapshotData.tombstones) : undefined;
-            // If the snapshot contains deleted nodes that are not yet deleted by this client, ask the runtime to
-            // delete them.
-            if (snapshotDeletedNodes !== undefined) {
-                const newDeletedNodes: string[] = [];
-                for (const nodeId of snapshotDeletedNodes) {
-                    if (!this.deletedNodes.has(nodeId)) {
-                        newDeletedNodes.push(nodeId);
-                    }
-                }
-                if (newDeletedNodes.length > 0) {
-                    // Call container runtime to delete these nodes and add deleted nodes to this.deletedNodes.
-                }
-            }
-        } else if (this.tombstoneMode) {
-            // The snapshot may contain more or fewer tombstone nodes than this client. Update tombstone state and
-            // notify the runtime to update its state as well.
-            this.tombstones = snapshotData?.tombstones ? Array.from(snapshotData.tombstones) : [];
-            this.runtime.updateTombstonedRoutes(this.tombstones);
-        }
-
-        // If there is no snapshot data, it means this snapshot was generated with GC disabled. Unset all GC state.
-        if (snapshotData === undefined) {
-            this.gcDataFromLastRun = undefined;
-            this.latestSummaryData = undefined;
-            return;
-        }
-
-        // Update unreferenced state tracking as per the GC state in the snapshot data and update gcDataFromLastRun
-        // to the GC data from the snapshot data.
-        const gcNodes: { [id: string]: string[]; } = {};
-        for (const [nodeId, nodeData] of Object.entries(snapshotData.gcState.gcNodes)) {
-            if (nodeData.unreferencedTimestampMs !== undefined) {
-                this.unreferencedNodesState.set(
-                    nodeId,
-                    new UnreferencedStateTracker(
-                        nodeData.unreferencedTimestampMs,
-                        this.inactiveTimeoutMs,
-                        currentReferenceTimestampMs,
-                        this.sweepTimeoutMs,
-                    ),
-                );
-            }
-            gcNodes[nodeId] = Array.from(nodeData.outboundRoutes);
-        }
-        this.gcDataFromLastRun = { gcNodes };
-
-        // If tracking state across summaries, update latest summary data from the snapshot's GC data.
-        if (this.trackGCState) {
-            this.latestSummaryData = {
-                serializedGCState: JSON.stringify(generateSortedGCState(snapshotData.gcState)),
-                serializedTombstones: JSON.stringify(snapshotData.tombstones),
-                serializedDeletedNodes: JSON.stringify(snapshotData.deletedNodes),
-            };
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Called when the connection state of the runtime changes, i.e., it connects or disconnects. GC subscribes to this
-     * to initialize the base state for non-summarizer clients so that they can track inactive / sweep ready nodes.
-     * @param connected - Whether the runtime connected / disconnected.
-     * @param clientId - The clientId of this runtime.
-     */
-    public setConnectionState(connected: boolean, clientId?: string | undefined): void {
-        /**
-         * For all clients, initialize the base state when the container becomes active, i.e., it transitions
-         * to "write" mode. This will ensure that the container's own join op is processed and there is a recent
-         * reference timestamp that will be used to update the state of unreferenced nodes. Also, all trailing ops which
-         * could affect the GC state will have been processed.
-         *
-         * If GC is up-to-date for the client and the summarizing client, there will be an doubling of both
-         * InactiveObject_Loaded and SweepReady_Loaded errors, as there will be one from the sending client and one from
-         * the receiving summarizer client.
-         *
-         * Ideally, this initialization should only be done for summarizer client. However, we are currently rolling out
-         * sweep in phases and we want to track when inactive and sweep ready objects are used in any client.
-         */
-        if (this.activeConnection() && this.shouldRunGC) {
-            this.initializeGCStateFromBaseSnapshotP.catch((error) => {});
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Runs garbage collection and updates the reference / used state of the nodes in the container.
-     * @returns stats of the GC run or undefined if GC did not run.
-     */
-    public async collectGarbage(
-        options: {
-            /** Logger to use for logging GC events */
-            logger?: ITelemetryLogger;
-            /** True to run GC sweep phase after the mark phase */
-            runSweep?: boolean;
-            /** True to generate full GC data */
-            fullGC?: boolean;
-        },
-    ): Promise<IGCStats | undefined> {
-        const fullGC = options.fullGC ?? (this.gcOptions.runFullGC === true || this.summaryStateNeedsReset);
-        const logger = options.logger
-            ? ChildLogger.create(options.logger, undefined, { all: { completedGCRuns: () => this.completedRuns } })
-            : this.mc.logger;
-
-        /**
-         * If there is no current reference timestamp, skip running GC. We need the current timestamp to track
-         * how long objects have been unreferenced and if they should be deleted.
-         *
-         * Note that the only scenario where GC is called and there is no reference timestamp is when no ops have ever
-         * been processed for this container and it is in read mode. In this scenario, there is no point in running GC
-         * anyway because references in the container do not change without any ops, i.e., there is nothing to collect.
-         */
-        const currentReferenceTimestampMs = this.runtime.getCurrentReferenceTimestampMs();
-        if (currentReferenceTimestampMs === undefined) {
-            // Log an event so we can evaluate how often we run into this scenario.
-            logger.sendErrorEvent({
-                eventName: "CollectGarbageCalledWithoutTimestamp",
-                gcConfigs: JSON.stringify(this.configs),
-            });
-            return undefined;
-        }
-
-        return PerformanceEvent.timedExecAsync(logger, { eventName: "GarbageCollection" }, async (event) => {
-            await this.runPreGCSteps();
-
-            // Get the runtime's GC data and run GC on the reference graph in it.
-            const gcData = await this.runtime.getGCData(fullGC);
-            const gcResult = runGarbageCollection(gcData.gcNodes, ["/"]);
-
-            const gcStats = await this.runPostGCSteps(gcData, gcResult, logger, currentReferenceTimestampMs);
-            event.end({ ...gcStats, timestamp: currentReferenceTimestampMs });
-            this.completedRuns++;
-            return gcStats;
-        }, { end: true, cancel: "error" });
-    }
-
-    private async runPreGCSteps() {
-        // Ensure that state has been initialized from the base snapshot data.
-        await this.initializeGCStateFromBaseSnapshotP;
-        // Let the runtime update its pending state before GC runs.
-        await this.runtime.updateStateBeforeGC();
-    }
-
-    private async runPostGCSteps(
-        gcData: IGarbageCollectionData,
-        gcResult: IGCResult,
-        logger: ITelemetryLogger,
-        currentReferenceTimestampMs: number,
-    ): Promise<IGCStats> {
-        // Generate statistics from the current run. This is done before updating the current state because it
-        // generates some of its data based on previous state of the system.
-        const gcStats = this.generateStats(gcResult);
-
-        // Update the state since the last GC run. There can be nodes that were referenced between the last and
-        // the current run. We need to identify than and update their unreferenced state if needed.
-        this.updateStateSinceLastRun(gcData, logger);
-
-        // Update the current state and update the runtime of all routes or ids that used as per the GC run.
-        this.updateCurrentState(gcData, gcResult, currentReferenceTimestampMs);
-        this.runtime.updateUsedRoutes(gcResult.referencedNodeIds);
-
-        // Log events for objects that are ready to be deleted by sweep. When we have sweep enabled, we will
-        // delete these objects here instead.
-        this.logSweepEvents(logger, currentReferenceTimestampMs);
-
-        // If we are running in GC test mode, delete objects for unused routes. This enables testing scenarios
-        // involving access to deleted data.
-        if (this.testMode) {
-            this.runtime.updateUnusedRoutes(gcResult.deletedNodeIds);
-        } else if (this.tombstoneMode) {
-            // If we are running in GC tombstone mode, update tombstoned routes. This enables testing scenarios
-            // involving access to "deleted" data without actually deleting the data from summaries.
-            // Note: we will not tombstone in test mode.
-            this.runtime.updateTombstonedRoutes(this.tombstones);
-        }
-
-        // Log pending unreferenced events such as a node being used after inactive. This is done after GC runs and
-        // updates its state so that we don't send false positives based on intermediate state. For example, we may get
-        // reference to an unreferenced node from another unreferenced node which means the node wasn't revived.
-        await this.logUnreferencedEvents(logger);
-
-        return gcStats;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Summarizes the GC data and returns it as a summary tree.
-     * We current write the entire GC state in a single blob. This can be modified later to write multiple
-     * blobs. All the blob keys should start with `gcBlobPrefix`.
-     */
-    public summarize(
-        fullTree: boolean,
-        trackState: boolean,
-        telemetryContext?: ITelemetryContext,
-    ): ISummarizeResult | undefined {
-        if (!this.shouldRunGC || this.gcDataFromLastRun === undefined) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        const gcState: IGarbageCollectionState = { gcNodes: {} };
-        for (const [nodeId, outboundRoutes] of Object.entries(this.gcDataFromLastRun.gcNodes)) {
-            gcState.gcNodes[nodeId] = {
-                outboundRoutes,
-                unreferencedTimestampMs: this.unreferencedNodesState.get(nodeId)?.unreferencedTimestampMs,
-            };
-        }
-
-        const serializedGCState = JSON.stringify(generateSortedGCState(gcState));
-        // Serialize and write deleted nodes, if any. This is done irrespective of whether sweep is enabled or not so
-        // to identify deleted nodes' usage.
-        const serializedDeletedNodes = this.deletedNodes.size > 0
-            ? JSON.stringify(Array.from(this.deletedNodes).sort())
-            : undefined;
-        // If running in tombstone mode, serialize and write tombstones, if any.
-        const serializedTombstones = this.tombstoneMode
-            ? (this.tombstones.length > 0 ? JSON.stringify(this.tombstones.sort()) : undefined)
-            : undefined;
-
-        /**
-         * Incremental summary of GC data - If none of GC state, deleted nodes or tombstones changed since last summary,
-         * write summary handle instead of summary tree for GC.
-         * Otherwise, write the GC summary tree. In the tree, for each of these that changed, write a summary blob and
-         * for each of these that did not change, write a summary handle.
-         */
-        if (this.trackGCState) {
-            this.pendingSummaryData = { serializedGCState, serializedTombstones, serializedDeletedNodes };
-            if (trackState && !fullTree && this.latestSummaryData !== undefined) {
-                // If nothing changed since last summary, send a summary handle for the entire GC data.
-                if (this.latestSummaryData.serializedGCState === serializedGCState
-                    && this.latestSummaryData.serializedTombstones === serializedTombstones) {
-                    const stats = mergeStats();
-                    stats.handleNodeCount++;
-                    return {
-                        summary: {
-                            type: SummaryType.Handle,
-                            handle: `/${gcTreeKey}`,
-                            handleType: SummaryType.Tree,
-                        },
-                        stats,
-                    };
-                }
-
-                // If some state changed, build a GC summary tree.
-                return this.buildGCSummaryTree(
-                    serializedGCState, serializedTombstones, serializedDeletedNodes, true /* trackState */);
-            }
-        }
-        // If not tracking GC state, build a GC summary tree without any summary handles.
-        return this.buildGCSummaryTree(
-            serializedGCState, serializedTombstones, serializedDeletedNodes, false /* trackState */);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Builds the GC summary tree which contains GC state, deleted nodes and tombstones.
-     * If trackState is false, all of GC state, deleted nodes and tombstones are written as summary blobs.
-     * If trackState is true, only states that changed are written. Rest are written as handles.
-     * @param serializedGCState - The GC state serialized as string.
-     * @param serializedTombstones - The tombstone state serialized as string.
-     * @param serializedDeletedNodes - Deleted nodes serialized as string.
-     * @param trackState - Whether we are tracking GC state across summaries.
-     * @returns the GC summary tree.
-     */
-    private buildGCSummaryTree(
-        serializedGCState: string,
-        serializedTombstones: string | undefined,
-        serializedDeletedNodes: string | undefined,
-        trackState: boolean,
-    ): ISummaryTreeWithStats {
-        const gcStateBlobKey = `${gcBlobPrefix}_root`;
-        const builder = new SummaryTreeBuilder();
-
-        // If the GC state hasn't changed, write a summary handle, else write a summary blob for it.
-        if (this.latestSummaryData?.serializedGCState === serializedGCState && trackState) {
-            builder.addHandle(gcStateBlobKey, SummaryType.Blob, `/${gcTreeKey}/${gcStateBlobKey}`);
-        } else {
-            builder.addBlob(gcStateBlobKey, serializedGCState);
-        }
-
-        // If tombstones exist, write a summary handle if it hasn't changed. If it has changed, write a
-        // summary blob.
-        if (serializedTombstones !== undefined) {
-            if (this.latestSummaryData?.serializedTombstones === serializedTombstones && trackState) {
-                builder.addHandle(gcTombstoneBlobKey, SummaryType.Blob, `/${gcTreeKey}/${gcTombstoneBlobKey}`);
-            } else {
-                builder.addBlob(gcTombstoneBlobKey, serializedTombstones);
-            }
-        }
-
-        // If there are no deleted nodes, return the summary tree.
-        if (serializedDeletedNodes === undefined) {
-            return builder.getSummaryTree();
-        }
-
-        // If the deleted nodes hasn't changed, write a summary handle, else write a summary blob for it.
-        if (this.latestSummaryData?.serializedDeletedNodes === serializedDeletedNodes && trackState) {
-            builder.addHandle(gcDeletedBlobKey, SummaryType.Blob, `/${gcTreeKey}/${gcDeletedBlobKey}`);
-        } else {
-            builder.addBlob(gcDeletedBlobKey, serializedDeletedNodes);
-        }
-        return builder.getSummaryTree();
-    }
-
-    public getMetadata(): IGCMetadata {
-        return {
-            /**
-             * If GC is enabled, the GC data is written using the current GC version and that is the gcFeature that goes
-             * into the metadata blob. If GC is disabled, the gcFeature is 0.
-             */
-            gcFeature: this.gcEnabled ? this.currentGCVersion : 0,
-            sessionExpiryTimeoutMs: this.sessionExpiryTimeoutMs,
-            sweepEnabled: this.sweepEnabled,
-            sweepTimeoutMs: this.sweepTimeoutMs,
-        };
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns a the GC details generated from the base summary. This is used to initialize the GC state of the nodes
-     * in the container.
-     */
-    public async getBaseGCDetails(): Promise<IGarbageCollectionDetailsBase> {
-        return this.baseGCDetailsP;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Called to refresh the latest summary state. This happens when either a pending summary is acked or a snapshot
-     * is downloaded and should be used to update the state.
-     */
-    public async refreshLatestSummary(
-        result: RefreshSummaryResult,
-        proposalHandle: string | undefined,
-        summaryRefSeq: number,
-        readAndParseBlob: ReadAndParseBlob,
-    ): Promise<void> {
-        // If the latest summary was updated and the summary was tracked, this client is the one that generated this
-        // summary. So, update wasGCRunInLatestSummary.
-        // Note that this has to be updated if GC did not run too. Otherwise, `gcStateNeedsReset` will always return
-        // true in scenarios where GC is disabled but enabled in the snapshot we loaded from.
-        if (result.latestSummaryUpdated && result.wasSummaryTracked) {
-            this.wasGCRunInLatestSummary = this.shouldRunGC;
-        }
-
-        if (!result.latestSummaryUpdated || !this.shouldRunGC) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        // If the summary was tracked by this client, it was the one that generated the summary in the first place.
-        // Update latest state from pending.
-        if (result.wasSummaryTracked) {
-            this.latestSummaryGCVersion = this.currentGCVersion;
-            if (this.trackGCState) {
-                this.latestSummaryData = this.pendingSummaryData;
-                this.pendingSummaryData = undefined;
-            }
-            return;
-        }
-
-        // If the summary was not tracked by this client, the state should be updated from the downloaded snapshot.
-        const snapshot = result.snapshot;
-        const metadataBlobId = snapshot.blobs[metadataBlobName];
-        if (metadataBlobId) {
-            const metadata = await readAndParseBlob<IContainerRuntimeMetadata>(metadataBlobId);
-            this.latestSummaryGCVersion = getGCVersion(metadata);
-        }
-
-        // The current reference timestamp should be available if we are refreshing state from a snapshot. There has
-        // to be at least one op (summary op / ack, if nothing else) if a snapshot was taken.
-        const currentReferenceTimestampMs = this.runtime.getCurrentReferenceTimestampMs();
-        if (currentReferenceTimestampMs === undefined) {
-            throw DataProcessingError.create(
-                "No reference timestamp when updating GC state from snapshot",
-                "refreshLatestSummary",
-                undefined,
-                { proposalHandle, summaryRefSeq, details: JSON.stringify(this.configs) },
-            );
-        }
-        const gcSnapshotTree = snapshot.trees[gcTreeKey];
-        // If GC ran in the container that generated this snapshot, it will have a GC tree.
-        this.wasGCRunInLatestSummary = gcSnapshotTree !== undefined;
-        let latestGCData: IGarbageCollectionSnapshotData | undefined;
-        if (gcSnapshotTree !== undefined) {
-            latestGCData = await getGCDataFromSnapshot(
-                gcSnapshotTree,
-                readAndParseBlob,
-            );
-        }
-        this.updateStateFromSnapshotData(latestGCData, currentReferenceTimestampMs);
-        this.pendingSummaryData = undefined;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Called when a node with the given id is updated. If the node is inactive, log an error.
-     * @param nodePath - The id of the node that changed.
-     * @param reason - Whether the node was loaded or changed.
-     * @param timestampMs - The timestamp when the node changed.
-     * @param packagePath - The package path of the node. This may not be available if the node hasn't been loaded yet.
-     * @param requestHeaders - If the node was loaded via request path, the headers in the request.
-     */
-    public nodeUpdated(
-        nodePath: string,
-        reason: "Loaded" | "Changed",
-        timestampMs?: number,
-        packagePath?: readonly string[],
-        requestHeaders?: IRequestHeader,
-    ) {
-        if (!this.shouldRunGC) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        const nodeStateTracker = this.unreferencedNodesState.get(nodePath);
-        if (nodeStateTracker && nodeStateTracker.state !== UnreferencedState.Active) {
-            this.inactiveNodeUsed(
-                reason,
-                nodePath,
-                nodeStateTracker,
-                undefined /* fromNodeId */,
-                packagePath,
-                timestampMs,
-                requestHeaders,
-            );
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Called when an outbound reference is added to a node. This is used to identify all nodes that have been
-     * referenced between summaries so that their unreferenced timestamp can be reset.
-     *
-     * @param fromNodePath - The node from which the reference is added.
-     * @param toNodePath - The node to which the reference is added.
-     */
-    public addedOutboundReference(fromNodePath: string, toNodePath: string) {
-        if (!this.shouldRunGC) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        const outboundRoutes = this.newReferencesSinceLastRun.get(fromNodePath) ?? [];
-        outboundRoutes.push(toNodePath);
-        this.newReferencesSinceLastRun.set(fromNodePath, outboundRoutes);
-
-        const nodeStateTracker = this.unreferencedNodesState.get(toNodePath);
-        if (nodeStateTracker && nodeStateTracker.state !== UnreferencedState.Active) {
-            this.inactiveNodeUsed("Revived", toNodePath, nodeStateTracker, fromNodePath);
-        }
-
-        if (this.tombstones.includes(toNodePath)) {
-            const nodeType = this.runtime.getNodeType(toNodePath)
-
-            let eventName = "GC_Tombstone_SubDatastore_Revived";
-            if (nodeType === GCNodeType.DataStore) {
-                eventName = "GC_Tombstone_Datastore_Revived";
-            } else if (nodeType === GCNodeType.Blob) {
-                eventName = "GC_Tombstone_Blob_Revived";
-            }
-
-            sendGCTombstoneEvent(
-                this.mc,
-                {
-                    eventName,
-                    category: "generic",
-                    isSummarizerClient: this.isSummarizerClient,
-                    url: trimLeadingSlashes(toNodePath),
-                    nodeType,
-                 },
-                undefined /* packagePath */,
-            );
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns whether a node with the given path has been deleted or not. This can be used by the runtime to identify
-     * cases where objects are used after they are deleted and throw / log errors accordingly.
-     */
-    public isNodeDeleted(nodePath: string): boolean {
-        return this.deletedNodes.has(nodePath);
-    }
-
-    public dispose(): void {
-        this.sessionExpiryTimer?.clear();
-        this.sessionExpiryTimer = undefined;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Updates the state of the system as per the current GC run. It does the following:
-     * 1. Sets up the current GC state as per the gcData.
-     * 2. Starts tracking for nodes that have become unreferenced in this run.
-     * 3. Clears tracking for nodes that were unreferenced but became referenced in this run.
-     * @param gcData - The data representing the reference graph on which GC is run.
-     * @param gcResult - The result of the GC run on the gcData.
-     * @param currentReferenceTimestampMs - The timestamp to be used for unreferenced nodes' timestamp.
-     */
-    private updateCurrentState(
-        gcData: IGarbageCollectionData,
-        gcResult: IGCResult,
-        currentReferenceTimestampMs: number,
-    ) {
-        this.gcDataFromLastRun = cloneGCData(gcData);
-        this.tombstones = [];
-        this.newReferencesSinceLastRun.clear();
-
-        // Iterate through the referenced nodes and stop tracking if they were unreferenced before.
-        for (const nodeId of gcResult.referencedNodeIds) {
-            const nodeStateTracker = this.unreferencedNodesState.get(nodeId);
-            if (nodeStateTracker !== undefined) {
-                // Stop tracking so as to clear out any running timers.
-                nodeStateTracker.stopTracking();
-                // Delete the node as we don't need to track it any more.
-                this.unreferencedNodesState.delete(nodeId);
-            }
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * If a node became unreferenced in this run, start tracking it.
-         * If a node was already unreferenced, update its tracking information. Since the current reference time is
-         * from the ops seen, this will ensure that we keep updating the unreferenced state as time moves forward.
-         */
-        for (const nodeId of gcResult.deletedNodeIds) {
-            const nodeStateTracker = this.unreferencedNodesState.get(nodeId);
-            if (nodeStateTracker === undefined) {
-                this.unreferencedNodesState.set(
-                    nodeId,
-                    new UnreferencedStateTracker(
-                        currentReferenceTimestampMs,
-                        this.inactiveTimeoutMs,
-                        currentReferenceTimestampMs,
-                        this.sweepTimeoutMs,
-                    ),
-                );
-            } else {
-                nodeStateTracker.updateTracking(currentReferenceTimestampMs);
-                if (this.tombstoneMode && nodeStateTracker.state === UnreferencedState.SweepReady) {
-                    const nodeType = this.runtime.getNodeType(nodeId);
-                    if (nodeType === GCNodeType.DataStore || nodeType === GCNodeType.Blob) {
-                        this.tombstones.push(nodeId);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Since GC runs periodically, the GC data that is generated only tells us the state of the world at that point in
-     * time. There can be nodes that were referenced in between two runs and their unreferenced state needs to be
-     * updated. For example, in the following scenarios not updating the unreferenced timestamp can lead to deletion of
-     * these objects while there can be in-memory referenced to it:
-     * 1. A node transitions from `unreferenced -> referenced -> unreferenced` between two runs. When the reference is
-     * added, the object may have been accessed and in-memory reference to it added.
-     * 2. A reference is added from one unreferenced node to one or more unreferenced nodes. Even though the node[s] were
-     * unreferenced, they could have been accessed and in-memory reference to them added.
-     *
-     * This function identifies nodes that were referenced since last run and removes their unreferenced state, if any.
-     * If these nodes are currently unreferenced, they will be assigned new unreferenced state by the current run.
-     */
-    private updateStateSinceLastRun(currentGCData: IGarbageCollectionData, logger: ITelemetryLogger) {
-        // If we haven't run GC before there is nothing to do.
-        if (this.gcDataFromLastRun === undefined) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        // Find any references that haven't been identified correctly.
-        const missingExplicitReferences = this.findMissingExplicitReferences(
-            currentGCData,
-            this.gcDataFromLastRun,
-            this.newReferencesSinceLastRun,
-        );
-
-        if (missingExplicitReferences.length > 0) {
-            missingExplicitReferences.forEach((missingExplicitReference) => {
-                logger.sendErrorEvent({
-                    eventName: "gcUnknownOutboundReferences",
-                    gcNodeId: missingExplicitReference[0],
-                    gcRoutes: JSON.stringify(missingExplicitReference[1]),
-                });
-            });
-        }
-
-        // No references were added since the last run so we don't have to update reference states of any unreferenced
-        // nodes
-        if (this.newReferencesSinceLastRun.size === 0) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Generate a super set of the GC data that contains the nodes and edges from last run, plus any new node and
-         * edges that have been added since then. To do this, combine the GC data from the last run and the current
-         * run, and then add the references since last run.
-         *
-         * Note on why we need to combine the data from previous run, current run and all references in between -
-         * 1. We need data from last run because some of its references may have been deleted since then. If those
-         * references added new outbound references before they were deleted, we need to detect them.
-         *
-         * 2. We need new outbound references since last run because some of them may have been deleted later. If those
-         * references added new outbound references before they were deleted, we need to detect them.
-         *
-         * 3. We need data from the current run because currently we may not detect when DDSes are referenced:
-         * - We don't require DDSes handles to be stored in a referenced DDS.
-         * - A new data store may have "root" DDSes already created and we don't detect them today.
-         */
-        const gcDataSuperSet = concatGarbageCollectionData(this.gcDataFromLastRun, currentGCData);
-        const newOutboundRoutesSinceLastRun: string[] = [];
-        this.newReferencesSinceLastRun.forEach((outboundRoutes: string[], sourceNodeId: string) => {
-            if (gcDataSuperSet.gcNodes[sourceNodeId] === undefined) {
-                gcDataSuperSet.gcNodes[sourceNodeId] = outboundRoutes;
-            } else {
-                gcDataSuperSet.gcNodes[sourceNodeId].push(...outboundRoutes);
-            }
-            newOutboundRoutesSinceLastRun.push(...outboundRoutes);
-        });
-
-        /**
-         * Run GC on the above reference graph starting with root and all new outbound routes. This will generate a
-         * list of all nodes that could have been referenced since the last run. If any of these nodes are unreferenced,
-         * unreferenced, stop tracking them and remove from unreferenced list.
-         * Note that some of these nodes may be unreferenced now and if so, the current run will mark them as
-         * unreferenced and add unreferenced state.
-         */
-        const gcResult = runGarbageCollection(gcDataSuperSet.gcNodes, ["/", ...newOutboundRoutesSinceLastRun]);
-        for (const nodeId of gcResult.referencedNodeIds) {
-            const nodeStateTracker = this.unreferencedNodesState.get(nodeId);
-            if (nodeStateTracker !== undefined) {
-                // Stop tracking so as to clear out any running timers.
-                nodeStateTracker.stopTracking();
-                // Delete the unreferenced state as we don't need to track it any more.
-                this.unreferencedNodesState.delete(nodeId);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Finds all new references or outbound routes in the current graph that haven't been explicitly notified to GC.
-     * The principle is that every new reference or outbound route must be notified to GC via the
-     * addedOutboundReference method. It it hasn't, its a bug and we want to identify these scenarios.
-     *
-     * In more simple terms:
-     * Missing Explicit References = Current References - Previous References - Explicitly Added References;
-     *
-     * @param currentGCData - The GC data (reference graph) from the current GC run.
-     * @param previousGCData - The GC data (reference graph) from the previous GC run.
-     * @param explicitReferences - New references added explicity between the previous and the current run.
-     * @returns - a list of missing explicit references
-     */
-    private findMissingExplicitReferences(
-        currentGCData: IGarbageCollectionData,
-        previousGCData: IGarbageCollectionData,
-        explicitReferences: Map<string, string[]>,
-    ): [string, string[]][] {
-        assert(
-            previousGCData !== undefined,
-            0x2b7, /* "Can't validate correctness without GC data from last run" */
-        );
-
-        const currentGraph = Object.entries(currentGCData.gcNodes);
-        const missingExplicitReferences: [string, string[]][] = [];
-        currentGraph.forEach(([nodeId, currentOutboundRoutes]) => {
-            const previousRoutes = previousGCData.gcNodes[nodeId] ?? [];
-            const explicitRoutes = explicitReferences.get(nodeId) ?? [];
-            const missingExplicitRoutes: string[] = [];
-
-            /**
-             * 1. For routes in the current GC data, routes that were not present in previous GC data and did not have
-             * explicit references should be added to missing explicit routes list.
-             * 2. Only include data store and blob routes since GC only works for these two.
-             * Note: Due to a bug with de-duped blobs, only adding data store routes for now.
-             * 3. Ignore DDS routes to their parent datastores since those were added implicitly. So, there won't be
-             * explicit routes to them.
-             */
-            currentOutboundRoutes.forEach((route) => {
-                const nodeType = this.runtime.getNodeType(route);
-                if ((nodeType === GCNodeType.DataStore || nodeType === GCNodeType.Blob)
-                    && !nodeId.startsWith(route)
-                    && (!previousRoutes.includes(route) && !explicitRoutes.includes(route))) {
-                    missingExplicitRoutes.push(route);
-                }
-            });
-            if (missingExplicitRoutes.length > 0) {
-                missingExplicitReferences.push([nodeId, missingExplicitRoutes]);
-            }
-        });
-
-        // Ideally missingExplicitReferences should always have a size 0
-        return missingExplicitReferences;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Generates the stats of a garbage collection run from the given results of the run.
-     * @param gcResult - The result of a GC run.
-     * @returns the GC stats of the GC run.
-     */
-    private generateStats(gcResult: IGCResult): IGCStats {
-        const gcStats: IGCStats = {
-            nodeCount: 0,
-            dataStoreCount: 0,
-            attachmentBlobCount: 0,
-            unrefNodeCount: 0,
-            unrefDataStoreCount: 0,
-            unrefAttachmentBlobCount: 0,
-            updatedNodeCount: 0,
-            updatedDataStoreCount: 0,
-            updatedAttachmentBlobCount: 0,
-        };
-
-        const updateNodeStats = (nodeId: string, referenced: boolean) => {
-            gcStats.nodeCount++;
-            // If there is no previous GC data, every node's state is generated and is considered as updated.
-            // Otherwise, find out if any node went from referenced to unreferenced or vice-versa.
-            const stateUpdated = this.gcDataFromLastRun === undefined ||
-                this.unreferencedNodesState.has(nodeId) === referenced;
-            if (stateUpdated) {
-                gcStats.updatedNodeCount++;
-            }
-            if (!referenced) {
-                gcStats.unrefNodeCount++;
-            }
-
-            if (this.runtime.getNodeType(nodeId) === GCNodeType.DataStore) {
-                gcStats.dataStoreCount++;
-                if (stateUpdated) {
-                    gcStats.updatedDataStoreCount++;
-                }
-                if (!referenced) {
-                    gcStats.unrefDataStoreCount++;
-                }
-            }
-            if (this.runtime.getNodeType(nodeId) === GCNodeType.Blob) {
-                gcStats.attachmentBlobCount++;
-                if (stateUpdated) {
-                    gcStats.updatedAttachmentBlobCount++;
-                }
-                if (!referenced) {
-                    gcStats.unrefAttachmentBlobCount++;
-                }
-            }
-        };
-
-        for (const nodeId of gcResult.referencedNodeIds) {
-            updateNodeStats(nodeId, true /* referenced */);
-        }
-
-        for (const nodeId of gcResult.deletedNodeIds) {
-            updateNodeStats(nodeId, false /* referenced */);
-        }
-
-        return gcStats;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * For nodes that are ready to sweep, log an event for now. Until we start running sweep which deletes objects,
-     * this will give us a view into how much deleted content a container has.
-     */
-    private logSweepEvents(logger: ITelemetryLogger, currentReferenceTimestampMs: number) {
-        if (this.mc.config.getBoolean(disableSweepLogKey) === true || this.sweepTimeoutMs === undefined) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        this.unreferencedNodesState.forEach((nodeStateTracker, nodeId) => {
-            if (nodeStateTracker.state !== UnreferencedState.SweepReady) {
-                return;
-            }
-
-            const nodeType = this.runtime.getNodeType(nodeId);
-            if (nodeType !== GCNodeType.DataStore && nodeType !== GCNodeType.Blob) {
-                return;
-            }
-
-            // Log deleted event for each node only once to reduce noise in telemetry.
-            const uniqueEventId = `Deleted-${nodeId}`;
-            if (this.loggedUnreferencedEvents.has(uniqueEventId)) {
-                return;
-            }
-            this.loggedUnreferencedEvents.add(uniqueEventId);
-            logger.sendTelemetryEvent({
-                eventName: "GCObjectDeleted",
-                id: nodeId,
-                type: nodeType,
-                age: currentReferenceTimestampMs - nodeStateTracker.unreferencedTimestampMs,
-                timeout: this.sweepTimeoutMs,
-                completedGCRuns: this.completedRuns,
-                lastSummaryTime: this.getLastSummaryTimestampMs(),
-            });
-        });
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Called when an inactive node is used after. Queue up an event that will be logged next time GC runs.
-     */
-    private inactiveNodeUsed(
-        usageType: "Changed" | "Loaded" | "Revived",
-        nodeId: string,
-        nodeStateTracker: UnreferencedStateTracker,
-        fromNodeId?: string,
-        packagePath?: readonly string[],
-        currentReferenceTimestampMs = this.runtime.getCurrentReferenceTimestampMs(),
-        requestHeaders?: IRequestHeader,
-    ) {
-        // If there is no reference timestamp to work with, no ops have been processed after creation. If so, skip
-        // logging as nothing interesting would have happened worth logging.
-        // If the node is active, skip logging.
-        if (currentReferenceTimestampMs === undefined || nodeStateTracker.state === UnreferencedState.Active) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        // We only care about data stores and attachment blobs for this telemetry since GC only marks these objects
-        // as unreferenced. Also, if an inactive DDS is used, the corresponding data store store will also be used.
-        const nodeType = this.runtime.getNodeType(nodeId);
-        if (nodeType !== GCNodeType.DataStore && nodeType !== GCNodeType.Blob) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        const state = nodeStateTracker.state;
-        const uniqueEventId = `${state}-${nodeId}-${usageType}`;
-        if (this.loggedUnreferencedEvents.has(uniqueEventId)) {
-            return;
-        }
-        this.loggedUnreferencedEvents.add(uniqueEventId);
-
-        const propsToLog = {
-            id: nodeId,
-            type: nodeType,
-            unrefTime: nodeStateTracker.unreferencedTimestampMs,
-            age: currentReferenceTimestampMs - nodeStateTracker.unreferencedTimestampMs,
-            timeout: nodeStateTracker.state === UnreferencedState.Inactive
-                ? this.inactiveTimeoutMs
-                : this.sweepTimeoutMs,
-            completedGCRuns: this.completedRuns,
-            lastSummaryTime: this.getLastSummaryTimestampMs(),
-            ...this.createContainerMetadata,
-            externalRequest: requestHeaders?.[RuntimeHeaders.externalRequest],
-            viaHandle: requestHeaders?.[RuntimeHeaders.viaHandle],
-            fromId: fromNodeId,
-        };
-
-        // For summarizer client, queue the event so it is logged the next time GC runs if the event is still valid.
-        // For non-summarizer client, log the event now since GC won't run on it. This may result in false positives
-        // but it's a good signal nonetheless and we can consume it with a grain of salt.
-        // Inactive errors are usages of Objects that are unreferenced for at least a period of 7 days.
-        // SweepReady errors are usages of Objects that will be deleted by GC Sweep!
-        if (this.isSummarizerClient) {
-            this.pendingEventsQueue.push({ ...propsToLog, usageType, state });
-        } else {
-            // For non-summarizer clients, only log "Loaded" type events since these objects may not be loaded in the
-            // summarizer clients if they are based off of user actions (such as scrolling to content for these objects)
-            // Events generated:
-            // InactiveObject_Loaded, SweepReadyObject_Loaded
-            if (usageType === "Loaded") {
-                const event = {
-                    ...propsToLog,
-                    eventName: `${state}Object_${usageType}`,
-                    pkg: packagePathToTelemetryProperty(packagePath),
-                    stack: generateStack(),
-                };
-
-                // Do not log the inactive object x events as error events as they are not the best signal for
-                // detecting something wrong with GC either from the partner or from the runtime itself.
-                if (state === UnreferencedState.Inactive) {
-                    this.mc.logger.sendTelemetryEvent(event);
-                } else {
-                    this.mc.logger.sendErrorEvent(event);
-                }
-            }
-
-            // If SweepReady Usage Detection is enabled, the handler may close the interactive container.
-            // Once Sweep is fully implemented, this will be removed since the objects will be gone
-            // and errors will arise elsewhere in the runtime
-            if (state === UnreferencedState.SweepReady) {
-                this.sweepReadyUsageHandler.usageDetectedInInteractiveClient({ ...propsToLog, usageType });
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    private async logUnreferencedEvents(logger: ITelemetryLogger) {
-        // Events sent come only from the summarizer client. In between summaries, events are pushed to a queue and at
-        // summary time they are then logged.
-        // Events generated:
-        // InactiveObject_Loaded, InactiveObject_Changed, InactiveObject_Revived
-        // SweepReadyObject_Loaded, SweepReadyObject_Changed, SweepReadyObject_Revived
-        for (const eventProps of this.pendingEventsQueue) {
-            const { usageType, state, ...propsToLog } = eventProps;
-            /**
-             * Revived event is logged only if the node is active. If the node is not active, the reference to it was
-             * from another unreferenced node and this scenario is not interesting to log.
-             * Loaded and Changed events are logged only if the node is not active. If the node is active, it was
-             * revived and a Revived event will be logged for it.
-             */
-            const nodeStateTracker = this.unreferencedNodesState.get(eventProps.id);
-            const active = nodeStateTracker === undefined || nodeStateTracker.state === UnreferencedState.Active;
-            if ((usageType === "Revived") === active) {
-                const pkg = await this.getNodePackagePath(eventProps.id);
-                const fromPkg = eventProps.fromId ? await this.getNodePackagePath(eventProps.fromId) : undefined;
-                const event = {
-                    ...propsToLog,
-                    eventName: `${state}Object_${usageType}`,
-                    pkg: pkg ? { value: pkg.join("/"), tag: TelemetryDataTag.CodeArtifact } : undefined,
-                    fromPkg: fromPkg ? { value: fromPkg.join("/"), tag: TelemetryDataTag.CodeArtifact } : undefined,
-                }
-
-                if (state === UnreferencedState.Inactive) {
-                    logger.sendTelemetryEvent(event);
-                } else {
-                    logger.sendErrorEvent(event);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        this.pendingEventsQueue = [];
-    }
+	public static create(createParams: IGarbageCollectorCreateParams): IGarbageCollector {
+		return new GarbageCollector(createParams);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tells whether the GC state needs to be reset in the next summary. We need to do this if:
+	 *
+	 * 1. GC was enabled and is now disabled. The GC state needs to be removed and everything becomes referenced.
+	 *
+	 * 2. GC was disabled and is now enabled. The GC state needs to be regenerated and added to summary.
+	 *
+	 * 3. GC is enabled and the latest summary state is refreshed from a snapshot that had GC disabled and vice-versa.
+	 *
+	 * 4. The GC version in the latest summary is different from the current GC version. This can happen if:
+	 *
+	 * 4.1. The summary this client loaded with has data from a different GC version.
+	 *
+	 * 4.2. This client's latest summary was updated from a snapshot that has a different GC version.
+	 */
+	public get summaryStateNeedsReset(): boolean {
+		return (
+			this.gcStateNeedsReset ||
+			(this.shouldRunGC && this.latestSummaryGCVersion !== this.currentGCVersion)
+		);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tracks if GC is enabled for this document. This is specified during document creation and doesn't change
+	 * throughout its lifetime.
+	 */
+	private readonly gcEnabled: boolean;
+	/**
+	 * Tracks if sweep phase is enabled for this document. This is specified during document creation and doesn't change
+	 * throughout its lifetime.
+	 */
+	private readonly sweepEnabled: boolean;
+
+	/**
+	 * Tracks if GC should run or not. Even if GC is enabled for a document (see gcEnabled), it can be explicitly
+	 * disabled via runtime options or feature flags.
+	 */
+	public readonly shouldRunGC: boolean;
+	/**
+	 * Tracks if sweep phase should run or not. Even if the sweep phase is enabled for a document (see sweepEnabled), it
+	 * can be explicitly disabled via feature flags. It also won't run if session expiry is not enabled.
+	 */
+	private readonly shouldRunSweep: boolean;
+
+	public readonly trackGCState: boolean;
+
+	private readonly testMode: boolean;
+	private readonly tombstoneMode: boolean;
+	private readonly mc: MonitoringContext;
+
+	/**
+	 * Tells whether the GC state needs to be reset. This can happen under 3 conditions:
+	 *
+	 * 1. The base snapshot contains GC state but GC is disabled. This will happen the first time GC is disabled after
+	 * it was enabled before. GC state needs to be removed from summary and all nodes should be marked referenced.
+	 *
+	 * 2. The base snapshot does not have GC state but GC is enabled. This will happen the very first time GC runs on
+	 * a document and the first time GC is enabled after is was disabled before.
+	 *
+	 * 3. GC is enabled and the latest summary state is refreshed from a snapshot that had GC disabled and vice-versa.
+	 *
+	 * Note that the state will be reset only once for the first summary generated after this returns true. After that,
+	 * this will return false.
+	 */
+	private get gcStateNeedsReset(): boolean {
+		return this.wasGCRunInLatestSummary !== this.shouldRunGC;
+	}
+	// Tracks whether there was GC was run in latest summary being tracked.
+	private wasGCRunInLatestSummary: boolean;
+
+	// The current GC version that this container is running.
+	private readonly currentGCVersion: GCVersion;
+	// This is the version of GC data in the latest summary being tracked.
+	private latestSummaryGCVersion: GCVersion;
+
+	// Feature Support info persisted to this container's summary
+	private readonly persistedGcFeatureMatrix: GCFeatureMatrix | undefined;
+
+	// Keeps track of the GC state from the last run.
+	private gcDataFromLastRun: IGarbageCollectionData | undefined;
+	// Keeps a list of references (edges in the GC graph) between GC runs. Each entry has a node id and a list of
+	// outbound routes from that node.
+	private readonly newReferencesSinceLastRun: Map<string, string[]> = new Map();
+	// A list of nodes that have been tombstoned.
+	private tombstones: string[] = [];
+	// A list of nodes that have been deleted during sweep phase.
+	private deletedNodes: Set<string> = new Set();
+
+	/**
+	 * Keeps track of the GC data from the latest summary successfully submitted to and acked from the server.
+	 */
+	private latestSummaryData: IGCSummaryTrackingData | undefined;
+	/**
+	 * Keeps track of the GC data from the last summary submitted to the server but not yet acked.
+	 */
+	private pendingSummaryData: IGCSummaryTrackingData | undefined;
+
+	// Promise when resolved returns the GC data data in the base snapshot.
+	private readonly baseSnapshotDataP: Promise<IGarbageCollectionSnapshotData | undefined>;
+	// Promise when resolved initializes the GC state from the data in the base snapshot.
+	private readonly initializeGCStateFromBaseSnapshotP: Promise<void>;
+	// The GC details generated from the base snapshot.
+	private readonly baseGCDetailsP: Promise<IGarbageCollectionDetailsBase>;
+	// Map of node ids to their unreferenced state tracker.
+	private readonly unreferencedNodesState: Map<string, UnreferencedStateTracker> = new Map();
+	// The Timer responsible for closing the container when the session has expired
+	private sessionExpiryTimer: Timer | undefined;
+
+	// Keeps track of unreferenced events that are logged for a node. This is used to limit the log generation to one
+	// per event per node.
+	private readonly loggedUnreferencedEvents: Set<string> = new Set();
+	// Queue for unreferenced events that should be logged the next time GC runs.
+	private pendingEventsQueue: IUnreferencedEventProps[] = [];
+
+	// The number of times GC has successfully completed on this instance of GarbageCollector.
+	private completedRuns = 0;
+
+	private readonly runtime: IGarbageCollectionRuntime;
+	private readonly createContainerMetadata: ICreateContainerMetadata;
+	private readonly gcOptions: IGCRuntimeOptions;
+	private readonly isSummarizerClient: boolean;
+
+	/** The time in ms to expire a session for a client for gc. */
+	private readonly sessionExpiryTimeoutMs: number | undefined;
+	/** The time after which an unreferenced node is inactive. */
+	private readonly inactiveTimeoutMs: number;
+	/** The time after which an unreferenced node is ready to be swept. */
+	private readonly sweepTimeoutMs: number | undefined;
+
+	/** For a given node path, returns the node's package path. */
+	private readonly getNodePackagePath: (
+		nodePath: string,
+	) => Promise<readonly string[] | undefined>;
+	/** Returns the timestamp of the last summary generated for this container. */
+	private readonly getLastSummaryTimestampMs: () => number | undefined;
+	/** Returns true if connection is active, i.e. it's "write" connection and the runtime is connected. */
+	private readonly activeConnection: () => boolean;
+
+	/** Returns a list of all the configurations for garbage collection. */
+	private get configs() {
+		return {
+			gcEnabled: this.gcEnabled,
+			sweepEnabled: this.sweepEnabled,
+			runGC: this.shouldRunGC,
+			runSweep: this.shouldRunSweep,
+			testMode: this.testMode,
+			tombstoneMode: this.tombstoneMode,
+			sessionExpiry: this.sessionExpiryTimeoutMs,
+			sweepTimeout: this.sweepTimeoutMs,
+			inactiveTimeout: this.inactiveTimeoutMs,
+			trackGCState: this.trackGCState,
+			...this.gcOptions,
+		};
+	}
+
+	/** Handler to respond to when a SweepReady object is used */
+	private readonly sweepReadyUsageHandler: SweepReadyUsageDetectionHandler;
+
+	protected constructor(createParams: IGarbageCollectorCreateParams) {
+		this.runtime = createParams.runtime;
+		this.isSummarizerClient = createParams.isSummarizerClient;
+		this.gcOptions = createParams.gcOptions;
+		this.createContainerMetadata = createParams.createContainerMetadata;
+		this.getNodePackagePath = createParams.getNodePackagePath;
+		this.getLastSummaryTimestampMs = createParams.getLastSummaryTimestampMs;
+		this.activeConnection = createParams.activeConnection;
+
+		const baseSnapshot = createParams.baseSnapshot;
+		const metadata = createParams.metadata;
+		const readAndParseBlob = createParams.readAndParseBlob;
+
+		this.mc = loggerToMonitoringContext(
+			ChildLogger.create(createParams.baseLogger, "GarbageCollector", {
+				all: { completedGCRuns: () => this.completedRuns },
+			}),
+		);
+
+		// If version upgrade is not enabled, fall back to the stable GC version.
+		this.currentGCVersion =
+			this.mc.config.getBoolean(gcVersionUpgradeToV2Key) === true
+				? currentGCVersion
+				: stableGCVersion;
+
+		this.sweepReadyUsageHandler = new SweepReadyUsageDetectionHandler(
+			createParams.getContainerDiagnosticId(),
+			this.mc,
+			this.runtime.closeFn,
+		);
+
+		let prevSummaryGCVersion: number | undefined;
+
+		/**
+		 * Sweep timeout is the time after which unreferenced content can be swept.
+		 * Sweep timeout = session expiry timeout + snapshot cache expiry timeout + one day buffer.
+		 *
+		 * The snapshot cache expiry timeout cannot be known precisely but the upper bound is 5 days.
+		 * The buffer is added to account for any clock skew or other edge cases.
+		 * We use server timestamps throughout so the skew should be minimal but make it 1 day to be safe.
+		 */
+		function computeSweepTimeout(sessionExpiryTimeoutMs: number | undefined) {
+			const maxSnapshotCacheExpiryMs = 5 * oneDayMs;
+			const bufferMs = oneDayMs;
+			return (
+				sessionExpiryTimeoutMs &&
+				sessionExpiryTimeoutMs + maxSnapshotCacheExpiryMs + bufferMs
+			);
+		}
+
+		/**
+		 * The following GC state is enabled during container creation and cannot be changed throughout its lifetime:
+		 * 1. Whether running GC mark phase is allowed or not.
+		 * 2. Whether running GC sweep phase is allowed or not.
+		 * 3. Whether GC session expiry is enabled or not.
+		 * For existing containers, we get this information from the metadata blob of its summary.
+		 */
+		if (createParams.existing) {
+			prevSummaryGCVersion = getGCVersion(metadata);
+			// Existing documents which did not have metadata blob or had GC disabled have version as 0. For all
+			// other existing documents, GC is enabled.
+			this.gcEnabled = prevSummaryGCVersion > 0;
+			this.sweepEnabled = metadata?.sweepEnabled ?? false;
+			this.sessionExpiryTimeoutMs = metadata?.sessionExpiryTimeoutMs;
+			this.sweepTimeoutMs =
+				metadata?.sweepTimeoutMs ?? computeSweepTimeout(this.sessionExpiryTimeoutMs); // Backfill old documents that didn't persist this
+			this.persistedGcFeatureMatrix = metadata?.gcFeatureMatrix;
+		} else {
+			// Sweep should not be enabled without enabling GC mark phase. We could silently disable sweep in this
+			// scenario but explicitly failing makes it clearer and promotes correct usage.
+			if (this.gcOptions.sweepAllowed && this.gcOptions.gcAllowed === false) {
+				throw new UsageError(
+					"GC sweep phase cannot be enabled without enabling GC mark phase",
+				);
+			}
+
+			// This Test Override only applies for new containers
+			const testOverrideSweepTimeoutMs = this.mc.config.getNumber(
+				"Fluid.GarbageCollection.TestOverride.SweepTimeoutMs",
+			);
+
+			// For new documents, GC is enabled by default. It can be explicitly disabled by setting the gcAllowed
+			// flag in GC options to false.
+			this.gcEnabled = this.gcOptions.gcAllowed !== false;
+			// The sweep phase has to be explicitly enabled by setting the sweepAllowed flag in GC options to true.
+			this.sweepEnabled = this.gcOptions.sweepAllowed === true;
+
+			// Set the Session Expiry only if the flag is enabled and GC is enabled.
+			if (this.mc.config.getBoolean(runSessionExpiryKey) && this.gcEnabled) {
+				this.sessionExpiryTimeoutMs =
+					this.gcOptions.sessionExpiryTimeoutMs ?? defaultSessionExpiryDurationMs;
+			}
+			this.sweepTimeoutMs =
+				testOverrideSweepTimeoutMs ?? computeSweepTimeout(this.sessionExpiryTimeoutMs);
+			if (this.gcOptions[gcTombstoneGenerationOptionName] !== undefined) {
+				this.persistedGcFeatureMatrix = {
+					tombstoneGeneration: this.gcOptions[gcTombstoneGenerationOptionName],
+				};
+			}
+		}
+
+		// If session expiry is enabled, we need to close the container when the session expiry timeout expires.
+		if (this.sessionExpiryTimeoutMs !== undefined) {
+			// If Test Override config is set, override Session Expiry timeout.
+			const overrideSessionExpiryTimeoutMs = this.mc.config.getNumber(
+				"Fluid.GarbageCollection.TestOverride.SessionExpiryMs",
+			);
+			const timeoutMs = overrideSessionExpiryTimeoutMs ?? this.sessionExpiryTimeoutMs;
+
+			this.sessionExpiryTimer = new Timer(timeoutMs, () => {
+				this.runtime.closeFn(
+					new ClientSessionExpiredError(`Client session expired.`, timeoutMs),
+				);
+			});
+			this.sessionExpiryTimer.start();
+		}
+
+		// For existing document, the latest summary is the one that we loaded from. So, use its GC version as the
+		// latest tracked GC version. For new documents, we will be writing the first summary with the current version.
+		this.latestSummaryGCVersion = prevSummaryGCVersion ?? this.currentGCVersion;
+
+		/**
+		 * Whether GC should run or not. The following conditions have to be met to run sweep:
+		 *
+		 * 1. GC should be enabled for this container.
+		 *
+		 * 2. GC should not be disabled via disableGC GC option.
+		 *
+		 * These conditions can be overridden via runGCKey feature flag.
+		 */
+		this.shouldRunGC =
+			this.mc.config.getBoolean(runGCKey) ??
+			// GC must be enabled for the document.
+			(this.gcEnabled &&
+				// GC must not be disabled via GC options.
+				!this.gcOptions.disableGC);
+
+		/**
+		 * Whether sweep should run or not. The following conditions have to be met to run sweep:
+		 *
+		 * 1. Overall GC or mark phase must be enabled (this.shouldRunGC).
+		 * 2. Sweep timeout should be available. Without this, we wouldn't know when an object should be deleted.
+		 * 3. The driver must implement the policy limiting the age of snapshots used for loading. Otherwise
+		 * the Sweep Timeout calculation is not valid. We use the persisted value to ensure consistency over time.
+		 * 4. Sweep should be enabled for this container (this.sweepEnabled). This can be overridden via runSweep
+		 * feature flag.
+		 */
+		this.shouldRunSweep =
+			this.shouldRunGC &&
+			this.sweepTimeoutMs !== undefined &&
+			(this.mc.config.getBoolean(runSweepKey) ?? this.sweepEnabled);
+
+		this.trackGCState = this.mc.config.getBoolean(trackGCStateKey) === true;
+
+		// Override inactive timeout if test config or gc options to override it is set.
+		this.inactiveTimeoutMs =
+			this.mc.config.getNumber("Fluid.GarbageCollection.TestOverride.InactiveTimeoutMs") ??
+			this.gcOptions.inactiveTimeoutMs ??
+			defaultInactiveTimeoutMs;
+
+		// Inactive timeout must be greater than sweep timeout since a node goes from active -> inactive -> sweep ready.
+		if (this.sweepTimeoutMs !== undefined && this.inactiveTimeoutMs > this.sweepTimeoutMs) {
+			throw new UsageError("inactive timeout should not be greater than the sweep timeout");
+		}
+
+		// Whether we are running in test mode. In this mode, unreferenced nodes are immediately deleted.
+		this.testMode =
+			this.mc.config.getBoolean(gcTestModeKey) ?? this.gcOptions.runGCInTestMode === true;
+		// Whether we are running in tombstone mode. This is enabled by default if sweep won't run. It can be disabled
+		// via feature flags.
+		this.tombstoneMode =
+			!this.shouldRunSweep && this.mc.config.getBoolean(disableTombstoneKey) !== true;
+
+		// If GC ran in the container that generated the base snapshot, it will have a GC tree.
+		this.wasGCRunInLatestSummary = baseSnapshot?.trees[gcTreeKey] !== undefined;
+
+		// Get the GC data from the base snapshot. Use LazyPromise because we only want to do this once since it
+		// it involves fetching blobs from storage which is expensive.
+		this.baseSnapshotDataP = new LazyPromise<IGarbageCollectionSnapshotData | undefined>(
+			async () => {
+				if (baseSnapshot === undefined) {
+					return undefined;
+				}
+
+				try {
+					// For newer documents, GC data should be present in the GC tree in the root of the snapshot.
+					const gcSnapshotTree = baseSnapshot.trees[gcTreeKey];
+					if (gcSnapshotTree !== undefined) {
+						return getGCDataFromSnapshot(gcSnapshotTree, readAndParseBlob);
+					}
+
+					// back-compat - Older documents will have the GC blobs in each data store's summary tree. Get them and
+					// consolidate into IGarbageCollectionState format.
+					// Add a node for the root node that is not present in older snapshot format.
+					const gcState: IGarbageCollectionState = {
+						gcNodes: { "/": { outboundRoutes: [] } },
+					};
+					const dataStoreSnapshotTree = getSummaryForDatastores(baseSnapshot, metadata);
+					assert(
+						dataStoreSnapshotTree !== undefined,
+						0x2a8 /* "Expected data store snapshot tree in base snapshot" */,
+					);
+					for (const [dsId, dsSnapshotTree] of Object.entries(
+						dataStoreSnapshotTree.trees,
+					)) {
+						const blobId = dsSnapshotTree.blobs[gcTreeKey];
+						if (blobId === undefined) {
+							continue;
+						}
+
+						const gcSummaryDetails =
+							await readAndParseBlob<IGarbageCollectionSummaryDetailsLegacy>(blobId);
+						// If there are no nodes for this data store, skip it.
+						if (gcSummaryDetails.gcData?.gcNodes === undefined) {
+							continue;
+						}
+
+						const dsRootId = `/${dsId}`;
+						// Since we used to write GC data at data store level, we won't have an entry for the root ("/").
+						// Construct that entry by adding root data store ids to its outbound routes.
+						const initialSnapshotDetails =
+							await readAndParseBlob<ReadFluidDataStoreAttributes>(
+								dsSnapshotTree.blobs[dataStoreAttributesBlobName],
+							);
+						if (initialSnapshotDetails.isRootDataStore) {
+							gcState.gcNodes["/"].outboundRoutes.push(dsRootId);
+						}
+
+						for (const [id, outboundRoutes] of Object.entries(
+							gcSummaryDetails.gcData.gcNodes,
+						)) {
+							// Prefix the data store id to the GC node ids to make them relative to the root from being
+							// relative to the data store. Similar to how its done in DataStore::getGCData.
+							const rootId = id === "/" ? dsRootId : `${dsRootId}${id}`;
+							gcState.gcNodes[rootId] = {
+								outboundRoutes: Array.from(outboundRoutes),
+							};
+						}
+						assert(
+							gcState.gcNodes[dsRootId] !== undefined,
+							0x2a9 /* GC nodes for data store not in GC blob */,
+						);
+						gcState.gcNodes[dsRootId].unreferencedTimestampMs =
+							gcSummaryDetails.unrefTimestamp;
+					}
+					// If there is only one node (root node just added above), either GC is disabled or we are loading from
+					// the first summary generated by detached container. In both cases, GC was not run - return undefined.
+					return Object.keys(gcState.gcNodes).length === 1
+						? undefined
+						: { gcState, tombstones: undefined, deletedNodes: undefined };
+				} catch (error) {
+					const dpe = DataProcessingError.wrapIfUnrecognized(
+						error,
+						"FailedToInitializeGC",
+					);
+					dpe.addTelemetryProperties({ gcConfigs: JSON.stringify(this.configs) });
+					throw dpe;
+				}
+			},
+		);
+
+		/**
+		 * Set up the initializer which initializes the GC state from the data in base snapshot. This is done when
+		 * connected in write mode or when GC runs the first time. It sets up all unreferenced nodes from the base
+		 * GC state and updates their inactive or sweep ready state.
+		 */
+		this.initializeGCStateFromBaseSnapshotP = new LazyPromise<void>(async () => {
+			/**
+			 * If there is no current reference timestamp, skip initialization. We need the current timestamp to track
+			 * how long objects have been unreferenced and if they can be deleted.
+			 *
+			 * Note that the only scenario where there is no reference timestamp is when no ops have ever been processed
+			 * for this container and it is in read mode. In this scenario, there is no point in running GC anyway
+			 * because references in the container do not change without any ops, i.e., there is nothing to collect.
+			 */
+			const currentReferenceTimestampMs = this.runtime.getCurrentReferenceTimestampMs();
+			if (currentReferenceTimestampMs === undefined) {
+				// Log an event so we can evaluate how often we run into this scenario.
+				this.mc.logger.sendErrorEvent({
+					eventName: "GarbageCollectorInitializedWithoutTimestamp",
+					gcConfigs: JSON.stringify(this.configs),
+				});
+				return;
+			}
+			/**
+			 * The base snapshot data will not be present if the container is loaded from:
+			 * 1. The first summary created by the detached container.
+			 * 2. A summary that was generated with GC disabled.
+			 * 3. A summary that was generated before GC even existed.
+			 */
+			const baseSnapshotData = await this.baseSnapshotDataP;
+			if (baseSnapshotData === undefined) {
+				return;
+			}
+			this.updateStateFromSnapshotData(baseSnapshotData, currentReferenceTimestampMs);
+		});
+
+		// Get the GC details from the GC state in the base summary. This is returned in getBaseGCDetails which is
+		// used to initialize the GC state of all the nodes in the container.
+		this.baseGCDetailsP = new LazyPromise<IGarbageCollectionDetailsBase>(async () => {
+			const baseSnapshotData = await this.baseSnapshotDataP;
+			if (baseSnapshotData === undefined) {
+				return {};
+			}
+
+			const gcNodes: { [id: string]: string[] } = {};
+			for (const [nodeId, nodeData] of Object.entries(baseSnapshotData.gcState.gcNodes)) {
+				gcNodes[nodeId] = Array.from(nodeData.outboundRoutes);
+			}
+			// Run GC on the nodes in the base summary to get the routes used in each node in the container.
+			// This is an optimization for space (vs performance) wherein we don't need to store the used routes of
+			// each node in the summary.
+			const usedRoutes = runGarbageCollection(gcNodes, ["/"]).referencedNodeIds;
+
+			return { gcData: { gcNodes }, usedRoutes };
+		});
+
+		// Log all the GC options and the state determined by the garbage collector. This is interesting only for the
+		// summarizer client since it is the only one that runs GC. It also helps keep the telemetry less noisy.
+		if (this.isSummarizerClient) {
+			this.mc.logger.sendTelemetryEvent({
+				eventName: "GarbageCollectorLoaded",
+				gcConfigs: JSON.stringify(this.configs),
+			});
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Called during container initialization. Initialize from the tombstone state in the base snapshot. This is done
+	 * during initialization so that deleted or tombstoned objects are marked as such before they are loaded or used.
+	 */
+	public async initializeBaseState(): Promise<void> {
+		const baseSnapshotData = await this.baseSnapshotDataP;
+		/**
+		 * The base snapshot data will not be present if the container is loaded from:
+		 * 1. The first summary created by the detached container.
+		 * 2. A summary that was generated with GC disabled.
+		 * 3. A summary that was generated before GC even existed.
+		 */
+		if (baseSnapshotData === undefined) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// Initialize the deleted nodes from the snapshot. This is done irrespective of whether sweep is enabled or not
+		// to identify deleted nodes' usage.
+		if (baseSnapshotData.deletedNodes !== undefined) {
+			this.deletedNodes = new Set(baseSnapshotData.deletedNodes);
+		}
+
+		// If running in tombstone mode, initialize the tombstone state from the snapshot. Also, notify the runtime of
+		// tombstone routes.
+		if (this.tombstoneMode && baseSnapshotData.tombstones !== undefined) {
+			// Create a copy since we are writing from a source we don't control
+			this.tombstones = Array.from(baseSnapshotData.tombstones);
+			this.runtime.updateTombstonedRoutes(this.tombstones);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Update state from the given snapshot data. This is done during load and during refreshing state from a snapshot.
+	 * All current tracking is reset and updated from the data in the snapshot.
+	 * @param snapshotData - The snapshot data to update state from. If this is undefined, all GC state and tracking
+	 * is reset.
+	 * @param currentReferenceTimestampMs - The current reference timestamp for marking unreferenced nodes' unreferenced
+	 * timestamp.
+	 */
+	private updateStateFromSnapshotData(
+		snapshotData: IGarbageCollectionSnapshotData | undefined,
+		currentReferenceTimestampMs: number,
+	) {
+		/**
+		 * Note: "newReferencesSinceLastRun" is not reset here. This is done because there may be references since the
+		 * snapshot that we are updating state from. For example, this client may have processed ops till seq#1000 and
+		 * its refreshing state from a summary that happened at seq#900. In this case, there may be references between
+		 * seq#901 and seq#1000 that we don't want to reset.
+		 * Unfortunately, there is no way to track the seq# of ops that add references, so we choose to not reset any
+		 * references here. This should be fine because, in the worst case, we may end up updating the unreferenced
+		 * timestamp of a node which will delay its deletion. Although not ideal, this will only happen in rare
+		 * scenarios, so it should be okay.
+		 */
+
+		// Clear all existing unreferenced state tracking.
+		for (const [, nodeStateTracker] of this.unreferencedNodesState) {
+			nodeStateTracker.stopTracking();
+		}
+		this.unreferencedNodesState.clear();
+
+		// If running sweep, the tombstone state represents the list of nodes that have been deleted during sweep.
+		// If running in tombstone mode, the tombstone state represents the list of nodes that have been marked as
+		// tombstones.
+		// If this call is because we are refreshing from a snapshot due to an ack, it is likely that the GC state
+		// in the snapshot is newer than this client's. And so, the deleted / tombstone nodes need to be updated.
+		if (this.shouldRunSweep) {
+			const snapshotDeletedNodes = snapshotData?.deletedNodes
+				? new Set(snapshotData.deletedNodes)
+				: undefined;
+			// If the snapshot contains deleted nodes that are not yet deleted by this client, ask the runtime to
+			// delete them.
+			if (snapshotDeletedNodes !== undefined) {
+				const newDeletedNodes: string[] = [];
+				for (const nodeId of snapshotDeletedNodes) {
+					if (!this.deletedNodes.has(nodeId)) {
+						newDeletedNodes.push(nodeId);
+					}
+				}
+				if (newDeletedNodes.length > 0) {
+					// Call container runtime to delete these nodes and add deleted nodes to this.deletedNodes.
+				}
+			}
+		} else if (this.tombstoneMode) {
+			// The snapshot may contain more or fewer tombstone nodes than this client. Update tombstone state and
+			// notify the runtime to update its state as well.
+			this.tombstones = snapshotData?.tombstones ? Array.from(snapshotData.tombstones) : [];
+			this.runtime.updateTombstonedRoutes(this.tombstones);
+		}
+
+		// If there is no snapshot data, it means this snapshot was generated with GC disabled. Unset all GC state.
+		if (snapshotData === undefined) {
+			this.gcDataFromLastRun = undefined;
+			this.latestSummaryData = undefined;
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// Update unreferenced state tracking as per the GC state in the snapshot data and update gcDataFromLastRun
+		// to the GC data from the snapshot data.
+		const gcNodes: { [id: string]: string[] } = {};
+		for (const [nodeId, nodeData] of Object.entries(snapshotData.gcState.gcNodes)) {
+			if (nodeData.unreferencedTimestampMs !== undefined) {
+				this.unreferencedNodesState.set(
+					nodeId,
+					new UnreferencedStateTracker(
+						nodeData.unreferencedTimestampMs,
+						this.inactiveTimeoutMs,
+						currentReferenceTimestampMs,
+						this.sweepTimeoutMs,
+					),
+				);
+			}
+			gcNodes[nodeId] = Array.from(nodeData.outboundRoutes);
+		}
+		this.gcDataFromLastRun = { gcNodes };
+
+		// If tracking state across summaries, update latest summary data from the snapshot's GC data.
+		if (this.trackGCState) {
+			this.latestSummaryData = {
+				serializedGCState: JSON.stringify(generateSortedGCState(snapshotData.gcState)),
+				serializedTombstones: JSON.stringify(snapshotData.tombstones),
+				serializedDeletedNodes: JSON.stringify(snapshotData.deletedNodes),
+			};
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Called when the connection state of the runtime changes, i.e., it connects or disconnects. GC subscribes to this
+	 * to initialize the base state for non-summarizer clients so that they can track inactive / sweep ready nodes.
+	 * @param connected - Whether the runtime connected / disconnected.
+	 * @param clientId - The clientId of this runtime.
+	 */
+	public setConnectionState(connected: boolean, clientId?: string | undefined): void {
+		/**
+		 * For all clients, initialize the base state when the container becomes active, i.e., it transitions
+		 * to "write" mode. This will ensure that the container's own join op is processed and there is a recent
+		 * reference timestamp that will be used to update the state of unreferenced nodes. Also, all trailing ops which
+		 * could affect the GC state will have been processed.
+		 *
+		 * If GC is up-to-date for the client and the summarizing client, there will be an doubling of both
+		 * InactiveObject_Loaded and SweepReady_Loaded errors, as there will be one from the sending client and one from
+		 * the receiving summarizer client.
+		 *
+		 * Ideally, this initialization should only be done for summarizer client. However, we are currently rolling out
+		 * sweep in phases and we want to track when inactive and sweep ready objects are used in any client.
+		 */
+		if (this.activeConnection() && this.shouldRunGC) {
+			this.initializeGCStateFromBaseSnapshotP.catch((error) => {});
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Runs garbage collection and updates the reference / used state of the nodes in the container.
+	 * @returns stats of the GC run or undefined if GC did not run.
+	 */
+	public async collectGarbage(options: {
+		/** Logger to use for logging GC events */
+		logger?: ITelemetryLogger;
+		/** True to run GC sweep phase after the mark phase */
+		runSweep?: boolean;
+		/** True to generate full GC data */
+		fullGC?: boolean;
+	}): Promise<IGCStats | undefined> {
+		const fullGC =
+			options.fullGC ?? (this.gcOptions.runFullGC === true || this.summaryStateNeedsReset);
+		const logger = options.logger
+			? ChildLogger.create(options.logger, undefined, {
+					all: { completedGCRuns: () => this.completedRuns },
+			  })
+			: this.mc.logger;
+
+		/**
+		 * If there is no current reference timestamp, skip running GC. We need the current timestamp to track
+		 * how long objects have been unreferenced and if they should be deleted.
+		 *
+		 * Note that the only scenario where GC is called and there is no reference timestamp is when no ops have ever
+		 * been processed for this container and it is in read mode. In this scenario, there is no point in running GC
+		 * anyway because references in the container do not change without any ops, i.e., there is nothing to collect.
+		 */
+		const currentReferenceTimestampMs = this.runtime.getCurrentReferenceTimestampMs();
+		if (currentReferenceTimestampMs === undefined) {
+			// Log an event so we can evaluate how often we run into this scenario.
+			logger.sendErrorEvent({
+				eventName: "CollectGarbageCalledWithoutTimestamp",
+				gcConfigs: JSON.stringify(this.configs),
+			});
+			return undefined;
+		}
+
+		return PerformanceEvent.timedExecAsync(
+			logger,
+			{ eventName: "GarbageCollection" },
+			async (event) => {
+				await this.runPreGCSteps();
+
+				// Get the runtime's GC data and run GC on the reference graph in it.
+				const gcData = await this.runtime.getGCData(fullGC);
+				const gcResult = runGarbageCollection(gcData.gcNodes, ["/"]);
+
+				const gcStats = await this.runPostGCSteps(
+					gcData,
+					gcResult,
+					logger,
+					currentReferenceTimestampMs,
+				);
+				event.end({ ...gcStats, timestamp: currentReferenceTimestampMs });
+				this.completedRuns++;
+				return gcStats;
+			},
+			{ end: true, cancel: "error" },
+		);
+	}
+
+	private async runPreGCSteps() {
+		// Ensure that state has been initialized from the base snapshot data.
+		await this.initializeGCStateFromBaseSnapshotP;
+		// Let the runtime update its pending state before GC runs.
+		await this.runtime.updateStateBeforeGC();
+	}
+
+	private async runPostGCSteps(
+		gcData: IGarbageCollectionData,
+		gcResult: IGCResult,
+		logger: ITelemetryLogger,
+		currentReferenceTimestampMs: number,
+	): Promise<IGCStats> {
+		// Generate statistics from the current run. This is done before updating the current state because it
+		// generates some of its data based on previous state of the system.
+		const gcStats = this.generateStats(gcResult);
+
+		// Update the current mark state and update the runtime of all used routes or ids that used as per the GC run.
+		const sweepReadyNodes = this.updateMarkPhase(
+			gcData,
+			gcResult,
+			currentReferenceTimestampMs,
+			logger,
+		);
+		this.runtime.updateUsedRoutes(gcResult.referencedNodeIds);
+
+		// Log events for objects that are ready to be deleted by sweep. When we have sweep enabled, we will
+		// delete these objects here instead.
+		this.logSweepEvents(logger, currentReferenceTimestampMs);
+
+		let updatedGCData: IGarbageCollectionData = gcData;
+
+		if (this.shouldRunSweep) {
+			updatedGCData = this.runSweepPhase(sweepReadyNodes, gcData);
+		} else if (this.testMode) {
+			// If we are running in GC test mode, delete objects for unused routes. This enables testing scenarios
+			// involving access to deleted data.
+			this.runtime.updateUnusedRoutes(gcResult.deletedNodeIds);
+		} else if (this.tombstoneMode) {
+			this.tombstones = sweepReadyNodes;
+			// If we are running in GC tombstone mode, update tombstoned routes. This enables testing scenarios
+			// involving access to "deleted" data without actually deleting the data from summaries.
+			// Note: we will not tombstone in test mode.
+			this.runtime.updateTombstonedRoutes(this.tombstones);
+		}
+
+		this.gcDataFromLastRun = cloneGCData(updatedGCData);
+
+		// Log pending unreferenced events such as a node being used after inactive. This is done after GC runs and
+		// updates its state so that we don't send false positives based on intermediate state. For example, we may get
+		// reference to an unreferenced node from another unreferenced node which means the node wasn't revived.
+		await this.logUnreferencedEvents(logger);
+
+		return gcStats;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Summarizes the GC data and returns it as a summary tree.
+	 * We current write the entire GC state in a single blob. This can be modified later to write multiple
+	 * blobs. All the blob keys should start with `gcBlobPrefix`.
+	 */
+	public summarize(
+		fullTree: boolean,
+		trackState: boolean,
+		telemetryContext?: ITelemetryContext,
+	): ISummarizeResult | undefined {
+		if (!this.shouldRunGC || this.gcDataFromLastRun === undefined) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		const gcState: IGarbageCollectionState = { gcNodes: {} };
+		for (const [nodeId, outboundRoutes] of Object.entries(this.gcDataFromLastRun.gcNodes)) {
+			gcState.gcNodes[nodeId] = {
+				outboundRoutes,
+				unreferencedTimestampMs:
+					this.unreferencedNodesState.get(nodeId)?.unreferencedTimestampMs,
+			};
+		}
+
+		const serializedGCState = JSON.stringify(generateSortedGCState(gcState));
+		// Serialize and write deleted nodes, if any. This is done irrespective of whether sweep is enabled or not so
+		// to identify deleted nodes' usage.
+		const serializedDeletedNodes =
+			this.deletedNodes.size > 0
+				? JSON.stringify(Array.from(this.deletedNodes).sort())
+				: undefined;
+		// If running in tombstone mode, serialize and write tombstones, if any.
+		const serializedTombstones = this.tombstoneMode
+			? this.tombstones.length > 0
+				? JSON.stringify(this.tombstones.sort())
+				: undefined
+			: undefined;
+
+		/**
+		 * Incremental summary of GC data - If none of GC state, deleted nodes or tombstones changed since last summary,
+		 * write summary handle instead of summary tree for GC.
+		 * Otherwise, write the GC summary tree. In the tree, for each of these that changed, write a summary blob and
+		 * for each of these that did not change, write a summary handle.
+		 */
+		if (this.trackGCState) {
+			this.pendingSummaryData = {
+				serializedGCState,
+				serializedTombstones,
+				serializedDeletedNodes,
+			};
+			if (trackState && !fullTree && this.latestSummaryData !== undefined) {
+				// If nothing changed since last summary, send a summary handle for the entire GC data.
+				if (
+					this.latestSummaryData.serializedGCState === serializedGCState &&
+					this.latestSummaryData.serializedTombstones === serializedTombstones
+				) {
+					const stats = mergeStats();
+					stats.handleNodeCount++;
+					return {
+						summary: {
+							type: SummaryType.Handle,
+							handle: `/${gcTreeKey}`,
+							handleType: SummaryType.Tree,
+						},
+						stats,
+					};
+				}
+
+				// If some state changed, build a GC summary tree.
+				return this.buildGCSummaryTree(
+					serializedGCState,
+					serializedTombstones,
+					serializedDeletedNodes,
+					true /* trackState */,
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		// If not tracking GC state, build a GC summary tree without any summary handles.
+		return this.buildGCSummaryTree(
+			serializedGCState,
+			serializedTombstones,
+			serializedDeletedNodes,
+			false /* trackState */,
+		);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Builds the GC summary tree which contains GC state, deleted nodes and tombstones.
+	 * If trackState is false, all of GC state, deleted nodes and tombstones are written as summary blobs.
+	 * If trackState is true, only states that changed are written. Rest are written as handles.
+	 * @param serializedGCState - The GC state serialized as string.
+	 * @param serializedTombstones - The tombstone state serialized as string.
+	 * @param serializedDeletedNodes - Deleted nodes serialized as string.
+	 * @param trackState - Whether we are tracking GC state across summaries.
+	 * @returns the GC summary tree.
+	 */
+	private buildGCSummaryTree(
+		serializedGCState: string,
+		serializedTombstones: string | undefined,
+		serializedDeletedNodes: string | undefined,
+		trackState: boolean,
+	): ISummaryTreeWithStats {
+		const gcStateBlobKey = `${gcBlobPrefix}_root`;
+		const builder = new SummaryTreeBuilder();
+
+		// If the GC state hasn't changed, write a summary handle, else write a summary blob for it.
+		if (this.latestSummaryData?.serializedGCState === serializedGCState && trackState) {
+			builder.addHandle(gcStateBlobKey, SummaryType.Blob, `/${gcTreeKey}/${gcStateBlobKey}`);
+		} else {
+			builder.addBlob(gcStateBlobKey, serializedGCState);
+		}
+
+		// If tombstones exist, write a summary handle if it hasn't changed. If it has changed, write a
+		// summary blob.
+		if (serializedTombstones !== undefined) {
+			if (
+				this.latestSummaryData?.serializedTombstones === serializedTombstones &&
+				trackState
+			) {
+				builder.addHandle(
+					gcTombstoneBlobKey,
+					SummaryType.Blob,
+					`/${gcTreeKey}/${gcTombstoneBlobKey}`,
+				);
+			} else {
+				builder.addBlob(gcTombstoneBlobKey, serializedTombstones);
+			}
+		}
+
+		// If there are no deleted nodes, return the summary tree.
+		if (serializedDeletedNodes === undefined) {
+			return builder.getSummaryTree();
+		}
+
+		// If the deleted nodes hasn't changed, write a summary handle, else write a summary blob for it.
+		if (
+			this.latestSummaryData?.serializedDeletedNodes === serializedDeletedNodes &&
+			trackState
+		) {
+			builder.addHandle(
+				gcDeletedBlobKey,
+				SummaryType.Blob,
+				`/${gcTreeKey}/${gcDeletedBlobKey}`,
+			);
+		} else {
+			builder.addBlob(gcDeletedBlobKey, serializedDeletedNodes);
+		}
+		return builder.getSummaryTree();
+	}
+
+	public getMetadata(): IGCMetadata {
+		return {
+			/**
+			 * If GC is enabled, the GC data is written using the current GC version and that is the gcFeature that goes
+			 * into the metadata blob. If GC is disabled, the gcFeature is 0.
+			 */
+			gcFeature: this.gcEnabled ? this.currentGCVersion : 0,
+			gcFeatureMatrix: this.persistedGcFeatureMatrix,
+			sessionExpiryTimeoutMs: this.sessionExpiryTimeoutMs,
+			sweepEnabled: this.sweepEnabled,
+			sweepTimeoutMs: this.sweepTimeoutMs,
+		};
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns a the GC details generated from the base summary. This is used to initialize the GC state of the nodes
+	 * in the container.
+	 */
+	public async getBaseGCDetails(): Promise<IGarbageCollectionDetailsBase> {
+		return this.baseGCDetailsP;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Called to refresh the latest summary state. This happens when either a pending summary is acked or a snapshot
+	 * is downloaded and should be used to update the state.
+	 */
+	public async refreshLatestSummary(
+		proposalHandle: string | undefined,
+		result: RefreshSummaryResult,
+		readAndParseBlob: ReadAndParseBlob,
+	): Promise<void> {
+		// If the latest summary was updated and the summary was tracked, this client is the one that generated this
+		// summary. So, update wasGCRunInLatestSummary.
+		// Note that this has to be updated if GC did not run too. Otherwise, `gcStateNeedsReset` will always return
+		// true in scenarios where GC is disabled but enabled in the snapshot we loaded from.
+		if (result.latestSummaryUpdated && result.wasSummaryTracked) {
+			this.wasGCRunInLatestSummary = this.shouldRunGC;
+		}
+
+		if (!result.latestSummaryUpdated || !this.shouldRunGC) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// If the summary was tracked by this client, it was the one that generated the summary in the first place.
+		// Update latest state from pending.
+		if (result.wasSummaryTracked) {
+			this.latestSummaryGCVersion = this.currentGCVersion;
+			if (this.trackGCState) {
+				this.latestSummaryData = this.pendingSummaryData;
+				this.pendingSummaryData = undefined;
+			}
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// If the summary was not tracked by this client, the state should be updated from the downloaded snapshot.
+		const snapshotTree = result.snapshotTree;
+		const metadataBlobId = snapshotTree.blobs[metadataBlobName];
+		if (metadataBlobId) {
+			const metadata = await readAndParseBlob<IContainerRuntimeMetadata>(metadataBlobId);
+			this.latestSummaryGCVersion = getGCVersion(metadata);
+		}
+
+		// The current reference timestamp should be available if we are refreshing state from a snapshot. There has
+		// to be at least one op (summary op / ack, if nothing else) if a snapshot was taken.
+		const currentReferenceTimestampMs = this.runtime.getCurrentReferenceTimestampMs();
+		if (currentReferenceTimestampMs === undefined) {
+			throw DataProcessingError.create(
+				"No reference timestamp when updating GC state from snapshot",
+				"refreshLatestSummary",
+				undefined,
+				{
+					proposalHandle,
+					summaryRefSeq: result.summaryRefSeq,
+					details: JSON.stringify(this.configs),
+				},
+			);
+		}
+		const gcSnapshotTree = snapshotTree.trees[gcTreeKey];
+		// If GC ran in the container that generated this snapshot, it will have a GC tree.
+		this.wasGCRunInLatestSummary = gcSnapshotTree !== undefined;
+		let latestGCData: IGarbageCollectionSnapshotData | undefined;
+		if (gcSnapshotTree !== undefined) {
+			latestGCData = await getGCDataFromSnapshot(gcSnapshotTree, readAndParseBlob);
+		}
+		this.updateStateFromSnapshotData(latestGCData, currentReferenceTimestampMs);
+		this.pendingSummaryData = undefined;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Called when a node with the given id is updated. If the node is inactive, log an error.
+	 * @param nodePath - The id of the node that changed.
+	 * @param reason - Whether the node was loaded or changed.
+	 * @param timestampMs - The timestamp when the node changed.
+	 * @param packagePath - The package path of the node. This may not be available if the node hasn't been loaded yet.
+	 * @param requestHeaders - If the node was loaded via request path, the headers in the request.
+	 */
+	public nodeUpdated(
+		nodePath: string,
+		reason: "Loaded" | "Changed",
+		timestampMs?: number,
+		packagePath?: readonly string[],
+		requestHeaders?: IRequestHeader,
+	) {
+		if (!this.shouldRunGC) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		const nodeStateTracker = this.unreferencedNodesState.get(nodePath);
+		if (nodeStateTracker && nodeStateTracker.state !== UnreferencedState.Active) {
+			this.inactiveNodeUsed(
+				reason,
+				nodePath,
+				nodeStateTracker,
+				undefined /* fromNodeId */,
+				packagePath,
+				timestampMs,
+				requestHeaders,
+			);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Called when an outbound reference is added to a node. This is used to identify all nodes that have been
+	 * referenced between summaries so that their unreferenced timestamp can be reset.
+	 *
+	 * @param fromNodePath - The node from which the reference is added.
+	 * @param toNodePath - The node to which the reference is added.
+	 */
+	public addedOutboundReference(fromNodePath: string, toNodePath: string) {
+		if (!this.shouldRunGC) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		const outboundRoutes = this.newReferencesSinceLastRun.get(fromNodePath) ?? [];
+		outboundRoutes.push(toNodePath);
+		this.newReferencesSinceLastRun.set(fromNodePath, outboundRoutes);
+
+		const nodeStateTracker = this.unreferencedNodesState.get(toNodePath);
+		if (nodeStateTracker && nodeStateTracker.state !== UnreferencedState.Active) {
+			this.inactiveNodeUsed("Revived", toNodePath, nodeStateTracker, fromNodePath);
+		}
+
+		if (this.tombstones.includes(toNodePath)) {
+			const nodeType = this.runtime.getNodeType(toNodePath);
+
+			let eventName = "GC_Tombstone_SubDatastore_Revived";
+			if (nodeType === GCNodeType.DataStore) {
+				eventName = "GC_Tombstone_Datastore_Revived";
+			} else if (nodeType === GCNodeType.Blob) {
+				eventName = "GC_Tombstone_Blob_Revived";
+			}
+
+			sendGCUnexpectedUsageEvent(
+				this.mc,
+				{
+					eventName,
+					category: "generic",
+					url: trimLeadingSlashes(toNodePath),
+					nodeType,
+					gcTombstoneEnforcementAllowed: this.runtime.gcTombstoneEnforcementAllowed,
+				},
+				undefined /* packagePath */,
+			);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns whether a node with the given path has been deleted or not. This can be used by the runtime to identify
+	 * cases where objects are used after they are deleted and throw / log errors accordingly.
+	 */
+	public isNodeDeleted(nodePath: string): boolean {
+		return this.deletedNodes.has(nodePath);
+	}
+
+	public dispose(): void {
+		this.sessionExpiryTimer?.clear();
+		this.sessionExpiryTimer = undefined;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Updates the state of the system as per the current GC run. It does the following:
+	 * 1. Sets up the current GC state as per the gcData.
+	 * 2. Starts tracking for nodes that have become unreferenced in this run.
+	 * 3. Clears tracking for nodes that were unreferenced but became referenced in this run.
+	 * @param gcData - The data representing the reference graph on which GC is run.
+	 * @param gcResult - The result of the GC run on the gcData.
+	 * @param currentReferenceTimestampMs - The timestamp to be used for unreferenced nodes' timestamp.
+	 * @returns - A list of sweep ready nodes. (Nodes ready to be deleted)
+	 */
+	private updateMarkPhase(
+		gcData: IGarbageCollectionData,
+		gcResult: IGCResult,
+		currentReferenceTimestampMs: number,
+		logger: ITelemetryLogger,
+	) {
+		// Get references from the current GC run + references between previous and current run and then update each
+		// node's state
+		const allNodesReferencedBetweenGCs =
+			this.findAllNodesReferencedBetweenGCs(gcData, this.gcDataFromLastRun, logger) ??
+			gcResult.referencedNodeIds;
+		this.newReferencesSinceLastRun.clear();
+
+		// Iterate through the referenced nodes and stop tracking if they were unreferenced before.
+		for (const nodeId of allNodesReferencedBetweenGCs) {
+			const nodeStateTracker = this.unreferencedNodesState.get(nodeId);
+			if (nodeStateTracker !== undefined) {
+				// Stop tracking so as to clear out any running timers.
+				nodeStateTracker.stopTracking();
+				// Delete the node as we don't need to track it any more.
+				this.unreferencedNodesState.delete(nodeId);
+			}
+		}
+
+		/**
+		 * If a node became unreferenced in this run, start tracking it.
+		 * If a node was already unreferenced, update its tracking information. Since the current reference time is
+		 * from the ops seen, this will ensure that we keep updating the unreferenced state as time moves forward.
+		 *
+		 * If a node is sweep ready, store and then return it.
+		 */
+		const sweepReadyNodes: string[] = [];
+		for (const nodeId of gcResult.deletedNodeIds) {
+			const nodeStateTracker = this.unreferencedNodesState.get(nodeId);
+			if (nodeStateTracker === undefined) {
+				this.unreferencedNodesState.set(
+					nodeId,
+					new UnreferencedStateTracker(
+						currentReferenceTimestampMs,
+						this.inactiveTimeoutMs,
+						currentReferenceTimestampMs,
+						this.sweepTimeoutMs,
+					),
+				);
+			} else {
+				nodeStateTracker.updateTracking(currentReferenceTimestampMs);
+				if (nodeStateTracker.state === UnreferencedState.SweepReady) {
+					sweepReadyNodes.push(nodeId);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return sweepReadyNodes;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Deletes nodes from both the runtime and garbage collection
+	 * @param sweepReadyNodes - nodes that are ready to be deleted
+	 */
+	private runSweepPhase(sweepReadyNodes: string[], gcData: IGarbageCollectionData) {
+		// TODO: GC:Validation - validate that removed routes are not double deleted
+		// TODO: GC:Validation - validate that the child routes of removed routes are deleted as well
+		const sweptRoutes = this.runtime.deleteUnusedNodes(sweepReadyNodes);
+		const updatedGCData = this.deleteSweptRoutes(sweptRoutes, gcData);
+
+		for (const nodeId of sweptRoutes) {
+			const nodeStateTracker = this.unreferencedNodesState.get(nodeId);
+			// TODO: GC:Validation - assert that the nodeStateTracker is defined
+			if (nodeStateTracker !== undefined) {
+				// Stop tracking so as to clear out any running timers.
+				nodeStateTracker.stopTracking();
+				// Delete the node as we don't need to track it any more.
+				this.unreferencedNodesState.delete(nodeId);
+			}
+			// TODO: GC:Validation - assert that the deleted node is not a duplicate
+			this.deletedNodes.add(nodeId);
+		}
+
+		return updatedGCData;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * @returns IGarbageCollectionData after deleting the sweptRoutes from the gcData
+	 */
+	private deleteSweptRoutes(
+		sweptRoutes: string[],
+		gcData: IGarbageCollectionData,
+	): IGarbageCollectionData {
+		const sweptRoutesSet = new Set<string>(sweptRoutes);
+		const gcNodes: { [id: string]: string[] } = {};
+		for (const [id, outboundRoutes] of Object.entries(gcData.gcNodes)) {
+			if (!sweptRoutesSet.has(id)) {
+				gcNodes[id] = Array.from(outboundRoutes);
+			}
+		}
+
+		// TODO: GC:Validation - assert that the nodeId is in gcData
+
+		return {
+			gcNodes,
+		};
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Since GC runs periodically, the GC data that is generated only tells us the state of the world at that point in
+	 * time. There can be nodes that were referenced in between two runs and their unreferenced state needs to be
+	 * updated. For example, in the following scenarios not updating the unreferenced timestamp can lead to deletion of
+	 * these objects while there can be in-memory referenced to it:
+	 * 1. A node transitions from `unreferenced -> referenced -> unreferenced` between two runs. When the reference is
+	 * added, the object may have been accessed and in-memory reference to it added.
+	 * 2. A reference is added from one unreferenced node to one or more unreferenced nodes. Even though the node[s] were
+	 * unreferenced, they could have been accessed and in-memory reference to them added.
+	 *
+	 * This function identifies nodes that were referenced since the last run.
+	 * If these nodes are currently unreferenced, they will be assigned new unreferenced state by the current run.
+	 *
+	 * @returns - a list of all nodes referenced from the last local summary until now.
+	 */
+	private findAllNodesReferencedBetweenGCs(
+		currentGCData: IGarbageCollectionData,
+		previousGCData: IGarbageCollectionData | undefined,
+		logger: ITelemetryLogger,
+	): string[] | undefined {
+		// If we haven't run GC before there is nothing to do.
+		// No previousGCData, means nothing is unreferenced, and there are no reference state trackers to clear
+		if (previousGCData === undefined) {
+			return undefined;
+		}
+
+		// Find any references that haven't been identified correctly.
+		const missingExplicitReferences = this.findMissingExplicitReferences(
+			currentGCData,
+			previousGCData,
+			this.newReferencesSinceLastRun,
+		);
+
+		if (missingExplicitReferences.length > 0) {
+			missingExplicitReferences.forEach((missingExplicitReference) => {
+				logger.sendErrorEvent({
+					eventName: "gcUnknownOutboundReferences",
+					gcNodeId: missingExplicitReference[0],
+					gcRoutes: JSON.stringify(missingExplicitReference[1]),
+				});
+			});
+		}
+
+		// No references were added since the last run so we don't have to update reference states of any unreferenced
+		// nodes. There is no in between state at this point.
+		if (this.newReferencesSinceLastRun.size === 0) {
+			return undefined;
+		}
+
+		/**
+		 * Generate a super set of the GC data that contains the nodes and edges from last run, plus any new node and
+		 * edges that have been added since then. To do this, combine the GC data from the last run and the current
+		 * run, and then add the references since last run.
+		 *
+		 * Note on why we need to combine the data from previous run, current run and all references in between -
+		 * 1. We need data from last run because some of its references may have been deleted since then. If those
+		 * references added new outbound references before they were deleted, we need to detect them.
+		 *
+		 * 2. We need new outbound references since last run because some of them may have been deleted later. If those
+		 * references added new outbound references before they were deleted, we need to detect them.
+		 *
+		 * 3. We need data from the current run because currently we may not detect when DDSes are referenced:
+		 * - We don't require DDSes handles to be stored in a referenced DDS.
+		 * - A new data store may have "root" DDSes already created and we don't detect them today.
+		 */
+		const gcDataSuperSet = concatGarbageCollectionData(previousGCData, currentGCData);
+		const newOutboundRoutesSinceLastRun: string[] = [];
+		this.newReferencesSinceLastRun.forEach((outboundRoutes: string[], sourceNodeId: string) => {
+			if (gcDataSuperSet.gcNodes[sourceNodeId] === undefined) {
+				gcDataSuperSet.gcNodes[sourceNodeId] = outboundRoutes;
+			} else {
+				gcDataSuperSet.gcNodes[sourceNodeId].push(...outboundRoutes);
+			}
+			newOutboundRoutesSinceLastRun.push(...outboundRoutes);
+		});
+
+		/**
+		 * Run GC on the above reference graph starting with root and all new outbound routes. This will generate a
+		 * list of all nodes that could have been referenced since the last run. If any of these nodes are unreferenced,
+		 * unreferenced, stop tracking them and remove from unreferenced list.
+		 * Note that some of these nodes may be unreferenced now and if so, the current run will mark them as
+		 * unreferenced and add unreferenced state.
+		 */
+		const gcResult = runGarbageCollection(gcDataSuperSet.gcNodes, [
+			"/",
+			...newOutboundRoutesSinceLastRun,
+		]);
+		return gcResult.referencedNodeIds;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Finds all new references or outbound routes in the current graph that haven't been explicitly notified to GC.
+	 * The principle is that every new reference or outbound route must be notified to GC via the
+	 * addedOutboundReference method. It it hasn't, its a bug and we want to identify these scenarios.
+	 *
+	 * In more simple terms:
+	 * Missing Explicit References = Current References - Previous References - Explicitly Added References;
+	 *
+	 * @param currentGCData - The GC data (reference graph) from the current GC run.
+	 * @param previousGCData - The GC data (reference graph) from the previous GC run.
+	 * @param explicitReferences - New references added explicity between the previous and the current run.
+	 * @returns - a list of missing explicit references
+	 */
+	private findMissingExplicitReferences(
+		currentGCData: IGarbageCollectionData,
+		previousGCData: IGarbageCollectionData,
+		explicitReferences: Map<string, string[]>,
+	): [string, string[]][] {
+		assert(
+			previousGCData !== undefined,
+			0x2b7 /* "Can't validate correctness without GC data from last run" */,
+		);
+
+		const currentGraph = Object.entries(currentGCData.gcNodes);
+		const missingExplicitReferences: [string, string[]][] = [];
+		currentGraph.forEach(([nodeId, currentOutboundRoutes]) => {
+			const previousRoutes = previousGCData.gcNodes[nodeId] ?? [];
+			const explicitRoutes = explicitReferences.get(nodeId) ?? [];
+			const missingExplicitRoutes: string[] = [];
+
+			/**
+			 * 1. For routes in the current GC data, routes that were not present in previous GC data and did not have
+			 * explicit references should be added to missing explicit routes list.
+			 * 2. Only include data store and blob routes since GC only works for these two.
+			 * Note: Due to a bug with de-duped blobs, only adding data store routes for now.
+			 * 3. Ignore DDS routes to their parent datastores since those were added implicitly. So, there won't be
+			 * explicit routes to them.
+			 */
+			currentOutboundRoutes.forEach((route) => {
+				const nodeType = this.runtime.getNodeType(route);
+				if (
+					(nodeType === GCNodeType.DataStore || nodeType === GCNodeType.Blob) &&
+					!nodeId.startsWith(route) &&
+					!previousRoutes.includes(route) &&
+					!explicitRoutes.includes(route)
+				) {
+					missingExplicitRoutes.push(route);
+				}
+			});
+			if (missingExplicitRoutes.length > 0) {
+				missingExplicitReferences.push([nodeId, missingExplicitRoutes]);
+			}
+		});
+
+		// Ideally missingExplicitReferences should always have a size 0
+		return missingExplicitReferences;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Generates the stats of a garbage collection run from the given results of the run.
+	 * @param gcResult - The result of a GC run.
+	 * @returns the GC stats of the GC run.
+	 */
+	private generateStats(gcResult: IGCResult): IGCStats {
+		const gcStats: IGCStats = {
+			nodeCount: 0,
+			dataStoreCount: 0,
+			attachmentBlobCount: 0,
+			unrefNodeCount: 0,
+			unrefDataStoreCount: 0,
+			unrefAttachmentBlobCount: 0,
+			updatedNodeCount: 0,
+			updatedDataStoreCount: 0,
+			updatedAttachmentBlobCount: 0,
+		};
+
+		const updateNodeStats = (nodeId: string, referenced: boolean) => {
+			gcStats.nodeCount++;
+			// If there is no previous GC data, every node's state is generated and is considered as updated.
+			// Otherwise, find out if any node went from referenced to unreferenced or vice-versa.
+			const stateUpdated =
+				this.gcDataFromLastRun === undefined ||
+				this.unreferencedNodesState.has(nodeId) === referenced;
+			if (stateUpdated) {
+				gcStats.updatedNodeCount++;
+			}
+			if (!referenced) {
+				gcStats.unrefNodeCount++;
+			}
+
+			if (this.runtime.getNodeType(nodeId) === GCNodeType.DataStore) {
+				gcStats.dataStoreCount++;
+				if (stateUpdated) {
+					gcStats.updatedDataStoreCount++;
+				}
+				if (!referenced) {
+					gcStats.unrefDataStoreCount++;
+				}
+			}
+			if (this.runtime.getNodeType(nodeId) === GCNodeType.Blob) {
+				gcStats.attachmentBlobCount++;
+				if (stateUpdated) {
+					gcStats.updatedAttachmentBlobCount++;
+				}
+				if (!referenced) {
+					gcStats.unrefAttachmentBlobCount++;
+				}
+			}
+		};
+
+		for (const nodeId of gcResult.referencedNodeIds) {
+			updateNodeStats(nodeId, true /* referenced */);
+		}
+
+		for (const nodeId of gcResult.deletedNodeIds) {
+			updateNodeStats(nodeId, false /* referenced */);
+		}
+
+		return gcStats;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * For nodes that are ready to sweep, log an event for now. Until we start running sweep which deletes objects,
+	 * this will give us a view into how much deleted content a container has.
+	 */
+	private logSweepEvents(logger: ITelemetryLogger, currentReferenceTimestampMs: number) {
+		if (
+			this.mc.config.getBoolean(disableSweepLogKey) === true ||
+			this.sweepTimeoutMs === undefined
+		) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		this.unreferencedNodesState.forEach((nodeStateTracker, nodeId) => {
+			if (nodeStateTracker.state !== UnreferencedState.SweepReady) {
+				return;
+			}
+
+			const nodeType = this.runtime.getNodeType(nodeId);
+			if (nodeType !== GCNodeType.DataStore && nodeType !== GCNodeType.Blob) {
+				return;
+			}
+
+			// Log deleted event for each node only once to reduce noise in telemetry.
+			const uniqueEventId = `Deleted-${nodeId}`;
+			if (this.loggedUnreferencedEvents.has(uniqueEventId)) {
+				return;
+			}
+			this.loggedUnreferencedEvents.add(uniqueEventId);
+			logger.sendTelemetryEvent({
+				eventName: "GCObjectDeleted",
+				id: nodeId,
+				type: nodeType,
+				age: currentReferenceTimestampMs - nodeStateTracker.unreferencedTimestampMs,
+				timeout: this.sweepTimeoutMs,
+				completedGCRuns: this.completedRuns,
+				lastSummaryTime: this.getLastSummaryTimestampMs(),
+			});
+		});
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Called when an inactive node is used after. Queue up an event that will be logged next time GC runs.
+	 */
+	private inactiveNodeUsed(
+		usageType: "Changed" | "Loaded" | "Revived",
+		nodeId: string,
+		nodeStateTracker: UnreferencedStateTracker,
+		fromNodeId?: string,
+		packagePath?: readonly string[],
+		currentReferenceTimestampMs = this.runtime.getCurrentReferenceTimestampMs(),
+		requestHeaders?: IRequestHeader,
+	) {
+		// If there is no reference timestamp to work with, no ops have been processed after creation. If so, skip
+		// logging as nothing interesting would have happened worth logging.
+		// If the node is active, skip logging.
+		if (
+			currentReferenceTimestampMs === undefined ||
+			nodeStateTracker.state === UnreferencedState.Active
+		) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// We only care about data stores and attachment blobs for this telemetry since GC only marks these objects
+		// as unreferenced. Also, if an inactive DDS is used, the corresponding data store store will also be used.
+		const nodeType = this.runtime.getNodeType(nodeId);
+		if (nodeType !== GCNodeType.DataStore && nodeType !== GCNodeType.Blob) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		const state = nodeStateTracker.state;
+		const uniqueEventId = `${state}-${nodeId}-${usageType}`;
+		if (this.loggedUnreferencedEvents.has(uniqueEventId)) {
+			return;
+		}
+		this.loggedUnreferencedEvents.add(uniqueEventId);
+
+		const propsToLog = {
+			id: nodeId,
+			type: nodeType,
+			unrefTime: nodeStateTracker.unreferencedTimestampMs,
+			age: currentReferenceTimestampMs - nodeStateTracker.unreferencedTimestampMs,
+			timeout:
+				nodeStateTracker.state === UnreferencedState.Inactive
+					? this.inactiveTimeoutMs
+					: this.sweepTimeoutMs,
+			completedGCRuns: this.completedRuns,
+			lastSummaryTime: this.getLastSummaryTimestampMs(),
+			...this.createContainerMetadata,
+			externalRequest: requestHeaders?.[RuntimeHeaders.externalRequest],
+			viaHandle: requestHeaders?.[RuntimeHeaders.viaHandle],
+			fromId: fromNodeId,
+		};
+
+		// For summarizer client, queue the event so it is logged the next time GC runs if the event is still valid.
+		// For non-summarizer client, log the event now since GC won't run on it. This may result in false positives
+		// but it's a good signal nonetheless and we can consume it with a grain of salt.
+		// Inactive errors are usages of Objects that are unreferenced for at least a period of 7 days.
+		// SweepReady errors are usages of Objects that will be deleted by GC Sweep!
+		if (this.isSummarizerClient) {
+			this.pendingEventsQueue.push({ ...propsToLog, usageType, state });
+		} else {
+			// For non-summarizer clients, only log "Loaded" type events since these objects may not be loaded in the
+			// summarizer clients if they are based off of user actions (such as scrolling to content for these objects)
+			// Events generated:
+			// InactiveObject_Loaded, SweepReadyObject_Loaded
+			if (usageType === "Loaded") {
+				const event = {
+					...propsToLog,
+					eventName: `${state}Object_${usageType}`,
+					pkg: packagePathToTelemetryProperty(packagePath),
+					stack: generateStack(),
+				};
+
+				// Do not log the inactive object x events as error events as they are not the best signal for
+				// detecting something wrong with GC either from the partner or from the runtime itself.
+				if (state === UnreferencedState.Inactive) {
+					this.mc.logger.sendTelemetryEvent(event);
+				} else {
+					this.mc.logger.sendErrorEvent(event);
+				}
+			}
+
+			// If SweepReady Usage Detection is enabled, the handler may close the interactive container.
+			// Once Sweep is fully implemented, this will be removed since the objects will be gone
+			// and errors will arise elsewhere in the runtime
+			if (state === UnreferencedState.SweepReady) {
+				this.sweepReadyUsageHandler.usageDetectedInInteractiveClient({
+					...propsToLog,
+					usageType,
+				});
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	private async logUnreferencedEvents(logger: ITelemetryLogger) {
+		// Events sent come only from the summarizer client. In between summaries, events are pushed to a queue and at
+		// summary time they are then logged.
+		// Events generated:
+		// InactiveObject_Loaded, InactiveObject_Changed, InactiveObject_Revived
+		// SweepReadyObject_Loaded, SweepReadyObject_Changed, SweepReadyObject_Revived
+		for (const eventProps of this.pendingEventsQueue) {
+			const { usageType, state, ...propsToLog } = eventProps;
+			/**
+			 * Revived event is logged only if the node is active. If the node is not active, the reference to it was
+			 * from another unreferenced node and this scenario is not interesting to log.
+			 * Loaded and Changed events are logged only if the node is not active. If the node is active, it was
+			 * revived and a Revived event will be logged for it.
+			 */
+			const nodeStateTracker = this.unreferencedNodesState.get(eventProps.id);
+			const active =
+				nodeStateTracker === undefined ||
+				nodeStateTracker.state === UnreferencedState.Active;
+			if ((usageType === "Revived") === active) {
+				const pkg = await this.getNodePackagePath(eventProps.id);
+				const fromPkg = eventProps.fromId
+					? await this.getNodePackagePath(eventProps.fromId)
+					: undefined;
+				const event = {
+					...propsToLog,
+					eventName: `${state}Object_${usageType}`,
+					pkg: pkg
+						? { value: pkg.join("/"), tag: TelemetryDataTag.CodeArtifact }
+						: undefined,
+					fromPkg: fromPkg
+						? { value: fromPkg.join("/"), tag: TelemetryDataTag.CodeArtifact }
+						: undefined,
+				};
+
+				if (state === UnreferencedState.Inactive) {
+					logger.sendTelemetryEvent(event);
+				} else {
+					logger.sendErrorEvent(event);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		this.pendingEventsQueue = [];
+	}
 }
 
 function generateSortedGCState(gcState: IGarbageCollectionState): IGarbageCollectionState {
-    const sortableArray: [string, IGarbageCollectionNodeData][] = Object.entries(gcState.gcNodes);
-    sortableArray.sort(([a], [b]) => a.localeCompare(b));
-    const sortedGCState: IGarbageCollectionState = { gcNodes: {} };
-    for (const [nodeId, nodeData] of sortableArray) {
-        nodeData.outboundRoutes.sort();
-        sortedGCState.gcNodes[nodeId] = nodeData;
-    }
-    return sortedGCState;
+	const sortableArray: [string, IGarbageCollectionNodeData][] = Object.entries(gcState.gcNodes);
+	sortableArray.sort(([a], [b]) => a.localeCompare(b));
+	const sortedGCState: IGarbageCollectionState = { gcNodes: {} };
+	for (const [nodeId, nodeData] of sortableArray) {
+		nodeData.outboundRoutes.sort();
+		sortedGCState.gcNodes[nodeId] = nodeData;
+	}
+	return sortedGCState;
 }
 
 /** A wrapper around common-utils Timer that requires the timeout when calling start/restart */
 class TimerWithNoDefaultTimeout extends Timer {
-    constructor(
-        private readonly callback: () => void,
-    ) {
-        // The default timeout/handlers will never be used since start/restart pass overrides below
-        super(0, () => { throw new Error("DefaultHandler should not be used"); });
-    }
-
-    start(timeoutMs: number) {
-        super.start(timeoutMs, this.callback);
-    }
-
-    restart(timeoutMs: number): void {
-        super.restart(timeoutMs, this.callback);
-    }
+	constructor(private readonly callback: () => void) {
+		// The default timeout/handlers will never be used since start/restart pass overrides below
+		super(0, () => {
+			throw new Error("DefaultHandler should not be used");
+		});
+	}
+
+	start(timeoutMs: number) {
+		super.start(timeoutMs, this.callback);
+	}
+
+	restart(timeoutMs: number): void {
+		super.restart(timeoutMs, this.callback);
+	}
 }