@evolu/common 8.10.0 → 8.11.0

package/src/local-first/Shared.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,213 @@
 /**
  * Platform-agnostic Evolu SharedWorker.
  *
+ * ## Builds
+ *
+ * Tabs of different app builds can be open at once, for example an old tab
+ * during a deploy. Bundlers derive the worker script's URL from its content, so
+ * every build whose worker code differs gets its own SharedWorker, and all of
+ * them open the same databases. Only one may use them at a time: a request
+ * retried after another worker wrote from the same stored clock can reuse that
+ * write's timestamps and then is skipped as already stored.
+ *
+ * The worker therefore takes an origin-wide lock before it answers any tab and
+ * holds it for its lifetime. A worker of another build waits, with its tabs'
+ * messages buffered, until every tab of the first one is closed or reloaded and
+ * the browser ends it. The lock is the one that earlier releases take in their
+ * leader tab, so they are excluded too. An earlier release's worker can outlive
+ * its leader tab and resume once the lock is free; it computes new timestamps
+ * when it retries, so it cannot reuse another worker's. A tab of an earlier
+ * release that opens while a worker of this release runs gets no response to
+ * its database requests until it reloads, and until then it also blocks workers
+ * that start after this one ends.
+ *
+ * On the web, the wait is usually short, because tabs of the running build
+ * reload to load the build the server now serves:
+ *
+ * 1. A worker tells the tabs that connect before it holds the lock that they wait,
+ *    and such a tab announces the worker with {@link BuildWaiting}. It announces
+ *    again when a tab that connects asks with {@link BuildWaitingRequest}, so a
+ *    tab that started or connected after the first announcement learns of it
+ *    too.
+ * 2. A tab connected to another worker reloads with {@link ReloadApp}: at once if
+ *    the user is not in it, otherwise once they leave it, so a tab never
+ *    reloads while the user works in it. Focus can leave a page from a frame
+ *    without a window event, so such a tab checks once a second whether it
+ *    still has focus. A tab that still waits itself keeps the announcements it
+ *    receives and handles them once it connects, because the lock can pass to
+ *    its worker first.
+ * 3. A page that such a reload loaded never announces, and a tab reloads at most
+ *    once for each waiting worker, so two builds cannot keep reloading each
+ *    other, even when a reload loads the running build again. A tab without
+ *    session storage cannot record its reloads, so it does not reload.
+ *
+ * Only the web platform does this, because only there do builds coexist. A
+ * reload loses UI state the app did not persist, so apps keep drafts in
+ * local-only tables. A write a background tab has in flight can be lost, as
+ * when a tab crashes.
+ *
+ * The wait lasts while a tab of the running build does not reload: a tab of an
+ * earlier release, a tab Safari has frozen, a tab without session storage, or a
+ * tab whose reload loads the running build again, for example because another
+ * Evolu app shares the origin or a cache still serves the old build. A worker
+ * still waiting after three seconds reports {@link OtherBuildRunningError} to
+ * its tabs. Every build broadcasts console entries and errors on
+ * {@link consoleEntryOrErrorBroadcastChannelName}, so a waiting tab also prints
+ * the running build's output and reports its errors as its own `evoluError`.
+ *
+ * The tabs of one worker elect the host of its DbWorkers among themselves, with
+ * a lock scoped to the worker, so a tab of another worker never hosts them.
+ * Builds that differ only in DbWorker code share one SharedWorker, and a tab of
+ * either can host its DbWorkers.
+ *
+ * Safari suspends, rather than ends, a worker whose tabs are all in its
+ * back-forward cache, and the suspended worker keeps the lock. There, a waiting
+ * build also waits until Safari drops those pages, or until the user goes back
+ * to one of them, which reloads it on the web.
+ *
+ * ## Storage
+ *
+ * A platform that can lack persistent storage, as a browser does in Safari's
+ * Private Browsing, provides {@link PersistentStorageDep}. The worker checks it
+ * once, after it takes the build lock and before any DbWorker starts. Without
+ * persistent storage, every DbWorker it starts keeps its database in memory,
+ * replacements included, and each tab that connects is told with
+ * `StorageUnavailable`. The decision holds for the worker's lifetime, so all
+ * its tabs see one mode, and the next worker checks again.
+ *
+ * The check cannot tell a private session from a storage failure, but memory
+ * loses nothing that refusing to start would have kept, and the persistent
+ * database stays untouched. Each DbWorker keeps its own memory, so when the tab
+ * hosting it closes, or on the web navigates away, data that exists only
+ * locally or has not synced yet is lost, even though its replacement starts in
+ * memory too.
+ *
+ * ## Synchronization routing
+ *
+ * WebSocket transports are shared resources keyed by their configuration and
+ * claimed by owner ID, so every tenant (one named local database) using an
+ * owner shares that owner's sockets, whichever tenant claimed them. An incoming
+ * frame is offered to every tenant with a writable registration for its owner,
+ * and each tenant reconciles independently: the protocol exchange is stateless
+ * per message and message writes are idempotent, so a response that answered
+ * another tenant's request is still a valid reconciliation step.
+ *
+ * Traffic goes only where it is needed. A continuation returns to the transport
+ * that produced the response, and a round started by a socket opening or by a
+ * tenant's first use of a transport for an owner goes through that transport.
+ * Explicit synchronization requests and mutation uploads go to every open
+ * transport claimed for the owner. A write uploads through the database's
+ * writable registrations for its owner, whichever instance made it, even one
+ * disposed before the database worker answered. When a relay frame stores new
+ * messages, the tenant requests a round through each other transport claimed
+ * for the owner, so data learned from one relay reaches the others. A closed
+ * transport reconciles when it opens, and a replacement leader reconciles every
+ * transport again, because a response reporting stored messages may have been
+ * lost.
+ *
+ * Relays omit the sending socket when broadcasting an upload, so the uploader
+ * also delivers it as local Broadcast frames to every other tenant with
+ * writable access to the owner, even while sockets are closed. A copy keeps the
+ * uploader's target, and a recipient that stores new continuation messages
+ * reconciles them through the transports outside that target. Local delivery
+ * forwards uploads, including historical messages sent during reconciliation,
+ * but does not reconcile local database histories with each other. That waits
+ * until replication scopes and retention semantics are defined.
+ *
+ * ## Sync state
+ *
+ * The shared worker publishes one plain snapshot, {@link SyncState}, of every
+ * transport it manages and every database and owner registration it holds, with
+ * one route per writable registration and transport, as specified below.
+ * {@link syncStateToOwnerSyncStates} derives one state per database and owner.
+ *
+ * Each worker broadcasts snapshots on its own channel, whose name a connecting
+ * tab receives through its port, so a tab never hears another worker, such as
+ * one of a different app version, and
+ * {@link SyncStateDep.syncState | deps.syncState} keeps the last snapshot. The
+ * worker publishes after every change it observes; a transition without an
+ * event, such as a closed socket starting to reconnect, appears with the next
+ * snapshot. The snapshot lives in worker memory only, so a new worker starts
+ * empty.
+ *
+ * ## Synchronization completion
+ *
+ * A protocol frame carries the owner ID and the message type but nothing that
+ * correlates it with a request, and a relay answers a converged round, an
+ * upload that fits one frame, and an Unsubscribe alike with a header-only
+ * Response. Every tenant with a writable registration applies every frame for
+ * its owner, so a tenant cannot tell which response answered its own request.
+ *
+ * Completion is therefore counted, not attributed. The shared worker counts
+ * outstanding requests per owner and socket: every Request sent on an open
+ * socket, including an Unsubscribe, increments the count; every Response,
+ * including a relay's version-mismatch reply, which has no message type,
+ * decrements it; and an opening socket resets it, because requests on the
+ * previous connection are never answered. A route, one tenant's use of one
+ * owner through one transport, is complete when:
+ *
+ * - The tenant has not refused startup and the socket is open.
+ * - The count is zero.
+ * - The tenant has no apply for the owner queued for that transport or for every
+ *   transport, because a frame is applied asynchronously, so the count reads
+ *   zero in the middle of a chain.
+ * - The tenant has no replicated write for the owner queued, because its upload
+ *   is sent only after the database worker answers it.
+ * - The tenant has sent a round through the transport since the last event that
+ *   requires one: its first use of the transport for the owner, the socket
+ *   opening, an explicit request, a replacement leader, or storing messages
+ *   from another transport. No failed or aborted result has arrived on the
+ *   route since.
+ *
+ * A reconciliation chain ends only with a converged result, a failure, an
+ * abort, a dropped frame, or a continuation that finds the socket closed, and
+ * relay errors reach every applying tenant, so these conditions mean every
+ * chain, including this tenant's, converged. A local Broadcast from a sibling
+ * tenant holds every route of its owner until it is applied, because it arrives
+ * without a request of its own; one that fails to apply requires a round
+ * through every transport.
+ *
+ * A failed result on a route requests one round through it. Any further failure
+ * before the route completes waits for an explicit request or a reopen, so a
+ * persistent failure cannot loop; a converged reply in between does not end the
+ * wait, because it may answer another tenant's round on the shared socket. An
+ * aborted apply leaves its routes incomplete without a retry. An exception
+ * while the database worker creates a round is logged there and fails the
+ * round's routes with `SyncFailed` without a retry; other unexpected SQLite
+ * exceptions remain unsupported and can panic the database worker. A frame the
+ * relay silently drops, such as invalid data, leaves the count above zero until
+ * the liveness rule below replaces the socket.
+ *
+ * ### Liveness
+ *
+ * An open socket can be dead without a close event, when a NAT drops an idle
+ * mapping or the path fails while nothing is sent. The relay pings every
+ * connection and terminates one from which nothing has arrived since the
+ * previous ping, which also keeps NAT mappings alive. The shared worker
+ * reconnects a socket when a request for an owner has been outstanding for
+ * ninety seconds, enough for a 1 MB frame at about 90 kbit/s, with no Response
+ * for that owner since. Frames for other owners do not count: they prove the
+ * socket alive, not that the request was received.
+ *
+ * A slow link looks like a dead one, because the browser reports no transfer
+ * progress and a large frame saves nothing until it arrives whole. Each timeout
+ * therefore doubles the transport's timeout, up to twenty-four minutes: a
+ * connection that reopens but times out again is more likely slow than dead.
+ * The timeout belongs to the transport, not to an owner, because a small reply
+ * for one owner can wait behind another owner's large frame on the socket. A
+ * grown timeout lasts while a request is outstanding on the socket or a
+ * database that has not refused startup has an incomplete route through it,
+ * including one waiting after a failure, and ends with the transport. A reply's
+ * speed proves nothing, because a recovery on a slow link starts with small
+ * replies that arrive quickly. The reopen resets the counts and starts the open
+ * rounds, so a dropped frame delays a route instead of stranding it.
+ *
+ * The shared worker sends nothing while idle, so a path that dies then may go
+ * unnoticed until its next request; until then, changes from other devices stop
+ * arriving while routes still read complete. A periodic empty request would
+ * notice it without waiting for the app to send. That is deferred, because
+ * relay pings already keep NAT mappings alive, the common cause.
+ *
  * @module
  */
 
@@ -11,15 +218,16 @@ import {
   type NonEmptyReadonlyArray,
 } from "../Array.ts";
 import {
+  assert,
   assertNonNullable,
   assertNotSame,
   assertNotUndefined,
+  assertSame,
 } from "../Assert.ts";
 import type { Brand } from "../Brand.ts";
-import { createCallbacks } from "../Callbacks.ts";
 import type { ConsoleEntry, ConsoleLevel } from "../Console.ts";
 import type { EncryptionKey } from "../Crypto.ts";
-import { disposable } from "../Function.ts";
+import { disposable, exhaustiveCheck } from "../Function.ts";
 import { acquireLeaderLock, type LockManagerDep } from "../LockManager.ts";
 import {
   createLookupMap,
@@ -27,7 +235,8 @@ import {
   type LookupMap,
   type StructuralLookupKey,
 } from "../Lookup.ts";
-import { createRefCountByKey, type RefCountByKey } from "../RefCount.ts";
+import type { ReloadApp } from "../Platform.ts";
+import { createRefCountedRelation } from "../Relation.ts";
 import {
   createSharedResourceByKey,
   createSharedResourceByKeyWithClaims,
@@ -46,9 +255,34 @@ import {
   type Mutex,
   type Task,
 } from "../Task.ts";
-import type { ExtractTyped, Id, Name, Typed } from "../Type.ts";
+import {
+  performanceDurationBetween,
+  PositiveMillis,
+  type Millis,
+  type PerformanceTime,
+  type PositiveDuration,
+  type TimeoutId,
+} from "../Time.ts";
+import {
+  createId,
+  id,
+  literal,
+  object,
+  type ExtractTyped,
+  type Id,
+  type InferType,
+  type LiteralType,
+  type Name,
+  type ObjectType,
+  type Typed,
+} from "../Type.ts";
 import type { Callback } from "../Types.ts";
-import type { CreateWebSocketDep, WebSocket } from "../WebSocket.ts";
+import type {
+  CreateWebSocketDep,
+  WebSocket,
+  WebSocketError,
+  WebSocketReadyState,
+} from "../WebSocket.ts";
 import type {
   SharedWorker as CommonSharedWorker,
   CreateBroadcastChannelDep,
@@ -58,12 +292,14 @@ import type {
   SharedWorkerSelf,
   WorkerDeps,
 } from "../Worker.ts";
-import type { DbWorkerInit } from "./Db.ts";
-import type { EvoluError } from "./Error.ts";
+import type { DbWorkerInit, UnsupportedDbVersionError } from "./Db.ts";
+import type { EvoluError, SyncStateDep } from "./Evolu.ts";
 import type { Owner, OwnerId, OwnerTransport, SyncOwner } from "./Owner.ts";
 import {
+  createProtocolBroadcastMessagesFromCrdtMessages,
   createProtocolMessageForUnsubscribe,
   createProtocolMessageFromCrdtMessages,
+  MessageType,
   parseProtocolHeader,
   type ApplyProtocolMessageAsClientResult,
   type ProtocolError,
@@ -76,8 +312,9 @@ import {
   type Row,
   type RowsByQueryMap,
 } from "./Query.ts";
-import type { MutationChange } from "./Schema.ts";
-import type { CrdtMessage } from "./Storage.ts";
+import { isLocalOnlyTable, type MutationChange } from "./Schema.ts";
+import type { CrdtMessage, StorageWriteMessagesError } from "./Storage.ts";
+import { orderTimestamp, type Timestamp } from "./Timestamp.ts";
 
 export type SharedWorker = CommonSharedWorker<
   SharedWorkerInput,
@@ -93,6 +330,13 @@ export type SharedWorkerInput =
       readonly type: "AnnounceTabLeader";
       readonly consoleLevel: ConsoleLevel;
     }
+  | {
+      /**
+       * Asks the worker to broadcast a {@link SyncState} on its channel, which
+       * the tab opened after receiving its name.
+       */
+      readonly type: "RequestSyncState";
+    }
   | {
       readonly type: "CreateEvolu";
       readonly name: Name;
@@ -104,7 +348,43 @@ export type SharedWorkerInput =
       readonly evoluPort: NativeMessagePort<EvoluOutput, EvoluInput>;
     };
 
-export type SharedWorkerOutput = DbWorkerInit;
+export type SharedWorkerOutput =
+  | DbWorkerInit
+  | {
+      /**
+       * Sent to one tab only: its database refused startup, or another build
+       * keeps this worker waiting.
+       */
+      readonly type: "Error";
+      readonly error: UnsupportedDbVersionError | OtherBuildRunningError;
+    }
+  | {
+      /**
+       * Sent to a tab that connects while the worker waits for the build lock;
+       * see Builds. `Connected` follows once the worker holds it.
+       */
+      readonly type: "Waiting";
+      readonly workerId: SharedWorkerId;
+    }
+  | {
+      /**
+       * Sent to a connecting tab once the worker holds the build lock; see
+       * Builds in this module's documentation. The tab elects the host of the
+       * worker's DbWorkers among the worker's tabs, scoped by `workerId`, and
+       * listens for {@link SyncState} on `syncStateChannelName`.
+       */
+      readonly type: "Connected";
+      readonly workerId: SharedWorkerId;
+      readonly syncStateChannelName: string;
+    }
+  | {
+      /**
+       * Sent to a connecting tab after `Connected` when the platform offers no
+       * persistent storage, so the worker keeps every database in memory; see
+       * Storage in this module's documentation.
+       */
+      readonly type: "StorageUnavailable";
+    };
 
 export type ConsoleEntryOrError =
   | {
@@ -119,6 +399,311 @@ export type ConsoleEntryOrError =
 export const consoleEntryOrErrorBroadcastChannelName =
   "evolu:console-entry-or-error";
 
+/** Identifies one running SharedWorker instance. */
+export const SharedWorkerId = /*#__PURE__*/ id("SharedWorker");
+export type SharedWorkerId = typeof SharedWorkerId.Output;
+
+/**
+ * The channel on which a tab announces its waiting worker with
+ * {@link BuildWaiting}; see Builds. Builds of different releases share it, so
+ * its name and messages never change.
+ */
+export const buildsBroadcastChannelName = "evolu:builds";
+
+/**
+ * Posted on {@link buildsBroadcastChannelName} by a tab whose worker waits for
+ * the build lock, unless an automatic reload loaded the page, when it starts
+ * waiting and for each {@link BuildWaitingRequest}. A tab connected to another
+ * worker reloads for it; see Builds.
+ */
+export const BuildWaiting: ObjectType<{
+  readonly type: LiteralType<"BuildWaiting">;
+  readonly workerId: typeof SharedWorkerId;
+}> = /*#__PURE__*/ object({
+  type: /*#__PURE__*/ literal("BuildWaiting"),
+  workerId: SharedWorkerId,
+});
+export interface BuildWaiting extends InferType<typeof BuildWaiting> {}
+
+/**
+ * Posted on {@link buildsBroadcastChannelName} by a tab once it connects, asking
+ * tabs whose worker waits to post {@link BuildWaiting} again; see Builds.
+ */
+export const BuildWaitingRequest: ObjectType<{
+  readonly type: LiteralType<"BuildWaitingRequest">;
+}> = /*#__PURE__*/ object({
+  type: /*#__PURE__*/ literal("BuildWaitingRequest"),
+});
+export interface BuildWaitingRequest extends InferType<
+  typeof BuildWaitingRequest
+> {}
+
+/**
+ * Another build of the app holds the local databases, and this tab waits until
+ * every tab of that build is closed or reloaded; see Builds.
+ *
+ * Tabs of the other build usually reload by themselves, so this is reported
+ * only when the wait lasts, for example because the user is still in a tab of
+ * the other build, or that tab runs an earlier release or is frozen by Safari.
+ * Apps can ask the user to close the app's other tabs. It is cleared once the
+ * wait ends.
+ */
+export interface OtherBuildRunningError extends Typed<"OtherBuildRunningError"> {}
+
+/**
+ * A snapshot of the transports and databases the shared worker manages.
+ *
+ * See the Sync state section of this module's documentation.
+ */
+export interface SyncState {
+  readonly transports: ReadonlyArray<SyncTransport>;
+  readonly tenants: ReadonlyArray<SyncTenant>;
+}
+
+/** One WebSocket, shared by every owner and database claiming it. */
+export interface SyncTransport {
+  /** Opaque and stable for the transport's lifetime, across socket replacements. */
+  readonly id: SyncTransportId;
+  /** The URL without its query, which carries the owner ID. */
+  readonly label: string;
+  readonly readyState: WebSocketReadyState;
+  /** When the connection last opened, or null before its first open. */
+  readonly openedAt: Millis | null;
+  /** When the connection last closed, or null before its first close. */
+  readonly closedAt: Millis | null;
+  /**
+   * The last error, retained after a successful reconnect; null if none. Errors
+   * while reconnecting are routine.
+   */
+  readonly error: SyncTransportError | null;
+}
+
+export type SyncTransportId = Id & Brand<"SyncTransport">;
+
+export interface SyncTransportError {
+  readonly type: WebSocketError["type"];
+  readonly at: Millis;
+}
+
+/** One named local database and the owners it registered. */
+export interface SyncTenant {
+  readonly name: Name;
+  /** The database refused startup, so nothing it holds synchronizes. */
+  readonly refused: boolean;
+  readonly owners: ReadonlyArray<SyncTenantOwner>;
+}
+
+export interface SyncTenantOwner {
+  readonly ownerId: OwnerId;
+  /** A readonly registration holds transports but never synchronizes. */
+  readonly writable: boolean;
+  /** Every transport claimed for the owner, by any database. */
+  readonly transportIds: ReadonlyArray<SyncTransportId>;
+  /** One route per transport for a writable owner; none for a readonly one. */
+  readonly routes: ReadonlyArray<SyncRoute>;
+}
+
+/**
+ * One database's use of one owner through one transport. See the
+ * Synchronization completion section of this module's documentation.
+ */
+export interface SyncRoute {
+  readonly transportId: SyncTransportId;
+  /** Whether the database is reconciled with the relay for the owner. */
+  readonly complete: boolean;
+  /** When the route last became complete, or null. */
+  readonly completeAt: Millis | null;
+  /** When this database last sent a request through the route, or null. */
+  readonly lastSentAt: Millis | null;
+  /**
+   * When processing a frame from the route last finished, successfully or with
+   * a failure, or null. Aborted processing does not update this timestamp.
+   */
+  readonly lastReceivedAt: Millis | null;
+  /** The last failed result on the route; cleared when the route completes. */
+  readonly error: SyncRouteError | null;
+}
+
+export interface SyncRouteError {
+  readonly type: SyncRouteErrorType;
+  readonly at: Millis;
+}
+
+/**
+ * A {@link ProtocolError} or the original {@link StorageWriteMessagesError} type
+ * for a rejected write. `WriteFailed` means a `writeMessages` call that threw,
+ * logged by the protocol, and `SyncFailed` means a logged failure while
+ * creating a round or reconciling ranges.
+ */
+export type SyncRouteErrorType =
+  | ProtocolError["type"]
+  | StorageWriteMessagesError["type"]
+  | "WriteFailed"
+  | "SyncFailed";
+
+/**
+ * One owner's standing with its relays in one database, derived from
+ * {@link SyncState} by {@link syncStateToOwnerSyncStates}.
+ */
+export interface OwnerSyncState {
+  readonly name: Name;
+  readonly ownerId: OwnerId;
+  readonly status: OwnerSyncStatus;
+  /** When a route of the owner last became complete, or null. */
+  readonly syncedAt: Millis | null;
+  /** The newest route error of the owner, or null. */
+  readonly error: SyncRouteError | null;
+  /** Each relay of the owner, in the order of its routes. */
+  readonly relays: ReadonlyArray<RelaySyncState>;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The status of an {@link OwnerSyncState}: the first of `error`, `syncing`,
+ * `synced`, and `offline` that one of its relays has, or `initial` before the
+ * owner has a relay. Work in progress on an open transport shows before a relay
+ * that is already up to date.
+ */
+export type OwnerSyncStatus = "initial" | RelaySyncStatus;
+
+/**
+ * One relay of an {@link OwnerSyncState}: a transport and the database's route
+ * through it.
+ */
+export interface RelaySyncState {
+  readonly transport: SyncTransport;
+  readonly route: SyncRoute;
+  readonly status: RelaySyncStatus;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The status of a {@link RelaySyncState}: `error` when its route failed and has
+ * not completed since, `synced` when the route is complete, `syncing` while the
+ * transport is open, and `offline` otherwise.
+ */
+export type RelaySyncStatus = "syncing" | "synced" | "offline" | "error";
+
+/**
+ * Folds the routes of every writable owner registration of every running
+ * database in a {@link SyncState} into one {@link OwnerSyncState} per database
+ * and owner, which pairs each route with its transport as a
+ * {@link RelaySyncState}. A database that refused startup and a readonly
+ * registration synchronize nothing, so they are left out.
+ *
+ * ### Example
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import {
+ *   assertEqual,
+ *   createId,
+ *   Millis,
+ *   testCreateDeps,
+ *   testName,
+ * } from "@evolu/common";
+ * import {
+ *   syncStateToOwnerSyncStates,
+ *   testAppOwner,
+ *   type SyncRoute,
+ *   type SyncState,
+ *   type SyncTransport,
+ * } from "@evolu/common/local-first";
+ *
+ * const deps = testCreateDeps();
+ * const transport: SyncTransport = {
+ *   id: createId<"SyncTransport">(deps),
+ *   label: "wss://relay.example",
+ *   readyState: "open",
+ *   openedAt: null,
+ *   closedAt: null,
+ *   error: null,
+ * };
+ * const route: SyncRoute = {
+ *   transportId: transport.id,
+ *   complete: true,
+ *   completeAt: Millis.orThrow(1000),
+ *   lastSentAt: Millis.orThrow(900),
+ *   lastReceivedAt: Millis.orThrow(1000),
+ *   error: null,
+ * };
+ * const state: SyncState = {
+ *   transports: [transport],
+ *   tenants: [
+ *     {
+ *       name: testName,
+ *       refused: false,
+ *       owners: [
+ *         {
+ *           ownerId: testAppOwner.id,
+ *           writable: true,
+ *           transportIds: [transport.id],
+ *           routes: [route],
+ *         },
+ *       ],
+ *     },
+ *   ],
+ * };
+ *
+ * assertEqual(syncStateToOwnerSyncStates(state), [
+ *   {
+ *     name: testName,
+ *     ownerId: testAppOwner.id,
+ *     status: "synced",
+ *     syncedAt: Millis.orThrow(1000),
+ *     error: null,
+ *     relays: [{ transport, route, status: "synced" }],
+ *   },
+ * ]);
+ * ```
+ */
+export const syncStateToOwnerSyncStates = (
+  state: SyncState,
+): ReadonlyArray<OwnerSyncState> => {
+  const transportById = new Map(
+    state.transports.map((transport) => [transport.id, transport]),
+  );
+  return state.tenants.flatMap(({ name, refused, owners }) =>
+    refused
+      ? []
+      : owners.flatMap(({ ownerId, writable, routes }) => {
+          if (!writable) return [];
+          let syncedAt: Millis | null = null;
+          let error: SyncRouteError | null = null;
+          const relays: Array<RelaySyncState> = [];
+          for (const route of routes) {
+            if (
+              route.completeAt !== null &&
+              (syncedAt === null || route.completeAt > syncedAt)
+            )
+              syncedAt = route.completeAt;
+            if (
+              route.error !== null &&
+              (error === null || route.error.at > error.at)
+            )
+              error = route.error;
+            // A snapshot lists the transport of every route.
+            const transport = transportById.get(route.transportId);
+            assertNonNullable(transport);
+            relays.push({
+              transport,
+              route,
+              status:
+                route.error !== null
+                  ? "error"
+                  : route.complete
+                    ? "synced"
+                    : transport.readyState === "open"
+                      ? "syncing"
+                      : "offline",
+            });
+          }
+          const status: OwnerSyncStatus =
+            (["error", "syncing", "synced", "offline"] as const).find(
+              (candidate) => relays.some((relay) => relay.status === candidate),
+            ) ?? "initial";
+          return [{ name, ownerId, status, syncedAt, error, relays }];
+        }),
+  );
+};
+
 export type EvoluInput =
   | {
       readonly type: "Mutate";
@@ -128,10 +713,16 @@ export type EvoluInput =
     }
   | {
       readonly type: "UseOwner";
-      readonly actions: ReadonlyArray<{
-        readonly owner: SyncOwner;
-        readonly action: "add" | "remove";
-      }>;
+      readonly actions: ReadonlyArray<
+        | {
+            readonly owner: SyncOwner;
+            readonly action: "add" | "remove";
+          }
+        | {
+            readonly ownerId: OwnerId;
+            readonly action: "sync";
+          }
+      >;
     }
   | {
       readonly type: "Query";
@@ -156,42 +747,62 @@ export type EvoluOutput =
     };
 
 export type DbWorkerInput =
-  | (Typed<"Request"> & {
-      readonly callbackId: Id;
-      readonly request: DbWorkerRequest;
-    })
+  | (Typed<"Request"> & { readonly attemptId: Id } & (
+        | {
+            readonly request: DbWorkerWriteRequest;
+            readonly clock: Timestamp;
+            readonly now: Millis;
+          }
+        | { readonly request: DbWorkerReadRequest }
+      ))
   | Typed<"Dispose">;
 
-export type DbWorkerRequest =
+export type DbWorkerRequest = DbWorkerWriteRequest | DbWorkerReadRequest;
+
+export type DbWorkerWriteRequest =
   | {
       readonly type: "ForEvolu";
       readonly id: EvoluInstanceId;
+      readonly message: ExtractTyped<EvoluInput, "Mutate">;
+    }
+  | {
+      readonly type: "ForSharedWorker";
       readonly message: {
-        readonly [Message in EvoluInput as Message["type"]]: Message;
-      }["Mutate" | "Query" | "Export"];
+        readonly type: "ApplySyncMessage";
+        readonly owner: Owner;
+        readonly inputMessage: Uint8Array;
+      };
+    };
+
+export type DbWorkerReadRequest =
+  | {
+      readonly type: "ForEvolu";
+      readonly id: EvoluInstanceId;
+      readonly message: ExtractTyped<EvoluInput, "Query" | "Export">;
     }
   | {
       readonly type: "ForSharedWorker";
-      readonly message:
-        | {
-            readonly type: "CreateSyncMessages";
-            readonly owners: NonEmptyReadonlyArray<Owner>;
-          }
-        | {
-            readonly type: "ApplySyncMessage";
-            readonly owner: Owner;
-            readonly inputMessage: Uint8Array;
-          };
+      readonly message: {
+        readonly type: "CreateSyncMessages";
+        readonly owners: NonEmptyReadonlyArray<Owner>;
+      };
     };
 
 export type DbWorkerOutput =
   | {
       readonly type: "LeaderAcquired";
       readonly name: Name;
+      readonly clock: Timestamp;
+    }
+  | {
+      /** Startup was refused; the worker is releasing its resources. */
+      readonly type: "LeaderRefused";
+      readonly name: Name;
+      readonly error: UnsupportedDbVersionError;
     }
   | {
       readonly type: "OnQueuedResponse";
-      readonly callbackId: Id;
+      readonly attemptId: Id;
       readonly response: DbWorkerQueuedResponse;
     };
 
@@ -202,6 +813,7 @@ export type DbWorkerQueuedResponse =
       readonly message:
         | {
             readonly type: "Mutate";
+            readonly clock: Timestamp;
             readonly messagesByOwnerId: ReadonlyMap<
               OwnerId,
               NonEmptyReadonlyArray<CrdtMessage>
@@ -226,40 +838,128 @@ export type DbWorkerQueuedResponse =
               OwnerId,
               ProtocolMessage
             >;
+            /** Owners whose message creation threw; the DbWorker logged it. */
+            readonly failedOwnerIds: ReadonlySet<OwnerId>;
           }
         | {
             readonly type: "ApplySyncMessage";
+            readonly clock: Timestamp;
             readonly ownerId: OwnerId;
             readonly didWriteMessages: boolean;
             readonly result: Result<
               ApplyProtocolMessageAsClientResult,
-              ProtocolError | AbortError
+              ProtocolError | StorageWriteMessagesError | AbortError
             >;
           };
     };
 
+/**
+ * Tells whether the platform can store databases persistently.
+ *
+ * Only a platform that can lack persistent storage provides it, as a browser
+ * does in Safari's Private Browsing; see Storage in the Shared module.
+ */
+export interface PersistentStorageDep {
+  readonly isPersistentStorageAvailable: () => Promise<boolean>;
+}
+
 export type SharedWorkerDeps = WorkerDeps &
   CreateBroadcastChannelDep &
   CreateMessageChannelDep &
   CreateWebSocketDep &
-  LockManagerDep;
+  LockManagerDep &
+  Partial<PersistentStorageDep>;
 
+/**
+ * Coordinates all instances of one named local database within a SharedWorker.
+ * Manages their DbWorker request queue and owner registrations.
+ */
 interface EvoluTenant extends AsyncDisposable {
   readonly addInstance: (
     message: ExtractTyped<SharedWorkerInput, "CreateEvolu">,
+    tabPort: TabPort,
     onDisposed: () => void,
   ) => void;
 
-  readonly requestCreateSyncMessages: (ownerIds: ReadonlySet<OwnerId>) => void;
+  readonly getSyncTenant: () => TenantSyncState;
+
+  readonly refreshSyncRoutes: () => void;
+
+  readonly requestCreateSyncMessages: (
+    ownerIds: ReadonlySet<OwnerId>,
+    target: SyncTarget,
+  ) => void;
 
   readonly requestApplySyncMessage: (
     ownerId: OwnerId,
     inputMessage: Uint8Array,
+    source: ApplySyncMessageSource,
   ) => void;
 }
 
+/** A tenant's part of {@link SyncState}, with its transports still keyed. */
+interface TenantSyncState {
+  readonly name: Name;
+  readonly refused: boolean;
+  readonly owners: ReadonlyArray<{
+    readonly ownerId: OwnerId;
+    readonly writable: boolean;
+    readonly transportKeys: ReadonlyArray<StructuralLookupKey>;
+    readonly routes: ReadonlyArray<TenantSyncRoute>;
+  }>;
+}
+
+interface TenantSyncRoute extends Omit<SyncRoute, "transportId"> {
+  readonly transportKey: StructuralLookupKey;
+}
+
+/**
+ * How long an unanswered request keeps a socket before it is replaced.
+ *
+ * A reply cannot arrive before the whole request has been received, and a reply
+ * can itself be a large frame. The browser reports no transfer progress, so the
+ * timeout must cover a 1 MB frame on a slow link: 90 seconds allows about 90
+ * kbit/s.
+ */
+const syncRequestTimeout = PositiveMillis.orThrow(90_000);
+
+/**
+ * The longest a transport's timeout grows after repeated timeouts: 16 times
+ * {@link syncRequestTimeout}, which covers a 1 MB frame at about 6 kbit/s.
+ */
+const maxSyncRequestTimeout = PositiveMillis.orThrow(16 * syncRequestTimeout);
+
+/** Where the protocol messages produced by a queued sync request are sent. */
+type SyncTarget =
+  | { readonly type: "AllTransports" }
+  | {
+      /** One transport, identified by its structural lookup key. */
+      readonly type: "Transport";
+      readonly key: StructuralLookupKey;
+    };
+
+/** A received frame's transport, or a sibling copy retaining its upload target. */
+type ApplySyncMessageSource =
+  | { readonly type: "Transport"; readonly key: StructuralLookupKey }
+  | {
+      /** A local copy holds every route, whichever target its upload uses. */
+      readonly type: "Local";
+      readonly uploadTarget: SyncTarget;
+    };
+
+const allTransports: SyncTarget = { type: "AllTransports" };
+
+const isTargetTransport = (
+  target: SyncTarget,
+  transport: OwnerTransport,
+): boolean =>
+  target.type === "AllTransports" || target.key === structuralLookup(transport);
+
 type EvoluTenantDeps = SharedWorkerDeps &
   PostConsoleEntryOrErrorDep &
+  PublishSyncStateDep &
+  RefreshAllSyncRoutesDep &
+  SyncRequestsDep &
   TabLeaderPortStoreDep &
   TransportsDep;
 
@@ -267,11 +967,37 @@ interface PostConsoleEntryOrErrorDep {
   readonly postConsoleEntryOrError: Callback<ConsoleEntryOrError>;
 }
 
+interface PublishSyncStateDep {
+  readonly publishSyncState: () => void;
+}
+
+interface RefreshAllSyncRoutesDep {
+  readonly refreshAllSyncRoutes: () => void;
+}
+
+/** Outstanding requests per owner and socket, shared by every tenant. */
+interface SyncRequests {
+  /**
+   * Counts a Request sent on an open socket. The caller refreshes every
+   * tenant's routes once after its sends.
+   */
+  readonly noteSent: (ownerId: OwnerId, key: StructuralLookupKey) => void;
+  readonly getOutstanding: (
+    ownerId: OwnerId,
+    key: StructuralLookupKey,
+  ) => number;
+}
+
+interface SyncRequestsDep {
+  readonly syncRequests: SyncRequests;
+}
+
 interface TabLeaderPortStoreDep {
-  readonly tabLeaderPortStore: Store<TabLeaderPort | null>;
+  readonly tabLeaderPortStore: Store<TabPort | null>;
 }
 
-type TabLeaderPort = Pick<MessagePort<DbWorkerInit>, "postMessage">;
+/** A tab's SharedWorker connection, as seen from the SharedWorker. */
+type TabPort = Pick<MessagePort<SharedWorkerOutput>, "postMessage">;
 
 interface TransportsDep {
   readonly transports: SharedResourceByKeyWithClaims<
@@ -283,9 +1009,16 @@ interface TransportsDep {
 
 export type EvoluInstanceId = Id & Brand<"EvoluInstance">;
 
-export type SyncState = 123;
+// Long enough for another build's tabs to reload and its worker to end.
+const otherBuildRunningReportDelay: PositiveDuration = "3s";
 
-/** Initializes the platform-agnostic Evolu SharedWorker. */
+/**
+ * Initializes the platform-agnostic Evolu SharedWorker.
+ *
+ * The worker holds the build lock until it is disposed, so a platform connects
+ * every `createEvoluDeps` call in a JS runtime to one worker, as React Native
+ * does; see Builds.
+ */
 export const initSharedWorker =
   (
     self: SharedWorkerSelf<SharedWorkerInput, SharedWorkerOutput>,
@@ -296,9 +1029,7 @@ export const initSharedWorker =
 
     await using disposer = new AsyncDisposableStack();
 
-    const tabLeaderPortStore = disposer.use(
-      createStore<TabLeaderPort | null>(null),
-    );
+    const tabLeaderPortStore = disposer.use(createStore<TabPort | null>(null));
     const consoleEntryOrErrorBroadcastChannel = disposer.use(
       deps.createBroadcastChannel<ConsoleEntryOrError>(
         consoleEntryOrErrorBroadcastChannelName,
@@ -307,11 +1038,42 @@ export const initSharedWorker =
     const postConsoleEntryOrError = (output: ConsoleEntryOrError): void => {
       consoleEntryOrErrorBroadcastChannel.postMessage(output);
     };
+    const workerId = createId<"SharedWorker">(deps);
+    // Each worker broadcasts on its own channel, so a tab hears only the
+    // worker its port connects to.
+    const syncStateChannelName = `evolu:sync-state:${workerId}`;
+    const syncStateBroadcastChannel = disposer.use(
+      deps.createBroadcastChannel<SyncState>(syncStateChannelName),
+    );
 
     const sharedWorkerReady = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
 
+    // Until this worker holds the build lock, it tells connecting tabs that they
+    // wait, and reports a lasting wait to them; see Builds.
+    const starting = disposer.use(new DisposableStack());
+    const waitingTabPorts: Array<TabPort> = [];
+    let isOtherBuildRunning = false;
+    const reportOtherBuildRunning = (port: TabPort): void => {
+      port.postMessage({
+        type: "Error",
+        error: { type: "OtherBuildRunningError" },
+      });
+    };
+    const otherBuildRunningTimeoutId = deps.time.setTimeout(() => {
+      isOtherBuildRunning = true;
+      for (const port of waitingTabPorts) reportOtherBuildRunning(port);
+    }, otherBuildRunningReportDelay);
+    starting.defer(() => {
+      deps.time.clearTimeout(otherBuildRunningTimeoutId);
+    });
+
     // Register ASAP so the worker does not miss connections.
     self.onConnect = (port) => {
+      if (!starting.disposed) {
+        port.postMessage({ type: "Waiting", workerId });
+        waitingTabPorts.push(port);
+        if (isOtherBuildRunning) reportOtherBuildRunning(port);
+      }
       void sharedWorkerReady.promise.then(() => {
         // The underlying port buffers messages until onMessage is assigned.
         port.onMessage = (message) => {
@@ -323,12 +1085,17 @@ export const initSharedWorker =
               break;
             }
 
+            case "RequestSyncState": {
+              publishSyncState();
+              break;
+            }
+
             case "CreateEvolu": {
               void sharedWorkerRun(async (run) => {
                 const tenantLease = await run.ok(
                   unabortable(tenantsByName.acquire(message)),
                 );
-                tenantLease.resource.addInstance(message, () => {
+                tenantLease.resource.addInstance(message, port, () => {
                   tenantLease.release();
                 });
                 return ok();
@@ -339,9 +1106,29 @@ export const initSharedWorker =
               console.error("Unknown shared worker input", message);
           }
         };
+        port.postMessage({
+          type: "Connected",
+          workerId,
+          syncStateChannelName,
+        });
+        if (isPersistentStorageUnavailable) {
+          port.postMessage({ type: "StorageUnavailable" });
+        }
       });
     };
 
+    // Released after every tenant and DbWorker is disposed. Earlier releases
+    // take the same lock in their leader tab; see Builds.
+    disposer.use(await run.ok(acquireLeaderLock("tab")));
+    starting.dispose();
+
+    // Checked once, before any DbWorker starts, so every DbWorker of this
+    // worker, replacements included, keeps its database in memory; see
+    // Storage.
+    const isPersistentStorageUnavailable =
+      deps.isPersistentStorageAvailable !== undefined &&
+      !(await deps.isPersistentStorageAvailable());
+
     disposer.defer(
       deps.consoleStoreOutputEntry.subscribe(() => {
         const entry = deps.consoleStoreOutputEntry.get();
@@ -350,6 +1137,192 @@ export const initSharedWorker =
     );
 
     const currentTenantsByName = new Map<Name, BorrowedResource<EvoluTenant>>();
+
+    interface SyncTransportEntry {
+      readonly id: SyncTransportId;
+      readonly label: string;
+      /**
+       * Outstanding requests per owner; `silentSince` is when the first of them
+       * was sent or a Response for the owner last arrived. It is monotonic, so
+       * a system clock adjustment cannot make a request look timed out or keep
+       * one from timing out.
+       */
+      readonly outstandingByOwnerId: Map<
+        OwnerId,
+        { count: number; silentSince: PerformanceTime }
+      >;
+      /**
+       * The timeout of every request on the socket: frames arrive one after
+       * another, so a reply can wait behind another owner's large frame. It
+       * doubles after each timeout and survives reconnects until nothing is
+       * outstanding and every route through the transport of a database that
+       * has not refused startup is complete.
+       */
+      timeout: PositiveMillis;
+      socket: WebSocket | null;
+      openedAt: Millis | null;
+      closedAt: Millis | null;
+      error: SyncTransportError | null;
+      /** Armed while a request is outstanding on an open socket. */
+      timeoutId: TimeoutId | null;
+    }
+    const transportsByKey = new Map<StructuralLookupKey, SyncTransportEntry>();
+    let isDisposed = false;
+    disposer.defer(() => {
+      isDisposed = true;
+    });
+
+    // Changes within one task publish once.
+    let isPublishScheduled = false;
+    const publishSyncState = (): void => {
+      if (isDisposed || isPublishScheduled) return;
+      isPublishScheduled = true;
+      queueMicrotask(() => {
+        isPublishScheduled = false;
+        if (isDisposed) return;
+        const transports = [...transportsByKey.values()].map(
+          ({
+            id,
+            label,
+            socket,
+            openedAt,
+            closedAt,
+            error,
+          }): SyncTransport => ({
+            id,
+            label,
+            // The transport drops its socket before disposal, so this never
+            // reads a disposed one.
+            readyState: socket?.getReadyState() ?? "connecting",
+            openedAt,
+            closedAt,
+            error,
+          }),
+        );
+        const tenants = [...currentTenantsByName.values()].map(
+          (tenant): SyncTenant => {
+            const { name, refused, owners } = tenant.getSyncTenant();
+            return {
+              name,
+              refused,
+              owners: owners.map(
+                ({ ownerId, writable, transportKeys, routes }) => ({
+                  ownerId,
+                  writable,
+                  transportIds: transportKeys.flatMap((key) => {
+                    const entry = transportsByKey.get(key);
+                    return entry ? [entry.id] : [];
+                  }),
+                  routes: routes.flatMap(({ transportKey, ...route }) => {
+                    const entry = transportsByKey.get(transportKey);
+                    return entry ? [{ transportId: entry.id, ...route }] : [];
+                  }),
+                }),
+              ),
+            };
+          },
+        );
+        // A grown timeout lasts while a request is outstanding on the socket
+        // or a database that has not refused startup has an incomplete route
+        // through it. Every change to either publishes, including a route that
+        // goes away without completing.
+        const incompleteTransportIds = new Set<SyncTransportId>();
+        for (const { refused, owners } of tenants) {
+          if (refused) continue;
+          for (const { routes } of owners)
+            for (const { transportId, complete } of routes)
+              if (!complete) incompleteTransportIds.add(transportId);
+        }
+        for (const entry of transportsByKey.values())
+          if (
+            entry.outstandingByOwnerId.size === 0 &&
+            !incompleteTransportIds.has(entry.id)
+          )
+            entry.timeout = syncRequestTimeout;
+        syncStateBroadcastChannel.postMessage({ transports, tenants });
+      });
+    };
+
+    // Socket counters and owner claims are shared by all tenants. Refresh
+    // after their complete event, independently of snapshot publication.
+    const refreshAllSyncRoutes = (): void => {
+      for (const tenant of currentTenantsByName.values())
+        tenant.refreshSyncRoutes();
+    };
+
+    const clearSyncRequestTimeout = (entry: SyncTransportEntry): void => {
+      if (entry.timeoutId === null) return;
+      deps.time.clearTimeout(entry.timeoutId);
+      entry.timeoutId = null;
+    };
+
+    const armSyncRequestTimeout = (
+      entry: SyncTransportEntry,
+      delay: PositiveMillis,
+    ): void => {
+      entry.timeoutId = deps.time.setTimeout(() => {
+        entry.timeoutId = null;
+        // Frames for other owners prove the socket alive, not that this
+        // owner's request was received, so each owner's silence is measured
+        // separately.
+        const now = deps.time.performance.now();
+        let shortestRemaining: number | null = null;
+        let isTimedOut = false;
+        for (const { silentSince } of entry.outstandingByOwnerId.values()) {
+          const remaining =
+            entry.timeout - performanceDurationBetween(silentSince, now);
+          if (remaining <= 0) isTimedOut = true;
+          else if (shortestRemaining === null || remaining < shortestRemaining)
+            shortestRemaining = remaining;
+        }
+        if (!isTimedOut) {
+          if (shortestRemaining === null) return;
+          // Timer delays use integer milliseconds; round up to wait at least
+          // the remaining fractional duration.
+          armSyncRequestTimeout(
+            entry,
+            PositiveMillis.orThrow(Math.ceil(shortestRemaining)),
+          );
+          return;
+        }
+        // A request went unanswered for the whole timeout: it was lost, the
+        // connection is dead, or the link is too slow for the frames ahead of
+        // its reply. A frame that never arrives whole saves nothing, so on a
+        // slow link the same reply would time out forever. Doubling the
+        // timeout lets it arrive after a reconnect that opens fine.
+        entry.timeout = PositiveMillis.orThrow(
+          Math.min(entry.timeout * 2, maxSyncRequestTimeout),
+        );
+        // Reconnecting abandons the connection and starts a fresh retry
+        // schedule. The socket reports no close for it, so the transport
+        // records the moment here.
+        entry.socket?.reconnect();
+        // `now` is monotonic; the reported close time is wall clock.
+        entry.closedAt = deps.time.now();
+        refreshAllSyncRoutes();
+        publishSyncState();
+      }, delay);
+    };
+
+    const syncRequests: SyncRequests = {
+      noteSent: (ownerId, key) => {
+        const entry = transportsByKey.get(key);
+        if (!entry) return;
+        const outstanding = entry.outstandingByOwnerId.get(ownerId);
+        if (outstanding) outstanding.count++;
+        else
+          entry.outstandingByOwnerId.set(ownerId, {
+            count: 1,
+            silentSince: deps.time.performance.now(),
+          });
+        if (entry.timeoutId === null)
+          armSyncRequestTimeout(entry, entry.timeout);
+        publishSyncState();
+      },
+      getOutstanding: (ownerId, key) =>
+        transportsByKey.get(key)?.outstandingByOwnerId.get(ownerId)?.count ?? 0,
+    };
+
     const transports = disposer.use(
       await run.ok(
         createSharedResourceByKeyWithClaims<
@@ -359,60 +1332,185 @@ export const initSharedWorker =
           SharedWorkerDeps,
           StructuralLookupKey
         >(
-          (transport) =>
-            deps.createWebSocket(transport.url, {
-              binaryType: "arraybuffer",
-
-              onOpen: () => {
-                const ownerIds = transports.getClaimsForResource(transport);
-                console.debug("transportOpen", {
-                  url: transport.url,
-                  ownerIds: [...ownerIds],
-                });
-
-                forEachTenant((tenant) => {
-                  tenant.requestCreateSyncMessages(ownerIds);
-                });
-              },
+          (transport) => async (run) => {
+            const key = structuralLookup(transport);
+            // The query carries the owner ID; WebSocket accepts URLs that
+            // URL() rejects, so the label is derived without parsing.
+            const queryIndex = transport.url.indexOf("?");
+            const entry: SyncTransportEntry = {
+              id: createId<"SyncTransport">(run.deps),
+              label:
+                queryIndex === -1
+                  ? transport.url
+                  : transport.url.slice(0, queryIndex),
+              outstandingByOwnerId: new Map(),
+              timeout: syncRequestTimeout,
+              socket: null,
+              openedAt: null,
+              closedAt: null,
+              error: null,
+              timeoutId: null,
+            };
+            await using disposer = new AsyncDisposableStack();
+            // Registered before the socket, so an aborted creation also
+            // forgets the transport.
+            disposer.defer(() => {
+              transportsByKey.delete(key);
+              refreshAllSyncRoutes();
+              publishSyncState();
+            });
+            transportsByKey.set(key, entry);
+            publishSyncState();
+
+            const socket = await run.ok(
+              deps.createWebSocket(transport.url, {
+                binaryType: "arraybuffer",
+
+                onOpen: () => {
+                  // Requests in flight on the previous connection are never
+                  // answered.
+                  entry.outstandingByOwnerId.clear();
+                  clearSyncRequestTimeout(entry);
+                  entry.openedAt = run.deps.time.now();
+                  publishSyncState();
+                  const ownerIds = transports.getClaimsForResource(transport);
+                  console.debug("transportOpen", {
+                    url: transport.url,
+                    ownerIds: [...ownerIds],
+                  });
 
-              onMessage(data) {
-                if (!(data instanceof ArrayBuffer)) return;
+                  const target: SyncTarget = {
+                    type: "Transport",
+                    key: structuralLookup(transport),
+                  };
+                  forEachTenant((tenant) => {
+                    tenant.requestCreateSyncMessages(ownerIds, target);
+                  });
+                  refreshAllSyncRoutes();
+                },
 
-                const message = new Uint8Array(data);
-                const headerResult = parseProtocolHeader(message);
+                onClose: (event) => {
+                  console.debug("transportClose", {
+                    url: transport.url,
+                    code: event.code,
+                    wasClean: event.wasClean,
+                  });
+                  entry.closedAt = run.deps.time.now();
+                  clearSyncRequestTimeout(entry);
+                  refreshAllSyncRoutes();
+                  publishSyncState();
+                },
+
+                onError: (error) => {
+                  console.debug("transportError", {
+                    url: transport.url,
+                    type: error.type,
+                  });
+                  entry.error = {
+                    type: error.type,
+                    at: run.deps.time.now(),
+                  };
+                  refreshAllSyncRoutes();
+                  publishSyncState();
+                },
+
+                onMessage(data) {
+                  if (!(data instanceof ArrayBuffer)) return;
+
+                  const message = new Uint8Array(data);
+                  const headerResult = parseProtocolHeader(message);
+
+                  if (!headerResult.ok) {
+                    console.debug("transportInvalidProtocolMessage", {
+                      url: transport.url,
+                      byteLength: message.byteLength,
+                    });
+                    return;
+                  }
 
-                if (!headerResult.ok) {
-                  console.debug("transportInvalidProtocolMessage", {
+                  console.debug("transportProtocolMessage", {
                     url: transport.url,
+                    ownerId: headerResult.value.ownerId,
                     byteLength: message.byteLength,
                   });
-                  return;
-                }
 
-                console.debug("transportProtocolMessage", {
-                  url: transport.url,
-                  ownerId: headerResult.value.ownerId,
-                  byteLength: message.byteLength,
-                });
+                  // A Response, or a version-mismatch reply without a message
+                  // type, answers a request.
+                  const { messageType } = headerResult.value;
+                  if (
+                    messageType === MessageType.Response ||
+                    messageType === undefined
+                  ) {
+                    const { ownerId } = headerResult.value;
+                    const outstanding = entry.outstandingByOwnerId.get(ownerId);
+                    if (outstanding) {
+                      outstanding.count--;
+                      outstanding.silentSince = run.deps.time.performance.now();
+                      if (outstanding.count === 0)
+                        entry.outstandingByOwnerId.delete(ownerId);
+                    }
+                    if (entry.outstandingByOwnerId.size === 0)
+                      clearSyncRequestTimeout(entry);
+                    publishSyncState();
+                  }
 
+                  forEachTenant((tenant) => {
+                    tenant.requestApplySyncMessage(
+                      headerResult.value.ownerId,
+                      message,
+                      {
+                        type: "Transport",
+                        key: structuralLookup(transport),
+                      },
+                    );
+                  });
+                  // Do not complete a sibling after decrementing the shared
+                  // counter but before its apply has been queued.
+                  refreshAllSyncRoutes();
+                },
+              }),
+            );
+            disposer.use(socket);
+            // LIFO: the transport drops its timer and its socket reference
+            // before the socket is disposed. `disposable` guards every method
+            // of the socket the claims lease, and disposing the socket awaits
+            // its retry, so a `publishSyncState` microtask can run while this
+            // entry is still registered. It must find no socket rather than
+            // read a disposed one.
+            disposer.defer(() => {
+              clearSyncRequestTimeout(entry);
+              entry.socket = null;
+              refreshAllSyncRoutes();
+            });
+            const disposables = disposer.move();
+            entry.socket = socket;
+            refreshAllSyncRoutes();
+            publishSyncState();
+            // `disposable` replaces the socket's disposal method in place, but
+            // `disposer.use` above already captured the original, so disposing
+            // `disposables` disposes the socket rather than recursing.
+            return ok(disposable<WebSocket>(socket, disposables));
+          },
+          {
+            onFirstClaimAdded: (ownerId, webSocket, transport) => {
+              if (webSocket.isOpen()) {
+                const target: SyncTarget = {
+                  type: "Transport",
+                  key: structuralLookup(transport),
+                };
                 forEachTenant((tenant) => {
-                  tenant.requestApplySyncMessage(
-                    headerResult.value.ownerId,
-                    message,
-                  );
+                  tenant.requestCreateSyncMessages(new Set([ownerId]), target);
                 });
-              },
-            }),
-          {
-            onFirstClaimAdded: (ownerId, webSocket) => {
-              if (!webSocket.isOpen()) return;
-              forEachTenant((tenant) => {
-                tenant.requestCreateSyncMessages(new Set([ownerId]));
-              });
+              }
+              refreshAllSyncRoutes();
             },
 
-            onLastClaimRemoved: (ownerId, webSocket) => {
-              webSocket.send(createProtocolMessageForUnsubscribe(ownerId));
+            onLastClaimRemoved: (ownerId, webSocket, transport) => {
+              if (webSocket.isOpen()) {
+                webSocket.send(createProtocolMessageForUnsubscribe(ownerId));
+                syncRequests.noteSent(ownerId, structuralLookup(transport));
+              }
+              refreshAllSyncRoutes();
             },
             // Keep sockets alive briefly across short owner churn.
             idleDisposeAfter: "3s",
@@ -422,18 +1520,28 @@ export const initSharedWorker =
       ),
     );
 
-    const sharedWorkerRun = run.create({
-      ...deps,
-      postConsoleEntryOrError,
-      tabLeaderPortStore,
-      transports,
-    });
+    const sharedWorkerRun = disposer.use(
+      run.create({
+        ...deps,
+        postConsoleEntryOrError,
+        publishSyncState,
+        refreshAllSyncRoutes,
+        syncRequests,
+        tabLeaderPortStore,
+        transports,
+      }),
+    );
 
     const tenantsByName = disposer.use(
       await sharedWorkerRun.ok(
         createSharedResourceByKey(
           (message: ExtractTyped<SharedWorkerInput, "CreateEvolu">) =>
-            createEvoluTenant(message, currentTenantsByName),
+            createEvoluTenant(
+              isPersistentStorageUnavailable
+                ? { ...message, memoryOnly: true }
+                : message,
+              currentTenantsByName,
+            ),
           {
             idleDisposeAfter: "3s",
             lookup: (message) => message.name,
@@ -473,11 +1581,15 @@ const createEvoluTenant =
 
     interface EvoluInstance extends AsyncDisposable {
       readonly id: EvoluInstanceId;
-      readonly claimLeasesBySyncOwner: LookupMap<SyncOwner, Array<ClaimLease>>;
+      /** A null lease reserves a registration while its transports are acquired. */
+      readonly ownerRegistrations: LookupMap<
+        SyncOwner,
+        Array<ClaimLease | null>
+      >;
       readonly onDisposed: () => void;
       readonly port: MessagePort<EvoluOutput, EvoluInput>;
+      readonly tabPort: TabPort;
       readonly useOwnerMutex: Mutex;
-      readonly usedSyncOwners: RefCountByKey<SyncOwner>;
       rowsByQuery: Map<Query, ReadonlyArray<Row>>;
     }
 
@@ -498,8 +1610,10 @@ const createEvoluTenant =
     const dbWorkerInited = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
 
     const initDbWorker = (): void => {
+      // Without a tab leader yet, the store subscription starts the DbWorker
+      // once a tab announces itself.
       const tabLeaderPort = deps.tabLeaderPortStore.get();
-      assertNonNullable(tabLeaderPort);
+      if (startupError || !tabLeaderPort) return;
 
       const dbWorkerChannel = deps.createMessageChannel<
         DbWorkerOutput,
@@ -511,16 +1625,109 @@ const createEvoluTenant =
         switch (message.type) {
           case "LeaderAcquired": {
             assertNotSame(dbWorkerPort, currentDbWorkerPort);
+            if (startupError || isDisposing) {
+              // This worker was requested before the refusal or before
+              // disposal started. The tenant will not use it, so let it
+              // release the database lock.
+              currentDbWorkerPort.postMessage({ type: "Dispose" });
+              currentDbWorkerPort[Symbol.dispose]();
+              break;
+            }
+            const replacesLeader = dbWorkerPort !== null;
             dbWorkerPort?.[Symbol.dispose]();
             dbWorkerPort = currentDbWorkerPort;
-            queueRequestInFlight = false;
+            activeDispatch = null;
+            // A replacement may advance the clock by releasing quarantine, or
+            // start behind it with an empty memoryOnly database. Keep the
+            // greater clock; pending writes retain their captured inputs.
+            if (
+              sessionClock === null ||
+              orderTimestamp(sessionClock, message.clock) === -1
+            ) {
+              sessionClock = message.clock;
+            }
+            // A replacement leader may have committed writes whose responses
+            // were lost, and may have released quarantine at startup. A lost
+            // response may also have reported stored owner messages, so the
+            // owners reconcile through every transport again.
+            if (replacesLeader) {
+              refreshQueries();
+              const usedOwnerIds = new Set<OwnerId>();
+              for (const instance of instancesById.values()) {
+                for (const { owner } of instance.ownerRegistrations.keys()) {
+                  usedOwnerIds.add(owner.id);
+                }
+              }
+              requestCreateSyncMessages(usedOwnerIds, allTransports);
+            }
             console.info("leaderAcquired");
             dbWorkerInited.resolve();
             runQueue();
             break;
           }
+          case "LeaderRefused": {
+            assertNotSame(dbWorkerPort, currentDbWorkerPort);
+            // The worker refused startup and is releasing its resources.
+            // Requests stay unanswered until their instances are disposed.
+            // Keep the tenant unavailable, tell each connected tab once, and
+            // tell tabs that connect later without starting another worker.
+            dbWorkerPort?.[Symbol.dispose]();
+            dbWorkerPort = null;
+            currentDbWorkerPort[Symbol.dispose]();
+            activeDispatch = null;
+            queue.length = 0;
+            pendingWriteCountByOwnerId.clear();
+            pendingApplyCountForAllRoutesByOwnerId.clear();
+            ownerTransportApplyRelation.clear();
+            startupError = message.error;
+            refreshSyncRoutes();
+            deps.publishSyncState();
+            console.info("leaderRefused", message.error);
+            for (const instance of instancesById.values()) {
+              reportRefusal(instance.tabPort, message.error);
+            }
+            dbWorkerInited.resolve();
+            break;
+          }
           case "OnQueuedResponse": {
-            callbacks.execute(message.callbackId, message);
+            if (activeDispatch?.attemptId !== message.attemptId) return;
+            const { entry } = activeDispatch;
+            const { response } = message;
+            if (
+              response.message.type === "Mutate" ||
+              response.message.type === "ApplySyncMessage"
+            ) {
+              // Replays report their computed clock, which a replacement
+              // leader may have passed at startup. Keep the greater clock.
+              assertNonNullable(sessionClock);
+              if (orderTimestamp(sessionClock, response.message.clock) === -1) {
+                sessionClock = response.message.clock;
+              }
+            }
+            switch (entry.type) {
+              case "Read":
+              case "Write":
+                assertSame(response.type, "ForEvolu");
+                handleResponseForEvolu(response, entry.request);
+                break;
+              case "CreateSyncMessages":
+              case "ApplySyncMessage":
+                assertSame(response.type, "ForSharedWorker");
+                handleResponseForSharedWorker(response, entry);
+                break;
+              default:
+                exhaustiveCheck(entry);
+            }
+            const head = queue.shift();
+            assertNonNullable(head);
+            updatePendingWork(head, -1);
+            activeDispatch = null;
+            // Follow-up uploads and retries are already queued or sent. Only
+            // now can removing the completed head establish convergence.
+            refreshSyncRoutes();
+            if (entry.type === "Write" && entry.replicatedOwnerIds.size > 0)
+              deps.publishSyncState();
+            runQueue();
             break;
           }
         }
@@ -540,131 +1747,257 @@ const createEvoluTenant =
       );
     };
 
-    const queue: Array<DbWorkerRequest> = [];
-    const callbacks = disposer.use(
-      createCallbacks<ExtractTyped<DbWorkerOutput, "OnQueuedResponse">>(
-        run.deps,
-      ),
-    );
-    let queueRequestInFlight = false;
-
-    const runQueue = (): void => {
-      if (queueRequestInFlight || !isNonEmptyArray(queue) || !dbWorkerPort) {
-        return;
+    const refreshQueries = (exceptInstanceId?: EvoluInstanceId): void => {
+      for (const [id, instance] of instancesById) {
+        if (id === exceptInstanceId) continue;
+        instance.port.postMessage({ type: "RefreshQueries" });
       }
+    };
+
+    // Sync requests keep their target or source on the entry: the DbWorker
+    // does not need it, and a replacement leader replays the same entry.
+    type QueueEntry =
+      | {
+          readonly type: "Read";
+          readonly request: ExtractTyped<DbWorkerReadRequest, "ForEvolu">;
+        }
+      | {
+          readonly type: "Write";
+          readonly request: ExtractTyped<DbWorkerWriteRequest, "ForEvolu">;
+          /** Owners of its changes to replicated tables. */
+          readonly replicatedOwnerIds: ReadonlySet<OwnerId>;
+          now?: Millis;
+          clock?: Timestamp;
+        }
+      | {
+          readonly type: "CreateSyncMessages";
+          readonly request: ExtractTyped<
+            DbWorkerReadRequest,
+            "ForSharedWorker"
+          >;
+          readonly target: SyncTarget;
+        }
+      | {
+          readonly type: "ApplySyncMessage";
+          readonly request: ExtractTyped<
+            DbWorkerWriteRequest,
+            "ForSharedWorker"
+          >;
+          readonly source: ApplySyncMessageSource;
+          now?: Millis;
+          clock?: Timestamp;
+        };
+    const queue: Array<QueueEntry> = [];
+    const pendingWriteCountByOwnerId = new Map<OwnerId, number>();
+    const pendingApplyCountForAllRoutesByOwnerId = new Map<OwnerId, number>();
+    // Queued applies of relay frames, counted per owner and source transport.
+    const ownerTransportApplyRelation = createRefCountedRelation<
+      OwnerId,
+      StructuralLookupKey
+    >();
+
+    const updatePendingCount = <K>(
+      counts: Map<K, number>,
+      key: K,
+      delta: 1 | -1,
+    ): void => {
+      const count = (counts.get(key) ?? 0) + delta;
+      assert(count >= 0, "Pending queue count must not become negative");
+      if (count === 0) counts.delete(key);
+      else counts.set(key, count);
+    };
 
-      const request = firstInArray(queue);
+    // Count each queued entry once, including the dispatched head. Dispatch
+    // and leader replacement leave it queued, so neither changes the counts.
+    const updatePendingWork = (entry: QueueEntry, delta: 1 | -1): void => {
+      switch (entry.type) {
+        case "Read":
+        case "CreateSyncMessages":
+          break;
 
-      const callbackId = callbacks.register(({ response }) => {
-        switch (response.type) {
-          case "ForEvolu": {
-            handleResponseForEvolu(response, request);
-            break;
-          }
+        case "Write":
+          for (const ownerId of entry.replicatedOwnerIds)
+            updatePendingCount(pendingWriteCountByOwnerId, ownerId, delta);
+          break;
 
-          case "ForSharedWorker":
-            handleResponseForSharedWorker(response);
-            break;
+        case "ApplySyncMessage": {
+          const ownerId = entry.request.message.owner.id;
+          // A sibling's local copy holds every route, even when its upload
+          // target was a single transport.
+          if (entry.source.type === "Local") {
+            updatePendingCount(
+              pendingApplyCountForAllRoutesByOwnerId,
+              ownerId,
+              delta,
+            );
+          } else if (delta === 1) {
+            ownerTransportApplyRelation.increment(ownerId, entry.source.key);
+          } else {
+            ownerTransportApplyRelation.decrement(ownerId, entry.source.key);
+          }
+          break;
         }
 
-        // Complete the current queue item and continue with the next one.
-        queue.shift();
-        queueRequestInFlight = false;
-        runQueue();
-      });
+        default:
+          exhaustiveCheck(entry);
+      }
+    };
 
-      queueRequestInFlight = true;
-      dbWorkerPort.postMessage({ type: "Request", callbackId, request });
+    // Every queue mutation updates the pending-work counts with it.
+    const enqueueRequest = (entry: QueueEntry): void => {
+      updatePendingWork(entry, 1);
+      queue.push(entry);
+    };
+
+    let sessionClock: Timestamp | null = null;
+    let startupError: UnsupportedDbVersionError | null = null;
+    let isDisposing = false;
+    // Each tab is told once during this tenant's lifetime, through its own
+    // connection. Recreating the tenant after idle disposal retries startup
+    // and may report the refusal again.
+    const refusedTabPorts = new WeakSet<TabPort>();
+    const reportRefusal = (
+      tabPort: TabPort,
+      error: UnsupportedDbVersionError,
+    ): void => {
+      if (refusedTabPorts.has(tabPort)) return;
+      refusedTabPorts.add(tabPort);
+      tabPort.postMessage({ type: "Error", error });
+    };
+    let activeDispatch: {
+      readonly entry: QueueEntry;
+      readonly attemptId: Id;
+    } | null = null;
+
+    const runQueue = (): void => {
+      if (activeDispatch || !isNonEmptyArray(queue) || !dbWorkerPort) return;
+      assertNonNullable(sessionClock);
+      const entry = firstInArray(queue);
+      const attemptId = createId(run.deps);
+      activeDispatch = { entry, attemptId };
+      if (entry.type === "Write" || entry.type === "ApplySyncMessage") {
+        // A write captures its inputs on first dispatch, so a retry after
+        // leader replacement reproduces the same timestamps.
+        entry.now ??= run.deps.time.now();
+        entry.clock ??= sessionClock;
+        dbWorkerPort.postMessage({
+          type: "Request",
+          attemptId,
+          request: entry.request,
+          clock: entry.clock,
+          now: entry.now,
+        });
+      } else {
+        dbWorkerPort.postMessage({
+          type: "Request",
+          attemptId,
+          request: entry.request,
+        });
+      }
     };
 
     disposer.defer(async () => {
+      isDisposing = true;
       dbWorkerPort?.postMessage({ type: "Dispose" });
       dbWorkerPort = null;
-      queueRequestInFlight = false;
+      activeDispatch = null;
 
       // The DbWorker holds this tenant leader lock while it is alive. Tenant
       // disposal sends Dispose, then acquires the same lock to wait until the
       // DbWorker releases it: either because Dispose was delivered or because
-      // the hosting tab closed. The wait is unabortable because tenant disposal
-      // must finish even after tenantRun receives an abort request.
+      // the hosting tab closed. A worker requested from a later tab leader may
+      // be queued for the lock first; it is told to stop when it reports in.
+      // The wait is unabortable because tenant disposal must finish even after
+      // tenantRun receives an abort request.
       await using _ = await tenantRun.ok(acquireLeaderLock(name));
     });
 
-    disposer.defer(deps.tabLeaderPortStore.subscribe(initDbWorker));
-
-    initDbWorker();
-    await dbWorkerInited.promise;
-
     const handleResponseForEvolu = (
       response: ExtractTyped<DbWorkerQueuedResponse, "ForEvolu">,
       first: DbWorkerRequest,
     ): void => {
+      // A disposed instance gets no patches, but its committed write still
+      // synchronizes.
       const instance = instancesById.get(response.id);
-      if (!instance) return;
 
       switch (response.message.type) {
         case "Mutate":
         case "Query": {
-          const nextRowsByQuery = new Map(instance.rowsByQuery);
-          const patchesByQuery = new Map<Query, ReadonlyArray<Patch>>();
-
-          for (const [query, rows] of response.message.rowsByQuery) {
-            nextRowsByQuery.set(query, rows);
-            patchesByQuery.set(
-              query,
-              makePatches(instance.rowsByQuery.get(query), rows),
-            );
-          }
+          if (instance) {
+            const nextRowsByQuery = new Map(instance.rowsByQuery);
+            const patchesByQuery = new Map<Query, ReadonlyArray<Patch>>();
+
+            for (const [query, rows] of response.message.rowsByQuery) {
+              nextRowsByQuery.set(query, rows);
+              patchesByQuery.set(
+                query,
+                makePatches(instance.rowsByQuery.get(query), rows),
+              );
+            }
 
-          instance.rowsByQuery = nextRowsByQuery;
+            instance.rowsByQuery = nextRowsByQuery;
 
-          instance.port.postMessage({
-            type: "OnPatchesByQuery",
-            patchesByQuery,
-            onCompleteIds:
-              first.message.type === "Mutate"
-                ? first.message.onCompleteIds
-                : emptyArray,
-          });
+            instance.port.postMessage({
+              type: "OnPatchesByQuery",
+              patchesByQuery,
+              onCompleteIds:
+                first.message.type === "Mutate"
+                  ? first.message.onCompleteIds
+                  : emptyArray,
+            });
+          }
 
           if (response.message.type === "Mutate") {
-            for (const [instanceId, instance] of instancesById) {
-              if (instanceId === response.id) continue;
-              instance.port.postMessage({
-                type: "RefreshQueries",
-              });
-            }
+            refreshQueries(response.id);
 
             const protocolMessagesByOwnerId = new Map<
               OwnerId,
               ProtocolMessage
             >();
 
-            for (const syncOwner of instance.usedSyncOwners.keys()) {
-              const { owner } = syncOwner;
-              const messages = response.message.messagesByOwnerId.get(owner.id);
+            // The database's writable registrations upload the write,
+            // whichever instance made it and whether it is still alive.
+            const writersById = getUsedOwnersById(
+              new Set(response.message.messagesByOwnerId.keys()),
+            );
 
-              // Skip owners this instance does not currently sync for
-              // writing. Read-only owners cannot produce protocol
-              // messages because they do not have a write key.
-              if (!messages || !("writeKey" in owner)) continue;
+            for (const [ownerId, messages] of response.message
+              .messagesByOwnerId) {
+              // Uploading requires the write key. A write for an owner without
+              // a writable registration waits for the round that its first
+              // writable registration starts.
+              const owner = writersById.get(ownerId);
+              if (!owner) continue;
 
               protocolMessagesByOwnerId.set(
-                owner.id,
+                ownerId,
                 createProtocolMessageFromCrdtMessages(run.deps)(
                   owner,
                   messages,
                 ),
               );
+              if (currentTenantsByName.size > 1) {
+                broadcastProtocolMessages(
+                  ownerId,
+                  createProtocolBroadcastMessagesFromCrdtMessages(run.deps)(
+                    owner,
+                    messages,
+                  ),
+                  allTransports,
+                );
+              }
             }
 
-            sendProtocolMessagesByOwnerId(protocolMessagesByOwnerId);
+            sendProtocolMessagesByOwnerId(
+              protocolMessagesByOwnerId,
+              allTransports,
+            );
           }
           break;
         }
 
         case "Export":
-          instance.port.postMessage(
+          instance?.port.postMessage(
             { type: "OnExport", file: response.message.file },
             [response.message.file.buffer],
           );
@@ -672,60 +2005,288 @@ const createEvoluTenant =
       }
     };
 
+    interface RouteState {
+      /** A round must be sent through the route before it can be complete. */
+      roundRequired: boolean;
+      complete: boolean;
+      completeAt: Millis | null;
+      lastSentAt: Millis | null;
+      lastReceivedAt: Millis | null;
+      error: SyncRouteError | null;
+    }
+    const routesByOwnerIdByKey = new Map<
+      StructuralLookupKey,
+      Map<OwnerId, RouteState>
+    >();
+
+    const getRoute = (
+      ownerId: OwnerId,
+      key: StructuralLookupKey,
+    ): RouteState => {
+      let routesByOwnerId = routesByOwnerIdByKey.get(key);
+      if (!routesByOwnerId) {
+        routesByOwnerId = new Map();
+        routesByOwnerIdByKey.set(key, routesByOwnerId);
+      }
+      let route = routesByOwnerId.get(ownerId);
+      if (!route) {
+        route = {
+          roundRequired: true,
+          complete: false,
+          completeAt: null,
+          lastSentAt: null,
+          lastReceivedAt: null,
+          error: null,
+        };
+        routesByOwnerId.set(ownerId, route);
+      }
+      return route;
+    };
+
+    const getSyncOwners = () => {
+      const ownersById = new Map<OwnerId, { writable: boolean }>();
+      for (const instance of instancesById.values()) {
+        for (const { owner } of instance.ownerRegistrations.keys()) {
+          const entry = ownersById.get(owner.id) ?? { writable: false };
+          entry.writable ||= "writeKey" in owner;
+          ownersById.set(owner.id, entry);
+        }
+      }
+      return [...ownersById].map(([ownerId, { writable }]) => ({
+        ownerId,
+        writable,
+        transportKeys: getClaimedKeys(ownerId),
+      }));
+    };
+
+    // State-changing handlers own route transitions and claim cleanup.
+    // Reading or delaying a snapshot must not affect protocol retries.
+    // TODO: If profiling warrants it, remove quadratic transport scans per owner:
+    // traverse resources once and use a Set for cleanup membership.
+    const refreshSyncRoutes = (): void => {
+      const owners = getSyncOwners();
+      const ownerById = new Map(owners.map((owner) => [owner.ownerId, owner]));
+      for (const [key, routesByOwnerId] of routesByOwnerIdByKey) {
+        for (const ownerId of routesByOwnerId.keys()) {
+          const owner = ownerById.get(ownerId);
+          if (!owner?.writable || !owner.transportKeys.includes(key))
+            routesByOwnerId.delete(ownerId);
+        }
+        if (routesByOwnerId.size === 0) routesByOwnerIdByKey.delete(key);
+      }
+      // Evaluate each route per the Synchronization completion rules.
+      for (const { ownerId, writable, transportKeys } of owners) {
+        if (!writable) continue;
+        for (const key of transportKeys) {
+          const route = getRoute(ownerId, key);
+          let isOpen = false;
+          deps.transports.forEachResourceForClaim(
+            ownerId,
+            (webSocket, transport) => {
+              if (structuralLookup(transport) === key && webSocket.isOpen())
+                isOpen = true;
+            },
+          );
+          // A received frame is applied asynchronously, so the counter alone
+          // reads zero in the middle of a chain. A dispatched entry stays
+          // queued until it is answered. A sibling's local Broadcast contains
+          // messages that are unstored until it is applied, so it leaves every
+          // route of the owner incomplete.
+          const hasQueuedApply =
+            pendingApplyCountForAllRoutesByOwnerId.has(ownerId) ||
+            ownerTransportApplyRelation.getCount(ownerId, key) > 0;
+          // A replicated write's upload is sent only after the database
+          // worker answers it. Local-only changes create no synchronization
+          // work.
+          const hasQueuedWrite = pendingWriteCountByOwnerId.has(ownerId);
+          // A refused database synchronizes nothing, and refusal discards its
+          // queued writes without uploading them.
+          const complete =
+            startupError === null &&
+            isOpen &&
+            deps.syncRequests.getOutstanding(ownerId, key) === 0 &&
+            !hasQueuedApply &&
+            !hasQueuedWrite &&
+            !route.roundRequired;
+          if (complete && !route.complete) {
+            route.completeAt = deps.time.now();
+            route.error = null;
+          }
+          route.complete = complete;
+        }
+      }
+    };
+
     const handleResponseForSharedWorker = (
       response: ExtractTyped<DbWorkerQueuedResponse, "ForSharedWorker">,
+      entry: ExtractTyped<
+        QueueEntry,
+        "CreateSyncMessages" | "ApplySyncMessage"
+      >,
     ): void => {
-      switch (response.message.type) {
-        case "CreateSyncMessages":
+      switch (entry.type) {
+        case "CreateSyncMessages": {
+          assertSame(response.message.type, "CreateSyncMessages");
           sendProtocolMessagesByOwnerId(
             response.message.protocolMessagesByOwnerId,
+            entry.target,
+            { isRound: true },
           );
+          const { failedOwnerIds } = response.message;
+          if (failedOwnerIds.size === 0) break;
+          // A retry would likely fail the same way, so the routes wait for an
+          // explicit request or a reopen.
+          const now = deps.time.now();
+          for (const ownerId of failedOwnerIds) {
+            deps.transports.forEachResourceForClaim(ownerId, (_, transport) => {
+              if (!isTargetTransport(entry.target, transport)) return;
+              const route = routesByOwnerIdByKey
+                .get(structuralLookup(transport))
+                ?.get(ownerId);
+              if (!route) return;
+              route.roundRequired = true;
+              route.error = { type: "SyncFailed", at: now };
+            });
+          }
+          deps.publishSyncState();
           break;
+        }
 
-        case "ApplySyncMessage":
-          if (response.message.didWriteMessages) {
-            for (const instance of instancesById.values()) {
-              instance.port.postMessage({ type: "RefreshQueries" });
+        case "ApplySyncMessage": {
+          assertSame(response.message.type, "ApplySyncMessage");
+          const { source } = entry;
+          const target = source.type === "Local" ? source.uploadTarget : source;
+          const { ownerId, result } = response.message;
+          const error = result.ok ? null : result.error;
+          const isAborted = error?.type === "AbortError";
+          let failure: SyncRouteErrorType | null = null;
+          if (isAborted) {
+            // An abort proves no convergence. A local sibling copy affects
+            // every route; a relay frame affects only its source route.
+            // Recovery of a panicked DbWorker remains deferred.
+            deps.transports.forEachResourceForClaim(ownerId, (_, transport) => {
+              const key = structuralLookup(transport);
+              if (source.type === "Transport" && source.key !== key) return;
+              const route = routesByOwnerIdByKey.get(key)?.get(ownerId);
+              if (route) route.roundRequired = true;
+            });
+          } else if (error !== null) {
+            failure = error.type;
+            deps.postConsoleEntryOrError({
+              type: "Error",
+              error,
+            });
+          } else if (result.ok && result.value.type === "Failed") {
+            failure =
+              result.value.cause === "Write" ? "WriteFailed" : "SyncFailed";
+          }
+          if (source.type === "Transport") {
+            // A registration or claim may have been removed while this apply
+            // was queued.
+            const route = routesByOwnerIdByKey.get(source.key)?.get(ownerId);
+            if (route) {
+              const now = deps.time.now();
+              // An aborted apply applied nothing.
+              if (!isAborted) route.lastReceivedAt = now;
+              if (failure !== null) {
+                // The first failure since the route completed requests one
+                // round. Further failures wait for an explicit request or a
+                // reopen, even after a converged reply, which may answer
+                // another request.
+                if (route.error === null)
+                  requestCreateSyncMessages(new Set([ownerId]), source);
+                route.roundRequired = true;
+                route.error = { type: failure, at: now };
+              }
             }
+          } else if (failure !== null) {
+            // A sibling's messages were not stored; rounds fetch them from
+            // the relays.
+            requestCreateSyncMessages(new Set([ownerId]), allTransports);
           }
 
-          if (!response.message.result.ok) {
-            if (response.message.result.error.type !== "AbortError") {
-              deps.postConsoleEntryOrError({
-                type: "Error",
-                error: response.message.result.error,
-              });
+          if (response.message.didWriteMessages) {
+            refreshQueries();
+            // Reconcile newly stored messages through each other transport.
+            // Rounds toward the same transport coalesce whatever their source.
+            const keys: Array<StructuralLookupKey> = [];
+            deps.transports.forEachResourceForClaim(ownerId, (_, transport) => {
+              if (isTargetTransport(target, transport)) return;
+              keys.push(structuralLookup(transport));
+            });
+            for (const key of keys) {
+              requestCreateSyncMessages(
+                new Set([ownerId]),
+                { type: "Transport", key },
+                { afterQueuedWrites: false },
+              );
             }
-          } else {
-            switch (response.message.result.value.type) {
+          }
+
+          if (result.ok) {
+            switch (result.value.type) {
               case "Response":
+                if (result.value.broadcast) {
+                  broadcastProtocolMessages(
+                    ownerId,
+                    [result.value.broadcast],
+                    target,
+                  );
+                }
                 sendProtocolMessagesByOwnerId(
-                  new Map([
-                    [
-                      response.message.ownerId,
-                      response.message.result.value.message,
-                    ],
-                  ]),
+                  new Map([[ownerId, result.value.message]]),
+                  target,
                 );
                 break;
 
               case "Broadcast":
-              case "NoResponse":
+              case "Converged":
+              case "Readonly":
+              case "Failed":
                 break;
+              default:
+                exhaustiveCheck(result.value);
             }
           }
+          deps.publishSyncState();
           break;
+        }
+        default:
+          exhaustiveCheck(entry);
+      }
+    };
+
+    const broadcastProtocolMessages = (
+      ownerId: OwnerId,
+      messages: ReadonlyArray<ProtocolMessage>,
+      target: SyncTarget,
+    ): void => {
+      for (const [tenantName, tenant] of currentTenantsByName) {
+        if (tenantName === name) continue;
+        for (const message of messages)
+          tenant.requestApplySyncMessage(ownerId, message, {
+            type: "Local",
+            uploadTarget: target,
+          });
       }
     };
 
     const sendProtocolMessagesByOwnerId = (
       protocolMessagesByOwnerId: ReadonlyMap<OwnerId, ProtocolMessage>,
+      target: SyncTarget,
+      {
+        isRound = false,
+      }: {
+        /** Whether the messages start a full round, not an upload. */
+        isRound?: boolean;
+      } = {},
     ): void => {
       for (const [ownerId, protocolMessage] of protocolMessagesByOwnerId) {
         deps.transports.forEachResourceForClaim(
           ownerId,
           (webSocket, transport) => {
-            if (!webSocket.isOpen()) return;
+            if (!isTargetTransport(target, transport) || !webSocket.isOpen())
+              return;
 
             console.debug("sendProtocolMessage", {
               ownerId,
@@ -734,17 +2295,32 @@ const createEvoluTenant =
             });
 
             webSocket.send(protocolMessage);
+            const key = structuralLookup(transport);
+            deps.syncRequests.noteSent(ownerId, key);
+            const route = getRoute(ownerId, key);
+            route.lastSentAt = deps.time.now();
+            if (isRound) route.roundRequired = false;
           },
         );
       }
+      // Sends raise counters shared by every tenant; one refresh covers them.
+      if (protocolMessagesByOwnerId.size > 0) deps.refreshAllSyncRoutes();
     };
 
+    /** The keys of every transport claimed for the owner, by any database. */
+    const getClaimedKeys = (
+      ownerId: OwnerId,
+    ): ReadonlyArray<StructuralLookupKey> =>
+      [...deps.transports.getResourceKeysForClaim(ownerId)].map(
+        structuralLookup,
+      );
+
     const getUsedOwnersById = (
       ownerIds: ReadonlySet<OwnerId>,
     ): ReadonlyMap<OwnerId, Owner> => {
       const ownersById = new Map<OwnerId, Owner>();
       for (const instance of instancesById.values()) {
-        for (const { owner } of instance.usedSyncOwners.keys()) {
+        for (const { owner } of instance.ownerRegistrations.keys()) {
           if (!ownerIds.has(owner.id) || !("writeKey" in owner)) continue;
           ownersById.set(owner.id, owner);
         }
@@ -752,6 +2328,81 @@ const createEvoluTenant =
       return ownersById;
     };
 
+    const requestCreateSyncMessages = (
+      ownerIds: ReadonlySet<OwnerId>,
+      target: SyncTarget,
+      {
+        afterQueuedWrites = true,
+      }: {
+        /** Whether the round must read the writes queued when it is requested. */
+        afterQueuedWrites?: boolean;
+      } = {},
+    ): void => {
+      if (startupError) return;
+      const usedOwnersById = getUsedOwnersById(ownerIds);
+      // Opening, storing messages from another transport, a failure, and an
+      // explicit request each require a new round before completion.
+      for (const ownerId of usedOwnersById.keys()) {
+        deps.transports.forEachResourceForClaim(ownerId, (_, transport) => {
+          if (!isTargetTransport(target, transport)) return;
+          getRoute(ownerId, structuralLookup(transport)).roundRequired = true;
+        });
+      }
+      refreshSyncRoutes();
+      deps.publishSyncState();
+      const ownersToSync = [...usedOwnersById.values()].filter(({ id }) => {
+        let hasOpenTransport = false;
+        deps.transports.forEachResourceForClaim(id, (webSocket, transport) => {
+          if (isTargetTransport(target, transport) && webSocket.isOpen())
+            hasOpenTransport = true;
+        });
+        return hasOpenTransport;
+      });
+
+      if (!isNonEmptyArray(ownersToSync)) return;
+
+      // A queued round reads the database when it is dispatched, so it covers
+      // this request unless the request must also read writes queued behind
+      // that round. A dispatched round covers neither.
+      const ownerIdsToSync = new Set(ownersToSync.map(({ id }) => id));
+      const lastWriteIndex = afterQueuedWrites
+        ? queue.findLastIndex(
+            ({ type }) => type === "Write" || type === "ApplySyncMessage",
+          )
+        : -1;
+      const isQueued = queue.some(
+        (entry, index) =>
+          index > lastWriteIndex &&
+          entry !== activeDispatch?.entry &&
+          entry.type === "CreateSyncMessages" &&
+          (entry.target.type === "AllTransports" ||
+            (target.type === "Transport" && entry.target.key === target.key)) &&
+          entry.request.message.owners.length === ownerIdsToSync.size &&
+          entry.request.message.owners.every(({ id }) =>
+            ownerIdsToSync.has(id),
+          ),
+      );
+
+      console.debug("requestCreateSyncMessages", {
+        ownerIds: [...ownerIdsToSync],
+        target,
+        isQueued,
+      });
+
+      if (isQueued) return;
+
+      enqueueRequest({
+        type: "CreateSyncMessages",
+        request: {
+          type: "ForSharedWorker",
+          message: { type: "CreateSyncMessages", owners: ownersToSync },
+        },
+        target,
+      });
+
+      runQueue();
+    };
+
     const toggleSyncOwner =
       (
         instance: EvoluInstance,
@@ -760,49 +2411,129 @@ const createEvoluTenant =
       ): Task<void, never, EvoluTenantDeps> =>
       async (run) => {
         if (action === "add") {
-          instance.usedSyncOwners.increment(syncOwner);
-          let succeeded = false;
-          using compensation = new DisposableStack();
-          compensation.defer(() => {
-            if (!succeeded) instance.usedSyncOwners.decrement(syncOwner);
-          });
-          const claimLease = await run.ok(
-            deps.transports.claim(syncOwner.owner.id, syncOwner.transports),
+          const ownerId = syncOwner.owner.id;
+          const isFirstWritableUse =
+            "writeKey" in syncOwner.owner &&
+            !getUsedOwnersById(new Set([ownerId])).has(ownerId);
+          // A transport first claimed for the owner starts every tenant's
+          // round through onFirstClaimAdded. A joining tenant also reconciles
+          // its existing history through the owner's already claimed transports.
+          // Later registrations reconcile only transports newly used here:
+          // earlier rounds may predate writes from an unregistered instance.
+          const claimedKeys = new Set(getClaimedKeys(ownerId));
+          const usedKeys = new Set<StructuralLookupKey>();
+          for (const { ownerRegistrations } of instancesById.values()) {
+            for (const [usedSyncOwner, leases] of ownerRegistrations) {
+              if (usedSyncOwner.owner.id !== ownerId) continue;
+              if (!leases.some((lease) => lease !== null)) continue;
+              for (const transport of usedSyncOwner.transports) {
+                usedKeys.add(structuralLookup(transport));
+              }
+            }
+          }
+          const leases = instance.ownerRegistrations.getOrInsertComputed(
+            syncOwner,
+            () => [],
           );
-          instance.claimLeasesBySyncOwner
-            .getOrInsertComputed(syncOwner, () => [])
-            .push(claimLease);
-          succeeded = true;
+          // First-claim callbacks must see the owner before acquisition finishes.
+          const index = leases.push(null) - 1;
+          refreshSyncRoutes();
+          try {
+            leases[index] = await run.ok(
+              deps.transports.claim(ownerId, syncOwner.transports),
+            );
+          } finally {
+            if (leases[index] === null) {
+              leases.splice(index, 1);
+              if (leases.length === 0)
+                instance.ownerRegistrations.delete(syncOwner);
+            }
+            deps.refreshAllSyncRoutes();
+          }
+          const keysToSync = isFirstWritableUse
+            ? claimedKeys
+            : syncOwner.transports
+                .map(structuralLookup)
+                .filter((key) => claimedKeys.has(key) && !usedKeys.has(key));
+          for (const key of keysToSync) {
+            requestCreateSyncMessages(new Set([ownerId]), {
+              type: "Transport",
+              key,
+            });
+          }
         } else {
-          instance.usedSyncOwners.decrement(syncOwner);
-          const claimLeases = instance.claimLeasesBySyncOwner.get(syncOwner);
+          const claimLeases = instance.ownerRegistrations.get(syncOwner);
           assertNotUndefined(claimLeases);
           const claimLease = claimLeases.pop();
-          assertNotUndefined(claimLease);
+          assertNonNullable(claimLease);
           claimLease.release();
           if (claimLeases.length === 0) {
-            instance.claimLeasesBySyncOwner.delete(syncOwner);
+            instance.ownerRegistrations.delete(syncOwner);
           }
         }
+        deps.refreshAllSyncRoutes();
+        deps.publishSyncState();
         return ok();
       };
 
+    // Response handlers can refresh routes as soon as the worker answers.
+    // Initialize their state and helpers before starting it.
+    disposer.defer(deps.tabLeaderPortStore.subscribe(initDbWorker));
+    initDbWorker();
+    // Without a tab leader, requests queue until one announces itself and its
+    // DbWorker reports in. Waiting for that here would stall the registry's
+    // disposal, which cannot abort a resource still being created.
+    if (deps.tabLeaderPortStore.get()) await dbWorkerInited.promise;
+
+    // Remove the tenant before any asynchronous disposal step can yield to a
+    // snapshot or another tenant's route refresh.
     disposer.defer(() => {
       currentTenantsByName.delete(name);
+      deps.publishSyncState();
     });
     const tenant = disposable<EvoluTenant>(
       {
-        addInstance: (message, onDisposed) => {
+        getSyncTenant: () => ({
+          name,
+          refused: startupError !== null,
+          owners: getSyncOwners().map(
+            ({ ownerId, writable, transportKeys }) => ({
+              ownerId,
+              writable,
+              transportKeys,
+              routes: writable
+                ? transportKeys.map((key): TenantSyncRoute => {
+                    const route = routesByOwnerIdByKey.get(key)?.get(ownerId);
+                    // Registration and claim changes refresh routes before yielding.
+                    // Snapshot reads must not create missing routes.
+                    assertNotUndefined(route);
+                    return {
+                      transportKey: key,
+                      complete: route.complete,
+                      completeAt: route.completeAt,
+                      lastSentAt: route.lastSentAt,
+                      lastReceivedAt: route.lastReceivedAt,
+                      error: route.error,
+                    };
+                  })
+                : [],
+            }),
+          ),
+        }),
+
+        refreshSyncRoutes,
+
+        addInstance: (message, tabPort, onDisposed) => {
           const disposer = new AsyncDisposableStack();
           const instance: EvoluInstance = {
             id: message.id,
-            claimLeasesBySyncOwner: createLookupMap({
+            ownerRegistrations: createLookupMap({
               lookup: (syncOwner: SyncOwner) =>
                 structuralLookup<{
-                  readonly ownerId: OwnerId;
+                  readonly owner: SyncOwner["owner"];
                   readonly transports: ReadonlyArray<StructuralLookupKey>;
                 }>({
-                  ownerId: syncOwner.owner.id,
+                  owner: syncOwner.owner,
                   transports: syncOwner.transports
                     .map(structuralLookup)
                     .toSorted(),
@@ -811,28 +2542,26 @@ const createEvoluTenant =
             port: deps.createMessagePort<EvoluOutput, EvoluInput>(
               message.evoluPort,
             ),
+            tabPort,
             onDisposed,
             rowsByQuery: new Map<Query, ReadonlyArray<Row>>(),
             useOwnerMutex: createMutex(),
-            usedSyncOwners: createRefCountByKey<SyncOwner, OwnerId>({
-              lookup: (syncOwner) => syncOwner.owner.id,
-            }),
             [Symbol.asyncDispose]: () => disposer.disposeAsync(),
           };
 
           instancesById.set(instance.id, instance);
 
           disposer.defer(instance.onDisposed);
-          disposer.use(instance.usedSyncOwners);
 
           disposer.defer(async () => {
             await tenantRun(
-              instance.useOwnerMutex.withLock(async (run) => {
-                for (const syncOwner of instance.usedSyncOwners.keys()) {
-                  while (instance.usedSyncOwners.has(syncOwner)) {
-                    await run(toggleSyncOwner(instance, syncOwner, "remove"));
-                  }
+              instance.useOwnerMutex.withLock(() => {
+                for (const leases of instance.ownerRegistrations.values()) {
+                  for (const lease of leases) lease?.release();
                 }
+                instance.ownerRegistrations.clear();
+                deps.refreshAllSyncRoutes();
+                deps.publishSyncState();
                 return ok();
               }),
             );
@@ -840,6 +2569,7 @@ const createEvoluTenant =
 
           disposer.defer(() => {
             instancesById.delete(instance.id);
+            refreshSyncRoutes();
             console.info("evoluDispose", { name, id: instance.id });
           });
           disposer.use(instance.port);
@@ -861,31 +2591,72 @@ const createEvoluTenant =
             });
 
           instance.port.onMessage = (message) => {
+            if (startupError) return;
             switch (message.type) {
               case "Query":
               case "Export": {
-                queue.push({ type: "ForEvolu", id: instance.id, message });
+                enqueueRequest({
+                  type: "Read",
+                  request: { type: "ForEvolu", id: instance.id, message },
+                });
                 runQueue();
                 break;
               }
               case "Mutate": {
-                // TODO: Delegate do vsech evolu instances, co to pouzivaji
-                queue.push({ type: "ForEvolu", id: instance.id, message });
+                const replicatedOwnerIds = new Set<OwnerId>();
+                for (const change of message.changes) {
+                  if (!isLocalOnlyTable(change.table))
+                    replicatedOwnerIds.add(change.ownerId);
+                }
+                enqueueRequest({
+                  type: "Write",
+                  request: { type: "ForEvolu", id: instance.id, message },
+                  replicatedOwnerIds,
+                });
+                // Local-only changes create no synchronization work.
+                if (replicatedOwnerIds.size > 0) {
+                  refreshSyncRoutes();
+                  deps.publishSyncState();
+                }
                 runQueue();
                 break;
               }
               case "UseOwner": {
                 void tenantRun(
                   instance.useOwnerMutex.withLock(async (run) => {
-                    for (const { owner, action } of message.actions) {
-                      console.debug("useOwner", {
-                        id: instance.id,
-                        action,
-                        ownerId: owner.owner.id,
-                        transportUrls: owner.transports.map(({ url }) => url),
-                      });
-
-                      await run(toggleSyncOwner(instance, owner, action));
+                    for (const action of message.actions) {
+                      switch (action.action) {
+                        case "sync":
+                          console.debug("requestSync", {
+                            id: instance.id,
+                            ownerId: action.ownerId,
+                          });
+                          requestCreateSyncMessages(
+                            new Set([action.ownerId]),
+                            allTransports,
+                          );
+                          break;
+                        case "add":
+                        case "remove":
+                          console.debug("useOwner", {
+                            id: instance.id,
+                            action: action.action,
+                            ownerId: action.owner.owner.id,
+                            transportUrls: action.owner.transports.map(
+                              ({ url }) => url,
+                            ),
+                          });
+                          await run(
+                            toggleSyncOwner(
+                              instance,
+                              action.owner,
+                              action.action,
+                            ),
+                          );
+                          break;
+                        default:
+                          exhaustiveCheck(action);
+                      }
                     }
 
                     return ok();
@@ -895,45 +2666,34 @@ const createEvoluTenant =
               }
             }
           };
-        },
-
-        requestCreateSyncMessages: (ownerIds): void => {
-          const ownersToSync = [...getUsedOwnersById(ownerIds).values()];
-
-          if (!isNonEmptyArray(ownersToSync)) return;
 
-          console.debug("requestCreateSyncMessages", {
-            ownerIds: ownersToSync.map(({ id }) => id),
-          });
-
-          queue.push({
-            type: "ForSharedWorker",
-            message: {
-              type: "CreateSyncMessages",
-              owners: ownersToSync,
-            },
-          });
-
-          runQueue();
+          if (startupError) reportRefusal(instance.tabPort, startupError);
         },
 
-        requestApplySyncMessage: (ownerId, inputMessage): void => {
+        requestCreateSyncMessages,
+
+        requestApplySyncMessage: (ownerId, inputMessage, source): void => {
+          if (startupError) return;
           const owner = getUsedOwnersById(new Set([ownerId])).get(ownerId);
           if (!owner) return;
 
           console.debug("requestApplySyncMessage", {
             ownerId,
+            source,
             byteLength: inputMessage.byteLength,
           });
 
-          queue.push({
-            type: "ForSharedWorker",
-            message: {
-              type: "ApplySyncMessage",
-              owner,
-              inputMessage,
+          const entry: QueueEntry = {
+            type: "ApplySyncMessage",
+            request: {
+              type: "ForSharedWorker",
+              message: { type: "ApplySyncMessage", owner, inputMessage },
             },
-          });
+            source,
+          };
+          enqueueRequest(entry);
+          refreshSyncRoutes();
+          deps.publishSyncState();
 
           runQueue();
         },
@@ -941,6 +2701,7 @@ const createEvoluTenant =
       disposer,
     );
     currentTenantsByName.set(name, tenant);
+    deps.publishSyncState();
     return ok(tenant);
   };
 
@@ -969,15 +2730,23 @@ const createEvoluTenant =
 
 // TODO: SharedWorker follow-ups.
 // - Complete the queue head when a DbWorker mutation returns an error.
-// - Make retried DbWorker requests deterministic by materializing clocks and
-//   timestamps in the SharedWorker before enqueueing them.
-// - Replace the callback registry and queueRequestInFlight flag with one
-//   explicit in-flight request state.
+// - Rotate the node ID when a copied database is detected; see the Duplicate
+//   node IDs section in the Timestamp module.
 // - Detect DbWorker and port liveness so a worker-only crash resumes the queue.
-// - Consolidate usedSyncOwners and claimLeasesBySyncOwner into one owner-use
-//   state abstraction without changing repeated-use semantics.
+//   Defer panicked-worker restart until failure detection and recovery are
+//   defined, accounting for SQLite WASM's detection limits. Normal SQLite
+//   operations are expected not to throw; user-defined UNIQUE indexes, which
+//   can make replicated writes fail, are planned to be forbidden.
 // - Split worker protocol types and the EvoluTenant implementation into focused
 //   modules.
 // - Remove the obsolete commented protocol block above.
-// - Replace the SyncState placeholder with actual sync monitoring state.
 // - Propagate invalid protocol messages to sync state.
+// - Bound sync state publishing during a bulk catch-up: every sent and applied
+//   frame changes a route timestamp, so each frame broadcasts a full snapshot
+//   to every tab. Throttling needs a wall-clock policy and a deterministic way
+//   to test it.
+// - Measure sync traffic before bounding it: several tenants using one owner
+//   multiply rounds, and a bulk catch-up from one relay starts up to one round
+//   to each other relay per frame that stores new messages, depending on queued
+//   round coalescing. Forwarding the stored messages the way mutation uploads
+//   do would replace those rounds.