@fbraza/pi-cite 0.1.0 → 0.3.0

This diff represents the content of publicly available package versions that have been released to one of the supported registries. The information contained in this diff is provided for informational purposes only and reflects changes between package versions as they appear in their respective public registries.
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+ # Common PubMed Query Patterns
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+
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+ This reference provides practical examples of common PubMed search patterns for various research scenarios.
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+
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+ ## General Research Queries
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+
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+ ### Finding Recent Research on a Topic
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+ ```
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+ breast cancer[tiab] AND 2023:2024[dp]
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+ ```
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+
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+ ### Systematic Reviews on a Topic
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+ ```
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+ (diabetes[tiab] OR diabetes mellitus[mh]) AND systematic review[pt]
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+ ```
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+
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+ ### Meta-Analyses
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+ ```
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+ hypertension[tiab] AND meta-analysis[pt] AND 2020:2024[dp]
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+ ```
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+
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+ ### Clinical Trials
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+ ```
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+ alzheimer disease[mh] AND randomized controlled trial[pt]
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+ ```
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+
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+ ### Finding Guidelines
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+ ```
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+ asthma[tiab] AND (guideline[pt] OR practice guideline[pt])
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+ ```
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+
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+ ## Disease-Specific Queries
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+
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+ ### Cancer Research
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+ ```
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+ # General cancer screening
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+ cancer screening[tiab] AND systematic review[pt] AND 2020:2024[dp]
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+
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+ # Specific cancer type with treatment
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+ lung cancer[tiab] AND immunotherapy[tiab] AND clinical trial[pt]
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+
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+ # Cancer genetics
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+ breast neoplasms[mh] AND BRCA1[tiab] AND genetic testing[tiab]
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+ ```
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+
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+ ### Cardiovascular Disease
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+ ```
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+ # Heart disease prevention
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+ (heart disease[tiab] OR cardiovascular disease[mh]) AND prevention[tiab] AND 2022:2024[dp]
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+
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+ # Stroke treatment
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+ stroke[mh] AND (thrombectomy[tiab] OR thrombolysis[tiab]) AND randomized controlled trial[pt]
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+
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+ # Hypertension management
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+ hypertension[mh]/drug therapy AND comparative effectiveness[tiab]
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+ ```
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+
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+ ### Infectious Diseases
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+ ```
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+ # COVID-19 research
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+ COVID-19[tiab] AND (vaccine[tiab] OR vaccination[tiab]) AND 2023:2024[dp]
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+
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+ # Antibiotic resistance
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+ (antibiotic resistance[tiab] OR drug resistance, bacterial[mh]) AND systematic review[pt]
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+
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+ # Tuberculosis treatment
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+ tuberculosis[mh]/drug therapy AND (multidrug-resistant[tiab] OR MDR-TB[tiab])
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+ ```
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+
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+ ### Neurological Disorders
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+ ```
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+ # Alzheimer's disease
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+ alzheimer disease[mh] AND (diagnosis[sh] OR biomarkers[tiab]) AND 2020:2024[dp]
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+
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+ # Parkinson's disease treatment
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+ parkinson disease[mh] AND treatment[tiab] AND clinical trial[pt]
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+
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+ # Multiple sclerosis
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+ multiple sclerosis[mh] AND disease modifying[tiab] AND review[pt]
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+ ```
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+
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+ ### Diabetes
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+ ```
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+ # Type 2 diabetes management
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+ diabetes mellitus, type 2[mh] AND (lifestyle[tiab] OR diet[tiab]) AND randomized controlled trial[pt]
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+
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+ # Diabetes complications
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+ diabetes mellitus[mh] AND (complications[sh] OR diabetic neuropathy[mh])
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+
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+ # New diabetes drugs
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+ diabetes mellitus, type 2[mh] AND (GLP-1[tiab] OR SGLT2[tiab]) AND 2022:2024[dp]
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+ ```
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+
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+ ## Drug and Treatment Research
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+
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+ ### Drug Efficacy Studies
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+ ```
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+ # Compare two drugs
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+ (drug A[nm] OR drug B[nm]) AND condition[mh] AND comparative effectiveness[tiab]
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+
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+ # Drug side effects
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+ medication name[nm] AND (adverse effects[sh] OR side effects[tiab])
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+
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+ # Drug combination therapy
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+ (aspirin[nm] AND clopidogrel[nm]) AND acute coronary syndrome[mh]
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+ ```
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+
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+ ### Treatment Comparisons
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+ ```
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+ # Surgery vs medication
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+ condition[mh] AND (surgery[tiab] OR surgical[tiab]) AND (medication[tiab] OR drug therapy[sh]) AND comparative study[pt]
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+
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+ # Different surgical approaches
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+ procedure[tiab] AND (laparoscopic[tiab] OR open surgery[tiab]) AND outcomes[tiab]
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+ ```
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+
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+ ### Alternative Medicine
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+ ```
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+ # Herbal supplements
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+ (herbal medicine[mh] OR phytotherapy[mh]) AND condition[tiab] AND clinical trial[pt]
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+
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+ # Acupuncture
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+ acupuncture[mh] AND pain[tiab] AND randomized controlled trial[pt]
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+ ```
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+
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+ ## Diagnostic Research
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+
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+ ### Diagnostic Tests
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+ ```
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+ # Sensitivity and specificity
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+ test name[tiab] AND condition[tiab] AND (sensitivity[tiab] AND specificity[tiab])
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+
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+ # Diagnostic imaging
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+ (MRI[tiab] OR magnetic resonance imaging[tiab]) AND brain tumor[tiab] AND diagnosis[sh]
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+
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+ # Lab test evaluation
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+ biomarker name[tiab] AND disease[tiab] AND (diagnostic[tiab] OR screening[tiab])
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+ ```
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+
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+ ### Screening Programs
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+ ```
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+ # Cancer screening
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+ cancer type[tiab] AND screening[tiab] AND (cost effectiveness[tiab] OR benefit[tiab])
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+
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+ # Population screening
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+ condition[tiab] AND mass screening[mh] AND public health[tiab]
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+ ```
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+
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+ ## Population-Specific Queries
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+
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+ ### Pediatric Research
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+ ```
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+ # Children with specific condition
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+ condition[tiab] AND (child[mh] OR pediatric[tiab]) AND treatment[tiab]
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+
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+ # Age-specific
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+ disease[tiab] AND (infant[mh] OR child, preschool[mh])
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+
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+ # Pediatric dosing
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+ drug name[nm] AND pediatric[tiab] AND (dosing[tiab] OR dose[tiab])
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+ ```
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+
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+ ### Geriatric Research
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+ ```
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+ # Elderly population
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+ condition[tiab] AND (aged[mh] OR elderly[tiab] OR geriatric[tiab])
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+
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+ # Aging and disease
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+ aging[mh] AND disease[tiab] AND mechanism[tiab]
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+
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+ # Polypharmacy
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+ polypharmacy[tiab] AND elderly[tiab] AND adverse effects[tiab]
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+ ```
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+
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+ ### Pregnant Women
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+ ```
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+ # Pregnancy and medications
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+ drug name[nm] AND (pregnancy[mh] OR pregnant women[tiab]) AND safety[tiab]
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+
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+ # Pregnancy complications
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+ pregnancy complication[tiab] AND management[tiab]
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+ ```
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+
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+ ### Sex-Specific Research
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+ ```
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+ # Female-specific
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+ condition[tiab] AND female[mh] AND hormones[tiab]
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+
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+ # Male-specific
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+ disease[tiab] AND male[mh] AND risk factors[tiab]
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+
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+ # Sex differences
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+ condition[tiab] AND (sex factors[mh] OR gender differences[tiab])
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+ ```
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+
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+ ## Epidemiology and Public Health
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+
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+ ### Prevalence Studies
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+ ```
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+ disease[tiab] AND (prevalence[tiab] OR epidemiology[sh]) AND country/region[tiab]
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+ ```
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+
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+ ### Incidence Studies
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+ ```
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+ condition[tiab] AND incidence[tiab] AND population[tiab] AND 2020:2024[dp]
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+ ```
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+
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+ ### Risk Factors
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+ ```
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+ disease[mh] AND (risk factors[mh] OR etiology[sh]) AND cohort study[tiab]
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+ ```
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+
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+ ### Global Health
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+ ```
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+ disease[tiab] AND (developing countries[mh] OR low income[tiab]) AND burden[tiab]
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+ ```
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+
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+ ### Health Disparities
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+ ```
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+ condition[tiab] AND (health disparities[tiab] OR health equity[tiab]) AND minority groups[tiab]
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+ ```
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+
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+ ## Methodology-Specific Queries
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+
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+ ### Research Methodology
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+
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+ #### Cohort Studies
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+ ```
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+ condition[tiab] AND cohort study[tiab] AND prospective[tiab]
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+ ```
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+
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+ #### Case-Control Studies
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+ ```
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+ disease[tiab] AND case-control studies[mh] AND risk factors[tiab]
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+ ```
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+
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+ #### Cross-Sectional Studies
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+ ```
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+ condition[tiab] AND cross-sectional studies[mh] AND prevalence[tiab]
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+ ```
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+
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+ ### Statistical Methods
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+ ```
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+ # Machine learning in medicine
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+ (machine learning[tiab] OR artificial intelligence[tiab]) AND diagnosis[tiab] AND validation[tiab]
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+
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+ # Bayesian analysis
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+ condition[tiab] AND bayes theorem[mh] AND clinical decision[tiab]
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+ ```
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+
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+ ### Genetic and Molecular Research
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+ ```
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+ # GWAS studies
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+ disease[tiab] AND (genome-wide association study[tiab] OR GWAS[tiab])
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+
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+ # Gene expression
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+ gene name[tiab] AND (gene expression[mh] OR mRNA[tiab]) AND disease[tiab]
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+
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+ # Proteomics
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+ condition[tiab] AND proteomics[mh] AND biomarkers[tiab]
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+
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+ # CRISPR research
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+ CRISPR[tiab] AND (gene editing[tiab] OR genome editing[tiab]) AND 2020:2024[dp]
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+ ```
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+
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+ ## Author and Institution Queries
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+
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+ ### Finding Work by Specific Author
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+ ```
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+ # Single author
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+ smith ja[au] AND cancer[tiab] AND 2023:2024[dp]
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+
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+ # First author only
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+ jones m[1au] AND cardiology[tiab]
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+
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+ # Multiple authors from same group
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+ (smith ja[au] OR jones m[au] OR wilson k[au]) AND research topic[tiab]
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+ ```
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+
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+ ### Institution-Specific Research
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+ ```
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+ # University affiliation
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+ harvard[affil] AND cancer research[tiab] AND 2023:2024[dp]
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+
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+ # Hospital research
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+ "mayo clinic"[affil] AND clinical trial[pt]
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+
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+ # Country-specific
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+ japan[affil] AND robotics[tiab] AND surgery[tiab]
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+ ```
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+
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+ ## Journal-Specific Queries
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+
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+ ### High-Impact Journals
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+ ```
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+ # Specific journal
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+ nature[ta] AND genetics[tiab] AND 2024[dp]
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+
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+ # Multiple journals
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+ (nature[ta] OR science[ta] OR cell[ta]) AND immunology[tiab]
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+
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+ # Journal with ISSN
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+ 0028-4793[issn] AND clinical trial[pt]
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+ ```
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+
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+ ## Citation and Reference Queries
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+
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+ ### Finding Specific Articles
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+ ```
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+ # By PMID
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+ 12345678[pmid]
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+
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+ # By DOI
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+ 10.1056/NEJMoa123456[doi]
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+
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+ # By first author and year
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+ smith ja[1au] AND 2023[dp] AND cancer[tiab]
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+ ```
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+
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+ ### Finding Cited Work
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+ ```
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+ # Related articles
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+ Similar Articles feature from any PubMed result
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+
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+ # By keyword in references
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+ Use "Cited by" links when available
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+ ```
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+
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+ ## Advanced Combination Queries
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+
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+ ### Comprehensive Literature Review
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+ ```
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+ (disease name[tiab] OR disease name[mh]) AND
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+ ((treatment[tiab] OR therapy[tiab] OR management[tiab]) OR
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+ (diagnosis[tiab] OR screening[tiab]) OR
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+ (epidemiology[tiab] OR prevalence[tiab])) AND
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+ (systematic review[pt] OR meta-analysis[pt] OR review[pt]) AND
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+ 2019:2024[dp] AND english[la]
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+ ```
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+
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+ ### Precision Medicine Query
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+ ```
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+ (precision medicine[tiab] OR personalized medicine[tiab] OR pharmacogenomics[mh]) AND
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+ cancer[tiab] AND
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+ (biomarkers[tiab] OR genetic testing[tiab]) AND
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+ clinical application[tiab] AND
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+ 2020:2024[dp]
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+ ```
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+
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+ ### Translational Research
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+ ```
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+ (basic science[tiab] OR bench to bedside[tiab] OR translational medical research[mh]) AND
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+ disease[tiab] AND
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+ (clinical trial[pt] OR clinical application[tiab]) AND
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+ 2020:2024[dp]
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+ ```
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+
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+ ## Quality Filters
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+
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+ ### High-Quality Evidence
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+ ```
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+ condition[tiab] AND
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+ (randomized controlled trial[pt] OR systematic review[pt] OR meta-analysis[pt]) AND
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+ humans[mh] AND
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+ english[la] AND
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+ 2020:2024[dp]
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+ ```
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+
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+ ### Free Full Text Articles
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+ ```
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+ topic[tiab] AND free full text[sb] AND 2023:2024[dp]
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+ ```
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+
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+ ### Articles with Abstracts
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+ ```
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+ condition[tiab] AND hasabstract[text] AND review[pt]
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+ ```
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+
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+ ## Staying Current
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+
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+ ### Latest Publications
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+ ```
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+ topic[tiab] AND 2024[dp] AND english[la]
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+ ```
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+
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+ ### Preprints and Early Access
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+ ```
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+ topic[tiab] AND (epub ahead of print[tiab] OR publisher[sb])
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+ ```
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+
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+ ### Setting Up Alerts
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+ ```
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+ # Create search and save to My NCBI
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+ # Enable email alerts for new matching articles
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+ topic[tiab] AND (randomized controlled trial[pt] OR systematic review[pt])
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+ ```
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+
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+ ## COVID-19 Specific Queries
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+
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+ ### Vaccine Research
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+ ```
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+ (COVID-19[tiab] OR SARS-CoV-2[tiab]) AND
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+ (vaccine[tiab] OR vaccination[tiab]) AND
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+ (efficacy[tiab] OR effectiveness[tiab]) AND
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+ 2023:2024[dp]
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+ ```
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+
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+ ### Long COVID
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+ ```
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+ (long covid[tiab] OR post-acute covid[tiab] OR PASC[tiab]) AND
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+ (symptoms[tiab] OR treatment[tiab])
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+ ```
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+
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+ ### COVID Treatment
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+ ```
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+ COVID-19[tiab] AND
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+ (antiviral[tiab] OR monoclonal antibody[tiab] OR treatment[tiab]) AND
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+ randomized controlled trial[pt]
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+ ```
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+
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+ ## Tips for Constructing Queries
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+
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+ ### 1. PICO Framework
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+ Use PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) to structure clinical queries:
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+
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+ ```
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+ P: diabetes mellitus, type 2[mh]
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+ I: metformin[nm]
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+ C: lifestyle modification[tiab]
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+ O: glycemic control[tiab]
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+
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+ Query: diabetes mellitus, type 2[mh] AND (metformin[nm] OR lifestyle modification[tiab]) AND glycemic control[tiab]
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+ ```
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+
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+ ### 2. Iterative Refinement
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+ Start broad, review results, refine:
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+ ```
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+ 1. diabetes → too broad
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+ 2. diabetes mellitus type 2 → better
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+ 3. diabetes mellitus, type 2[mh] AND metformin[nm] → more specific
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+ 4. diabetes mellitus, type 2[mh] AND metformin[nm] AND randomized controlled trial[pt] → focused
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+ ```
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+
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+ ### 3. Use Search History
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+ Combine previous searches in Advanced Search:
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+ ```
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+ #1: diabetes mellitus, type 2[mh]
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+ #2: cardiovascular disease[mh]
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+ #3: #1 AND #2 AND risk factors[tiab]
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+ ```
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+
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+ ### 4. Save Effective Searches
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+ Create My NCBI account to save successful queries for future use and set up automatic alerts.
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+ # PubMed E-utilities — Routine Quick-Reference
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+
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+ Quick-start for routine literature searches (≤200 PMIDs, common field tags). For batch operations, history server, or all 9 endpoints → load `pubmed_api_reference.md`. For advanced search syntax → load `pubmed_search_syntax.md`. For query templates by scenario → load `pubmed_common_queries.md`.
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+
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+ ## Core Endpoints (Routine)
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+
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+ | Endpoint | Purpose | When to use |
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+ |---|---|---|
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+ | `esearch.fcgi` | Search and retrieve PMIDs | Every PubMed search |
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+ | `efetch.fcgi` | Download full records / abstracts | Retrieving paper details |
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+ | `esummary.fcgi` | Get document summaries (title, authors, journal) | Quick metadata checks |
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+
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+ ## Search (ESearch)
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+
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+ ```
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+ https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/esearch.fcgi
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+ ```
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+
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+ **Parameters (routine):**
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+ ```
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+ db=pubmed
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+ term=<query>
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+ retmax=<N> # max results (default 20, max 10000 for routine queries)
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+ retmode=json
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+ sort=relevance # or "pub_date", "first_author"
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+ datetype=pdat
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+ mindate=YYYY/MM/DD
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+ maxdate=YYYY/MM/DD
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+ ```
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+
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+ ## Fetch Abstracts (EFetch)
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+
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+ ```
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+ https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi
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+ ```
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+
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+ **Parameters:**
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+ ```
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+ db=pubmed
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+ id=<PMID1,PMID2,...> # comma-separated, max ~200 for routine
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+ rettype=abstract # or "medline", "xml", "uilist"
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+ retmode=text # or "xml"
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+ ```
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+
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+ ## Most-Used Field Tags
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+
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+ | Tag | Meaning |
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+ |---|---|
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+ | `[tiab]` | Title or abstract (most common for keyword search) |
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+ | `[mh]` | MeSH term (includes narrower terms automatically) |
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+ | `[majr]` | MeSH term as major topic only |
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+ | `[pt]` | Publication type |
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+ | `[nm]` | Substance name (for drugs/compounds) |
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+ | `[au]` / `[1au]` / `[lastau]` | Author / first author / last author |
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+ | `[dp]` | Publication date |
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+ | `[la]` | Language |
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+ | `[affil]` | Affiliation |
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+
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+ ## Routine Query Patterns
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+
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+ ```
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+ # Systematic review with date range
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+ (topic[mh] OR topic[tiab]) AND systematic review[pt] AND 2020:2024[dp]
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+
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+ # Free full-text RCTs on a drug for a disease
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+ drug[nm] AND disease[mh] AND randomized controlled trial[pt] AND free full text[sb]
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+
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+ # PICO: Population + Intervention/Comparison + Outcome
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+ disease[mh] AND (drug_A[nm] OR drug_B[tiab]) AND outcome[tiab] AND randomized controlled trial[pt]
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+
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+ # Gene + disease + expression
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+ gene_name[tiab] AND (gene expression[mh] OR mRNA[tiab]) AND disease[tiab]
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+ ```
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+
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+ ## Python (Biopython)
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+
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+ ```python
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+ from Bio import Entrez
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+ Entrez.email = "your@email.com"
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+
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+ handle = Entrez.esearch(db="pubmed", term="macrophage[mh] AND lung transplantation[mh]",
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+ retmax=200, usehistory="y")
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+ record = Entrez.read(handle)
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+ pmids = record["IdList"]
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+
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+ fetch_handle = Entrez.efetch(db="pubmed", id=",".join(pmids),
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+ rettype="abstract", retmode="text")
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+ abstracts = fetch_handle.read()
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+ ```
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+
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+ ## Rate Limits
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+
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+ 3 requests/sec without API key; 10/sec with NCBI API key. Add `api_key=YOUR_KEY` parameter for higher throughput.