@evolu/common 8.9.0 → 8.11.0

package/dist/src/local-first/Shared.js

@@ -1,6 +1,213 @@
 /**
  * Platform-agnostic Evolu SharedWorker.
  *
+ * ## Builds
+ *
+ * Tabs of different app builds can be open at once, for example an old tab
+ * during a deploy. Bundlers derive the worker script's URL from its content, so
+ * every build whose worker code differs gets its own SharedWorker, and all of
+ * them open the same databases. Only one may use them at a time: a request
+ * retried after another worker wrote from the same stored clock can reuse that
+ * write's timestamps and then is skipped as already stored.
+ *
+ * The worker therefore takes an origin-wide lock before it answers any tab and
+ * holds it for its lifetime. A worker of another build waits, with its tabs'
+ * messages buffered, until every tab of the first one is closed or reloaded and
+ * the browser ends it. The lock is the one that earlier releases take in their
+ * leader tab, so they are excluded too. An earlier release's worker can outlive
+ * its leader tab and resume once the lock is free; it computes new timestamps
+ * when it retries, so it cannot reuse another worker's. A tab of an earlier
+ * release that opens while a worker of this release runs gets no response to
+ * its database requests until it reloads, and until then it also blocks workers
+ * that start after this one ends.
+ *
+ * On the web, the wait is usually short, because tabs of the running build
+ * reload to load the build the server now serves:
+ *
+ * 1. A worker tells the tabs that connect before it holds the lock that they wait,
+ *    and such a tab announces the worker with {@link BuildWaiting}. It announces
+ *    again when a tab that connects asks with {@link BuildWaitingRequest}, so a
+ *    tab that started or connected after the first announcement learns of it
+ *    too.
+ * 2. A tab connected to another worker reloads with {@link ReloadApp}: at once if
+ *    the user is not in it, otherwise once they leave it, so a tab never
+ *    reloads while the user works in it. Focus can leave a page from a frame
+ *    without a window event, so such a tab checks once a second whether it
+ *    still has focus. A tab that still waits itself keeps the announcements it
+ *    receives and handles them once it connects, because the lock can pass to
+ *    its worker first.
+ * 3. A page that such a reload loaded never announces, and a tab reloads at most
+ *    once for each waiting worker, so two builds cannot keep reloading each
+ *    other, even when a reload loads the running build again. A tab without
+ *    session storage cannot record its reloads, so it does not reload.
+ *
+ * Only the web platform does this, because only there do builds coexist. A
+ * reload loses UI state the app did not persist, so apps keep drafts in
+ * local-only tables. A write a background tab has in flight can be lost, as
+ * when a tab crashes.
+ *
+ * The wait lasts while a tab of the running build does not reload: a tab of an
+ * earlier release, a tab Safari has frozen, a tab without session storage, or a
+ * tab whose reload loads the running build again, for example because another
+ * Evolu app shares the origin or a cache still serves the old build. A worker
+ * still waiting after three seconds reports {@link OtherBuildRunningError} to
+ * its tabs. Every build broadcasts console entries and errors on
+ * {@link consoleEntryOrErrorBroadcastChannelName}, so a waiting tab also prints
+ * the running build's output and reports its errors as its own `evoluError`.
+ *
+ * The tabs of one worker elect the host of its DbWorkers among themselves, with
+ * a lock scoped to the worker, so a tab of another worker never hosts them.
+ * Builds that differ only in DbWorker code share one SharedWorker, and a tab of
+ * either can host its DbWorkers.
+ *
+ * Safari suspends, rather than ends, a worker whose tabs are all in its
+ * back-forward cache, and the suspended worker keeps the lock. There, a waiting
+ * build also waits until Safari drops those pages, or until the user goes back
+ * to one of them, which reloads it on the web.
+ *
+ * ## Storage
+ *
+ * A platform that can lack persistent storage, as a browser does in Safari's
+ * Private Browsing, provides {@link PersistentStorageDep}. The worker checks it
+ * once, after it takes the build lock and before any DbWorker starts. Without
+ * persistent storage, every DbWorker it starts keeps its database in memory,
+ * replacements included, and each tab that connects is told with
+ * `StorageUnavailable`. The decision holds for the worker's lifetime, so all
+ * its tabs see one mode, and the next worker checks again.
+ *
+ * The check cannot tell a private session from a storage failure, but memory
+ * loses nothing that refusing to start would have kept, and the persistent
+ * database stays untouched. Each DbWorker keeps its own memory, so when the tab
+ * hosting it closes, or on the web navigates away, data that exists only
+ * locally or has not synced yet is lost, even though its replacement starts in
+ * memory too.
+ *
+ * ## Synchronization routing
+ *
+ * WebSocket transports are shared resources keyed by their configuration and
+ * claimed by owner ID, so every tenant (one named local database) using an
+ * owner shares that owner's sockets, whichever tenant claimed them. An incoming
+ * frame is offered to every tenant with a writable registration for its owner,
+ * and each tenant reconciles independently: the protocol exchange is stateless
+ * per message and message writes are idempotent, so a response that answered
+ * another tenant's request is still a valid reconciliation step.
+ *
+ * Traffic goes only where it is needed. A continuation returns to the transport
+ * that produced the response, and a round started by a socket opening or by a
+ * tenant's first use of a transport for an owner goes through that transport.
+ * Explicit synchronization requests and mutation uploads go to every open
+ * transport claimed for the owner. A write uploads through the database's
+ * writable registrations for its owner, whichever instance made it, even one
+ * disposed before the database worker answered. When a relay frame stores new
+ * messages, the tenant requests a round through each other transport claimed
+ * for the owner, so data learned from one relay reaches the others. A closed
+ * transport reconciles when it opens, and a replacement leader reconciles every
+ * transport again, because a response reporting stored messages may have been
+ * lost.
+ *
+ * Relays omit the sending socket when broadcasting an upload, so the uploader
+ * also delivers it as local Broadcast frames to every other tenant with
+ * writable access to the owner, even while sockets are closed. A copy keeps the
+ * uploader's target, and a recipient that stores new continuation messages
+ * reconciles them through the transports outside that target. Local delivery
+ * forwards uploads, including historical messages sent during reconciliation,
+ * but does not reconcile local database histories with each other. That waits
+ * until replication scopes and retention semantics are defined.
+ *
+ * ## Sync state
+ *
+ * The shared worker publishes one plain snapshot, {@link SyncState}, of every
+ * transport it manages and every database and owner registration it holds, with
+ * one route per writable registration and transport, as specified below.
+ * {@link syncStateToOwnerSyncStates} derives one state per database and owner.
+ *
+ * Each worker broadcasts snapshots on its own channel, whose name a connecting
+ * tab receives through its port, so a tab never hears another worker, such as
+ * one of a different app version, and
+ * {@link SyncStateDep.syncState | deps.syncState} keeps the last snapshot. The
+ * worker publishes after every change it observes; a transition without an
+ * event, such as a closed socket starting to reconnect, appears with the next
+ * snapshot. The snapshot lives in worker memory only, so a new worker starts
+ * empty.
+ *
+ * ## Synchronization completion
+ *
+ * A protocol frame carries the owner ID and the message type but nothing that
+ * correlates it with a request, and a relay answers a converged round, an
+ * upload that fits one frame, and an Unsubscribe alike with a header-only
+ * Response. Every tenant with a writable registration applies every frame for
+ * its owner, so a tenant cannot tell which response answered its own request.
+ *
+ * Completion is therefore counted, not attributed. The shared worker counts
+ * outstanding requests per owner and socket: every Request sent on an open
+ * socket, including an Unsubscribe, increments the count; every Response,
+ * including a relay's version-mismatch reply, which has no message type,
+ * decrements it; and an opening socket resets it, because requests on the
+ * previous connection are never answered. A route, one tenant's use of one
+ * owner through one transport, is complete when:
+ *
+ * - The tenant has not refused startup and the socket is open.
+ * - The count is zero.
+ * - The tenant has no apply for the owner queued for that transport or for every
+ *   transport, because a frame is applied asynchronously, so the count reads
+ *   zero in the middle of a chain.
+ * - The tenant has no replicated write for the owner queued, because its upload
+ *   is sent only after the database worker answers it.
+ * - The tenant has sent a round through the transport since the last event that
+ *   requires one: its first use of the transport for the owner, the socket
+ *   opening, an explicit request, a replacement leader, or storing messages
+ *   from another transport. No failed or aborted result has arrived on the
+ *   route since.
+ *
+ * A reconciliation chain ends only with a converged result, a failure, an
+ * abort, a dropped frame, or a continuation that finds the socket closed, and
+ * relay errors reach every applying tenant, so these conditions mean every
+ * chain, including this tenant's, converged. A local Broadcast from a sibling
+ * tenant holds every route of its owner until it is applied, because it arrives
+ * without a request of its own; one that fails to apply requires a round
+ * through every transport.
+ *
+ * A failed result on a route requests one round through it. Any further failure
+ * before the route completes waits for an explicit request or a reopen, so a
+ * persistent failure cannot loop; a converged reply in between does not end the
+ * wait, because it may answer another tenant's round on the shared socket. An
+ * aborted apply leaves its routes incomplete without a retry. An exception
+ * while the database worker creates a round is logged there and fails the
+ * round's routes with `SyncFailed` without a retry; other unexpected SQLite
+ * exceptions remain unsupported and can panic the database worker. A frame the
+ * relay silently drops, such as invalid data, leaves the count above zero until
+ * the liveness rule below replaces the socket.
+ *
+ * ### Liveness
+ *
+ * An open socket can be dead without a close event, when a NAT drops an idle
+ * mapping or the path fails while nothing is sent. The relay pings every
+ * connection and terminates one from which nothing has arrived since the
+ * previous ping, which also keeps NAT mappings alive. The shared worker
+ * reconnects a socket when a request for an owner has been outstanding for
+ * ninety seconds, enough for a 1 MB frame at about 90 kbit/s, with no Response
+ * for that owner since. Frames for other owners do not count: they prove the
+ * socket alive, not that the request was received.
+ *
+ * A slow link looks like a dead one, because the browser reports no transfer
+ * progress and a large frame saves nothing until it arrives whole. Each timeout
+ * therefore doubles the transport's timeout, up to twenty-four minutes: a
+ * connection that reopens but times out again is more likely slow than dead.
+ * The timeout belongs to the transport, not to an owner, because a small reply
+ * for one owner can wait behind another owner's large frame on the socket. A
+ * grown timeout lasts while a request is outstanding on the socket or a
+ * database that has not refused startup has an incomplete route through it,
+ * including one waiting after a failure, and ends with the transport. A reply's
+ * speed proves nothing, because a recovery on a slow link starts with small
+ * replies that arrive quickly. The reopen resets the counts and starts the open
+ * rounds, so a dropped frame delays a route instead of stranding it.
+ *
+ * The shared worker sends nothing while idle, so a path that dies then may go
+ * unnoticed until its next request; until then, changes from other devices stop
+ * arriving while routes still read complete. A periodic empty request would
+ * notice it without waiting for the app to send. That is deferred, because
+ * relay pings already keep NAT mappings alive, the common cause.
+ *
  * @module
  */
 var __addDisposableResource = (this && this.__addDisposableResource) || function (env, value, async) {
@@ -56,20 +263,180 @@ var __disposeResources = (this && this.__disposeResources) || (function (Suppres
     return e.name = "SuppressedError", e.error = error, e.suppressed = suppressed, e;
 });
 import { emptyArray, firstInArray, isNonEmptyArray, } from "../Array.js";
-import { assertNonNullable, assertNotSame, assertNotUndefined, } from "../Assert.js";
-import { createCallbacks } from "../Callbacks.js";
-import { disposable } from "../Function.js";
+import { assert, assertNonNullable, assertNotSame, assertNotUndefined, assertSame, } from "../Assert.js";
+import { disposable, exhaustiveCheck } from "../Function.js";
 import { acquireLeaderLock } from "../LockManager.js";
 import { createLookupMap, structuralLookup, } from "../Lookup.js";
-import { createRefCountByKey } from "../RefCount.js";
+import { createRefCountedRelation } from "../Relation.js";
 import { createSharedResourceByKey, createSharedResourceByKeyWithClaims, } from "../Resource.js";
 import { ok } from "../Result.js";
 import { createStore } from "../Store.js";
 import { AbortError, createMutex, unabortable, } from "../Task.js";
-import { createProtocolMessageForUnsubscribe, createProtocolMessageFromCrdtMessages, parseProtocolHeader, } from "./Protocol.js";
+import { performanceDurationBetween, PositiveMillis, } from "../Time.js";
+import { createId, id, literal, object, } from "../Type.js";
+import { createProtocolBroadcastMessagesFromCrdtMessages, createProtocolMessageForUnsubscribe, createProtocolMessageFromCrdtMessages, MessageType, parseProtocolHeader, } from "./Protocol.js";
 import { makePatches, } from "./Query.js";
+import { isLocalOnlyTable } from "./Schema.js";
+import { orderTimestamp } from "./Timestamp.js";
 export const consoleEntryOrErrorBroadcastChannelName = "evolu:console-entry-or-error";
-/** Initializes the platform-agnostic Evolu SharedWorker. */
+/** Identifies one running SharedWorker instance. */
+export const SharedWorkerId = /*#__PURE__*/ id("SharedWorker");
+/**
+ * The channel on which a tab announces its waiting worker with
+ * {@link BuildWaiting}; see Builds. Builds of different releases share it, so
+ * its name and messages never change.
+ */
+export const buildsBroadcastChannelName = "evolu:builds";
+/**
+ * Posted on {@link buildsBroadcastChannelName} by a tab whose worker waits for
+ * the build lock, unless an automatic reload loaded the page, when it starts
+ * waiting and for each {@link BuildWaitingRequest}. A tab connected to another
+ * worker reloads for it; see Builds.
+ */
+export const BuildWaiting = /*#__PURE__*/ object({
+    type: /*#__PURE__*/ literal("BuildWaiting"),
+    workerId: SharedWorkerId,
+});
+/**
+ * Posted on {@link buildsBroadcastChannelName} by a tab once it connects, asking
+ * tabs whose worker waits to post {@link BuildWaiting} again; see Builds.
+ */
+export const BuildWaitingRequest = /*#__PURE__*/ object({
+    type: /*#__PURE__*/ literal("BuildWaitingRequest"),
+});
+/**
+ * Folds the routes of every writable owner registration of every running
+ * database in a {@link SyncState} into one {@link OwnerSyncState} per database
+ * and owner, which pairs each route with its transport as a
+ * {@link RelaySyncState}. A database that refused startup and a readonly
+ * registration synchronize nothing, so they are left out.
+ *
+ * ### Example
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import {
+ *   assertEqual,
+ *   createId,
+ *   Millis,
+ *   testCreateDeps,
+ *   testName,
+ * } from "@evolu/common";
+ * import {
+ *   syncStateToOwnerSyncStates,
+ *   testAppOwner,
+ *   type SyncRoute,
+ *   type SyncState,
+ *   type SyncTransport,
+ * } from "@evolu/common/local-first";
+ *
+ * const deps = testCreateDeps();
+ * const transport: SyncTransport = {
+ *   id: createId<"SyncTransport">(deps),
+ *   label: "wss://relay.example",
+ *   readyState: "open",
+ *   openedAt: null,
+ *   closedAt: null,
+ *   error: null,
+ * };
+ * const route: SyncRoute = {
+ *   transportId: transport.id,
+ *   complete: true,
+ *   completeAt: Millis.orThrow(1000),
+ *   lastSentAt: Millis.orThrow(900),
+ *   lastReceivedAt: Millis.orThrow(1000),
+ *   error: null,
+ * };
+ * const state: SyncState = {
+ *   transports: [transport],
+ *   tenants: [
+ *     {
+ *       name: testName,
+ *       refused: false,
+ *       owners: [
+ *         {
+ *           ownerId: testAppOwner.id,
+ *           writable: true,
+ *           transportIds: [transport.id],
+ *           routes: [route],
+ *         },
+ *       ],
+ *     },
+ *   ],
+ * };
+ *
+ * assertEqual(syncStateToOwnerSyncStates(state), [
+ *   {
+ *     name: testName,
+ *     ownerId: testAppOwner.id,
+ *     status: "synced",
+ *     syncedAt: Millis.orThrow(1000),
+ *     error: null,
+ *     relays: [{ transport, route, status: "synced" }],
+ *   },
+ * ]);
+ * ```
+ */
+export const syncStateToOwnerSyncStates = (state) => {
+    const transportById = new Map(state.transports.map((transport) => [transport.id, transport]));
+    return state.tenants.flatMap(({ name, refused, owners }) => refused
+        ? []
+        : owners.flatMap(({ ownerId, writable, routes }) => {
+            if (!writable)
+                return [];
+            let syncedAt = null;
+            let error = null;
+            const relays = [];
+            for (const route of routes) {
+                if (route.completeAt !== null &&
+                    (syncedAt === null || route.completeAt > syncedAt))
+                    syncedAt = route.completeAt;
+                if (route.error !== null &&
+                    (error === null || route.error.at > error.at))
+                    error = route.error;
+                // A snapshot lists the transport of every route.
+                const transport = transportById.get(route.transportId);
+                assertNonNullable(transport);
+                relays.push({
+                    transport,
+                    route,
+                    status: route.error !== null
+                        ? "error"
+                        : route.complete
+                            ? "synced"
+                            : transport.readyState === "open"
+                                ? "syncing"
+                                : "offline",
+                });
+            }
+            const status = ["error", "syncing", "synced", "offline"].find((candidate) => relays.some((relay) => relay.status === candidate)) ?? "initial";
+            return [{ name, ownerId, status, syncedAt, error, relays }];
+        }));
+};
+/**
+ * How long an unanswered request keeps a socket before it is replaced.
+ *
+ * A reply cannot arrive before the whole request has been received, and a reply
+ * can itself be a large frame. The browser reports no transfer progress, so the
+ * timeout must cover a 1 MB frame on a slow link: 90 seconds allows about 90
+ * kbit/s.
+ */
+const syncRequestTimeout = PositiveMillis.orThrow(90_000);
+/**
+ * The longest a transport's timeout grows after repeated timeouts: 16 times
+ * {@link syncRequestTimeout}, which covers a 1 MB frame at about 6 kbit/s.
+ */
+const maxSyncRequestTimeout = PositiveMillis.orThrow(16 * syncRequestTimeout);
+const allTransports = { type: "AllTransports" };
+const isTargetTransport = (target, transport) => target.type === "AllTransports" || target.key === structuralLookup(transport);
+// Long enough for another build's tabs to reload and its worker to end.
+const otherBuildRunningReportDelay = "3s";
+/**
+ * Initializes the platform-agnostic Evolu SharedWorker.
+ *
+ * The worker holds the build lock until it is disposed, so a platform connects
+ * every `createEvoluDeps` call in a JS runtime to one worker, as React Native
+ * does; see Builds.
+ */
 export const initSharedWorker = (self) => async (run) => {
     const env_1 = { stack: [], error: void 0, hasError: false };
     try {
@@ -81,9 +448,39 @@ export const initSharedWorker = (self) => async (run) => {
         const postConsoleEntryOrError = (output) => {
             consoleEntryOrErrorBroadcastChannel.postMessage(output);
         };
+        const workerId = createId(deps);
+        // Each worker broadcasts on its own channel, so a tab hears only the
+        // worker its port connects to.
+        const syncStateChannelName = `evolu:sync-state:${workerId}`;
+        const syncStateBroadcastChannel = disposer.use(deps.createBroadcastChannel(syncStateChannelName));
         const sharedWorkerReady = Promise.withResolvers();
+        // Until this worker holds the build lock, it tells connecting tabs that they
+        // wait, and reports a lasting wait to them; see Builds.
+        const starting = disposer.use(new DisposableStack());
+        const waitingTabPorts = [];
+        let isOtherBuildRunning = false;
+        const reportOtherBuildRunning = (port) => {
+            port.postMessage({
+                type: "Error",
+                error: { type: "OtherBuildRunningError" },
+            });
+        };
+        const otherBuildRunningTimeoutId = deps.time.setTimeout(() => {
+            isOtherBuildRunning = true;
+            for (const port of waitingTabPorts)
+                reportOtherBuildRunning(port);
+        }, otherBuildRunningReportDelay);
+        starting.defer(() => {
+            deps.time.clearTimeout(otherBuildRunningTimeoutId);
+        });
         // Register ASAP so the worker does not miss connections.
         self.onConnect = (port) => {
+            if (!starting.disposed) {
+                port.postMessage({ type: "Waiting", workerId });
+                waitingTabPorts.push(port);
+                if (isOtherBuildRunning)
+                    reportOtherBuildRunning(port);
+            }
             void sharedWorkerReady.promise.then(() => {
                 // The underlying port buffers messages until onMessage is assigned.
                 port.onMessage = (message) => {
@@ -94,10 +491,14 @@ export const initSharedWorker = (self) => async (run) => {
                             console.info("tabLeaderAnnounced");
                             break;
                         }
+                        case "RequestSyncState": {
+                            publishSyncState();
+                            break;
+                        }
                         case "CreateEvolu": {
                             void sharedWorkerRun(async (run) => {
                                 const tenantLease = await run.ok(unabortable(tenantsByName.acquire(message)));
-                                tenantLease.resource.addInstance(message, () => {
+                                tenantLease.resource.addInstance(message, port, () => {
                                     tenantLease.release();
                                 });
                                 return ok();
@@ -108,69 +509,353 @@ export const initSharedWorker = (self) => async (run) => {
                             console.error("Unknown shared worker input", message);
                     }
                 };
+                port.postMessage({
+                    type: "Connected",
+                    workerId,
+                    syncStateChannelName,
+                });
+                if (isPersistentStorageUnavailable) {
+                    port.postMessage({ type: "StorageUnavailable" });
+                }
             });
         };
+        // Released after every tenant and DbWorker is disposed. Earlier releases
+        // take the same lock in their leader tab; see Builds.
+        disposer.use(await run.ok(acquireLeaderLock("tab")));
+        starting.dispose();
+        // Checked once, before any DbWorker starts, so every DbWorker of this
+        // worker, replacements included, keeps its database in memory; see
+        // Storage.
+        const isPersistentStorageUnavailable = deps.isPersistentStorageAvailable !== undefined &&
+            !(await deps.isPersistentStorageAvailable());
         disposer.defer(deps.consoleStoreOutputEntry.subscribe(() => {
             const entry = deps.consoleStoreOutputEntry.get();
             if (entry)
                 postConsoleEntryOrError({ type: "ConsoleEntry", entry });
         }));
         const currentTenantsByName = new Map();
-        const transports = disposer.use(await run.ok(createSharedResourceByKeyWithClaims((transport) => deps.createWebSocket(transport.url, {
-            binaryType: "arraybuffer",
-            onOpen: () => {
-                const ownerIds = transports.getClaimsForResource(transport);
-                console.debug("transportOpen", {
-                    url: transport.url,
-                    ownerIds: [...ownerIds],
-                });
-                forEachTenant((tenant) => {
-                    tenant.requestCreateSyncMessages(ownerIds);
-                });
-            },
-            onMessage(data) {
-                if (!(data instanceof ArrayBuffer))
+        const transportsByKey = new Map();
+        let isDisposed = false;
+        disposer.defer(() => {
+            isDisposed = true;
+        });
+        // Changes within one task publish once.
+        let isPublishScheduled = false;
+        const publishSyncState = () => {
+            if (isDisposed || isPublishScheduled)
+                return;
+            isPublishScheduled = true;
+            queueMicrotask(() => {
+                isPublishScheduled = false;
+                if (isDisposed)
                     return;
-                const message = new Uint8Array(data);
-                const headerResult = parseProtocolHeader(message);
-                if (!headerResult.ok) {
-                    console.debug("transportInvalidProtocolMessage", {
-                        url: transport.url,
-                        byteLength: message.byteLength,
-                    });
+                const transports = [...transportsByKey.values()].map(({ id, label, socket, openedAt, closedAt, error, }) => ({
+                    id,
+                    label,
+                    // The transport drops its socket before disposal, so this never
+                    // reads a disposed one.
+                    readyState: socket?.getReadyState() ?? "connecting",
+                    openedAt,
+                    closedAt,
+                    error,
+                }));
+                const tenants = [...currentTenantsByName.values()].map((tenant) => {
+                    const { name, refused, owners } = tenant.getSyncTenant();
+                    return {
+                        name,
+                        refused,
+                        owners: owners.map(({ ownerId, writable, transportKeys, routes }) => ({
+                            ownerId,
+                            writable,
+                            transportIds: transportKeys.flatMap((key) => {
+                                const entry = transportsByKey.get(key);
+                                return entry ? [entry.id] : [];
+                            }),
+                            routes: routes.flatMap(({ transportKey, ...route }) => {
+                                const entry = transportsByKey.get(transportKey);
+                                return entry ? [{ transportId: entry.id, ...route }] : [];
+                            }),
+                        })),
+                    };
+                });
+                // A grown timeout lasts while a request is outstanding on the socket
+                // or a database that has not refused startup has an incomplete route
+                // through it. Every change to either publishes, including a route that
+                // goes away without completing.
+                const incompleteTransportIds = new Set();
+                for (const { refused, owners } of tenants) {
+                    if (refused)
+                        continue;
+                    for (const { routes } of owners)
+                        for (const { transportId, complete } of routes)
+                            if (!complete)
+                                incompleteTransportIds.add(transportId);
+                }
+                for (const entry of transportsByKey.values())
+                    if (entry.outstandingByOwnerId.size === 0 &&
+                        !incompleteTransportIds.has(entry.id))
+                        entry.timeout = syncRequestTimeout;
+                syncStateBroadcastChannel.postMessage({ transports, tenants });
+            });
+        };
+        // Socket counters and owner claims are shared by all tenants. Refresh
+        // after their complete event, independently of snapshot publication.
+        const refreshAllSyncRoutes = () => {
+            for (const tenant of currentTenantsByName.values())
+                tenant.refreshSyncRoutes();
+        };
+        const clearSyncRequestTimeout = (entry) => {
+            if (entry.timeoutId === null)
+                return;
+            deps.time.clearTimeout(entry.timeoutId);
+            entry.timeoutId = null;
+        };
+        const armSyncRequestTimeout = (entry, delay) => {
+            entry.timeoutId = deps.time.setTimeout(() => {
+                entry.timeoutId = null;
+                // Frames for other owners prove the socket alive, not that this
+                // owner's request was received, so each owner's silence is measured
+                // separately.
+                const now = deps.time.performance.now();
+                let shortestRemaining = null;
+                let isTimedOut = false;
+                for (const { silentSince } of entry.outstandingByOwnerId.values()) {
+                    const remaining = entry.timeout - performanceDurationBetween(silentSince, now);
+                    if (remaining <= 0)
+                        isTimedOut = true;
+                    else if (shortestRemaining === null || remaining < shortestRemaining)
+                        shortestRemaining = remaining;
+                }
+                if (!isTimedOut) {
+                    if (shortestRemaining === null)
+                        return;
+                    // Timer delays use integer milliseconds; round up to wait at least
+                    // the remaining fractional duration.
+                    armSyncRequestTimeout(entry, PositiveMillis.orThrow(Math.ceil(shortestRemaining)));
                     return;
                 }
-                console.debug("transportProtocolMessage", {
-                    url: transport.url,
-                    ownerId: headerResult.value.ownerId,
-                    byteLength: message.byteLength,
-                });
-                forEachTenant((tenant) => {
-                    tenant.requestApplySyncMessage(headerResult.value.ownerId, message);
-                });
-            },
-        }), {
-            onFirstClaimAdded: (ownerId, webSocket) => {
-                if (!webSocket.isOpen())
+                // A request went unanswered for the whole timeout: it was lost, the
+                // connection is dead, or the link is too slow for the frames ahead of
+                // its reply. A frame that never arrives whole saves nothing, so on a
+                // slow link the same reply would time out forever. Doubling the
+                // timeout lets it arrive after a reconnect that opens fine.
+                entry.timeout = PositiveMillis.orThrow(Math.min(entry.timeout * 2, maxSyncRequestTimeout));
+                // Reconnecting abandons the connection and starts a fresh retry
+                // schedule. The socket reports no close for it, so the transport
+                // records the moment here.
+                entry.socket?.reconnect();
+                // `now` is monotonic; the reported close time is wall clock.
+                entry.closedAt = deps.time.now();
+                refreshAllSyncRoutes();
+                publishSyncState();
+            }, delay);
+        };
+        const syncRequests = {
+            noteSent: (ownerId, key) => {
+                const entry = transportsByKey.get(key);
+                if (!entry)
                     return;
-                forEachTenant((tenant) => {
-                    tenant.requestCreateSyncMessages(new Set([ownerId]));
+                const outstanding = entry.outstandingByOwnerId.get(ownerId);
+                if (outstanding)
+                    outstanding.count++;
+                else
+                    entry.outstandingByOwnerId.set(ownerId, {
+                        count: 1,
+                        silentSince: deps.time.performance.now(),
+                    });
+                if (entry.timeoutId === null)
+                    armSyncRequestTimeout(entry, entry.timeout);
+                publishSyncState();
+            },
+            getOutstanding: (ownerId, key) => transportsByKey.get(key)?.outstandingByOwnerId.get(ownerId)?.count ?? 0,
+        };
+        const transports = disposer.use(await run.ok(createSharedResourceByKeyWithClaims((transport) => async (run) => {
+            const env_2 = { stack: [], error: void 0, hasError: false };
+            try {
+                const key = structuralLookup(transport);
+                // The query carries the owner ID; WebSocket accepts URLs that
+                // URL() rejects, so the label is derived without parsing.
+                const queryIndex = transport.url.indexOf("?");
+                const entry = {
+                    id: createId(run.deps),
+                    label: queryIndex === -1
+                        ? transport.url
+                        : transport.url.slice(0, queryIndex),
+                    outstandingByOwnerId: new Map(),
+                    timeout: syncRequestTimeout,
+                    socket: null,
+                    openedAt: null,
+                    closedAt: null,
+                    error: null,
+                    timeoutId: null,
+                };
+                const disposer = __addDisposableResource(env_2, new AsyncDisposableStack(), true);
+                // Registered before the socket, so an aborted creation also
+                // forgets the transport.
+                disposer.defer(() => {
+                    transportsByKey.delete(key);
+                    refreshAllSyncRoutes();
+                    publishSyncState();
+                });
+                transportsByKey.set(key, entry);
+                publishSyncState();
+                const socket = await run.ok(deps.createWebSocket(transport.url, {
+                    binaryType: "arraybuffer",
+                    onOpen: () => {
+                        // Requests in flight on the previous connection are never
+                        // answered.
+                        entry.outstandingByOwnerId.clear();
+                        clearSyncRequestTimeout(entry);
+                        entry.openedAt = run.deps.time.now();
+                        publishSyncState();
+                        const ownerIds = transports.getClaimsForResource(transport);
+                        console.debug("transportOpen", {
+                            url: transport.url,
+                            ownerIds: [...ownerIds],
+                        });
+                        const target = {
+                            type: "Transport",
+                            key: structuralLookup(transport),
+                        };
+                        forEachTenant((tenant) => {
+                            tenant.requestCreateSyncMessages(ownerIds, target);
+                        });
+                        refreshAllSyncRoutes();
+                    },
+                    onClose: (event) => {
+                        console.debug("transportClose", {
+                            url: transport.url,
+                            code: event.code,
+                            wasClean: event.wasClean,
+                        });
+                        entry.closedAt = run.deps.time.now();
+                        clearSyncRequestTimeout(entry);
+                        refreshAllSyncRoutes();
+                        publishSyncState();
+                    },
+                    onError: (error) => {
+                        console.debug("transportError", {
+                            url: transport.url,
+                            type: error.type,
+                        });
+                        entry.error = {
+                            type: error.type,
+                            at: run.deps.time.now(),
+                        };
+                        refreshAllSyncRoutes();
+                        publishSyncState();
+                    },
+                    onMessage(data) {
+                        if (!(data instanceof ArrayBuffer))
+                            return;
+                        const message = new Uint8Array(data);
+                        const headerResult = parseProtocolHeader(message);
+                        if (!headerResult.ok) {
+                            console.debug("transportInvalidProtocolMessage", {
+                                url: transport.url,
+                                byteLength: message.byteLength,
+                            });
+                            return;
+                        }
+                        console.debug("transportProtocolMessage", {
+                            url: transport.url,
+                            ownerId: headerResult.value.ownerId,
+                            byteLength: message.byteLength,
+                        });
+                        // A Response, or a version-mismatch reply without a message
+                        // type, answers a request.
+                        const { messageType } = headerResult.value;
+                        if (messageType === MessageType.Response ||
+                            messageType === undefined) {
+                            const { ownerId } = headerResult.value;
+                            const outstanding = entry.outstandingByOwnerId.get(ownerId);
+                            if (outstanding) {
+                                outstanding.count--;
+                                outstanding.silentSince = run.deps.time.performance.now();
+                                if (outstanding.count === 0)
+                                    entry.outstandingByOwnerId.delete(ownerId);
+                            }
+                            if (entry.outstandingByOwnerId.size === 0)
+                                clearSyncRequestTimeout(entry);
+                            publishSyncState();
+                        }
+                        forEachTenant((tenant) => {
+                            tenant.requestApplySyncMessage(headerResult.value.ownerId, message, {
+                                type: "Transport",
+                                key: structuralLookup(transport),
+                            });
+                        });
+                        // Do not complete a sibling after decrementing the shared
+                        // counter but before its apply has been queued.
+                        refreshAllSyncRoutes();
+                    },
+                }));
+                disposer.use(socket);
+                // LIFO: the transport drops its timer and its socket reference
+                // before the socket is disposed. `disposable` guards every method
+                // of the socket the claims lease, and disposing the socket awaits
+                // its retry, so a `publishSyncState` microtask can run while this
+                // entry is still registered. It must find no socket rather than
+                // read a disposed one.
+                disposer.defer(() => {
+                    clearSyncRequestTimeout(entry);
+                    entry.socket = null;
+                    refreshAllSyncRoutes();
                 });
+                const disposables = disposer.move();
+                entry.socket = socket;
+                refreshAllSyncRoutes();
+                publishSyncState();
+                // `disposable` replaces the socket's disposal method in place, but
+                // `disposer.use` above already captured the original, so disposing
+                // `disposables` disposes the socket rather than recursing.
+                return ok(disposable(socket, disposables));
+            }
+            catch (e_2) {
+                env_2.error = e_2;
+                env_2.hasError = true;
+            }
+            finally {
+                const result_2 = __disposeResources(env_2);
+                if (result_2)
+                    await result_2;
+            }
+        }, {
+            onFirstClaimAdded: (ownerId, webSocket, transport) => {
+                if (webSocket.isOpen()) {
+                    const target = {
+                        type: "Transport",
+                        key: structuralLookup(transport),
+                    };
+                    forEachTenant((tenant) => {
+                        tenant.requestCreateSyncMessages(new Set([ownerId]), target);
+                    });
+                }
+                refreshAllSyncRoutes();
             },
-            onLastClaimRemoved: (ownerId, webSocket) => {
-                webSocket.send(createProtocolMessageForUnsubscribe(ownerId));
+            onLastClaimRemoved: (ownerId, webSocket, transport) => {
+                if (webSocket.isOpen()) {
+                    webSocket.send(createProtocolMessageForUnsubscribe(ownerId));
+                    syncRequests.noteSent(ownerId, structuralLookup(transport));
+                }
+                refreshAllSyncRoutes();
             },
             // Keep sockets alive briefly across short owner churn.
             idleDisposeAfter: "3s",
             resourceLookup: structuralLookup,
         })));
-        const sharedWorkerRun = run.create({
+        const sharedWorkerRun = disposer.use(run.create({
             ...deps,
             postConsoleEntryOrError,
+            publishSyncState,
+            refreshAllSyncRoutes,
+            syncRequests,
             tabLeaderPortStore,
             transports,
-        });
-        const tenantsByName = disposer.use(await sharedWorkerRun.ok(createSharedResourceByKey((message) => createEvoluTenant(message, currentTenantsByName), {
+        }));
+        const tenantsByName = disposer.use(await sharedWorkerRun.ok(createSharedResourceByKey((message) => createEvoluTenant(isPersistentStorageUnavailable
+            ? { ...message, memoryOnly: true }
+            : message, currentTenantsByName), {
             idleDisposeAfter: "3s",
             lookup: (message) => message.name,
         })));
@@ -192,51 +877,144 @@ export const initSharedWorker = (self) => async (run) => {
     }
 };
 const createEvoluTenant = ({ name, consoleLevel, sqliteSchema, encryptionKey, memoryOnly, }, currentTenantsByName) => async (run) => {
-    const env_2 = { stack: [], error: void 0, hasError: false };
+    const env_3 = { stack: [], error: void 0, hasError: false };
     try {
-        const disposer = __addDisposableResource(env_2, new AsyncDisposableStack(), true);
+        const disposer = __addDisposableResource(env_3, new AsyncDisposableStack(), true);
         const tenantRun = disposer.use(run.create());
         const { deps } = run;
         const console = deps.console.child(name).child("SharedWorker");
         const instancesById = disposer.adopt(new Map(), async (instancesById) => {
-            const env_3 = { stack: [], error: void 0, hasError: false };
+            const env_4 = { stack: [], error: void 0, hasError: false };
             try {
-                const disposer = __addDisposableResource(env_3, new AsyncDisposableStack(), true);
+                const disposer = __addDisposableResource(env_4, new AsyncDisposableStack(), true);
                 for (const instance of instancesById.values()) {
                     disposer.use(instance);
                 }
             }
-            catch (e_3) {
-                env_3.error = e_3;
-                env_3.hasError = true;
+            catch (e_4) {
+                env_4.error = e_4;
+                env_4.hasError = true;
             }
             finally {
-                const result_3 = __disposeResources(env_3);
-                if (result_3)
-                    await result_3;
+                const result_4 = __disposeResources(env_4);
+                if (result_4)
+                    await result_4;
             }
         });
         let dbWorkerPort = null;
         const dbWorkerInited = Promise.withResolvers();
         const initDbWorker = () => {
+            // Without a tab leader yet, the store subscription starts the DbWorker
+            // once a tab announces itself.
             const tabLeaderPort = deps.tabLeaderPortStore.get();
-            assertNonNullable(tabLeaderPort);
+            if (startupError || !tabLeaderPort)
+                return;
             const dbWorkerChannel = deps.createMessageChannel();
             const currentDbWorkerPort = dbWorkerChannel.port2;
             currentDbWorkerPort.onMessage = (message) => {
                 switch (message.type) {
                     case "LeaderAcquired": {
                         assertNotSame(dbWorkerPort, currentDbWorkerPort);
+                        if (startupError || isDisposing) {
+                            // This worker was requested before the refusal or before
+                            // disposal started. The tenant will not use it, so let it
+                            // release the database lock.
+                            currentDbWorkerPort.postMessage({ type: "Dispose" });
+                            currentDbWorkerPort[Symbol.dispose]();
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        const replacesLeader = dbWorkerPort !== null;
                         dbWorkerPort?.[Symbol.dispose]();
                         dbWorkerPort = currentDbWorkerPort;
-                        queueRequestInFlight = false;
+                        activeDispatch = null;
+                        // A replacement may advance the clock by releasing quarantine, or
+                        // start behind it with an empty memoryOnly database. Keep the
+                        // greater clock; pending writes retain their captured inputs.
+                        if (sessionClock === null ||
+                            orderTimestamp(sessionClock, message.clock) === -1) {
+                            sessionClock = message.clock;
+                        }
+                        // A replacement leader may have committed writes whose responses
+                        // were lost, and may have released quarantine at startup. A lost
+                        // response may also have reported stored owner messages, so the
+                        // owners reconcile through every transport again.
+                        if (replacesLeader) {
+                            refreshQueries();
+                            const usedOwnerIds = new Set();
+                            for (const instance of instancesById.values()) {
+                                for (const { owner } of instance.ownerRegistrations.keys()) {
+                                    usedOwnerIds.add(owner.id);
+                                }
+                            }
+                            requestCreateSyncMessages(usedOwnerIds, allTransports);
+                        }
                         console.info("leaderAcquired");
                         dbWorkerInited.resolve();
                         runQueue();
                         break;
                     }
+                    case "LeaderRefused": {
+                        assertNotSame(dbWorkerPort, currentDbWorkerPort);
+                        // The worker refused startup and is releasing its resources.
+                        // Requests stay unanswered until their instances are disposed.
+                        // Keep the tenant unavailable, tell each connected tab once, and
+                        // tell tabs that connect later without starting another worker.
+                        dbWorkerPort?.[Symbol.dispose]();
+                        dbWorkerPort = null;
+                        currentDbWorkerPort[Symbol.dispose]();
+                        activeDispatch = null;
+                        queue.length = 0;
+                        pendingWriteCountByOwnerId.clear();
+                        pendingApplyCountForAllRoutesByOwnerId.clear();
+                        ownerTransportApplyRelation.clear();
+                        startupError = message.error;
+                        refreshSyncRoutes();
+                        deps.publishSyncState();
+                        console.info("leaderRefused", message.error);
+                        for (const instance of instancesById.values()) {
+                            reportRefusal(instance.tabPort, message.error);
+                        }
+                        dbWorkerInited.resolve();
+                        break;
+                    }
                     case "OnQueuedResponse": {
-                        callbacks.execute(message.callbackId, message);
+                        if (activeDispatch?.attemptId !== message.attemptId)
+                            return;
+                        const { entry } = activeDispatch;
+                        const { response } = message;
+                        if (response.message.type === "Mutate" ||
+                            response.message.type === "ApplySyncMessage") {
+                            // Replays report their computed clock, which a replacement
+                            // leader may have passed at startup. Keep the greater clock.
+                            assertNonNullable(sessionClock);
+                            if (orderTimestamp(sessionClock, response.message.clock) === -1) {
+                                sessionClock = response.message.clock;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        switch (entry.type) {
+                            case "Read":
+                            case "Write":
+                                assertSame(response.type, "ForEvolu");
+                                handleResponseForEvolu(response, entry.request);
+                                break;
+                            case "CreateSyncMessages":
+                            case "ApplySyncMessage":
+                                assertSame(response.type, "ForSharedWorker");
+                                handleResponseForSharedWorker(response, entry);
+                                break;
+                            default:
+                                exhaustiveCheck(entry);
+                        }
+                        const head = queue.shift();
+                        assertNonNullable(head);
+                        updatePendingWork(head, -1);
+                        activeDispatch = null;
+                        // Follow-up uploads and retries are already queued or sent. Only
+                        // now can removing the completed head establish convergence.
+                        refreshSyncRoutes();
+                        if (entry.type === "Write" && entry.replicatedOwnerIds.size > 0)
+                            deps.publishSyncState();
+                        runQueue();
                         break;
                     }
                 }
@@ -251,148 +1029,408 @@ const createEvoluTenant = ({ name, consoleLevel, sqliteSchema, encryptionKey, me
                 port: dbWorkerChannel.port1.native,
             }, [dbWorkerChannel.port1.native]);
         };
+        const refreshQueries = (exceptInstanceId) => {
+            for (const [id, instance] of instancesById) {
+                if (id === exceptInstanceId)
+                    continue;
+                instance.port.postMessage({ type: "RefreshQueries" });
+            }
+        };
         const queue = [];
-        const callbacks = disposer.use(createCallbacks(run.deps));
-        let queueRequestInFlight = false;
+        const pendingWriteCountByOwnerId = new Map();
+        const pendingApplyCountForAllRoutesByOwnerId = new Map();
+        // Queued applies of relay frames, counted per owner and source transport.
+        const ownerTransportApplyRelation = createRefCountedRelation();
+        const updatePendingCount = (counts, key, delta) => {
+            const count = (counts.get(key) ?? 0) + delta;
+            assert(count >= 0, "Pending queue count must not become negative");
+            if (count === 0)
+                counts.delete(key);
+            else
+                counts.set(key, count);
+        };
+        // Count each queued entry once, including the dispatched head. Dispatch
+        // and leader replacement leave it queued, so neither changes the counts.
+        const updatePendingWork = (entry, delta) => {
+            switch (entry.type) {
+                case "Read":
+                case "CreateSyncMessages":
+                    break;
+                case "Write":
+                    for (const ownerId of entry.replicatedOwnerIds)
+                        updatePendingCount(pendingWriteCountByOwnerId, ownerId, delta);
+                    break;
+                case "ApplySyncMessage": {
+                    const ownerId = entry.request.message.owner.id;
+                    // A sibling's local copy holds every route, even when its upload
+                    // target was a single transport.
+                    if (entry.source.type === "Local") {
+                        updatePendingCount(pendingApplyCountForAllRoutesByOwnerId, ownerId, delta);
+                    }
+                    else if (delta === 1) {
+                        ownerTransportApplyRelation.increment(ownerId, entry.source.key);
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        ownerTransportApplyRelation.decrement(ownerId, entry.source.key);
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+                default:
+                    exhaustiveCheck(entry);
+            }
+        };
+        // Every queue mutation updates the pending-work counts with it.
+        const enqueueRequest = (entry) => {
+            updatePendingWork(entry, 1);
+            queue.push(entry);
+        };
+        let sessionClock = null;
+        let startupError = null;
+        let isDisposing = false;
+        // Each tab is told once during this tenant's lifetime, through its own
+        // connection. Recreating the tenant after idle disposal retries startup
+        // and may report the refusal again.
+        const refusedTabPorts = new WeakSet();
+        const reportRefusal = (tabPort, error) => {
+            if (refusedTabPorts.has(tabPort))
+                return;
+            refusedTabPorts.add(tabPort);
+            tabPort.postMessage({ type: "Error", error });
+        };
+        let activeDispatch = null;
         const runQueue = () => {
-            if (queueRequestInFlight || !isNonEmptyArray(queue) || !dbWorkerPort) {
+            if (activeDispatch || !isNonEmptyArray(queue) || !dbWorkerPort)
                 return;
+            assertNonNullable(sessionClock);
+            const entry = firstInArray(queue);
+            const attemptId = createId(run.deps);
+            activeDispatch = { entry, attemptId };
+            if (entry.type === "Write" || entry.type === "ApplySyncMessage") {
+                // A write captures its inputs on first dispatch, so a retry after
+                // leader replacement reproduces the same timestamps.
+                entry.now ??= run.deps.time.now();
+                entry.clock ??= sessionClock;
+                dbWorkerPort.postMessage({
+                    type: "Request",
+                    attemptId,
+                    request: entry.request,
+                    clock: entry.clock,
+                    now: entry.now,
+                });
+            }
+            else {
+                dbWorkerPort.postMessage({
+                    type: "Request",
+                    attemptId,
+                    request: entry.request,
+                });
             }
-            const request = firstInArray(queue);
-            const callbackId = callbacks.register(({ response }) => {
-                switch (response.type) {
-                    case "ForEvolu": {
-                        handleResponseForEvolu(response, request);
-                        break;
-                    }
-                    case "ForSharedWorker":
-                        handleResponseForSharedWorker(response);
-                        break;
-                }
-                // Complete the current queue item and continue with the next one.
-                queue.shift();
-                queueRequestInFlight = false;
-                runQueue();
-            });
-            queueRequestInFlight = true;
-            dbWorkerPort.postMessage({ type: "Request", callbackId, request });
         };
         disposer.defer(async () => {
-            const env_4 = { stack: [], error: void 0, hasError: false };
+            const env_5 = { stack: [], error: void 0, hasError: false };
             try {
+                isDisposing = true;
                 dbWorkerPort?.postMessage({ type: "Dispose" });
                 dbWorkerPort = null;
-                queueRequestInFlight = false;
+                activeDispatch = null;
                 // The DbWorker holds this tenant leader lock while it is alive. Tenant
                 // disposal sends Dispose, then acquires the same lock to wait until the
                 // DbWorker releases it: either because Dispose was delivered or because
-                // the hosting tab closed. The wait is unabortable because tenant disposal
-                // must finish even after tenantRun receives an abort request.
-                const _ = __addDisposableResource(env_4, await tenantRun.ok(acquireLeaderLock(name)), true);
+                // the hosting tab closed. A worker requested from a later tab leader may
+                // be queued for the lock first; it is told to stop when it reports in.
+                // The wait is unabortable because tenant disposal must finish even after
+                // tenantRun receives an abort request.
+                const _ = __addDisposableResource(env_5, await tenantRun.ok(acquireLeaderLock(name)), true);
             }
-            catch (e_4) {
-                env_4.error = e_4;
-                env_4.hasError = true;
+            catch (e_5) {
+                env_5.error = e_5;
+                env_5.hasError = true;
             }
             finally {
-                const result_4 = __disposeResources(env_4);
-                if (result_4)
-                    await result_4;
+                const result_5 = __disposeResources(env_5);
+                if (result_5)
+                    await result_5;
             }
         });
-        disposer.defer(deps.tabLeaderPortStore.subscribe(initDbWorker));
-        initDbWorker();
-        await dbWorkerInited.promise;
         const handleResponseForEvolu = (response, first) => {
+            // A disposed instance gets no patches, but its committed write still
+            // synchronizes.
             const instance = instancesById.get(response.id);
-            if (!instance)
-                return;
             switch (response.message.type) {
                 case "Mutate":
                 case "Query": {
-                    const nextRowsByQuery = new Map(instance.rowsByQuery);
-                    const patchesByQuery = new Map();
-                    for (const [query, rows] of response.message.rowsByQuery) {
-                        nextRowsByQuery.set(query, rows);
-                        patchesByQuery.set(query, makePatches(instance.rowsByQuery.get(query), rows));
+                    if (instance) {
+                        const nextRowsByQuery = new Map(instance.rowsByQuery);
+                        const patchesByQuery = new Map();
+                        for (const [query, rows] of response.message.rowsByQuery) {
+                            nextRowsByQuery.set(query, rows);
+                            patchesByQuery.set(query, makePatches(instance.rowsByQuery.get(query), rows));
+                        }
+                        instance.rowsByQuery = nextRowsByQuery;
+                        instance.port.postMessage({
+                            type: "OnPatchesByQuery",
+                            patchesByQuery,
+                            onCompleteIds: first.message.type === "Mutate"
+                                ? first.message.onCompleteIds
+                                : emptyArray,
+                        });
                     }
-                    instance.rowsByQuery = nextRowsByQuery;
-                    instance.port.postMessage({
-                        type: "OnPatchesByQuery",
-                        patchesByQuery,
-                        onCompleteIds: first.message.type === "Mutate"
-                            ? first.message.onCompleteIds
-                            : emptyArray,
-                    });
                     if (response.message.type === "Mutate") {
-                        for (const [instanceId, instance] of instancesById) {
-                            if (instanceId === response.id)
-                                continue;
-                            instance.port.postMessage({
-                                type: "RefreshQueries",
-                            });
-                        }
+                        refreshQueries(response.id);
                         const protocolMessagesByOwnerId = new Map();
-                        for (const syncOwner of instance.usedSyncOwners.keys()) {
-                            const { owner } = syncOwner;
-                            const messages = response.message.messagesByOwnerId.get(owner.id);
-                            // Skip owners this instance does not currently sync for
-                            // writing. Read-only owners cannot produce protocol
-                            // messages because they do not have a write key.
-                            if (!messages || !("writeKey" in owner))
+                        // The database's writable registrations upload the write,
+                        // whichever instance made it and whether it is still alive.
+                        const writersById = getUsedOwnersById(new Set(response.message.messagesByOwnerId.keys()));
+                        for (const [ownerId, messages] of response.message
+                            .messagesByOwnerId) {
+                            // Uploading requires the write key. A write for an owner without
+                            // a writable registration waits for the round that its first
+                            // writable registration starts.
+                            const owner = writersById.get(ownerId);
+                            if (!owner)
                                 continue;
-                            protocolMessagesByOwnerId.set(owner.id, createProtocolMessageFromCrdtMessages(run.deps)(owner, messages));
+                            protocolMessagesByOwnerId.set(ownerId, createProtocolMessageFromCrdtMessages(run.deps)(owner, messages));
+                            if (currentTenantsByName.size > 1) {
+                                broadcastProtocolMessages(ownerId, createProtocolBroadcastMessagesFromCrdtMessages(run.deps)(owner, messages), allTransports);
+                            }
                         }
-                        sendProtocolMessagesByOwnerId(protocolMessagesByOwnerId);
+                        sendProtocolMessagesByOwnerId(protocolMessagesByOwnerId, allTransports);
                     }
                     break;
                 }
                 case "Export":
-                    instance.port.postMessage({ type: "OnExport", file: response.message.file }, [response.message.file.buffer]);
+                    instance?.port.postMessage({ type: "OnExport", file: response.message.file }, [response.message.file.buffer]);
                     break;
             }
         };
-        const handleResponseForSharedWorker = (response) => {
-            switch (response.message.type) {
-                case "CreateSyncMessages":
-                    sendProtocolMessagesByOwnerId(response.message.protocolMessagesByOwnerId);
+        const routesByOwnerIdByKey = new Map();
+        const getRoute = (ownerId, key) => {
+            let routesByOwnerId = routesByOwnerIdByKey.get(key);
+            if (!routesByOwnerId) {
+                routesByOwnerId = new Map();
+                routesByOwnerIdByKey.set(key, routesByOwnerId);
+            }
+            let route = routesByOwnerId.get(ownerId);
+            if (!route) {
+                route = {
+                    roundRequired: true,
+                    complete: false,
+                    completeAt: null,
+                    lastSentAt: null,
+                    lastReceivedAt: null,
+                    error: null,
+                };
+                routesByOwnerId.set(ownerId, route);
+            }
+            return route;
+        };
+        const getSyncOwners = () => {
+            const ownersById = new Map();
+            for (const instance of instancesById.values()) {
+                for (const { owner } of instance.ownerRegistrations.keys()) {
+                    const entry = ownersById.get(owner.id) ?? { writable: false };
+                    entry.writable ||= "writeKey" in owner;
+                    ownersById.set(owner.id, entry);
+                }
+            }
+            return [...ownersById].map(([ownerId, { writable }]) => ({
+                ownerId,
+                writable,
+                transportKeys: getClaimedKeys(ownerId),
+            }));
+        };
+        // State-changing handlers own route transitions and claim cleanup.
+        // Reading or delaying a snapshot must not affect protocol retries.
+        // TODO: If profiling warrants it, remove quadratic transport scans per owner:
+        // traverse resources once and use a Set for cleanup membership.
+        const refreshSyncRoutes = () => {
+            const owners = getSyncOwners();
+            const ownerById = new Map(owners.map((owner) => [owner.ownerId, owner]));
+            for (const [key, routesByOwnerId] of routesByOwnerIdByKey) {
+                for (const ownerId of routesByOwnerId.keys()) {
+                    const owner = ownerById.get(ownerId);
+                    if (!owner?.writable || !owner.transportKeys.includes(key))
+                        routesByOwnerId.delete(ownerId);
+                }
+                if (routesByOwnerId.size === 0)
+                    routesByOwnerIdByKey.delete(key);
+            }
+            // Evaluate each route per the Synchronization completion rules.
+            for (const { ownerId, writable, transportKeys } of owners) {
+                if (!writable)
+                    continue;
+                for (const key of transportKeys) {
+                    const route = getRoute(ownerId, key);
+                    let isOpen = false;
+                    deps.transports.forEachResourceForClaim(ownerId, (webSocket, transport) => {
+                        if (structuralLookup(transport) === key && webSocket.isOpen())
+                            isOpen = true;
+                    });
+                    // A received frame is applied asynchronously, so the counter alone
+                    // reads zero in the middle of a chain. A dispatched entry stays
+                    // queued until it is answered. A sibling's local Broadcast contains
+                    // messages that are unstored until it is applied, so it leaves every
+                    // route of the owner incomplete.
+                    const hasQueuedApply = pendingApplyCountForAllRoutesByOwnerId.has(ownerId) ||
+                        ownerTransportApplyRelation.getCount(ownerId, key) > 0;
+                    // A replicated write's upload is sent only after the database
+                    // worker answers it. Local-only changes create no synchronization
+                    // work.
+                    const hasQueuedWrite = pendingWriteCountByOwnerId.has(ownerId);
+                    // A refused database synchronizes nothing, and refusal discards its
+                    // queued writes without uploading them.
+                    const complete = startupError === null &&
+                        isOpen &&
+                        deps.syncRequests.getOutstanding(ownerId, key) === 0 &&
+                        !hasQueuedApply &&
+                        !hasQueuedWrite &&
+                        !route.roundRequired;
+                    if (complete && !route.complete) {
+                        route.completeAt = deps.time.now();
+                        route.error = null;
+                    }
+                    route.complete = complete;
+                }
+            }
+        };
+        const handleResponseForSharedWorker = (response, entry) => {
+            switch (entry.type) {
+                case "CreateSyncMessages": {
+                    assertSame(response.message.type, "CreateSyncMessages");
+                    sendProtocolMessagesByOwnerId(response.message.protocolMessagesByOwnerId, entry.target, { isRound: true });
+                    const { failedOwnerIds } = response.message;
+                    if (failedOwnerIds.size === 0)
+                        break;
+                    // A retry would likely fail the same way, so the routes wait for an
+                    // explicit request or a reopen.
+                    const now = deps.time.now();
+                    for (const ownerId of failedOwnerIds) {
+                        deps.transports.forEachResourceForClaim(ownerId, (_, transport) => {
+                            if (!isTargetTransport(entry.target, transport))
+                                return;
+                            const route = routesByOwnerIdByKey
+                                .get(structuralLookup(transport))
+                                ?.get(ownerId);
+                            if (!route)
+                                return;
+                            route.roundRequired = true;
+                            route.error = { type: "SyncFailed", at: now };
+                        });
+                    }
+                    deps.publishSyncState();
                     break;
-                case "ApplySyncMessage":
-                    if (response.message.didWriteMessages) {
-                        for (const instance of instancesById.values()) {
-                            instance.port.postMessage({ type: "RefreshQueries" });
+                }
+                case "ApplySyncMessage": {
+                    assertSame(response.message.type, "ApplySyncMessage");
+                    const { source } = entry;
+                    const target = source.type === "Local" ? source.uploadTarget : source;
+                    const { ownerId, result } = response.message;
+                    const error = result.ok ? null : result.error;
+                    const isAborted = error?.type === "AbortError";
+                    let failure = null;
+                    if (isAborted) {
+                        // An abort proves no convergence. A local sibling copy affects
+                        // every route; a relay frame affects only its source route.
+                        // Recovery of a panicked DbWorker remains deferred.
+                        deps.transports.forEachResourceForClaim(ownerId, (_, transport) => {
+                            const key = structuralLookup(transport);
+                            if (source.type === "Transport" && source.key !== key)
+                                return;
+                            const route = routesByOwnerIdByKey.get(key)?.get(ownerId);
+                            if (route)
+                                route.roundRequired = true;
+                        });
+                    }
+                    else if (error !== null) {
+                        failure = error.type;
+                        deps.postConsoleEntryOrError({
+                            type: "Error",
+                            error,
+                        });
+                    }
+                    else if (result.ok && result.value.type === "Failed") {
+                        failure =
+                            result.value.cause === "Write" ? "WriteFailed" : "SyncFailed";
+                    }
+                    if (source.type === "Transport") {
+                        // A registration or claim may have been removed while this apply
+                        // was queued.
+                        const route = routesByOwnerIdByKey.get(source.key)?.get(ownerId);
+                        if (route) {
+                            const now = deps.time.now();
+                            // An aborted apply applied nothing.
+                            if (!isAborted)
+                                route.lastReceivedAt = now;
+                            if (failure !== null) {
+                                // The first failure since the route completed requests one
+                                // round. Further failures wait for an explicit request or a
+                                // reopen, even after a converged reply, which may answer
+                                // another request.
+                                if (route.error === null)
+                                    requestCreateSyncMessages(new Set([ownerId]), source);
+                                route.roundRequired = true;
+                                route.error = { type: failure, at: now };
+                            }
                         }
                     }
-                    if (!response.message.result.ok) {
-                        if (response.message.result.error.type !== "AbortError") {
-                            deps.postConsoleEntryOrError({
-                                type: "Error",
-                                error: response.message.result.error,
-                            });
+                    else if (failure !== null) {
+                        // A sibling's messages were not stored; rounds fetch them from
+                        // the relays.
+                        requestCreateSyncMessages(new Set([ownerId]), allTransports);
+                    }
+                    if (response.message.didWriteMessages) {
+                        refreshQueries();
+                        // Reconcile newly stored messages through each other transport.
+                        // Rounds toward the same transport coalesce whatever their source.
+                        const keys = [];
+                        deps.transports.forEachResourceForClaim(ownerId, (_, transport) => {
+                            if (isTargetTransport(target, transport))
+                                return;
+                            keys.push(structuralLookup(transport));
+                        });
+                        for (const key of keys) {
+                            requestCreateSyncMessages(new Set([ownerId]), { type: "Transport", key }, { afterQueuedWrites: false });
                         }
                     }
-                    else {
-                        switch (response.message.result.value.type) {
+                    if (result.ok) {
+                        switch (result.value.type) {
                             case "Response":
-                                sendProtocolMessagesByOwnerId(new Map([
-                                    [
-                                        response.message.ownerId,
-                                        response.message.result.value.message,
-                                    ],
-                                ]));
+                                if (result.value.broadcast) {
+                                    broadcastProtocolMessages(ownerId, [result.value.broadcast], target);
+                                }
+                                sendProtocolMessagesByOwnerId(new Map([[ownerId, result.value.message]]), target);
                                 break;
                             case "Broadcast":
-                            case "NoResponse":
+                            case "Converged":
+                            case "Readonly":
+                            case "Failed":
                                 break;
+                            default:
+                                exhaustiveCheck(result.value);
                         }
                     }
+                    deps.publishSyncState();
                     break;
+                }
+                default:
+                    exhaustiveCheck(entry);
+            }
+        };
+        const broadcastProtocolMessages = (ownerId, messages, target) => {
+            for (const [tenantName, tenant] of currentTenantsByName) {
+                if (tenantName === name)
+                    continue;
+                for (const message of messages)
+                    tenant.requestApplySyncMessage(ownerId, message, {
+                        type: "Local",
+                        uploadTarget: target,
+                    });
             }
         };
-        const sendProtocolMessagesByOwnerId = (protocolMessagesByOwnerId) => {
+        const sendProtocolMessagesByOwnerId = (protocolMessagesByOwnerId, target, { isRound = false, } = {}) => {
             for (const [ownerId, protocolMessage] of protocolMessagesByOwnerId) {
                 deps.transports.forEachResourceForClaim(ownerId, (webSocket, transport) => {
-                    if (!webSocket.isOpen())
+                    if (!isTargetTransport(target, transport) || !webSocket.isOpen())
                         return;
                     console.debug("sendProtocolMessage", {
                         ownerId,
@@ -400,13 +1438,24 @@ const createEvoluTenant = ({ name, consoleLevel, sqliteSchema, encryptionKey, me
                         byteLength: protocolMessage.byteLength,
                     });
                     webSocket.send(protocolMessage);
+                    const key = structuralLookup(transport);
+                    deps.syncRequests.noteSent(ownerId, key);
+                    const route = getRoute(ownerId, key);
+                    route.lastSentAt = deps.time.now();
+                    if (isRound)
+                        route.roundRequired = false;
                 });
             }
+            // Sends raise counters shared by every tenant; one refresh covers them.
+            if (protocolMessagesByOwnerId.size > 0)
+                deps.refreshAllSyncRoutes();
         };
+        /** The keys of every transport claimed for the owner, by any database. */
+        const getClaimedKeys = (ownerId) => [...deps.transports.getResourceKeysForClaim(ownerId)].map(structuralLookup);
         const getUsedOwnersById = (ownerIds) => {
             const ownersById = new Map();
             for (const instance of instancesById.values()) {
-                for (const { owner } of instance.usedSyncOwners.keys()) {
+                for (const { owner } of instance.ownerRegistrations.keys()) {
                     if (!ownerIds.has(owner.id) || !("writeKey" in owner))
                         continue;
                     ownersById.set(owner.id, owner);
@@ -414,84 +1463,204 @@ const createEvoluTenant = ({ name, consoleLevel, sqliteSchema, encryptionKey, me
             }
             return ownersById;
         };
+        const requestCreateSyncMessages = (ownerIds, target, { afterQueuedWrites = true, } = {}) => {
+            if (startupError)
+                return;
+            const usedOwnersById = getUsedOwnersById(ownerIds);
+            // Opening, storing messages from another transport, a failure, and an
+            // explicit request each require a new round before completion.
+            for (const ownerId of usedOwnersById.keys()) {
+                deps.transports.forEachResourceForClaim(ownerId, (_, transport) => {
+                    if (!isTargetTransport(target, transport))
+                        return;
+                    getRoute(ownerId, structuralLookup(transport)).roundRequired = true;
+                });
+            }
+            refreshSyncRoutes();
+            deps.publishSyncState();
+            const ownersToSync = [...usedOwnersById.values()].filter(({ id }) => {
+                let hasOpenTransport = false;
+                deps.transports.forEachResourceForClaim(id, (webSocket, transport) => {
+                    if (isTargetTransport(target, transport) && webSocket.isOpen())
+                        hasOpenTransport = true;
+                });
+                return hasOpenTransport;
+            });
+            if (!isNonEmptyArray(ownersToSync))
+                return;
+            // A queued round reads the database when it is dispatched, so it covers
+            // this request unless the request must also read writes queued behind
+            // that round. A dispatched round covers neither.
+            const ownerIdsToSync = new Set(ownersToSync.map(({ id }) => id));
+            const lastWriteIndex = afterQueuedWrites
+                ? queue.findLastIndex(({ type }) => type === "Write" || type === "ApplySyncMessage")
+                : -1;
+            const isQueued = queue.some((entry, index) => index > lastWriteIndex &&
+                entry !== activeDispatch?.entry &&
+                entry.type === "CreateSyncMessages" &&
+                (entry.target.type === "AllTransports" ||
+                    (target.type === "Transport" && entry.target.key === target.key)) &&
+                entry.request.message.owners.length === ownerIdsToSync.size &&
+                entry.request.message.owners.every(({ id }) => ownerIdsToSync.has(id)));
+            console.debug("requestCreateSyncMessages", {
+                ownerIds: [...ownerIdsToSync],
+                target,
+                isQueued,
+            });
+            if (isQueued)
+                return;
+            enqueueRequest({
+                type: "CreateSyncMessages",
+                request: {
+                    type: "ForSharedWorker",
+                    message: { type: "CreateSyncMessages", owners: ownersToSync },
+                },
+                target,
+            });
+            runQueue();
+        };
         const toggleSyncOwner = (instance, syncOwner, action) => async (run) => {
             if (action === "add") {
-                const env_5 = { stack: [], error: void 0, hasError: false };
-                try {
-                    instance.usedSyncOwners.increment(syncOwner);
-                    let succeeded = false;
-                    const compensation = __addDisposableResource(env_5, new DisposableStack(), false);
-                    compensation.defer(() => {
-                        if (!succeeded)
-                            instance.usedSyncOwners.decrement(syncOwner);
-                    });
-                    const claimLease = await run.ok(deps.transports.claim(syncOwner.owner.id, syncOwner.transports));
-                    instance.claimLeasesBySyncOwner
-                        .getOrInsertComputed(syncOwner, () => [])
-                        .push(claimLease);
-                    succeeded = true;
+                const ownerId = syncOwner.owner.id;
+                const isFirstWritableUse = "writeKey" in syncOwner.owner &&
+                    !getUsedOwnersById(new Set([ownerId])).has(ownerId);
+                // A transport first claimed for the owner starts every tenant's
+                // round through onFirstClaimAdded. A joining tenant also reconciles
+                // its existing history through the owner's already claimed transports.
+                // Later registrations reconcile only transports newly used here:
+                // earlier rounds may predate writes from an unregistered instance.
+                const claimedKeys = new Set(getClaimedKeys(ownerId));
+                const usedKeys = new Set();
+                for (const { ownerRegistrations } of instancesById.values()) {
+                    for (const [usedSyncOwner, leases] of ownerRegistrations) {
+                        if (usedSyncOwner.owner.id !== ownerId)
+                            continue;
+                        if (!leases.some((lease) => lease !== null))
+                            continue;
+                        for (const transport of usedSyncOwner.transports) {
+                            usedKeys.add(structuralLookup(transport));
+                        }
+                    }
                 }
-                catch (e_5) {
-                    env_5.error = e_5;
-                    env_5.hasError = true;
+                const leases = instance.ownerRegistrations.getOrInsertComputed(syncOwner, () => []);
+                // First-claim callbacks must see the owner before acquisition finishes.
+                const index = leases.push(null) - 1;
+                refreshSyncRoutes();
+                try {
+                    leases[index] = await run.ok(deps.transports.claim(ownerId, syncOwner.transports));
                 }
                 finally {
-                    __disposeResources(env_5);
+                    if (leases[index] === null) {
+                        leases.splice(index, 1);
+                        if (leases.length === 0)
+                            instance.ownerRegistrations.delete(syncOwner);
+                    }
+                    deps.refreshAllSyncRoutes();
+                }
+                const keysToSync = isFirstWritableUse
+                    ? claimedKeys
+                    : syncOwner.transports
+                        .map(structuralLookup)
+                        .filter((key) => claimedKeys.has(key) && !usedKeys.has(key));
+                for (const key of keysToSync) {
+                    requestCreateSyncMessages(new Set([ownerId]), {
+                        type: "Transport",
+                        key,
+                    });
                 }
             }
             else {
-                instance.usedSyncOwners.decrement(syncOwner);
-                const claimLeases = instance.claimLeasesBySyncOwner.get(syncOwner);
+                const claimLeases = instance.ownerRegistrations.get(syncOwner);
                 assertNotUndefined(claimLeases);
                 const claimLease = claimLeases.pop();
-                assertNotUndefined(claimLease);
+                assertNonNullable(claimLease);
                 claimLease.release();
                 if (claimLeases.length === 0) {
-                    instance.claimLeasesBySyncOwner.delete(syncOwner);
+                    instance.ownerRegistrations.delete(syncOwner);
                 }
             }
+            deps.refreshAllSyncRoutes();
+            deps.publishSyncState();
             return ok();
         };
+        // Response handlers can refresh routes as soon as the worker answers.
+        // Initialize their state and helpers before starting it.
+        disposer.defer(deps.tabLeaderPortStore.subscribe(initDbWorker));
+        initDbWorker();
+        // Without a tab leader, requests queue until one announces itself and its
+        // DbWorker reports in. Waiting for that here would stall the registry's
+        // disposal, which cannot abort a resource still being created.
+        if (deps.tabLeaderPortStore.get())
+            await dbWorkerInited.promise;
+        // Remove the tenant before any asynchronous disposal step can yield to a
+        // snapshot or another tenant's route refresh.
         disposer.defer(() => {
             currentTenantsByName.delete(name);
+            deps.publishSyncState();
         });
         const tenant = disposable({
-            addInstance: (message, onDisposed) => {
+            getSyncTenant: () => ({
+                name,
+                refused: startupError !== null,
+                owners: getSyncOwners().map(({ ownerId, writable, transportKeys }) => ({
+                    ownerId,
+                    writable,
+                    transportKeys,
+                    routes: writable
+                        ? transportKeys.map((key) => {
+                            const route = routesByOwnerIdByKey.get(key)?.get(ownerId);
+                            // Registration and claim changes refresh routes before yielding.
+                            // Snapshot reads must not create missing routes.
+                            assertNotUndefined(route);
+                            return {
+                                transportKey: key,
+                                complete: route.complete,
+                                completeAt: route.completeAt,
+                                lastSentAt: route.lastSentAt,
+                                lastReceivedAt: route.lastReceivedAt,
+                                error: route.error,
+                            };
+                        })
+                        : [],
+                })),
+            }),
+            refreshSyncRoutes,
+            addInstance: (message, tabPort, onDisposed) => {
                 const disposer = new AsyncDisposableStack();
                 const instance = {
                     id: message.id,
-                    claimLeasesBySyncOwner: createLookupMap({
+                    ownerRegistrations: createLookupMap({
                         lookup: (syncOwner) => structuralLookup({
-                            ownerId: syncOwner.owner.id,
+                            owner: syncOwner.owner,
                             transports: syncOwner.transports
                                 .map(structuralLookup)
                                 .toSorted(),
                         }),
                     }),
                     port: deps.createMessagePort(message.evoluPort),
+                    tabPort,
                     onDisposed,
                     rowsByQuery: new Map(),
                     useOwnerMutex: createMutex(),
-                    usedSyncOwners: createRefCountByKey({
-                        lookup: (syncOwner) => syncOwner.owner.id,
-                    }),
                     [Symbol.asyncDispose]: () => disposer.disposeAsync(),
                 };
                 instancesById.set(instance.id, instance);
                 disposer.defer(instance.onDisposed);
-                disposer.use(instance.usedSyncOwners);
                 disposer.defer(async () => {
-                    await tenantRun(instance.useOwnerMutex.withLock(async (run) => {
-                        for (const syncOwner of instance.usedSyncOwners.keys()) {
-                            while (instance.usedSyncOwners.has(syncOwner)) {
-                                await run(toggleSyncOwner(instance, syncOwner, "remove"));
-                            }
+                    await tenantRun(instance.useOwnerMutex.withLock(() => {
+                        for (const leases of instance.ownerRegistrations.values()) {
+                            for (const lease of leases)
+                                lease?.release();
                         }
+                        instance.ownerRegistrations.clear();
+                        deps.refreshAllSyncRoutes();
+                        deps.publishSyncState();
                         return ok();
                     }));
                 });
                 disposer.defer(() => {
                     instancesById.delete(instance.id);
+                    refreshSyncRoutes();
                     console.info("evoluDispose", { name, id: instance.id });
                 });
                 disposer.use(instance.port);
@@ -511,29 +1680,61 @@ const createEvoluTenant = ({ name, consoleLevel, sqliteSchema, encryptionKey, me
                     return instance[Symbol.asyncDispose]();
                 });
                 instance.port.onMessage = (message) => {
+                    if (startupError)
+                        return;
                     switch (message.type) {
                         case "Query":
                         case "Export": {
-                            queue.push({ type: "ForEvolu", id: instance.id, message });
+                            enqueueRequest({
+                                type: "Read",
+                                request: { type: "ForEvolu", id: instance.id, message },
+                            });
                             runQueue();
                             break;
                         }
                         case "Mutate": {
-                            // TODO: Delegate do vsech evolu instances, co to pouzivaji
-                            queue.push({ type: "ForEvolu", id: instance.id, message });
+                            const replicatedOwnerIds = new Set();
+                            for (const change of message.changes) {
+                                if (!isLocalOnlyTable(change.table))
+                                    replicatedOwnerIds.add(change.ownerId);
+                            }
+                            enqueueRequest({
+                                type: "Write",
+                                request: { type: "ForEvolu", id: instance.id, message },
+                                replicatedOwnerIds,
+                            });
+                            // Local-only changes create no synchronization work.
+                            if (replicatedOwnerIds.size > 0) {
+                                refreshSyncRoutes();
+                                deps.publishSyncState();
+                            }
                             runQueue();
                             break;
                         }
                         case "UseOwner": {
                             void tenantRun(instance.useOwnerMutex.withLock(async (run) => {
-                                for (const { owner, action } of message.actions) {
-                                    console.debug("useOwner", {
-                                        id: instance.id,
-                                        action,
-                                        ownerId: owner.owner.id,
-                                        transportUrls: owner.transports.map(({ url }) => url),
-                                    });
-                                    await run(toggleSyncOwner(instance, owner, action));
+                                for (const action of message.actions) {
+                                    switch (action.action) {
+                                        case "sync":
+                                            console.debug("requestSync", {
+                                                id: instance.id,
+                                                ownerId: action.ownerId,
+                                            });
+                                            requestCreateSyncMessages(new Set([action.ownerId]), allTransports);
+                                            break;
+                                        case "add":
+                                        case "remove":
+                                            console.debug("useOwner", {
+                                                id: instance.id,
+                                                action: action.action,
+                                                ownerId: action.owner.owner.id,
+                                                transportUrls: action.owner.transports.map(({ url }) => url),
+                                            });
+                                            await run(toggleSyncOwner(instance, action.owner, action.action));
+                                            break;
+                                        default:
+                                            exhaustiveCheck(action);
+                                    }
                                 }
                                 return ok();
                             }));
@@ -541,53 +1742,47 @@ const createEvoluTenant = ({ name, consoleLevel, sqliteSchema, encryptionKey, me
                         }
                     }
                 };
+                if (startupError)
+                    reportRefusal(instance.tabPort, startupError);
             },
-            requestCreateSyncMessages: (ownerIds) => {
-                const ownersToSync = [...getUsedOwnersById(ownerIds).values()];
-                if (!isNonEmptyArray(ownersToSync))
+            requestCreateSyncMessages,
+            requestApplySyncMessage: (ownerId, inputMessage, source) => {
+                if (startupError)
                     return;
-                console.debug("requestCreateSyncMessages", {
-                    ownerIds: ownersToSync.map(({ id }) => id),
-                });
-                queue.push({
-                    type: "ForSharedWorker",
-                    message: {
-                        type: "CreateSyncMessages",
-                        owners: ownersToSync,
-                    },
-                });
-                runQueue();
-            },
-            requestApplySyncMessage: (ownerId, inputMessage) => {
                 const owner = getUsedOwnersById(new Set([ownerId])).get(ownerId);
                 if (!owner)
                     return;
                 console.debug("requestApplySyncMessage", {
                     ownerId,
+                    source,
                     byteLength: inputMessage.byteLength,
                 });
-                queue.push({
-                    type: "ForSharedWorker",
-                    message: {
-                        type: "ApplySyncMessage",
-                        owner,
-                        inputMessage,
+                const entry = {
+                    type: "ApplySyncMessage",
+                    request: {
+                        type: "ForSharedWorker",
+                        message: { type: "ApplySyncMessage", owner, inputMessage },
                     },
-                });
+                    source,
+                };
+                enqueueRequest(entry);
+                refreshSyncRoutes();
+                deps.publishSyncState();
                 runQueue();
             },
         }, disposer);
         currentTenantsByName.set(name, tenant);
+        deps.publishSyncState();
         return ok(tenant);
     }
-    catch (e_2) {
-        env_2.error = e_2;
-        env_2.hasError = true;
+    catch (e_3) {
+        env_3.error = e_3;
+        env_3.hasError = true;
     }
     finally {
-        const result_2 = __disposeResources(env_2);
-        if (result_2)
-            await result_2;
+        const result_3 = __disposeResources(env_3);
+        if (result_3)
+            await result_3;
     }
 };
 //   | (Typed<"reset"> & {
@@ -614,15 +1809,23 @@ const createEvoluTenant = ({ name, consoleLevel, sqliteSchema, encryptionKey, me
 //     })
 // TODO: SharedWorker follow-ups.
 // - Complete the queue head when a DbWorker mutation returns an error.
-// - Make retried DbWorker requests deterministic by materializing clocks and
-//   timestamps in the SharedWorker before enqueueing them.
-// - Replace the callback registry and queueRequestInFlight flag with one
-//   explicit in-flight request state.
+// - Rotate the node ID when a copied database is detected; see the Duplicate
+//   node IDs section in the Timestamp module.
 // - Detect DbWorker and port liveness so a worker-only crash resumes the queue.
-// - Consolidate usedSyncOwners and claimLeasesBySyncOwner into one owner-use
-//   state abstraction without changing repeated-use semantics.
+//   Defer panicked-worker restart until failure detection and recovery are
+//   defined, accounting for SQLite WASM's detection limits. Normal SQLite
+//   operations are expected not to throw; user-defined UNIQUE indexes, which
+//   can make replicated writes fail, are planned to be forbidden.
 // - Split worker protocol types and the EvoluTenant implementation into focused
 //   modules.
 // - Remove the obsolete commented protocol block above.
-// - Replace the SyncState placeholder with actual sync monitoring state.
 // - Propagate invalid protocol messages to sync state.
+// - Bound sync state publishing during a bulk catch-up: every sent and applied
+//   frame changes a route timestamp, so each frame broadcasts a full snapshot
+//   to every tab. Throttling needs a wall-clock policy and a deterministic way
+//   to test it.
+// - Measure sync traffic before bounding it: several tenants using one owner
+//   multiply rounds, and a bulk catch-up from one relay starts up to one round
+//   to each other relay per frame that stores new messages, depending on queued
+//   round coalescing. Forwarding the stored messages the way mutation uploads
+//   do would replace those rounds.