@enbox/dids 0.0.1

package/src/methods/did-dht.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,1637 @@
+import type { Packet, StringAnswer, TxtAnswer, TxtData } from '@dnsquery/dns-packet';
+import type {
+  Jwk,
+  Signer,
+  CryptoApi,
+  KeyIdentifier,
+  KmsExportKeyParams,
+  KmsImportKeyParams,
+  KeyImporterExporter,
+  AsymmetricKeyConverter,
+} from '@enbox/crypto';
+
+import bencode from 'bencode';
+import { Convert } from '@enbox/common';
+import { computeJwkThumbprint, Ed25519, LocalKeyManager, Secp256k1, Secp256r1, X25519 } from '@enbox/crypto';
+import { AUTHORITATIVE_ANSWER, decode as dnsPacketDecode, encode as dnsPacketEncode } from '@dnsquery/dns-packet';
+
+import type { DidMetadata, PortableDid } from '../types/portable-did.js';
+import type { DidCreateOptions, DidCreateVerificationMethod, DidRegistrationResult } from './did-method.js';
+import type {
+  DidService,
+  DidDocument,
+  DidResolutionResult,
+  DidResolutionOptions,
+  DidVerificationMethod,
+} from '../types/did-core.js';
+
+import { Did } from '../did.js';
+import { DidMethod } from './did-method.js';
+import { BearerDid } from '../bearer-did.js';
+import { extractDidFragment } from '../utils.js';
+import { DidError, DidErrorCode } from '../did-error.js';
+import { DidVerificationRelationship } from '../types/did-core.js';
+import { EMPTY_DID_RESOLUTION_RESULT } from '../types/did-resolution.js';
+
+/**
+ * Represents a BEP44 message, which is used for storing and retrieving data in the Mainline DHT
+ * network.
+ *
+ * A BEP44 message is used primarily in the context of the DID DHT method for publishing and
+ * resolving DID documents in the DHT network. This type encapsulates the data structure required
+ * for such operations in accordance with BEP44.
+ *
+ * @see {@link https://www.bittorrent.org/beps/bep_0044.html | BEP44}
+ */
+export interface Bep44Message {
+  /**
+   * The public key bytes of the Identity Key, which serves as the identifier in the DHT network for
+   * the corresponding BEP44 message.
+   */
+  k: Uint8Array;
+
+  /**
+   * The sequence number of the message, used to ensure the latest version of the data is retrieved
+   * and updated. It's a monotonically increasing number.
+   */
+  seq: number;
+
+  /**
+   * The signature of the message, ensuring the authenticity and integrity of the data. It's
+   * computed over the bencoded sequence number and value.
+   */
+  sig: Uint8Array;
+
+  /**
+   * The actual data being stored or retrieved from the DHT network, typically encoded in a format
+   * suitable for DNS packet representation of a DID Document.
+   */
+  v: Uint8Array;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Options for creating a Decentralized Identifier (DID) using the DID DHT method.
+ */
+export interface DidDhtCreateOptions<TKms> extends DidCreateOptions<TKms> {
+  /**
+   * Optionally specify that the DID Subject is also identified by one or more other DIDs or URIs.
+   *
+   * A DID subject can have multiple identifiers for different purposes, or at different times.
+   * The assertion that two or more DIDs (or other types of URI) refer to the same DID subject can
+   * be made using the `alsoKnownAs` property.
+   *
+   * @see {@link https://www.w3.org/TR/did-core/#also-known-as | DID Core Specification, § Also Known As}
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const did = await DidDht.create({
+   *  options: {
+   *   alsoKnownAs: 'did:example:123'
+   * };
+   * ```
+   */
+  alsoKnownAs?: string[];
+
+  /**
+   * Optionally specify which DID (or DIDs) is authorized to make changes to the DID document.
+   *
+   * A DID controller is an entity that is authorized to make changes to a DID document. Typically,
+   * only the DID Subject (i.e., the value of `id` property in the DID document) is authoritative.
+   * However, another DID (or DIDs) can be specified as the DID controller, and when doing so, any
+   * verification methods contained in the DID document for the other DID should be accepted as
+   * authoritative. In other words, proofs created by the controller DID should be considered
+   * equivalent to proofs created by the DID Subject.
+   *
+   * @see {@link https://www.w3.org/TR/did-core/#did-controller | DID Core Specification, § DID Controller}
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const did = await DidDht.create({
+   *  options: {
+   *   controller: 'did:example:123'
+   * };
+   * ```
+   */
+  controllers?: string | string[];
+
+  /**
+   * Optional. The URI of a server involved in executing DID method operations. In the context of
+   * DID creation, the endpoint is expected to be a DID DHT Gateway or Pkarr relay. If not
+   * specified, a default gateway node is used.
+   */
+  gatewayUri?: string;
+
+  /**
+   * Optional. Determines whether the created DID should be published to the DHT network.
+   *
+   * If set to `true` or omitted, the DID is publicly discoverable. If `false`, the DID is not
+   * published and cannot be resolved by others. By default, newly created DIDs are published.
+   *
+   * @see {@link https://did-dht.com | DID DHT Method Specification}
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const did = await DidDht.create({
+   *  options: {
+   *   publish: false
+   * };
+   * ```
+   */
+  publish?: boolean;
+
+  /**
+   * Optional. An array of service endpoints associated with the DID.
+   *
+   * Services are used in DID documents to express ways of communicating with the DID subject or
+   * associated entities. A service can be any type of service the DID subject wants to advertise,
+   * including decentralized identity management services for further discovery, authentication,
+   * authorization, or interaction.
+   *
+   * @see {@link https://www.w3.org/TR/did-core/#services | DID Core Specification, § Services}
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const did = await DidDht.create({
+   *  options: {
+   *   services: [
+   *     {
+   *       id: 'did:dht:i9xkp8ddcbcg8jwq54ox699wuzxyifsqx4jru45zodqu453ksz6y#dwn',
+   *       type: 'DecentralizedWebNode',
+   *       serviceEndpoint: ['https://example.com/dwn1', 'https://example/dwn2']
+   *     }
+   *   ]
+   * };
+   * ```
+   */
+  services?: DidService[];
+
+  /**
+   * Optionally specify one or more registered DID DHT types to make the DID discovereable.
+   *
+   * Type indexing is an OPTIONAL feature that enables DIDs to become discoverable. DIDs that wish
+   * to be discoverable and resolveable by type can include one or more types when publishing their
+   * DID document to a DID DHT Gateway.
+   *
+   * The registered DID types are published in the {@link https://did-dht.com/registry/index.html#indexed-types | DID DHT Registry}.
+   */
+  types?: (DidDhtRegisteredDidType | keyof typeof DidDhtRegisteredDidType)[];
+
+  /**
+   * Optional. An array of verification methods to be included in the DID document.
+   *
+   * By default, a newly created DID DHT document will contain a single Ed25519 verification method,
+   * also known as the {@link https://did-dht.com/#term:identity-key | Identity Key}. Additional
+   * verification methods can be added to the DID document using the `verificationMethods` property.
+   *
+   * @see {@link https://www.w3.org/TR/did-core/#verification-methods | DID Core Specification, § Verification Methods}
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const did = await DidDht.create({
+   *  options: {
+   *   verificationMethods: [
+   *     {
+   *       algorithm: 'Ed25519',
+   *       purposes: ['authentication', 'assertionMethod']
+   *     },
+   *     {
+   *       algorithm: 'Ed25519',
+   *       id: 'dwn-sig',
+   *       purposes: ['authentication', 'assertionMethod']
+   *     }
+   *   ]
+   * };
+   * ```
+   */
+  verificationMethods?: DidCreateVerificationMethod<TKms>[];
+}
+
+/**
+ * Proof to used to construct the `_prv._did.` DNS record as described in https://did-dht.com/#rotation to link a DID to a previous DID.
+ */
+export type PreviousDidProof = {
+  /** The previous DID. */
+  previousDid: string;
+
+  /** The signature signed using the private Identity Key of the previous DID in Base64URL format. */
+  signature: string;
+};
+
+/**
+ * The default DID DHT Gateway or Pkarr Relay server to use when publishing and resolving DID
+ * documents.
+ */
+const DEFAULT_GATEWAY_URI = 'https://did-dht-production.up.railway.app';
+
+/**
+ * The version of the DID DHT specification that is implemented by this library.
+ *
+ * When a DID DHT document is published to the DHT network, the version of the specification that
+ * was used to create the document is included in the DNS TXT record for the root record. This
+ * allows clients to determine whether the DID DHT document is compatible with the client's
+ * implementation of the DID DHT specification. The version number is not present in the
+ * corresponding DID document.
+ *
+ * @see {@link https://did-dht.com | DID DHT Method Specification}
+ */
+const DID_DHT_SPECIFICATION_VERSION = 0;
+
+/**
+ * The default TTL for DNS records published to the DHT network.
+ *
+ * The recommended TTL value is 7200 seconds (2 hours) since it matches the default TTL for
+ * Mainline DHT records.
+ */
+const DNS_RECORD_TTL = 7200;
+
+/**
+ * Character used to separate distinct elements or entries in the DNS packet representation
+ * of a DID Document.
+ *
+ * For example, verification methods, verification relationships, and services are separated by
+ * semicolons (`;`) in the root record:
+ * ```
+ * vm=k1;auth=k1;asm=k2;inv=k3;del=k3;srv=s1
+ * ```
+ */
+const PROPERTY_SEPARATOR = ';';
+
+/**
+ * Character used to separate distinct values within a single element or entry in the DNS packet
+ * representation of a DID Document.
+ *
+ * For example, multiple key references for the `authentication` verification relationships are
+ * separated by commas (`,`):
+ * ```
+ * auth=0,1,2
+ * ```
+ */
+const VALUE_SEPARATOR = ',';
+
+/**
+ * Represents an optional extension to a DID Document’s DNS packet representation exposed as a
+ * type index.
+ *
+ * Type indexing is an OPTIONAL feature that enables DIDs to become discoverable. DIDs that wish to
+ * be discoverable and resolveable by type can include one or more types when publishing their DID
+ * document to a DID DHT Gateway.
+ *
+ * The registered DID types are published in the {@link https://did-dht.com/registry/index.html#indexed-types | DID DHT Registry}.
+ */
+export enum DidDhtRegisteredDidType {
+  /**
+   * Type 0 is reserved for DIDs that do not wish to associate themselves with a specific type but
+   * wish to make themselves discoverable.
+   */
+  Discoverable = 0,
+
+  /**
+   * Organization
+   * @see {@link https://schema.org/Organization | schema definition}
+   */
+  Organization = 1,
+
+  /**
+   * Government Organization
+   * @see {@link https://schema.org/GovernmentOrganization | schema definition}
+   */
+  Government = 2,
+
+  /**
+   * Corporation
+   * @see {@link https://schema.org/Corporation | schema definition}
+   */
+  Corporation = 3,
+
+  /**
+   * Corporation
+   * @see {@link https://schema.org/Corporation | schema definition}
+   */
+  LocalBusiness = 4,
+
+  /**
+   * Software Package
+   * @see {@link https://schema.org/SoftwareSourceCode | schema definition}
+   */
+  SoftwarePackage = 5,
+
+  /**
+   * Web App
+   * @see {@link https://schema.org/WebApplication | schema definition}
+   */
+  WebApp = 6,
+
+  /**
+   * Financial Institution
+   * @see {@link https://schema.org/FinancialService | schema definition}
+   */
+  FinancialInstitution = 7
+}
+
+/**
+ * Enumerates the types of keys that can be used in a DID DHT document.
+ *
+ * The DID DHT method supports various cryptographic key types. These key types are essential for
+ * the creation and management of DIDs and their associated cryptographic operations like signing
+ * and encryption. The registered key types are published in the DID DHT Registry and each is
+ * assigned a unique numerical value for use by client and gateway implementations.
+ *
+ * The registered key types are published in the {@link https://did-dht.com/registry/index.html#key-type-index | DID DHT Registry}.
+ */
+export enum DidDhtRegisteredKeyType {
+  /**
+   * Ed25519: A public-key signature system using the EdDSA (Edwards-curve Digital Signature
+   * Algorithm) and Curve25519.
+   */
+  Ed25519 = 0,
+
+  /**
+   * secp256k1: A cryptographic curve used for digital signatures in a range of decentralized
+   * systems.
+   */
+  secp256k1 = 1,
+
+  /**
+   * secp256r1: Also known as P-256 or prime256v1, this curve is used for cryptographic operations
+   * and is widely supported in various cryptographic libraries and standards.
+   */
+  secp256r1 = 2,
+
+  /**
+   * X25519: A public key used for Diffie-Hellman key exchange using Curve25519.
+   */
+  X25519 = 3,
+}
+
+/**
+ * Maps {@link https://www.w3.org/TR/did-core/#verification-relationships | DID Core Verification Relationship}
+ * values to the corresponding record name in the DNS packet representation of a DHT DID document.
+ */
+export enum DidDhtVerificationRelationship {
+  /**
+   * Specifies how the DID subject is expected to be authenticated.
+   */
+  authentication = 'auth',
+
+  /**
+   * Specifies how the DID subject is expected to express claims, such as for issuing Verifiable
+   * Credentials.
+   */
+  assertionMethod = 'asm',
+
+  /**
+   * Specifies a mechanism used by the DID subject to delegate a cryptographic capability to another
+   * party
+   */
+  capabilityDelegation = 'del',
+
+  /**
+   * Specifies a verification method used by the DID subject to invoke a cryptographic capability.
+   */
+  capabilityInvocation = 'inv',
+
+  /**
+   * Specifies how an entity can generate encryption material to communicate confidentially with the
+   * DID subject.
+   */
+  keyAgreement = 'agm'
+}
+
+/**
+ * Private helper that maps algorithm identifiers to their corresponding DID DHT
+ * {@link DidDhtRegisteredKeyType | registered key type}.
+ */
+const AlgorithmToKeyTypeMap = {
+  Ed25519   : DidDhtRegisteredKeyType.Ed25519,
+  ES256K    : DidDhtRegisteredKeyType.secp256k1,
+  ES256     : DidDhtRegisteredKeyType.secp256r1,
+  'P-256'   : DidDhtRegisteredKeyType.secp256r1,
+  secp256k1 : DidDhtRegisteredKeyType.secp256k1,
+  secp256r1 : DidDhtRegisteredKeyType.secp256r1,
+  X25519    : DidDhtRegisteredKeyType.X25519,
+} as const;
+
+/**
+ * Private helper that maps did dht registered key types to their corresponding default algorithm identifiers.
+ */
+const KeyTypeToDefaultAlgorithmMap = {
+  [DidDhtRegisteredKeyType.Ed25519]   : 'EdDSA',
+  [DidDhtRegisteredKeyType.secp256k1] : 'ES256K',
+  [DidDhtRegisteredKeyType.secp256r1] : 'ES256',
+  [DidDhtRegisteredKeyType.X25519]    : 'ECDH-ES+A256KW',
+};
+
+/**
+ * The `DidDht` class provides an implementation of the `did:dht` DID method.
+ *
+ * Features:
+ * - DID Creation: Create new `did:dht` DIDs.
+ * - DID Key Management: Instantiate a DID object from an existing verification method keys or
+ *                       or a key in a Key Management System (KMS). If supported by the KMS, a DID's
+ *                       key can be exported to a portable DID format.
+ * - DID Resolution: Resolve a `did:dht` to its corresponding DID Document stored in the DHT network.
+ * - Signature Operations: Sign and verify messages using keys associated with a DID.
+ *
+ * @remarks
+ * The `did:dht` method leverages the distributed nature of the Mainline DHT network for
+ * decentralized identity management. This method allows DIDs to be resolved without relying on
+ * centralized registries or ledgers, enhancing privacy and control for users. The DID Document is
+ * stored and retrieved from the DHT network, and the method includes optional mechanisms for
+ * discovering DIDs by type.
+ *
+ * The DID URI in the `did:dht` method includes a method-specific identifier called the Identity Key
+ * which corresponds to the DID's entry in the DHT network. The Identity Key required to make
+ * changes to the DID Document since Mainline DHT nodes validate the signature of each message
+ * before storing the value in the DHT.
+ *
+ * @see {@link https://did-dht.com | DID DHT Method Specification}
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * // DID Creation
+ * const did = await DidDht.create();
+ *
+ * // DID Creation with a KMS
+ * const keyManager = new LocalKeyManager();
+ * const did = await DidDht.create({ keyManager });
+ *
+ * // DID Resolution
+ * const resolutionResult = await DidDht.resolve({ did: did.uri });
+ *
+ * // Signature Operations
+ * const signer = await did.getSigner();
+ * const signature = await signer.sign({ data: new TextEncoder().encode('Message') });
+ * const isValid = await signer.verify({ data: new TextEncoder().encode('Message'), signature });
+ *
+ * // Import / Export
+ *
+ * // Export a BearerDid object to the PortableDid format.
+ * const portableDid = await did.export();
+ *
+ * // Reconstruct a BearerDid object from a PortableDid
+ * const did = await DidDht.import(portableDid);
+ * ```
+ */
+export class DidDht extends DidMethod {
+
+  /**
+   * Name of the DID method, as defined in the DID DHT specification.
+   */
+  public static methodName = 'dht';
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a new DID using the `did:dht` method formed from a newly generated key.
+   *
+   * @remarks
+   * The DID URI is formed by z-base-32 encoding the Identity Key public key and prefixing with
+   * `did:dht:`.
+   *
+   * Notes:
+   * - If no `options` are given, by default a new Ed25519 key will be generated which serves as the
+   *   Identity Key.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * // DID Creation
+   * const did = await DidDht.create();
+   *
+   * // DID Creation with a KMS
+   * const keyManager = new LocalKeyManager();
+   * const did = await DidDht.create({ keyManager });
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @param params - The parameters for the create operation.
+   * @param params.keyManager - Optionally specify a Key Management System (KMS) used to generate
+   *                            keys and sign data.
+   * @param params.options - Optional parameters that can be specified when creating a new DID.
+   * @returns A Promise resolving to a {@link BearerDid} object representing the new DID.
+   */
+  public static async create<TKms extends CryptoApi | undefined = undefined>({
+    keyManager = new LocalKeyManager(),
+    options = {}
+  }: {
+    keyManager?: TKms;
+    options?: DidDhtCreateOptions<TKms>;
+  } = {}): Promise<BearerDid> {
+    // Before processing the create operation, validate DID-method-specific requirements to prevent
+    // keys from being generated unnecessarily.
+
+    // Check 1: Validate that the algorithm for any given verification method is supported by the
+    // DID DHT specification.
+    if (options.verificationMethods?.some(vm => !(vm.algorithm in AlgorithmToKeyTypeMap))) {
+      throw new Error('One or more verification method algorithms are not supported');
+    }
+
+    // Check 2: Validate that the ID for any given verification method is unique.
+    const methodIds = options.verificationMethods?.filter(vm => 'id' in vm).map(vm => vm.id);
+    if (methodIds && methodIds.length !== new Set(methodIds).size) {
+      throw new Error('One or more verification method IDs are not unique');
+    }
+
+    // Check 3: Validate that the required properties for any given services are present.
+    if (options.services?.some(s => !s.id || !s.type || !s.serviceEndpoint)) {
+      throw new Error('One or more services are missing required properties');
+    }
+
+    // Generate random key material for the Identity Key.
+    const identityKeyUri = await keyManager.generateKey({ algorithm: 'Ed25519' });
+    const identityKey = await keyManager.getPublicKey({ keyUri: identityKeyUri });
+
+    // Compute the DID URI from the Identity Key.
+    const didUri = await DidDhtUtils.identityKeyToIdentifier({ identityKey });
+
+    // Begin constructing the DID Document.
+    const document: DidDocument = {
+      id: didUri,
+      ...options.alsoKnownAs && { alsoKnownAs: options.alsoKnownAs },
+      ...options.controllers && { controller: options.controllers }
+    };
+
+    // If the given verification methods do not contain an Identity Key, add one.
+    const verificationMethodsToAdd = [...options.verificationMethods ?? []];
+    if (!verificationMethodsToAdd?.some(vm => vm.id?.split('#').pop() === '0')) {
+      // Add the Identity Key to the beginning of the key set.
+      verificationMethodsToAdd.unshift({
+        algorithm : 'Ed25519' as any,
+        id        : '0',
+        purposes  : ['authentication', 'assertionMethod', 'capabilityDelegation', 'capabilityInvocation']
+      });
+    }
+
+    // Generate random key material for the Identity Key and any additional verification methods.
+    // Add verification methods to the DID document.
+    for (const verificationMethod of verificationMethodsToAdd) {
+      // Generate a random key for the verification method, or if its the Identity Key's
+      // verification method (`id` is 0) use the key previously generated.
+      const keyUri = (verificationMethod.id && verificationMethod.id.split('#').pop() === '0')
+        ? identityKeyUri
+        : await keyManager.generateKey({ algorithm: verificationMethod.algorithm });
+
+      const publicKey = await keyManager.getPublicKey({ keyUri });
+
+      // Use the given ID, the key's ID, or the key's thumbprint as the verification method ID.
+      let methodId = verificationMethod.id ?? publicKey.kid ?? await computeJwkThumbprint({ jwk: publicKey });
+      methodId = `${didUri}#${extractDidFragment(methodId)}`; // Remove fragment prefix, if any.
+
+      // Initialize the `verificationMethod` array if it does not already exist.
+      document.verificationMethod ??= [];
+
+      // Add the verification method to the DID document.
+      document.verificationMethod.push({
+        id           : methodId,
+        type         : 'JsonWebKey',
+        controller   : verificationMethod.controller ?? didUri,
+        publicKeyJwk : publicKey,
+      });
+
+      // Add the verification method to the specified purpose properties of the DID document.
+      for (const purpose of verificationMethod.purposes ?? []) {
+        // Initialize the purpose property if it does not already exist.
+        if (!document[purpose]) document[purpose] = [];
+        // Add the verification method to the purpose property.
+        document[purpose]!.push(methodId);
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Add services, if any, to the DID document.
+    options.services?.forEach(service => {
+      document.service ??= [];
+      service.id = `${didUri}#${service.id.split('#').pop()}`; // Remove fragment prefix, if any.
+      document.service.push(service);
+    });
+
+    // Create the BearerDid object, including the registered DID types (if any), and specify that
+    // the DID has not yet been published.
+    const did = new BearerDid({
+      uri      : didUri,
+      document,
+      metadata : {
+        published: false,
+        ...options.types && { types: options.types }
+      },
+      keyManager
+    });
+
+    // By default, publish the DID document to a DHT Gateway unless explicitly disabled.
+    if (options.publish ?? true) {
+      const registrationResult = await DidDht.publish({ did, gatewayUri: options.gatewayUri });
+      did.metadata = registrationResult.didDocumentMetadata;
+    }
+
+    return did;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Instantiates a {@link BearerDid} object for the DID DHT method from a given {@link PortableDid}.
+   *
+   * This method allows for the creation of a `BearerDid` object using a previously created DID's
+   * key material, DID document, and metadata.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * // Export an existing BearerDid to PortableDid format.
+   * const portableDid = await did.export();
+   * // Reconstruct a BearerDid object from the PortableDid.
+   * const did = await DidDht.import({ portableDid });
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @param params - The parameters for the import operation.
+   * @param params.portableDid - The PortableDid object to import.
+   * @param params.keyManager - Optionally specify an external Key Management System (KMS) used to
+   *                            generate keys and sign data. If not given, a new
+   *                            {@link LocalKeyManager} instance will be created and
+   *                            used.
+   * @returns A Promise resolving to a `BearerDid` object representing the DID formed from the
+   *          provided PortableDid.
+   * @throws An error if the PortableDid document does not contain any verification methods, lacks
+   *         an Identity Key, or the keys for any verification method are missing in the key
+   *         manager.
+   */
+  public static async import({ portableDid, keyManager = new LocalKeyManager() }: {
+    keyManager?: CryptoApi & KeyImporterExporter<KmsImportKeyParams, KeyIdentifier, KmsExportKeyParams>;
+    portableDid: PortableDid;
+  }): Promise<BearerDid> {
+    // Verify the DID method is supported.
+    const parsedDid = Did.parse(portableDid.uri);
+    if (parsedDid?.method !== DidDht.methodName) {
+      throw new DidError(DidErrorCode.MethodNotSupported, `Method not supported`);
+    }
+
+    const did = await BearerDid.import({ portableDid, keyManager });
+
+    // Validate that the given verification methods contain an Identity Key.
+    if (!did.document.verificationMethod?.some(vm => vm.id?.split('#').pop() === '0')) {
+      throw new DidError(DidErrorCode.InvalidDidDocument, `DID document must contain an Identity Key`);
+    }
+
+    return did;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Given the W3C DID Document of a `did:dht` DID, return the verification method that will be used
+   * for signing messages and credentials. If given, the `methodId` parameter is used to select the
+   * verification method. If not given, the Identity Key's verification method with an ID fragment
+   * of '#0' is used.
+   *
+   * @param params - The parameters for the `getSigningMethod` operation.
+   * @param params.didDocument - DID Document to get the verification method from.
+   * @param params.methodId - ID of the verification method to use for signing.
+   * @returns Verification method to use for signing.
+   */
+  public static async getSigningMethod({ didDocument, methodId = '#0' }: {
+    didDocument: DidDocument;
+    methodId?: string;
+  }): Promise<DidVerificationMethod> {
+    // Verify the DID method is supported.
+    const parsedDid = Did.parse(didDocument.id);
+    if (parsedDid && parsedDid.method !== this.methodName) {
+      throw new DidError(DidErrorCode.MethodNotSupported, `Method not supported: ${parsedDid.method}`);
+    }
+
+    // Attempt to find a verification method that matches the given method ID, or if not given,
+    // find the first verification method intended for signing claims.
+    const verificationMethod = didDocument.verificationMethod?.find(
+      vm => extractDidFragment(vm.id) === (extractDidFragment(methodId) ?? extractDidFragment(didDocument.assertionMethod?.[0]))
+    );
+
+    if (!(verificationMethod && verificationMethod.publicKeyJwk)) {
+      throw new DidError(DidErrorCode.InternalError, 'A verification method intended for signing could not be determined from the DID Document');
+    }
+
+    return verificationMethod;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Publishes a DID to the DHT, making it publicly discoverable and resolvable.
+   *
+   * This method handles the publication of a DID Document associated with a `did:dht` DID to the
+   * Mainline DHT network. The publication process involves storing the DID Document in Mainline DHT
+   * via a Pkarr relay server.
+   *
+   * @remarks
+   * - This method is typically invoked automatically during the creation of a new DID unless the
+   *   `publish` option is set to `false`.
+   * - For existing, unpublished DIDs, it can be used to publish the DID Document to Mainline DHT.
+   * - The method relies on the specified Pkarr relay server to interface with the DHT network.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * // Generate a new DID and keys but explicitly disable publishing.
+   * const did = await DidDht.create({ options: { publish: false } });
+   * // Publish the DID to the DHT.
+   * const registrationResult = await DidDht.publish({ did });
+   * // `registrationResult.didDocumentMetadata.published` is true if the DID was successfully published.
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @param params - The parameters for the `publish` operation.
+   * @param params.did - The `BearerDid` object representing the DID to be published.
+   * @param params.gatewayUri - Optional. The URI of a server involved in executing DID method
+   *                            operations. In the context of publishing, the endpoint is expected
+   *                            to be a DID DHT Gateway or Pkarr Relay. If not specified, a default
+   *                            gateway node is used.
+   * @returns A promise that resolves to a {@link DidRegistrationResult} object that contains
+   *          the result of registering the DID with a DID DHT Gateway or Pkarr relay.
+   */
+  public static async publish({ did, gatewayUri = DEFAULT_GATEWAY_URI }: {
+    did: BearerDid;
+    gatewayUri?: string;
+  }): Promise<DidRegistrationResult> {
+    const registrationResult = await DidDhtDocument.put({ did, gatewayUri });
+
+    return registrationResult;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Resolves a `did:dht` identifier to its corresponding DID document.
+   *
+   * This method performs the resolution of a `did:dht` DID, retrieving its DID Document from the
+   * Mainline DHT network. The process involves querying the DHT network via a Pkarr relay server to
+   * retrieve the DID Document that corresponds to the given DID identifier.
+   *
+   * @remarks
+   * - If a `gatewayUri` option is not specified, a default Pkarr relay is used to access the DHT
+   *   network.
+   * - It decodes the DID identifier and retrieves the associated DID Document and metadata.
+   * - In case of resolution failure, appropriate error information is returned.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const resolutionResult = await DidDht.resolve('did:dht:example');
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @param didUri - The DID to be resolved.
+   * @param options - Optional parameters for resolving the DID. Unused by this DID method.
+   * @returns A Promise resolving to a {@link DidResolutionResult} object representing the result of
+   *          the resolution.
+   */
+  public static async resolve(didUri: string, options: DidResolutionOptions = {}): Promise<DidResolutionResult> {
+    // To execute the read method operation, use the given gateway URI or a default.
+    const gatewayUri = options?.gatewayUri ?? DEFAULT_GATEWAY_URI;
+
+    try {
+      // Attempt to decode the z-base-32-encoded identifier.
+      await DidDhtUtils.identifierToIdentityKey({ didUri });
+
+      // Attempt to retrieve the DID document and metadata from the DHT network.
+      const { didDocument, didDocumentMetadata } = await DidDhtDocument.get({ didUri, gatewayUri });
+
+      // If the DID document was retrieved successfully, return it.
+      return {
+        ...EMPTY_DID_RESOLUTION_RESULT,
+        didDocument,
+        didDocumentMetadata
+      };
+
+    } catch (error: any) {
+      // Rethrow any unexpected errors that are not a `DidError`.
+      if (!(error instanceof DidError)) throw new Error(error);
+
+      // Return a DID Resolution Result with the appropriate error code.
+      return {
+        ...EMPTY_DID_RESOLUTION_RESULT,
+        didResolutionMetadata: {
+          error: error.code,
+          ...error.message && { errorMessage: error.message }
+        }
+      };
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * The `DidDhtDocument` class provides functionality for interacting with the DID document stored in
+ * Mainline DHT in support of DID DHT method create, resolve, update, and deactivate operations.
+ *
+ * This class includes methods for retrieving and publishing DID documents to and from the DHT,
+ * using DNS packet encoding and DID DHT Gateway or Pkarr Relay servers.
+ */
+export class DidDhtDocument {
+  /**
+   * Retrieves a DID document and its metadata from the DHT network.
+   *
+   * @param params - The parameters for the get operation.
+   * @param params.didUri - The DID URI containing the Identity Key.
+   * @param params.gatewayUri - The DID DHT Gateway or Pkarr Relay URI.
+   * @returns A Promise resolving to a {@link DidResolutionResult} object containing the DID
+   *          document and its metadata.
+   */
+  public static async get({ didUri, gatewayUri }: {
+    didUri: string;
+    gatewayUri: string;
+  }): Promise<DidResolutionResult> {
+    // Decode the z-base-32 DID identifier to public key as a byte array.
+    const publicKeyBytes = DidDhtUtils.identifierToIdentityKeyBytes({ didUri });
+
+    // Retrieve the signed BEP44 message from a DID DHT Gateway or Pkarr relay.
+    const bep44Message = await DidDhtDocument.pkarrGet({ gatewayUri, publicKeyBytes });
+
+    // Verify the signature of the BEP44 message and parse the value to a DNS packet.
+    const dnsPacket = await DidDhtUtils.parseBep44GetMessage({ bep44Message });
+
+    // Convert the DNS packet to a DID document and metadata.
+    const resolutionResult = await DidDhtDocument.fromDnsPacket({ didUri, dnsPacket });
+
+    // Set the version ID of the DID document metadata to the sequence number of the BEP44 message.
+    resolutionResult.didDocumentMetadata.versionId = bep44Message.seq.toString();
+
+    return resolutionResult;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Publishes a DID document to the DHT network.
+   *
+   * @param params - The parameters to use when publishing the DID document to the DHT network.
+   * @param params.did - The DID object whose DID document will be published.
+   * @param params.gatewayUri - The DID DHT Gateway or Pkarr Relay URI.
+   * @returns A promise that resolves to a {@link DidRegistrationResult} object that contains
+   *          the result of registering the DID with a DID DHT Gateway or Pkarr relay.
+   */
+  public static async put({ did, gatewayUri }: {
+    did: BearerDid;
+    gatewayUri: string;
+  }): Promise<DidRegistrationResult> {
+    // Convert the DID document and DID metadata (such as DID types) to a DNS packet.
+    const dnsPacket = await DidDhtDocument.toDnsPacket({
+      didDocument              : did.document,
+      didMetadata              : did.metadata,
+      authoritativeGatewayUris : [gatewayUri]
+    });
+
+    // Create a signed BEP44 put message from the DNS packet.
+    const bep44Message = await DidDhtUtils.createBep44PutMessage({
+      dnsPacket,
+      publicKeyBytes : DidDhtUtils.identifierToIdentityKeyBytes({ didUri: did.uri }),
+      signer         : await did.getSigner({ methodId: '0' })
+    });
+
+    // Publish the DNS packet to the DHT network.
+    const putResult = await DidDhtDocument.pkarrPut({ gatewayUri, bep44Message });
+
+    // Return the result of processing the PUT operation, including the updated DID metadata with
+    // the version ID and the publishing result.
+    return {
+      didDocument         : did.document,
+      didDocumentMetadata : {
+        ...did.metadata,
+        published : putResult,
+        versionId : bep44Message.seq.toString()
+      },
+      didRegistrationMetadata: {}
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Retrieves a signed BEP44 message from a DID DHT Gateway or Pkarr Relay server.
+   *
+   * @see {@link https://github.com/Nuhvi/pkarr/blob/main/design/relays.md | Pkarr Relay design}
+   *
+   * @param params
+   * @param params.gatewayUri - The DID DHT Gateway or Pkarr Relay URI.
+   * @param params.publicKeyBytes - The public key bytes of the Identity Key, z-base-32 encoded.
+   * @returns A promise resolving to a BEP44 message containing the signed DNS packet.
+  */
+  private static async pkarrGet({ gatewayUri, publicKeyBytes }: {
+    publicKeyBytes: Uint8Array;
+    gatewayUri: string;
+  }): Promise<Bep44Message> {
+    // The identifier (key in the DHT) is the z-base-32 encoding of the Identity Key.
+    const identifier = Convert.uint8Array(publicKeyBytes).toBase32Z();
+
+    // Concatenate the gateway URI with the identifier to form the full URL.
+    const url = new URL(identifier, gatewayUri).href;
+
+    // Transmit the Get request to the DID DHT Gateway or Pkarr Relay and get the response.
+    let response: Response;
+    try {
+      response = await fetch(url, { method: 'GET' });
+
+      if (!response.ok) {
+        throw new DidError(DidErrorCode.NotFound, `Pkarr record not found for: ${identifier}`);
+      }
+
+    } catch (error: any) {
+      if (error instanceof DidError) throw error;
+      throw new DidError(DidErrorCode.InternalError, `Failed to fetch Pkarr record: ${error.message}`);
+    }
+
+    // Read the Fetch Response stream into a byte array.
+    const messageBytes = await response.arrayBuffer();
+
+    if(!messageBytes) {
+      throw new DidError(DidErrorCode.NotFound, `Pkarr record not found for: ${identifier}`);
+    }
+
+    if (messageBytes.byteLength < 72) {
+      throw new DidError(DidErrorCode.InvalidDidDocumentLength, `Pkarr response must be at least 72 bytes but got: ${messageBytes.byteLength}`);
+    }
+
+    if (messageBytes.byteLength > 1072) {
+      throw new DidError(DidErrorCode.InvalidDidDocumentLength, `Pkarr response exceeds 1000 byte limit: ${messageBytes.byteLength}`);
+    }
+
+    // Decode the BEP44 message from the byte array.
+    const bep44Message: Bep44Message = {
+      k   : publicKeyBytes,
+      seq : Number(new DataView(messageBytes).getBigUint64(64)),
+      sig : new Uint8Array(messageBytes, 0, 64),
+      v   : new Uint8Array(messageBytes, 72)
+    };
+
+    return bep44Message;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Publishes a signed BEP44 message to a DID DHT Gateway or Pkarr Relay server.
+   *
+   * @see {@link https://github.com/Nuhvi/pkarr/blob/main/design/relays.md | Pkarr Relay design}
+   *
+   * @param params - The parameters to use when publishing a signed BEP44 message to a Pkarr relay server.
+   * @param params.gatewayUri - The DID DHT Gateway or Pkarr Relay URI.
+   * @param params.bep44Message - The BEP44 message to be published, containing the signed DNS packet.
+   * @returns A promise resolving to `true` if the message was successfully published, otherwise `false`.
+   */
+  private static async pkarrPut({ gatewayUri, bep44Message }: {
+    bep44Message: Bep44Message;
+    gatewayUri: string;
+  }): Promise<boolean> {
+    // The identifier (key in the DHT) is the z-base-32 encoding of the Identity Key.
+    const identifier = Convert.uint8Array(bep44Message.k).toBase32Z();
+
+    // Concatenate the gateway URI with the identifier to form the full URL.
+    const url = new URL(identifier, gatewayUri).href;
+
+    // Construct the body of the request according to the Pkarr relay specification.
+    const body = new Uint8Array(bep44Message.v.length + 72);
+    body.set(bep44Message.sig, 0);
+    new DataView(body.buffer).setBigUint64(bep44Message.sig.length, BigInt(bep44Message.seq));
+    body.set(bep44Message.v, bep44Message.sig.length + 8);
+
+    // Transmit the Put request to the Pkarr relay and get the response.
+    let response: Response;
+    try {
+      response = await fetch(url, {
+        method  : 'PUT',
+        headers : { 'Content-Type': 'application/octet-stream' },
+        body
+      });
+
+    } catch (error: any) {
+      throw new DidError(DidErrorCode.InternalError, `Failed to put Pkarr record for identifier ${identifier}: ${error.message}`);
+    }
+
+    // Return `true` if the DHT request was successful, otherwise return `false`.
+    return response.ok;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Converts a DNS packet to a DID document according to the DID DHT specification.
+   *
+   * @see {@link https://did-dht.com/#dids-as-dns-records | DID DHT Specification, § DIDs as DNS Records}
+   *
+   * @param params - The parameters to use when converting a DNS packet to a DID document.
+   * @param params.didUri - The DID URI of the DID document.
+   * @param params.dnsPacket - The DNS packet to convert to a DID document.
+   * @returns A Promise resolving to a {@link DidResolutionResult} object containing the DID
+   *          document and its metadata.
+   */
+  public static async fromDnsPacket({ didUri, dnsPacket }: {
+    didUri: string;
+    dnsPacket: Packet;
+  }): Promise<DidResolutionResult> {
+    // Begin constructing the DID Document.
+    const didDocument: DidDocument = { id: didUri };
+
+    // Since the DID document is being retrieved from the DHT, it is considered published.
+    const didDocumentMetadata: DidMetadata = {
+      published: true
+    };
+
+    const idLookup = new Map<string, string>();
+
+    for (const answer of dnsPacket?.answers ?? []) {
+      // DID DHT properties are ONLY present in DNS TXT records.
+      if (answer.type !== 'TXT') continue;
+
+      // Get the DID DHT record identifier (e.g., k0, aka, did, etc.) from the DNS resource name.
+      const dnsRecordId = answer.name.split('.')[0].substring(1);
+
+      switch (true) {
+        // Process an also known as record.
+        case dnsRecordId.startsWith('aka'): {
+          // Decode the DNS TXT record data value to a string.
+          const data = DidDhtUtils.parseTxtDataToString(answer.data);
+
+          // Add the 'alsoKnownAs' property to the DID document.
+          didDocument.alsoKnownAs = data.split(VALUE_SEPARATOR);
+
+          break;
+        }
+
+        // Process a controller record.
+        case dnsRecordId.startsWith('cnt'): {
+          // Decode the DNS TXT record data value to a string.
+          const data = DidDhtUtils.parseTxtDataToString(answer.data);
+
+          // Add the 'controller' property to the DID document.
+          didDocument.controller = data.includes(VALUE_SEPARATOR) ? data.split(VALUE_SEPARATOR) : data;
+
+          break;
+        }
+
+        // Process verification methods.
+        case dnsRecordId.startsWith('k'): {
+          // Get the key type (t), Base64URL-encoded public key (k), algorithm (a), and
+          // optionally, controller (c) or Verification Method ID (id) from the decoded TXT record data.
+          const { id, t, k, c, a: parsedAlg } = DidDhtUtils.parseTxtDataToObject(answer.data);
+
+          // Convert the public key from Base64URL format to a byte array.
+          const publicKeyBytes = Convert.base64Url(k).toUint8Array();
+
+          // Use the key type integer to look up the cryptographic curve name.
+          const namedCurve = DidDhtRegisteredKeyType[Number(t)];
+
+          // Convert the public key from a byte array to JWK format.
+          let publicKey = await DidDhtUtils.keyConverter(namedCurve).bytesToPublicKey({ publicKeyBytes });
+
+          publicKey.alg = parsedAlg || KeyTypeToDefaultAlgorithmMap[Number(t) as DidDhtRegisteredKeyType];
+
+          // TOOD: when this is complete https://github.com/TBD54566975/web5-js/issues/638 then we can add this back and
+          // update the test vectors kid back to '0'
+          // if(dnsRecordId === 'k0') {
+          //   publicKey.kid = '0';
+          // }
+
+          // Determine the Verification Method ID: '0' for the identity key,
+          // the id from the TXT Data Object, or the JWK thumbprint if an explicity Verification Method ID not defined.
+          const vmId = dnsRecordId === 'k0' ? '0' : id !== undefined ? id : await computeJwkThumbprint({ jwk: publicKey });
+
+          // Initialize the `verificationMethod` array if it does not already exist.
+          didDocument.verificationMethod ??= [];
+
+          // Prepend the DID URI to the ID fragment to form the full verification method ID.
+          const methodId = `${didUri}#${vmId}`;
+
+          // Add the verification method to the DID document.
+          didDocument.verificationMethod.push({
+            id           : methodId,
+            type         : 'JsonWebKey',
+            controller   : c ?? didUri,
+            publicKeyJwk : publicKey,
+          });
+
+          // Add a mapping from the DNS record ID (e.g., 'k0', 'k1', etc.) to the verification
+          // method ID (e.g., 'did:dht:...#0', etc.).
+          idLookup.set(dnsRecordId, methodId);
+
+          break;
+        }
+
+        // Process services.
+        case dnsRecordId.startsWith('s'): {
+          // Get the service ID fragment (id), type (t), service endpoint (se), and optionally,
+          // other properties from the decoded TXT record data.
+          const { id, t, se, ...customProperties } = DidDhtUtils.parseTxtDataToObject(answer.data);
+
+          // if multi-values: 'a,b,c' -> ['a', 'b', 'c'], if single-value: 'a' -> ['a']
+          // NOTE: The service endpoint technically can either be a string or an array of strings,
+          // we enforce an array for single-value to simplify verification of vector 3 in the spec: https://did-dht.com/#vector-3
+          const serviceEndpoint = se.includes(VALUE_SEPARATOR) ? se.split(VALUE_SEPARATOR) : [se];
+
+          // Convert custom property values to either a string or an array of strings.
+          const serviceProperties = Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(customProperties).map(
+            ([k, v]) => [k, v.includes(VALUE_SEPARATOR) ? v.split(VALUE_SEPARATOR) : v]
+          ));
+
+          // Initialize the `service` array if it does not already exist.
+          didDocument.service ??= [];
+
+          didDocument.service.push({
+            ...serviceProperties,
+            id   : `${didUri}#${id}`,
+            type : t,
+            serviceEndpoint
+          });
+
+          break;
+        }
+
+        // Process DID DHT types.
+        case dnsRecordId.startsWith('typ'): {
+          // Decode the DNS TXT record data value to an object.
+          const { id: types } = DidDhtUtils.parseTxtDataToObject(answer.data);
+
+          // Add the DID DHT Registered DID Types represented as numbers to DID metadata.
+          didDocumentMetadata.types = types.split(VALUE_SEPARATOR).map(typeInteger => Number(typeInteger));
+
+          break;
+        }
+
+        // Process root record.
+        case dnsRecordId.startsWith('did'): {
+          // Helper function that maps verification relationship values to verification method IDs.
+          const recordIdsToMethodIds = (data: string): string[] => data
+            .split(VALUE_SEPARATOR)
+            .map(dnsRecordId => idLookup.get(dnsRecordId))
+            .filter((id): id is string => typeof id === 'string');
+
+          // Decode the DNS TXT record data and destructure verification relationship properties.
+          const { auth, asm, del, inv, agm } = DidDhtUtils.parseTxtDataToObject(answer.data);
+
+          // Add the verification relationships, if any, to the DID document.
+          if (auth) didDocument.authentication = recordIdsToMethodIds(auth);
+          if (asm) didDocument.assertionMethod = recordIdsToMethodIds(asm);
+          if (del) didDocument.capabilityDelegation = recordIdsToMethodIds(del);
+          if (inv) didDocument.capabilityInvocation = recordIdsToMethodIds(inv);
+          if (agm) didDocument.keyAgreement = recordIdsToMethodIds(agm);
+
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    return { didDocument, didDocumentMetadata, didResolutionMetadata: {} };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Converts a DID document to a DNS packet according to the DID DHT specification.
+   *
+   * @see {@link https://did-dht.com/#dids-as-dns-records | DID DHT Specification, § DIDs as DNS Records}
+   *
+   * @param params - The parameters to use when converting a DID document to a DNS packet.
+   * @param params.didDocument - The DID document to convert to a DNS packet.
+   * @param params.didMetadata - The DID metadata to include in the DNS packet.
+   * @param params.authoritativeGatewayUris - The URIs of the Authoritative Gateways to generate NS records from.
+   * @param params.previousDidProof - The signature proof that this DID is linked to the given previous DID.
+   * @returns A promise that resolves to a DNS packet.
+   */
+  public static async toDnsPacket({ didDocument, didMetadata, authoritativeGatewayUris, previousDidProof }: {
+    didDocument: DidDocument;
+    didMetadata: DidMetadata;
+    authoritativeGatewayUris?: string[];
+    previousDidProof?: PreviousDidProof;
+  }): Promise<Packet> {
+    const txtRecords: TxtAnswer[] = [];
+    const nsRecords: StringAnswer[] = [];
+    const idLookup = new Map<string, string>();
+    const serviceIds: string[] = [];
+    const verificationMethodIds: string[] = [];
+
+    // Add `_prv._did.` TXT record if previous DID proof is provided and valid.
+    if (previousDidProof !== undefined) {
+      const { signature, previousDid } = previousDidProof;
+
+      await DidDhtUtils.validatePreviousDidProof({
+        newDid: didDocument.id,
+        previousDidProof
+      });
+
+      txtRecords.push({
+        type : 'TXT',
+        name : '_prv._did.',
+        ttl  : DNS_RECORD_TTL,
+        data : `id=${previousDid};s=${signature}`
+      });
+    }
+
+    // Add DNS TXT records if the DID document contains an `alsoKnownAs` property.
+    if (didDocument.alsoKnownAs) {
+      txtRecords.push({
+        type : 'TXT',
+        name : '_aka._did.',
+        ttl  : DNS_RECORD_TTL,
+        data : didDocument.alsoKnownAs.join(VALUE_SEPARATOR)
+      });
+    }
+
+    // Add DNS TXT records if the DID document contains a `controller` property.
+    if (didDocument.controller) {
+      const controller = Array.isArray(didDocument.controller)
+        ? didDocument.controller.join(VALUE_SEPARATOR)
+        : didDocument.controller;
+      txtRecords.push({
+        type : 'TXT',
+        name : '_cnt._did.',
+        ttl  : DNS_RECORD_TTL,
+        data : controller
+      });
+    }
+
+    // Add DNS TXT records for each verification method.
+    for (const [index, verificationMethod] of didDocument.verificationMethod?.entries() ?? []) {
+      const dnsRecordId = `k${index}`;
+      verificationMethodIds.push(dnsRecordId);
+      let methodId = verificationMethod.id.split('#').pop()!; // Remove fragment prefix, if any.
+      idLookup.set(methodId, dnsRecordId);
+
+      const publicKey = verificationMethod.publicKeyJwk;
+
+      if (!(publicKey?.crv && publicKey.crv in AlgorithmToKeyTypeMap)) {
+        throw new DidError(DidErrorCode.InvalidPublicKeyType, `Verification method '${verificationMethod.id}' contains an unsupported key type: ${publicKey?.crv ?? 'undefined'}`);
+      }
+
+      // Use the public key's `crv` property to get the DID DHT key type.
+      const keyType = DidDhtRegisteredKeyType[publicKey.crv as keyof typeof DidDhtRegisteredKeyType];
+
+      // Convert the public key from JWK format to a byte array.
+      const publicKeyBytes = await DidDhtUtils.keyConverter(publicKey.crv).publicKeyToBytes({ publicKey });
+
+      // Convert the public key from a byte array to Base64URL format.
+      const publicKeyBase64Url = Convert.uint8Array(publicKeyBytes).toBase64Url();
+
+      // Define the data for the DNS TXT record.
+      const txtData = [`t=${keyType}`, `k=${publicKeyBase64Url}`];
+      // if the methodId is not the identity key or a thumbprint, explicity define the id within the DNS TXT record.
+      // otherwise the id can be inferred from the thumbprint.
+      if (methodId !== '0' && await computeJwkThumbprint({ jwk: publicKey }) !== methodId)  {
+        txtData.unshift(`id=${methodId}`);
+      }
+      // Only set the algorithm property (`a`) if it differs from the default algorithm for the key type.
+      if(publicKey.alg !== KeyTypeToDefaultAlgorithmMap[keyType]) {
+        txtData.push(`a=${publicKey.alg}`);
+      }
+
+      // Add the controller property, if set to a value other than the Identity Key (DID Subject).
+      if (verificationMethod.controller !== didDocument.id) txtData.push(`c=${verificationMethod.controller}`);
+
+      // Add a TXT record for the verification method.
+      txtRecords.push({
+        type : 'TXT',
+        name : `_${dnsRecordId}._did.`,
+        ttl  : DNS_RECORD_TTL,
+        data : txtData.join(PROPERTY_SEPARATOR)
+      });
+    }
+
+    // Add DNS TXT records for each service.
+    didDocument.service?.forEach((service, index) => {
+      const dnsRecordId = `s${index}`;
+      serviceIds.push(dnsRecordId);
+      let { id, type: t, serviceEndpoint: se, ...customProperties } = service;
+      id = extractDidFragment(id)!;
+      se = Array.isArray(se) ? se.join(',') : se;
+
+      // Define the data for the DNS TXT record.
+      const txtData = Object.entries({ id, t, se, ...customProperties }).map(
+        ([key, value]) => `${key}=${value}`
+      );
+
+      const txtDataString = txtData.join(PROPERTY_SEPARATOR);
+      const data = DidDhtUtils.chunkDataIfNeeded(txtDataString);
+
+      // Add a TXT record for the verification method.
+      txtRecords.push({
+        type : 'TXT',
+        name : `_${dnsRecordId}._did.`,
+        ttl  : DNS_RECORD_TTL,
+        data
+      });
+    });
+
+    // Initialize the root DNS TXT record with the DID DHT specification version.
+    const rootRecord: string[] = [`v=${DID_DHT_SPECIFICATION_VERSION}`];
+
+    // Add verification methods to the root record.
+    if (verificationMethodIds.length) {
+      rootRecord.push(`vm=${verificationMethodIds.join(VALUE_SEPARATOR)}`);
+    }
+
+    // Add verification relationships to the root record.
+    Object.keys(DidVerificationRelationship).forEach(relationship => {
+      // Collect the verification method IDs for the given relationship.
+      const dnsRecordIds = (didDocument[relationship as keyof DidDocument] as any[])
+        ?.map(id => idLookup.get(id.split('#').pop()));
+
+      // If the relationship includes verification methods, add them to the root record.
+      if (dnsRecordIds) {
+        const recordName = DidDhtVerificationRelationship[relationship as keyof typeof DidDhtVerificationRelationship];
+        rootRecord.push(`${recordName}=${dnsRecordIds.join(VALUE_SEPARATOR)}`);
+      }
+    });
+
+    // Add services to the root record.
+    if (serviceIds.length) {
+      rootRecord.push(`svc=${serviceIds.join(VALUE_SEPARATOR)}`);
+    }
+
+    // If defined, add a DNS TXT record for each registered DID type.
+    if (didMetadata.types?.length) {
+      // DID types can be specified as either a string or a number, so we need to normalize the
+      // values to integers.
+      const types = didMetadata.types as (DidDhtRegisteredDidType | keyof typeof DidDhtRegisteredDidType)[];
+      const typeIntegers = types.map(type => typeof type === 'string' ? DidDhtRegisteredDidType[type] : type);
+
+      txtRecords.push({
+        type : 'TXT',
+        name : '_typ._did.',
+        ttl  : DNS_RECORD_TTL,
+        data : `id=${typeIntegers.join(VALUE_SEPARATOR)}`
+      });
+    }
+
+    // Add a DNS TXT record for the root record.
+    txtRecords.push({
+      type : 'TXT',
+      name : '_did.' + DidDhtDocument.getUniqueDidSuffix(didDocument.id) + '.', // name of a Root Record MUST end in `<ID>.`
+      ttl  : DNS_RECORD_TTL,
+      data : rootRecord.join(PROPERTY_SEPARATOR)
+    });
+
+    // Add an NS record for each authoritative gateway URI.
+    for (const gatewayUri of authoritativeGatewayUris || []) {
+      nsRecords.push({
+        type : 'NS',
+        name : '_did.' + DidDhtDocument.getUniqueDidSuffix(didDocument.id) + '.', // name of an NS record a authoritative gateway MUST end in `<ID>.`
+        ttl  : DNS_RECORD_TTL,
+        data : gatewayUri + '.'
+      });
+    }
+
+    // Create a DNS response packet with the authoritative answer flag set.
+    const dnsPacket: Packet = {
+      id      : 0,
+      type    : 'response',
+      flags   : AUTHORITATIVE_ANSWER,
+      answers : [...txtRecords, ...nsRecords]
+    };
+
+    return dnsPacket;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets the unique portion of the DID identifier after the last `:` character.
+   * e.g. `did:dht:example` -> `example`
+   *
+   * @param did - The DID to extract the unique suffix from.
+   */
+  private static getUniqueDidSuffix(did: string ): string {
+    return did.split(':')[2];
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * The `DidDhtUtils` class provides utility functions to support operations in the DID DHT method.
+ * This includes functions for creating and parsing BEP44 messages, handling identity keys, and
+ * converting between different formats and representations.
+ */
+export class DidDhtUtils {
+  /**
+   * Creates a BEP44 put message, which is used to publish a DID document to the DHT network.
+   *
+   * @param params - The parameters to use when creating the BEP44 put message
+   * @param params.dnsPacket - The DNS packet to encode in the BEP44 message.
+   * @param params.publicKeyBytes - The public key bytes of the Identity Key.
+   * @param params.signer - Signer that can sign and verify data using the Identity Key.
+   * @returns A promise that resolves to a BEP44 put message.
+   */
+  public static async createBep44PutMessage({ dnsPacket, publicKeyBytes, signer }: {
+      dnsPacket: Packet;
+      publicKeyBytes: Uint8Array;
+      signer: Signer;
+    }): Promise<Bep44Message> {
+    // BEP44 requires that the sequence number be a monotoically increasing integer, so we use the
+    // current time in seconds since Unix epoch as a simple solution. Higher precision is not
+    // recommended since DID DHT documents are not expected to change frequently and there are
+    // small differences in system clocks that can cause issues if multiple clients are publishing
+    // updates to the same DID document.
+    const sequenceNumber = Math.ceil(Date.now() / 1000);
+
+    // Encode the DNS packet into a byte array containing a UDP payload.
+    const encodedDnsPacket = dnsPacketEncode(dnsPacket);
+
+    // Encode the sequence and DNS byte array to bencode format.
+    const bencodedData = bencode.encode({ seq: sequenceNumber, v: encodedDnsPacket }).subarray(1, -1);
+
+    if (bencodedData.length > 1000) {
+      throw new DidError(DidErrorCode.InvalidDidDocumentLength, `DNS packet exceeds the 1000 byte maximum size: ${bencodedData.length} bytes`);
+    }
+
+    // Sign the BEP44 message.
+    const signature = await signer.sign({ data: bencodedData });
+
+    return { k: publicKeyBytes, seq: sequenceNumber, sig: signature, v: encodedDnsPacket };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Converts a DID URI to a JSON Web Key (JWK) representing the Identity Key.
+   *
+   * @param params - The parameters to use for the conversion.
+   * @param params.didUri - The DID URI containing the Identity Key.
+   * @returns A promise that resolves to a JWK representing the Identity Key.
+   */
+  public static async identifierToIdentityKey({ didUri }: {
+    didUri: string
+  }): Promise<Jwk> {
+    // Decode the method-specific identifier from z-base-32 to a byte array.
+    let identityKeyBytes = DidDhtUtils.identifierToIdentityKeyBytes({ didUri });
+
+    // Convert the byte array to a JWK.
+    const identityKey = await Ed25519.bytesToPublicKey({ publicKeyBytes: identityKeyBytes });
+
+    return identityKey;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Converts a DID URI to the byte array representation of the Identity Key.
+   *
+   * @param params - The parameters to use for the conversion.
+   * @param params.didUri - The DID URI containing the Identity Key.
+   * @returns A byte array representation of the Identity Key.
+   */
+  public static identifierToIdentityKeyBytes({ didUri }: {
+    didUri: string
+  }): Uint8Array {
+    // Parse the DID URI.
+    const parsedDid = Did.parse(didUri);
+
+    // Verify that the DID URI is valid.
+    if (!parsedDid) {
+      throw new DidError(DidErrorCode.InvalidDid, `Invalid DID URI: ${didUri}`);
+    }
+
+    // Verify the DID method is supported.
+    if (parsedDid.method !== DidDht.methodName) {
+      throw new DidError(DidErrorCode.MethodNotSupported, `Method not supported: ${parsedDid.method}`);
+    }
+
+    // Decode the method-specific identifier from z-base-32 to a byte array.
+    let identityKeyBytes: Uint8Array | undefined;
+    try {
+      identityKeyBytes = Convert.base32Z(parsedDid.id).toUint8Array();
+    } catch {
+      throw new DidError(DidErrorCode.InvalidPublicKey, `Failed to decode method-specific identifier`);
+    }
+
+    if (identityKeyBytes.length !== 32) {
+      throw new DidError(DidErrorCode.InvalidPublicKeyLength, `Invalid public key length: ${identityKeyBytes.length}`);
+    }
+
+    return identityKeyBytes;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Encodes a DID DHT Identity Key into a DID identifier.
+   *
+   * This method first z-base-32 encodes the Identity Key. The resulting string is prefixed with
+   * `did:dht:` to form the DID identifier.
+   *
+   * @param params - The parameters to use for the conversion.
+   * @param params.identityKey The Identity Key from which the DID identifier is computed.
+   * @returns A promise that resolves to a string containing the DID identifier.
+   */
+  public static async identityKeyToIdentifier({ identityKey }: {
+    identityKey: Jwk
+  }): Promise<string> {
+    // Convert the key from JWK format to a byte array.
+    const publicKeyBytes = await Ed25519.publicKeyToBytes({ publicKey: identityKey });
+
+    // Encode the byte array as a z-base-32 string.
+    const identifier = Convert.uint8Array(publicKeyBytes).toBase32Z();
+
+    return `did:${DidDht.methodName}:${identifier}`;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the appropriate key converter for the specified cryptographic curve.
+   *
+   * @param curve - The cryptographic curve to use for the key conversion.
+   * @returns An `AsymmetricKeyConverter` for the specified curve.
+   */
+  public static keyConverter(curve: string): AsymmetricKeyConverter {
+    const converters: Record<string, AsymmetricKeyConverter> = {
+      'Ed25519' : Ed25519,
+      'P-256'   : {
+        // Wrap the key converter which produces uncompressed public key bytes to produce compressed key bytes as required by the DID DHT spec.
+        // See https://did-dht.com/#representing-keys for more info.
+        publicKeyToBytes: async ({ publicKey }: { publicKey: Jwk }): Promise<Uint8Array> => {
+          const publicKeyBytes = await Secp256r1.publicKeyToBytes({ publicKey });
+          const compressedPublicKey = await Secp256r1.compressPublicKey({ publicKeyBytes });
+          return compressedPublicKey;
+        },
+        bytesToPublicKey  : Secp256r1.bytesToPublicKey,
+        privateKeyToBytes : Secp256r1.privateKeyToBytes,
+        bytesToPrivateKey : Secp256r1.bytesToPrivateKey,
+      },
+      'secp256k1': {
+        // Wrap the key converter which produces uncompressed public key bytes to produce compressed key bytes as required by the DID DHT spec.
+        // See https://did-dht.com/#representing-keys for more info.
+        publicKeyToBytes: async ({ publicKey }: { publicKey: Jwk }): Promise<Uint8Array> => {
+          const publicKeyBytes = await Secp256k1.publicKeyToBytes({ publicKey });
+          const compressedPublicKey = await Secp256k1.compressPublicKey({ publicKeyBytes });
+          return compressedPublicKey;
+        },
+        bytesToPublicKey  : Secp256k1.bytesToPublicKey,
+        privateKeyToBytes : Secp256k1.privateKeyToBytes,
+        bytesToPrivateKey : Secp256k1.bytesToPrivateKey,
+      },
+      X25519: X25519,
+    };
+
+    const converter = converters[curve];
+
+    if (!converter) throw new DidError(DidErrorCode.InvalidPublicKeyType, `Unsupported curve: ${curve}`);
+
+    return converter;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Parses and verifies a BEP44 Get message, converting it to a DNS packet.
+   *
+   * @param params - The parameters to use when verifying and parsing the BEP44 Get response message.
+   * @param params.bep44Message - The BEP44 message to verify and parse.
+   * @returns A promise that resolves to a DNS packet.
+   */
+  public static async parseBep44GetMessage({ bep44Message }: {
+    bep44Message: Bep44Message;
+  }): Promise<Packet> {
+    // Convert the public key byte array to JWK format.
+    const publicKey = await Ed25519.bytesToPublicKey({ publicKeyBytes: bep44Message.k });
+
+    // Encode the sequence and DNS byte array to bencode format.
+    const bencodedData = bencode.encode({ seq: bep44Message.seq, v: bep44Message.v }).subarray(1, -1);
+
+    // Verify the signature of the BEP44 message.
+    const isValid = await Ed25519.verify({
+      key       : publicKey,
+      signature : bep44Message.sig,
+      data      : bencodedData
+    });
+
+    if (!isValid) {
+      throw new DidError(DidErrorCode.InvalidSignature, `Invalid signature for DHT BEP44 message`);
+    }
+
+    return dnsPacketDecode(bep44Message.v);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Decodes and parses the data value of a DNS TXT record into a key-value object.
+   *
+   * @param txtData - The data value of a DNS TXT record.
+   * @returns An object containing the key/value pairs of the TXT record data.
+   */
+  public static parseTxtDataToObject(txtData: TxtData): Record<string, string> {
+    return this.parseTxtDataToString(txtData).split(PROPERTY_SEPARATOR).reduce((acc, pair) => {
+      const [key, value] = pair.split('=');
+      acc[key] = value;
+      return acc;
+    }, {} as Record<string, string>);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Decodes and parses the data value of a DNS TXT record into a string.
+   *
+   * @param txtData - The data value of a DNS TXT record.
+   * @returns A string representation of the TXT record data.
+   */
+  public static parseTxtDataToString(txtData: TxtData): string {
+    if (typeof txtData === 'string') {
+      return txtData;
+    } else if (txtData instanceof Uint8Array) {
+      return Convert.uint8Array(txtData).toString();
+    } else if (Array.isArray(txtData)) {
+      return txtData.map(item => this.parseTxtDataToString(item)).join('');
+    } else {
+      throw new DidError(DidErrorCode.InternalError, 'Pkarr returned DNS TXT record with invalid data type');
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Validates the proof of previous DID given.
+   *
+   * @param params - The parameters to validate the previous DID proof.
+   * @param params.newDid - The new DID that the previous DID is linking to.
+   * @param params.previousDidProof - The proof of the previous DID, containing the previous DID and signature signed by the previous DID.
+   */
+  public static async validatePreviousDidProof({ newDid, previousDidProof }: {
+    newDid: string,
+    previousDidProof: PreviousDidProof,
+  }): Promise<void> {
+    const key = await DidDhtUtils.identifierToIdentityKey({ didUri: previousDidProof.previousDid });
+    const data = DidDhtUtils.identifierToIdentityKeyBytes({ didUri: newDid });
+    const signature = Convert.base64Url(previousDidProof.signature).toUint8Array();
+    const isValid = await Ed25519.verify({ key, data, signature  });
+
+    if (!isValid) {
+      throw new DidError(DidErrorCode.InvalidPreviousDidProof, 'The previous DID proof is invalid.');
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Splits a string into chunks of length 255 if the string exceeds length 255.
+   * @param data - The string to split into chunks.
+   * @returns The original string if its length is less than or equal to 255, otherwise an array of chunked strings.
+   */
+  public static chunkDataIfNeeded(data: string): string | string[] {
+    if (data.length <= 255) {
+      return data;
+    }
+
+    // Split the data into chunks of 255 characters.
+    const chunks: string[] = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < data.length; i += 255) {
+      chunks.push(data.slice(i, i + 255)); // end index is ignored if it exceeds the length of the string
+    }
+
+    return chunks;
+  }
+}