@flighthq/math 0.3.0 → 0.3.1-next.1041.35b950c

package/dist/constants.d.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,19 @@
-/** Smallest positive number distinguishable from zero in floating-point comparisons. */
+/**
+ * Control-point distance, as a fraction of the radius, for approximating a quarter circle with one
+ * cubic Bezier: `4 * (sqrt(2) - 1) / 3`.
+ *
+ * Named for the circle that defines it rather than the arcs that use it. Written as a literal and
+ * pinned to that formula by the colocated test, which IS the recomputation a transcribed decimal
+ * would otherwise lack — the digits are long enough that a wrong one reads as correct and still
+ * draws a circle that looks round.
+ *
+ * A literal rather than the expression because `Math.SQRT2` is a property of a mutable global: no
+ * correct minifier may evaluate `4 * (Math.SQRT2 - 1) / 3` at build time, so that form reaches the
+ * bundle as a runtime computation of a compile-time-known number. Neither form is inlined at its
+ * use sites and both measure the same gzipped size, so this buys evaluation, not bytes.
+ */
+export declare const CIRCLE_KAPPA = 0.5522847498307936;
+/** Default absolute tolerance for approximate floating-point comparisons. */
 export declare const EPSILON = 0.000001;
 /** Full circle in radians (2π). Prefer `TAU` over `2 * Math.PI` for clarity. */
 export declare const TAU: number;

package/dist/constants.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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+{"version":3,"file":"constants.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../src/constants.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAAA;;;;;;;;;;;;;GAaG;AACH,eAAO,MAAM,YAAY,qBAAqB,CAAC;AAE/C,6EAA6E;AAC7E,eAAO,MAAM,OAAO,WAAO,CAAC;AAE5B,gFAAgF;AAChF,eAAO,MAAM,GAAG,QAAc,CAAC;AAE/B,yBAAyB;AACzB,eAAO,MAAM,OAAO,QAAc,CAAC;AAEnC,wDAAwD;AACxD,eAAO,MAAM,UAAU,QAAgB,CAAC;AAExC,wDAAwD;AACxD,eAAO,MAAM,UAAU,QAAgB,CAAC"}

package/dist/constants.js

@@ -1,4 +1,19 @@
-/** Smallest positive number distinguishable from zero in floating-point comparisons. */
+/**
+ * Control-point distance, as a fraction of the radius, for approximating a quarter circle with one
+ * cubic Bezier: `4 * (sqrt(2) - 1) / 3`.
+ *
+ * Named for the circle that defines it rather than the arcs that use it. Written as a literal and
+ * pinned to that formula by the colocated test, which IS the recomputation a transcribed decimal
+ * would otherwise lack — the digits are long enough that a wrong one reads as correct and still
+ * draws a circle that looks round.
+ *
+ * A literal rather than the expression because `Math.SQRT2` is a property of a mutable global: no
+ * correct minifier may evaluate `4 * (Math.SQRT2 - 1) / 3` at build time, so that form reaches the
+ * bundle as a runtime computation of a compile-time-known number. Neither form is inlined at its
+ * use sites and both measure the same gzipped size, so this buys evaluation, not bytes.
+ */
+export const CIRCLE_KAPPA = 0.5522847498307936;
+/** Default absolute tolerance for approximate floating-point comparisons. */
 export const EPSILON = 1e-6;
 /** Full circle in radians (2π). Prefer `TAU` over `2 * Math.PI` for clarity. */
 export const TAU = Math.PI * 2;

package/dist/constants.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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package/dist/index.d.ts

@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
-export { DEG_TO_RAD, EPSILON, HALF_PI, RAD_TO_DEG, RandomSource, TAU, approxEqual, approxEqualRelative, approxZero, ceilPowerOfTwo, ceilTo, clamp, createRandomSource, createRandomSourceFromHash, damp, degToRad, deltaAngle, euclideanMod, factorial, floorPowerOfTwo, floorTo, fract, gcd, hash2D, hash3D, hashCombine, hashUint32, hypot2, inRange, inverseLerp, isEven, isOdd, isPowerOfTwo, lcm, lerp, lerpAngle, mean, median, moveTowards, nextMultipleOf, nextPowerOfTwo, normalizeAngle, pick, pingPong, previousPowerOfTwo, quantize, radToDeg, randomBool, randomExponential, randomGaussian, randomGaussianPair, randomInsideUnitDisc, randomInsideUnitSphere, randomInt, randomOnUnitCircle, randomOnUnitSphere, randomPoisson, randomRange, randomSign, randomWeighted, remap, repeat, roundTo, saturate, shuffle, shuffleInPlace, sign, smoothStep, smootherStep, standardDeviation, step, variance, weightedAverage, } from './contract';
+export { CIRCLE_KAPPA, DEG_TO_RAD, EPSILON, HALF_PI, RAD_TO_DEG, TAU, approxEqual, approxEqualRelative, approxZero, ceilPowerOfTwo, ceilTo, clamp, createRandomSource, createRandomSourceFromHash, damp, degToRad, deltaAngle, euclideanMod, factorial, floorPowerOfTwo, floorTo, fract, gcd, hash2D, hash3D, hashCombine, hashUint32, hypot2, inRange, inverseLerp, isEven, isOdd, isPowerOfTwo, lcm, lerp, lerpAngle, mean, median, moveTowards, nextMultipleOf, nextPowerOfTwo, normalizeAngle, pick, pingPong, previousPowerOfTwo, quantize, radToDeg, randomBool, randomExponential, randomGaussian, randomGaussianPair, randomInsideUnitDisc, randomInsideUnitSphere, randomInt, randomOnUnitCircle, randomOnUnitSphere, randomPoisson, randomRange, randomSign, randomWeighted, remap, repeat, roundTo, saturate, shuffle, shuffleInPlace, sign, smoothStep, smootherStep, standardDeviation, step, variance, weightedAverage, } from './contract';
+export type { RandomSource } from './contract';
 //# sourceMappingURL=index.d.ts.map

package/dist/index.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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package/dist/index.js

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-export { DEG_TO_RAD, EPSILON, HALF_PI, RAD_TO_DEG, TAU, approxEqual, approxEqualRelative, approxZero, ceilPowerOfTwo, ceilTo, clamp, createRandomSource, createRandomSourceFromHash, damp, degToRad, deltaAngle, euclideanMod, factorial, floorPowerOfTwo, floorTo, fract, gcd, hash2D, hash3D, hashCombine, hashUint32, hypot2, inRange, inverseLerp, isEven, isOdd, isPowerOfTwo, lcm, lerp, lerpAngle, mean, median, moveTowards, nextMultipleOf, nextPowerOfTwo, normalizeAngle, pick, pingPong, previousPowerOfTwo, quantize, radToDeg, randomBool, randomExponential, randomGaussian, randomGaussianPair, randomInsideUnitDisc, randomInsideUnitSphere, randomInt, randomOnUnitCircle, randomOnUnitSphere, randomPoisson, randomRange, randomSign, randomWeighted, remap, repeat, roundTo, saturate, shuffle, shuffleInPlace, sign, smoothStep, smootherStep, standardDeviation, step, variance, weightedAverage, } from './contract';
+export { CIRCLE_KAPPA, DEG_TO_RAD, EPSILON, HALF_PI, RAD_TO_DEG, TAU, approxEqual, approxEqualRelative, approxZero, ceilPowerOfTwo, ceilTo, clamp, createRandomSource, createRandomSourceFromHash, damp, degToRad, deltaAngle, euclideanMod, factorial, floorPowerOfTwo, floorTo, fract, gcd, hash2D, hash3D, hashCombine, hashUint32, hypot2, inRange, inverseLerp, isEven, isOdd, isPowerOfTwo, lcm, lerp, lerpAngle, mean, median, moveTowards, nextMultipleOf, nextPowerOfTwo, normalizeAngle, pick, pingPong, previousPowerOfTwo, quantize, radToDeg, randomBool, randomExponential, randomGaussian, randomGaussianPair, randomInsideUnitDisc, randomInsideUnitSphere, randomInt, randomOnUnitCircle, randomOnUnitSphere, randomPoisson, randomRange, randomSign, randomWeighted, remap, repeat, roundTo, saturate, shuffle, shuffleInPlace, sign, smoothStep, smootherStep, standardDeviation, step, variance, weightedAverage, } from './contract';
 //# sourceMappingURL=index.js.map

package/dist/index.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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package/dist/interpolationAdvanced.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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package/dist/interpolationAdvanced.js

@@ -42,8 +42,10 @@ export function moveTowards(current, target, maxDelta) {
  *  `pingPong(t, 1)` cycles: 0 → 1 → 0 → 1 → …
  */
 export function pingPong(t, length) {
-    if (length <= 0)
-        return 0;
+    // No guard on a non-positive length: the arithmetic yields NaN and NaN PROPAGATES. These functions do not
+    // invent values — a silent 0 turns a loud upstream failure into a plausible number, and IEEE propagation
+    // lowers for free where an explicit branch does not. Callers who want a warning get one from a guard
+    // layer, not from silent coercion here.
     const cycle = 2 * length;
     const mod = ((t % cycle) + cycle) % cycle;
     return mod <= length ? mod : cycle - mod;
@@ -53,8 +55,10 @@ export function pingPong(t, length) {
  *  `repeat(1.6, 1)` → `0.6`. Analogous to Unity's `Mathf.Repeat`.
  */
 export function repeat(t, length) {
-    if (length <= 0)
-        return 0;
+    // No guard on a non-positive length: the arithmetic yields NaN and NaN PROPAGATES. These functions do not
+    // invent values — a silent 0 turns a loud upstream failure into a plausible number, and IEEE propagation
+    // lowers for free where an explicit branch does not. Callers who want a warning get one from a guard
+    // layer, not from silent coercion here.
     return ((t % length) + length) % length;
 }
 /** Hermite interpolation with a smoother quintic ease curve (Ken Perlin).

package/dist/interpolationAdvanced.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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package/dist/nextPowerOfTwo.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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+{"version":3,"file":"nextPowerOfTwo.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../src/nextPowerOfTwo.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAAA;;;GAGG;AACH,wBAAgB,YAAY,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,GAAG,OAAO,CAE/C;AAED;;;GAGG;AACH,wBAAgB,cAAc,CAAC,KAAK,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,MAAM,GAAG,MAAM,CAItE;AAED;;;;GAIG;AACH,wBAAgB,cAAc,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,GAAG,MAAM,CAWhD;AAED;;;GAGG;AACH,wBAAgB,kBAAkB,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,GAAG,MAAM,CAepD"}

package/dist/nextPowerOfTwo.js

@@ -41,12 +41,17 @@ export function previousPowerOfTwo(n) {
     if (n <= 1)
         return 1;
     // Fill all bits below the highest set bit, then shift right by 1.
+    //
+    // The shift is UNSIGNED, matching nextPowerOfTwo's `>>> 0`. With a signed `>>` the fill leaves bit 31 set
+    // for any input at or above 2^30, and sign extension then returned a NEGATIVE power of two — -1073741824
+    // for both 2^30 and 2^31-1. The two functions are mirror images and the operator is the only place they
+    // were allowed to differ.
     n = n | 0;
     n |= n >> 1;
     n |= n >> 2;
     n |= n >> 4;
     n |= n >> 8;
     n |= n >> 16;
-    return (n + 1) >> 1;
+    return (n + 1) >>> 1;
 }
 //# sourceMappingURL=nextPowerOfTwo.js.map

package/dist/nextPowerOfTwo.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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package/dist/numberTheory.d.ts

@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ export declare function factorial(n: number): number;
 /** Return the greatest common divisor of `a` and `b` (Euclidean algorithm).
  *
  *  Operates on the absolute values of the inputs, so negative arguments are
- *  accepted. Throws when both `a` and `b` are `0` (programmer error — the GCD
- *  of zero and zero is undefined).
+ *  accepted. Throws for non-finite inputs or when both `a` and `b` are `0`
+ *  (programmer errors — the GCD of zero and zero is undefined).
  */
 export declare function gcd(a: number, b: number): number;
 /** Return the squared distance `x² + y²`.

package/dist/numberTheory.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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package/dist/numberTheory.js

@@ -17,10 +17,13 @@ export function factorial(n) {
 /** Return the greatest common divisor of `a` and `b` (Euclidean algorithm).
  *
  *  Operates on the absolute values of the inputs, so negative arguments are
- *  accepted. Throws when both `a` and `b` are `0` (programmer error — the GCD
- *  of zero and zero is undefined).
+ *  accepted. Throws for non-finite inputs or when both `a` and `b` are `0`
+ *  (programmer errors — the GCD of zero and zero is undefined).
  */
 export function gcd(a, b) {
+    if (!Number.isFinite(a) || !Number.isFinite(b)) {
+        throw new RangeError('gcd: arguments must be finite');
+    }
     a = Math.abs(Math.trunc(a));
     b = Math.abs(Math.trunc(b));
     if (a === 0 && b === 0)

package/dist/numberTheory.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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package/dist/randomDistributions.d.ts

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ export declare function pick<T>(random: RandomSource, items: Readonly<T[]>): T |
  *  Suitable for modeling inter-arrival times in a Poisson process, particle
  *  lifetimes, and decay events.
  *
- *  The result is always non-negative. Throws if `rate <= 0`.
+ *  The result is always non-negative. Throws if `rate` is non-finite or not positive.
  *
  *  Deterministic: same `random` sequence → same output sequence.
  */
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ export declare function randomOnUnitSphere(random: RandomSource, out: Vector3Lik
  *  `lambda` (λ ≤ ~30); for large lambda, `randomGaussian(random, lambda,
  *  Math.sqrt(lambda))` is a faster approximation.
  *
- *  The result is a non-negative integer. Throws if `lambda <= 0`.
+ *  The result is a non-negative integer. Throws if `lambda` is non-finite or not positive.
  *
  *  Deterministic: same `random` sequence → same output sequence.
  */

package/dist/randomDistributions.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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package/dist/randomDistributions.js

@@ -14,13 +14,14 @@ export function pick(random, items) {
  *  Suitable for modeling inter-arrival times in a Poisson process, particle
  *  lifetimes, and decay events.
  *
- *  The result is always non-negative. Throws if `rate <= 0`.
+ *  The result is always non-negative. Throws if `rate` is non-finite or not positive.
  *
  *  Deterministic: same `random` sequence → same output sequence.
  */
 export function randomExponential(random, rate = 1) {
-    if (rate <= 0)
-        throw new RangeError('randomExponential: rate must be > 0');
+    if (!Number.isFinite(rate) || rate <= 0) {
+        throw new RangeError('randomExponential: rate must be finite and > 0');
+    }
     const u = random();
     // Avoid ln(0) — replace exactly 0 with the smallest usable positive value.
     return -Math.log(u === 0 ? Number.EPSILON : u) / rate;
@@ -147,13 +148,14 @@ export function randomOnUnitSphere(random, out) {
  *  `lambda` (λ ≤ ~30); for large lambda, `randomGaussian(random, lambda,
  *  Math.sqrt(lambda))` is a faster approximation.
  *
- *  The result is a non-negative integer. Throws if `lambda <= 0`.
+ *  The result is a non-negative integer. Throws if `lambda` is non-finite or not positive.
  *
  *  Deterministic: same `random` sequence → same output sequence.
  */
 export function randomPoisson(random, lambda = 1) {
-    if (lambda <= 0)
-        throw new RangeError('randomPoisson: lambda must be > 0');
+    if (!Number.isFinite(lambda) || lambda <= 0) {
+        throw new RangeError('randomPoisson: lambda must be finite and > 0');
+    }
     const limit = Math.exp(-lambda);
     let k = 0;
     let product = random();

package/dist/randomDistributions.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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package/dist/randomRange.d.ts

@@ -1,14 +1,13 @@
 import type { RandomSource } from '@flighthq/types/contract';
 /** Return a random boolean with the given `probability` of being `true`.
  *
- *  `probability` is clamped to `[0, 1]`; `0.5` is a fair coin flip.
+ *  Values outside `[0, 1]` behave like the nearest endpoint; `0.5` is a fair coin flip.
  */
 export declare function randomBool(random: RandomSource, probability?: number): boolean;
 /** Return a random integer in the inclusive range `[min, max]`.
  *
- *  Both bounds must be integers; the function passes them through `Math.floor`
- *  so non-integer bounds are truncated toward zero rather than throwing. Throws
- *  if `min > max`.
+ *  Bounds are passed through `Math.floor`, so fractional bounds are rounded down
+ *  rather than rejected. Throws if the resulting `min` is greater than `max`.
  */
 export declare function randomInt(random: RandomSource, min: number, max: number): number;
 /** Return a random float in the half-open range `[min, max)`. */

package/dist/randomRange.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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package/dist/randomRange.js

@@ -1,15 +1,14 @@
 /** Return a random boolean with the given `probability` of being `true`.
  *
- *  `probability` is clamped to `[0, 1]`; `0.5` is a fair coin flip.
+ *  Values outside `[0, 1]` behave like the nearest endpoint; `0.5` is a fair coin flip.
  */
 export function randomBool(random, probability = 0.5) {
     return random() < probability;
 }
 /** Return a random integer in the inclusive range `[min, max]`.
  *
- *  Both bounds must be integers; the function passes them through `Math.floor`
- *  so non-integer bounds are truncated toward zero rather than throwing. Throws
- *  if `min > max`.
+ *  Bounds are passed through `Math.floor`, so fractional bounds are rounded down
+ *  rather than rejected. Throws if the resulting `min` is greater than `max`.
  */
 export function randomInt(random, min, max) {
     const lo = Math.floor(min);

package/dist/randomRange.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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package/dist/statistics.d.ts.map

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package/dist/statistics.js

@@ -5,10 +5,12 @@
 export function mean(values) {
     if (values.length === 0)
         return NaN;
-    let sum = 0;
-    for (let i = 0; i < values.length; i++)
-        sum += values[i];
-    return sum / values.length;
+    const scale = finiteAbsoluteScale(values);
+    if (!Number.isFinite(scale))
+        return unscaledMean(values);
+    if (scale === 0)
+        return 0;
+    return (scaledSum(values, scale) / values.length) * scale;
 }
 /** Return the median of `values`.
  *
@@ -20,14 +22,21 @@ export function median(values) {
         return NaN;
     const sorted = values.slice().sort((a, b) => a - b);
     const mid = Math.floor(sorted.length / 2);
-    return sorted.length % 2 !== 0 ? sorted[mid] : (sorted[mid - 1] + sorted[mid]) / 2;
+    return sorted.length % 2 !== 0 ? sorted[mid] : midpoint(sorted[mid - 1], sorted[mid]);
 }
 /** Return the population standard deviation of `values`.
  *
  *  Returns `NaN` for an empty array.
  */
 export function standardDeviation(values) {
-    return Math.sqrt(variance(values));
+    if (values.length === 0)
+        return NaN;
+    const scale = finiteAbsoluteScale(values);
+    if (!Number.isFinite(scale))
+        return Math.sqrt(unscaledVariance(values));
+    if (scale === 0)
+        return 0;
+    return Math.sqrt(scaledVariance(values, scale)) * scale;
 }
 /** Return the population variance of `values`.
  *
@@ -36,13 +45,15 @@ export function standardDeviation(values) {
 export function variance(values) {
     if (values.length === 0)
         return NaN;
-    const m = mean(values);
-    let sum = 0;
-    for (let i = 0; i < values.length; i++) {
-        const d = values[i] - m;
-        sum += d * d;
-    }
-    return sum / values.length;
+    const scale = finiteAbsoluteScale(values);
+    if (!Number.isFinite(scale))
+        return unscaledVariance(values);
+    if (scale === 0)
+        return 0;
+    const normalized = scaledVariance(values, scale);
+    if (normalized === 0)
+        return 0;
+    return normalized * scale * scale;
 }
 /** Return the weighted average of `values` using `weights`.
  *
@@ -56,6 +67,83 @@ export function weightedAverage(values, weights) {
     }
     if (values.length === 0)
         return NaN;
+    const valueScale = finiteAbsoluteScale(values);
+    const weightScale = finiteAbsoluteScale(weights);
+    if (!Number.isFinite(valueScale) || !Number.isFinite(weightScale)) {
+        return unscaledWeightedAverage(values, weights);
+    }
+    if (weightScale === 0)
+        return NaN;
+    const sumWeights = scaledSum(weights, weightScale);
+    if (sumWeights === 0)
+        return NaN;
+    if (valueScale === 0)
+        return 0;
+    let sumProduct = 0;
+    let correction = 0;
+    for (let i = 0; i < values.length; i++) {
+        const term = (values[i] / valueScale) * (weights[i] / weightScale) - correction;
+        const next = sumProduct + term;
+        correction = next - sumProduct - term;
+        sumProduct = next;
+    }
+    return (sumProduct / sumWeights) * valueScale;
+}
+function finiteAbsoluteScale(values) {
+    let scale = 0;
+    for (let i = 0; i < values.length; i++)
+        scale = Math.max(scale, Math.abs(values[i]));
+    return scale;
+}
+function midpoint(a, b) {
+    if (!Number.isFinite(a) || !Number.isFinite(b))
+        return (a + b) / 2;
+    if (Object.is(a, b))
+        return a;
+    if ((a >= 0 && b >= 0) || (a <= 0 && b <= 0))
+        return a + (b - a) / 2;
+    return a / 2 + b / 2;
+}
+function scaledSum(values, scale) {
+    let sum = 0;
+    let correction = 0;
+    for (let i = 0; i < values.length; i++) {
+        const term = values[i] / scale - correction;
+        const next = sum + term;
+        correction = next - sum - term;
+        sum = next;
+    }
+    return sum;
+}
+function scaledVariance(values, scale) {
+    const normalizedMean = scaledSum(values, scale) / values.length;
+    let sum = 0;
+    let correction = 0;
+    for (let i = 0; i < values.length; i++) {
+        const difference = values[i] / scale - normalizedMean;
+        const term = difference * difference - correction;
+        const next = sum + term;
+        correction = next - sum - term;
+        sum = next;
+    }
+    return Math.max(0, sum / values.length);
+}
+function unscaledMean(values) {
+    let sum = 0;
+    for (let i = 0; i < values.length; i++)
+        sum += values[i];
+    return sum / values.length;
+}
+function unscaledVariance(values) {
+    const average = unscaledMean(values);
+    let sum = 0;
+    for (let i = 0; i < values.length; i++) {
+        const difference = values[i] - average;
+        sum += difference * difference;
+    }
+    return sum / values.length;
+}
+function unscaledWeightedAverage(values, weights) {
     let sumWeights = 0;
     let sumProduct = 0;
     for (let i = 0; i < values.length; i++) {

package/dist/statistics.js.map

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package/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@flighthq/math",
-  "version": "0.3.0",
+  "version": "0.3.1-next.1041.35b950c",
   "author": "Joshua Granick and other contributors",
   "license": "MIT",
   "repository": {
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
     "clean:dist": "tsx ../../scripts/clean-package-dist.ts"
   },
   "dependencies": {
-    "@flighthq/types": "0.3.0"
+    "@flighthq/types": "0.3.1-next.1041.35b950c"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
     "typescript": "^5.3.0"

package/src/angle.test.ts

@@ -32,6 +32,9 @@ describe('deltaAngle', () => {
   it('returns a negative delta when the target is behind', () => {
     expect(deltaAngle(Math.PI / 2, 0)).toBeCloseTo(-Math.PI / 2, 10);
   });
+  it('keeps the positive half-turn in its documented (-π, π] range', () => {
+    expect(deltaAngle(0, Math.PI)).toBe(Math.PI);
+  });
   it('result is always within (-π, π]', () => {
     for (let i = -10; i <= 10; i++) {
       const d = deltaAngle(i, i + 3);

package/src/constants.test.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,37 @@
-import { DEG_TO_RAD, EPSILON, HALF_PI, RAD_TO_DEG, TAU } from './constants';
+import { CIRCLE_KAPPA, DEG_TO_RAD, EPSILON, HALF_PI, RAD_TO_DEG, TAU } from './constants';
 
 describe('constants', () => {
+  describe('CIRCLE_KAPPA', () => {
+    // Asserted against the COMPUTED expression, never a transcribed decimal. A test that restates the
+    // digits agrees with a typo in them, which is how a wrong digit at the 13th decimal survived a
+    // full suite. Exact equality, not toBeCloseTo: the error this guards against is far smaller than
+    // any tolerance worth writing.
+    //
+    // MEASURED, not assumed: mutating the constant's 13th decimal from ...36 to ...46 and running
+    // the whole repository fails exactly ONE test of 17,045 — this one. The sweep below passes over
+    // the wrong digit, as does every path, shape and clip test. That is the entire case for pinning
+    // a literal to its formula here rather than trusting geometry to notice, and it is why the
+    // original wrong digit survived a full suite.
+    it('equals four thirds of the square root of two less one', () => {
+      expect(CIRCLE_KAPPA).toBe((4 * (Math.sqrt(2) - 1)) / 3);
+    });
+
+    it('sweeps a unit quarter circle when used as the cubic control distance', () => {
+      // Catches a wrong FORMULA, not a wrong digit — and only that. A mistyped decimal moves the
+      // swept radius far less than the cubic's own approximation error, so this cannot stand in for
+      // the exact equality above. What it does add is independence from it: if the constant and that
+      // assertion were ever edited to agree on a wrong expression, the geometry would still object.
+      const radiusAt = (t: number): number => {
+        const u = 1 - t;
+        const x = u * u * u + 3 * u * u * t + 3 * u * t * t * CIRCLE_KAPPA;
+        const y = 3 * u * u * t * CIRCLE_KAPPA + 3 * u * t * t + t * t * t;
+        return Math.hypot(x, y);
+      };
+
+      for (const t of [0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1]) expect(radiusAt(t)).toBeCloseTo(1, 3);
+    });
+  });
+
   describe('DEG_TO_RAD', () => {
     it('converts 180 degrees to π', () => {
       expect(180 * DEG_TO_RAD).toBeCloseTo(Math.PI, 10);

package/src/hash.test.ts

@@ -63,6 +63,9 @@ describe('hashCombine', () => {
   it('produces different results for different seeds', () => {
     expect(hashCombine(1, 100)).not.toBe(hashCombine(2, 100));
   });
+  it('pins the complete multi-term mix with a known-answer vector', () => {
+    expect(hashCombine(100, 200)).toBe(3347962280);
+  });
 });
 
 describe('hashUint32', () => {

package/src/interpolationAdvanced.test.ts

@@ -38,6 +38,10 @@ describe('lerpAngle', () => {
     const normalised = ((result % TAU) + TAU) % TAU;
     expect(normalised).toBeCloseTo(0, 5);
   });
+  it('takes the shortest arc clockwise across 0/2π', () => {
+    const result = lerpAngle(Math.PI * 0.1, Math.PI * 1.9, 0.5);
+    expect(result).toBeCloseTo(0, 10);
+  });
   it('returns a at t = 0', () => {
     expect(lerpAngle(1, 2, 0)).toBeCloseTo(1, 10);
   });
@@ -71,8 +75,11 @@ describe('pingPong', () => {
   it('bounces back at t = 1.5 * length', () => {
     expect(pingPong(1.5, 1)).toBeCloseTo(0.5, 10);
   });
-  it('returns 0 when length is 0', () => {
-    expect(pingPong(1, 0)).toBe(0);
+  // NaN, not 0. These functions do not invent values: a non-positive length has no wrap interval, the
+  // arithmetic yields NaN, and NaN propagates so an upstream failure stays visible. A silent 0 is a
+  // plausible number that hides the break — this assertion previously pinned that coercion.
+  it('propagates NaN when length is 0', () => {
+    expect(pingPong(1, 0)).toBeNaN();
   });
   it('works with larger lengths', () => {
     expect(pingPong(3, 2)).toBeCloseTo(1, 10);
@@ -91,8 +98,11 @@ describe('repeat', () => {
     expect(r).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(0);
     expect(r).toBeLessThan(1);
   });
-  it('returns 0 when length is 0', () => {
-    expect(repeat(1, 0)).toBe(0);
+  // NaN, not 0. These functions do not invent values: a non-positive length has no wrap interval, the
+  // arithmetic yields NaN, and NaN propagates so an upstream failure stays visible. A silent 0 is a
+  // plausible number that hides the break — this assertion previously pinned that coercion.
+  it('propagates NaN when length is 0', () => {
+    expect(repeat(1, 0)).toBeNaN();
   });
 });
 

package/src/nextPowerOfTwo.test.ts

@@ -82,3 +82,14 @@ describe('previousPowerOfTwo', () => {
     expect(previousPowerOfTwo(1025)).toBe(1024);
   });
 });
+
+describe('previousPowerOfTwo', () => {
+  // BY VALUE, not by sign: a `>= 0` assertion would pass against a still-broken version returning 0,
+  // which is exactly what input 2147483648 did before the fix. The signed `>>` returned -1073741824 for
+  // both of these inputs — the negative value is the thing being pinned.
+  it('returns a positive power of two at and above 2^30, where a signed shift sign-extended', () => {
+    expect(previousPowerOfTwo(1073741824)).toBe(1073741824);
+    expect(previousPowerOfTwo(2147483647)).toBe(1073741824);
+    expect(nextPowerOfTwo(1073741824)).toBe(1073741824);
+  });
+});

package/src/numberTheory.test.ts

@@ -40,6 +40,11 @@ describe('gcd', () => {
   it('throws when both arguments are 0', () => {
     expect(() => gcd(0, 0)).toThrow(RangeError);
   });
+  it('rejects non-finite inputs instead of returning a non-finite value or looping', () => {
+    expect(() => gcd(Infinity, 0)).toThrow(RangeError);
+    expect(() => gcd(0, -Infinity)).toThrow(RangeError);
+    expect(() => gcd(NaN, 0)).toThrow(RangeError);
+  });
 });
 
 describe('hypot2', () => {
@@ -92,4 +97,8 @@ describe('lcm', () => {
   it('accepts negative inputs', () => {
     expect(lcm(-4, 6)).toBe(12);
   });
+  it('rejects non-finite inputs through the shared GCD validation', () => {
+    expect(() => lcm(Infinity, 0)).toThrow(RangeError);
+    expect(() => lcm(0, NaN)).toThrow(RangeError);
+  });
 });

package/src/random.test.ts

@@ -24,6 +24,13 @@ describe('createRandomSource', () => {
     expect(differs).toBe(true);
   });
 
+  it('pins the mulberry32 transform with a known-answer sequence', () => {
+    const rng = createRandomSource(0xc0ffee);
+    expect([rng(), rng(), rng(), rng()]).toEqual([
+      0.021141508361324668, 0.6661099966149777, 0.7799714196007699, 0.7395844468846917,
+    ]);
+  });
+
   it('tolerates non-finite seeds without producing NaN', () => {
     const rng = createRandomSource(NaN);
     const v = rng();

package/src/randomDistributions.test.ts

@@ -16,6 +16,14 @@ import {
 
 const rng = () => createRandomSource(0xabcdef);
 
+function sequenceRandom(...values: number[]): () => number {
+  let index = 0;
+  return () => {
+    if (index >= values.length) throw new Error('sequenceRandom exhausted');
+    return values[index++];
+  };
+}
+
 describe('pick', () => {
   it('returns an element from the array', () => {
     const items = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
@@ -31,6 +39,9 @@ describe('pick', () => {
     const random = rng();
     for (let i = 0; i < 20; i++) expect(pick(random, [42])).toBe(42);
   });
+  it('selects the bucket named by an exact deterministic sample', () => {
+    expect(pick(() => 0.75, ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])).toBe('d');
+  });
   it('is deterministic for the same seed', () => {
     const items = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'];
     const a = rng();
@@ -60,10 +71,17 @@ describe('randomExponential', () => {
     for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) sum += randomExponential(random, 2);
     expect(sum / n).toBeCloseTo(0.5, 0);
   });
+  it('substitutes epsilon when the random source returns zero', () => {
+    expect(randomExponential(() => 0)).toBe(-Math.log(Number.EPSILON));
+  });
   it('throws for rate <= 0', () => {
     expect(() => randomExponential(rng(), 0)).toThrow(RangeError);
     expect(() => randomExponential(rng(), -1)).toThrow(RangeError);
   });
+  it('rejects non-finite rates', () => {
+    expect(() => randomExponential(rng(), NaN)).toThrow(RangeError);
+    expect(() => randomExponential(rng(), Infinity)).toThrow(RangeError);
+  });
   it('is deterministic for the same seed', () => {
     const a = rng();
     const b = rng();
@@ -83,6 +101,14 @@ describe('randomGaussian', () => {
     for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) sum += randomGaussian(random, 5, 1);
     expect(sum / n).toBeCloseTo(5, 0);
   });
+  it('substitutes epsilon when the first random sample is zero', () => {
+    const samples = [0, 0.25];
+    expect(randomGaussian(() => samples.shift()!)).toBeCloseTo(0, 10);
+  });
+  it('matches a deterministic Box–Muller vector with mean and scale', () => {
+    const standard = Math.sqrt(-2 * Math.log(0.5));
+    expect(randomGaussian(sequenceRandom(0.5, 0), 10, 2)).toBeCloseTo(10 + standard * 2, 12);
+  });
   it('is deterministic for the same seed', () => {
     const a = rng();
     const b = rng();
@@ -107,6 +133,16 @@ describe('randomGaussianPair', () => {
     }
     expect(sum / (n * 2)).toBeCloseTo(10, 0);
   });
+  it('substitutes epsilon when the first random sample is zero', () => {
+    const samples = [0, 0.25];
+    const [z0, z1] = randomGaussianPair(() => samples.shift()!);
+    expect(z0).toBeCloseTo(0, 10);
+    expect(z1).toBeCloseTo(Math.sqrt(-2 * Math.log(Number.EPSILON)), 10);
+  });
+  it('matches both values of a deterministic Box–Muller pair', () => {
+    const component = Math.sqrt(-2 * Math.log(0.5)) * Math.SQRT1_2;
+    expect(randomGaussianPair(sequenceRandom(0.5, 0.125), 3, 2)).toEqual([3 + component * 2, 3 + component * 2]);
+  });
 });
 
 describe('randomInsideUnitDisc', () => {
@@ -138,6 +174,11 @@ describe('randomInsideUnitDisc', () => {
       expect(outA.y).toBe(outB.y);
     }
   });
+  it('accepts and preserves a deterministic boundary point', () => {
+    const out = { x: 0, y: 0 };
+    randomInsideUnitDisc(sequenceRandom(1, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5), out);
+    expect(out).toEqual({ x: 1, y: 0 });
+  });
 });
 
 describe('randomInsideUnitSphere', () => {
@@ -170,6 +211,11 @@ describe('randomInsideUnitSphere', () => {
       expect(outA.z).toBe(outB.z);
     }
   });
+  it('accepts and preserves a deterministic boundary point', () => {
+    const out = { x: 0, y: 0, z: 0 };
+    randomInsideUnitSphere(sequenceRandom(1, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5), out);
+    expect(out).toEqual({ x: 1, y: 0, z: 0 });
+  });
 });
 
 describe('randomOnUnitCircle', () => {
@@ -200,6 +246,12 @@ describe('randomOnUnitCircle', () => {
       expect(outA.y).toBe(outB.y);
     }
   });
+  it('maps a quarter-turn sample to the top of the circle', () => {
+    const out = { x: 0, y: 0 };
+    randomOnUnitCircle(() => 0.25, out);
+    expect(out.x).toBeCloseTo(0, 12);
+    expect(out.y).toBeCloseTo(1, 12);
+  });
 });
 
 describe('randomOnUnitSphere', () => {
@@ -233,6 +285,18 @@ describe('randomOnUnitSphere', () => {
       expect(outA.z).toBe(outB.z);
     }
   });
+  it('projects a deterministic disc sample onto the sphere', () => {
+    const out = { x: 0, y: 0, z: 0 };
+    randomOnUnitSphere(sequenceRandom(0.75, 0.5), out);
+    expect(out.x).toBeCloseTo(Math.sqrt(3) / 2, 12);
+    expect(out.y).toBe(0);
+    expect(out.z).toBe(0.5);
+  });
+  it('rejects a disc-boundary sample before projecting', () => {
+    const out = { x: 0, y: 0, z: 0 };
+    randomOnUnitSphere(sequenceRandom(1, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5), out);
+    expect(out).toEqual({ x: 0, y: 0, z: 1 });
+  });
 });
 
 describe('randomPoisson', () => {
@@ -262,6 +326,13 @@ describe('randomPoisson', () => {
     expect(() => randomPoisson(rng(), 0)).toThrow(RangeError);
     expect(() => randomPoisson(rng(), -1)).toThrow(RangeError);
   });
+  it('rejects non-finite means', () => {
+    expect(() => randomPoisson(rng(), NaN)).toThrow(RangeError);
+    expect(() => randomPoisson(rng(), Infinity)).toThrow(RangeError);
+  });
+  it('stops when the product exactly reaches the limit', () => {
+    expect(randomPoisson(sequenceRandom(0.5, 0.5), Math.log(2))).toBe(0);
+  });
   it('is deterministic for the same seed', () => {
     const a = rng();
     const b = rng();
@@ -291,6 +362,12 @@ describe('randomWeighted', () => {
       expect(randomWeighted(random, [0, 10, 0])).toBe(1);
     }
   });
+  it('falls back to the final bucket for an out-of-range random source', () => {
+    expect(randomWeighted(() => 1.1, [1, 2, 7])).toBe(2);
+  });
+  it('selects the earlier bucket when the sample lands exactly on its boundary', () => {
+    expect(randomWeighted(() => 1 / 3, [1, 2])).toBe(0);
+  });
   it('is deterministic for the same seed', () => {
     const a = rng();
     const b = rng();
@@ -345,4 +422,15 @@ describe('shuffleInPlace', () => {
     shuffleInPlace(rng(), b);
     expect(a).toEqual(b);
   });
+  it('pins the swaps and consumes exactly one sample per Fisher–Yates step', () => {
+    const values = [0.75, 0.5, 0.25];
+    let calls = 0;
+    const items = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'];
+    shuffleInPlace(() => {
+      calls++;
+      return values[calls - 1];
+    }, items);
+    expect(items).toEqual(['c', 'a', 'b', 'd']);
+    expect(calls).toBe(3);
+  });
 });

package/src/randomRange.test.ts

@@ -19,6 +19,9 @@ describe('randomBool', () => {
     const random = rng();
     for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) expect(randomBool(random, 0)).toBe(false);
   });
+  it('uses a half-open comparison at the probability boundary', () => {
+    expect(randomBool(() => 0.5, 0.5)).toBe(false);
+  });
   it('is deterministic for the same seed', () => {
     const a = rng();
     const b = rng();
@@ -44,6 +47,12 @@ describe('randomInt', () => {
     const random = rng();
     expect(() => randomInt(random, 10, 5)).toThrow(RangeError);
   });
+  it('can select the inclusive upper endpoint', () => {
+    expect(randomInt(() => 0.999999, 2, 4)).toBe(4);
+  });
+  it('rounds negative fractional bounds down', () => {
+    expect(randomInt(() => 0, -1.2, -0.2)).toBe(-2);
+  });
   it('is deterministic for the same seed', () => {
     const a = rng();
     const b = rng();
@@ -91,6 +100,9 @@ describe('randomSign', () => {
     expect(sawPositive).toBe(true);
     expect(sawNegative).toBe(true);
   });
+  it('selects the positive sign at the half-open boundary', () => {
+    expect(randomSign(() => 0.5)).toBe(1);
+  });
   it('is deterministic for the same seed', () => {
     const a = rng();
     const b = rng();

package/src/statistics.test.ts

@@ -13,6 +13,17 @@ describe('mean', () => {
   it('handles negative values', () => {
     expect(mean([-2, 0, 2])).toBe(0);
   });
+  it('does not overflow when the finite mean is representable', () => {
+    expect(mean([Number.MAX_VALUE, Number.MAX_VALUE])).toBe(Number.MAX_VALUE);
+  });
+  it('retains a small term across cancellation', () => {
+    expect(mean([1, Number.EPSILON / 2, -1])).toBe(Number.EPSILON / 6);
+  });
+  it('preserves zero and non-finite propagation', () => {
+    expect(mean([0, 0])).toBe(0);
+    expect(mean([Infinity, Infinity])).toBe(Infinity);
+    expect(mean([Infinity, -Infinity])).toBeNaN();
+  });
 });
 
 describe('median', () => {
@@ -31,6 +42,17 @@ describe('median', () => {
     median(values);
     expect(values).toEqual(original);
   });
+  it('does not overflow when averaging identical finite middle values', () => {
+    expect(median([Number.MAX_VALUE, Number.MAX_VALUE])).toBe(Number.MAX_VALUE);
+  });
+  it('does not prematurely underflow when averaging subnormal middle values', () => {
+    expect(median([Number.MIN_VALUE * 2, Number.MIN_VALUE * 3])).toBe(Number.MIN_VALUE * 2);
+  });
+  it('averages negative and non-finite middle values without changing their semantics', () => {
+    expect(median([-4, -2])).toBe(-3);
+    expect(median([-Number.MAX_VALUE, Number.MAX_VALUE])).toBe(0);
+    expect(median([Infinity, Infinity])).toBe(Infinity);
+  });
 });
 
 describe('standardDeviation', () => {
@@ -43,6 +65,13 @@ describe('standardDeviation', () => {
   it('computes the population standard deviation', () => {
     expect(standardDeviation([2, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 7, 9])).toBeCloseTo(2, 5);
   });
+  it('returns zero for identical maximum finite values', () => {
+    expect(standardDeviation([Number.MAX_VALUE, Number.MAX_VALUE])).toBe(0);
+  });
+  it('handles zero and preserves non-finite propagation', () => {
+    expect(standardDeviation([0, 0])).toBe(0);
+    expect(standardDeviation([Infinity])).toBeNaN();
+  });
 });
 
 describe('variance', () => {
@@ -55,6 +84,16 @@ describe('variance', () => {
   it('computes the population variance', () => {
     expect(variance([2, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 7, 9])).toBeCloseTo(4, 5);
   });
+  it('returns zero for identical maximum finite values', () => {
+    expect(variance([Number.MAX_VALUE, Number.MAX_VALUE])).toBe(0);
+  });
+  it('compensates the sum of squared deviations', () => {
+    expect(variance([-1, 1_000_000_000_000, 1_000_000_000_000])).toBe(2.2222222222266665e23);
+  });
+  it('handles zero and preserves non-finite propagation', () => {
+    expect(variance([0, 0])).toBe(0);
+    expect(variance([Infinity])).toBeNaN();
+  });
 });
 
 describe('weightedAverage', () => {
@@ -71,4 +110,24 @@ describe('weightedAverage', () => {
   it('throws when arrays have different lengths', () => {
     expect(() => weightedAverage([1, 2], [1])).toThrow(RangeError);
   });
+  it('does not overflow when the finite weighted average is representable', () => {
+    expect(weightedAverage([Number.MAX_VALUE, Number.MAX_VALUE], [1, 1])).toBe(Number.MAX_VALUE);
+  });
+  it('uses normalized weights in the weighted product', () => {
+    expect(weightedAverage([2, 10], [1, 3])).toBe(8);
+  });
+  it('retains small weighted terms across cancellation', () => {
+    expect(weightedAverage([10_000_000_000_000_000, -1_000_000_000_000_000, -10_000_000_000_000_000], [2, 1, 1])).toBe(
+      2_250_000_000_000_000,
+    );
+  });
+  it('handles zero values and cancelling non-zero weights', () => {
+    expect(weightedAverage([0, 0], [1, 1])).toBe(0);
+    expect(weightedAverage([1, 2], [1, -1])).toBeNaN();
+  });
+  it('preserves non-finite weighted-average propagation', () => {
+    expect(weightedAverage([Infinity], [1])).toBe(Infinity);
+    expect(weightedAverage([Infinity, 1], [1, -1])).toBeNaN();
+    expect(weightedAverage([1], [Infinity])).toBeNaN();
+  });
 });