@emasoft/svg-matrix 1.0.5 → 1.0.7

package/src/mask-resolver.js

@@ -0,0 +1,1407 @@
+/**
+ * Mask Resolver Module - Flatten SVG mask elements
+ *
+ * Resolves SVG mask elements by converting them to clipping operations
+ * or alpha channel modifications with Decimal.js precision.
+ *
+ * SVG Mask Concepts:
+ *
+ * 1. Mask Types (mask-type CSS property):
+ *    - 'luminance' (default): Uses the luminance of the mask content to determine opacity.
+ *      The luminance is calculated using the sRGB formula: 0.2126*R + 0.7152*G + 0.0722*B.
+ *      White (luminance=1) means fully opaque, black (luminance=0) means fully transparent.
+ *
+ *    - 'alpha': Uses only the alpha channel of the mask content to determine opacity.
+ *      The RGB color values are ignored, only the alpha/opacity values matter.
+ *
+ * 2. Coordinate Systems (maskUnits and maskContentUnits):
+ *    - 'objectBoundingBox': Coordinates are relative to the bounding box of the element
+ *      being masked. Values are typically 0-1 representing fractions of the bbox dimensions.
+ *      Default for maskUnits.
+ *
+ *    - 'userSpaceOnUse': Coordinates are in the current user coordinate system (absolute).
+ *      Default for maskContentUnits.
+ *
+ * 3. Default Mask Region:
+ *    Per SVG spec, the default mask region extends from -10% to 120% in both dimensions
+ *    relative to the object bounding box, giving a 20% margin around the masked element.
+ *
+ * 4. Mesh Gradient Integration:
+ *    Mesh gradients can be used as mask fills. When a mask child references a mesh gradient,
+ *    the gradient's color values are sampled and converted to opacity values based on the
+ *    mask type (luminance or alpha). The mesh's Coons patch boundaries can also be used
+ *    for purely geometric clipping operations.
+ *
+ * Supports:
+ * - Luminance masks (default)
+ * - Alpha masks (mask-type="alpha")
+ * - maskUnits (userSpaceOnUse, objectBoundingBox)
+ * - maskContentUnits (userSpaceOnUse, objectBoundingBox)
+ * - Mesh gradient fills in mask content
+ * - Shape-based clipping using mesh gradient boundaries
+ *
+ * @module mask-resolver
+ */
+
+import Decimal from 'decimal.js';
+import { Matrix } from './matrix.js';
+import * as Transforms2D from './transforms2d.js';
+import * as PolygonClip from './polygon-clip.js';
+import * as ClipPathResolver from './clip-path-resolver.js';
+import * as MeshGradient from './mesh-gradient.js';
+
+Decimal.set({ precision: 80 });
+
+const D = x => (x instanceof Decimal ? x : new Decimal(x));
+
+// Default mask bounds (SVG spec: -10% to 120% in each dimension)
+const DEFAULT_MASK_X = -0.1;
+const DEFAULT_MASK_Y = -0.1;
+const DEFAULT_MASK_WIDTH = 1.2;
+const DEFAULT_MASK_HEIGHT = 1.2;
+
+/**
+ * Mask type enumeration
+ *
+ * Defines the two standard SVG mask types as specified by the mask-type CSS property.
+ *
+ * @enum {string}
+ * @property {string} LUMINANCE - Uses the luminance of mask content (default). Formula: 0.2126*R + 0.7152*G + 0.0722*B
+ * @property {string} ALPHA - Uses only the alpha channel of mask content, ignoring color values
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Create a luminance-based mask
+ * const maskData = {
+ *   maskType: MaskType.LUMINANCE,
+ *   // ... other properties
+ * };
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Create an alpha-based mask
+ * const maskData = {
+ *   maskType: MaskType.ALPHA,
+ *   // ... other properties
+ * };
+ */
+export const MaskType = {
+  LUMINANCE: 'luminance',
+  ALPHA: 'alpha'
+};
+
+/**
+ * Parse SVG mask element to structured data
+ *
+ * Extracts all relevant attributes from an SVG <mask> element and its children,
+ * converting them to a standardized data structure for further processing.
+ *
+ * Handles maskUnits and maskContentUnits coordinate systems, applies default values
+ * per SVG specification, and recursively parses child elements (shapes, groups, etc.).
+ *
+ * @param {Element} maskElement - SVG mask DOM element to parse
+ * @returns {Object} Parsed mask data structure containing:
+ *   - {string} id - Mask element ID
+ *   - {string} maskUnits - Coordinate system for mask region ('objectBoundingBox' | 'userSpaceOnUse')
+ *   - {string} maskContentUnits - Coordinate system for mask content ('objectBoundingBox' | 'userSpaceOnUse')
+ *   - {string} maskType - Mask compositing mode ('luminance' | 'alpha')
+ *   - {number|null} x - Mask region x coordinate (null for userSpaceOnUse without explicit value)
+ *   - {number|null} y - Mask region y coordinate
+ *   - {number|null} width - Mask region width
+ *   - {number|null} height - Mask region height
+ *   - {string|null} transform - Transform attribute value
+ *   - {Array<Object>} children - Parsed child elements with shape-specific attributes
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Parse a basic mask element
+ * const maskEl = document.querySelector('#myMask');
+ * const maskData = parseMaskElement(maskEl);
+ * // Result: {
+ * //   id: 'myMask',
+ * //   maskUnits: 'objectBoundingBox',
+ * //   maskContentUnits: 'userSpaceOnUse',
+ * //   maskType: 'luminance',
+ * //   x: -0.1, y: -0.1, width: 1.2, height: 1.2,
+ * //   transform: null,
+ * //   children: [...]
+ * // }
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Parse a mask with custom bounds
+ * const maskData = parseMaskElement(maskElement);
+ * console.log(`Mask type: ${maskData.maskType}`); // 'luminance' or 'alpha'
+ * console.log(`Number of shapes: ${maskData.children.length}`);
+ */
+export function parseMaskElement(maskElement) {
+  const data = {
+    id: maskElement.getAttribute('id') || '',
+    maskUnits: maskElement.getAttribute('maskUnits') || 'objectBoundingBox',
+    maskContentUnits: maskElement.getAttribute('maskContentUnits') || 'userSpaceOnUse',
+    maskType: maskElement.getAttribute('mask-type') ||
+              maskElement.style?.maskType || 'luminance',
+    x: maskElement.getAttribute('x'),
+    y: maskElement.getAttribute('y'),
+    width: maskElement.getAttribute('width'),
+    height: maskElement.getAttribute('height'),
+    transform: maskElement.getAttribute('transform') || null,
+    children: []
+  };
+
+  // Set defaults based on maskUnits
+  if (data.maskUnits === 'objectBoundingBox') {
+    data.x = data.x !== null ? parseFloat(data.x) : DEFAULT_MASK_X;
+    data.y = data.y !== null ? parseFloat(data.y) : DEFAULT_MASK_Y;
+    data.width = data.width !== null ? parseFloat(data.width) : DEFAULT_MASK_WIDTH;
+    data.height = data.height !== null ? parseFloat(data.height) : DEFAULT_MASK_HEIGHT;
+  } else {
+    data.x = data.x !== null ? parseFloat(data.x) : null;
+    data.y = data.y !== null ? parseFloat(data.y) : null;
+    data.width = data.width !== null ? parseFloat(data.width) : null;
+    data.height = data.height !== null ? parseFloat(data.height) : null;
+  }
+
+  // Parse child elements
+  for (const child of maskElement.children) {
+    const tagName = child.tagName.toLowerCase();
+    const childData = {
+      type: tagName,
+      fill: child.getAttribute('fill') || child.style?.fill || 'black',
+      fillOpacity: parseFloat(child.getAttribute('fill-opacity') ||
+                             child.style?.fillOpacity || '1'),
+      opacity: parseFloat(child.getAttribute('opacity') ||
+                         child.style?.opacity || '1'),
+      transform: child.getAttribute('transform') || null
+    };
+
+    // Parse shape-specific attributes
+    switch (tagName) {
+      case 'rect':
+        childData.x = parseFloat(child.getAttribute('x') || '0');
+        childData.y = parseFloat(child.getAttribute('y') || '0');
+        childData.width = parseFloat(child.getAttribute('width') || '0');
+        childData.height = parseFloat(child.getAttribute('height') || '0');
+        childData.rx = parseFloat(child.getAttribute('rx') || '0');
+        childData.ry = parseFloat(child.getAttribute('ry') || '0');
+        break;
+      case 'circle':
+        childData.cx = parseFloat(child.getAttribute('cx') || '0');
+        childData.cy = parseFloat(child.getAttribute('cy') || '0');
+        childData.r = parseFloat(child.getAttribute('r') || '0');
+        break;
+      case 'ellipse':
+        childData.cx = parseFloat(child.getAttribute('cx') || '0');
+        childData.cy = parseFloat(child.getAttribute('cy') || '0');
+        childData.rx = parseFloat(child.getAttribute('rx') || '0');
+        childData.ry = parseFloat(child.getAttribute('ry') || '0');
+        break;
+      case 'path':
+        childData.d = child.getAttribute('d') || '';
+        break;
+      case 'polygon':
+        childData.points = child.getAttribute('points') || '';
+        break;
+      case 'polyline':
+        childData.points = child.getAttribute('points') || '';
+        break;
+      case 'g':
+        // Recursively parse group children
+        childData.children = [];
+        for (const gc of child.children) {
+          // Simplified - just store the tag and basic info
+          childData.children.push({
+            type: gc.tagName.toLowerCase(),
+            fill: gc.getAttribute('fill') || 'inherit'
+          });
+        }
+        break;
+    }
+
+    data.children.push(childData);
+  }
+
+  return data;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Get the effective mask region in user coordinate space
+ *
+ * Computes the actual mask region by applying the appropriate coordinate system
+ * transformation based on maskUnits. If maskUnits is 'objectBoundingBox', the mask
+ * coordinates are treated as fractions of the target element's bounding box.
+ *
+ * SVG Spec: Default mask region is -10% to 120% in each dimension when using
+ * objectBoundingBox units, providing a 20% margin around the masked element.
+ *
+ * @param {Object} maskData - Parsed mask data from parseMaskElement()
+ * @param {Object} targetBBox - Target element bounding box with properties:
+ *   - {number} x - Bounding box x coordinate
+ *   - {number} y - Bounding box y coordinate
+ *   - {number} width - Bounding box width
+ *   - {number} height - Bounding box height
+ * @returns {Object} Computed mask region in user coordinates with Decimal precision:
+ *   - {Decimal} x - Mask region x coordinate
+ *   - {Decimal} y - Mask region y coordinate
+ *   - {Decimal} width - Mask region width
+ *   - {Decimal} height - Mask region height
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Get mask region for objectBoundingBox units
+ * const maskData = {
+ *   maskUnits: 'objectBoundingBox',
+ *   x: -0.1, y: -0.1, width: 1.2, height: 1.2
+ * };
+ * const targetBBox = { x: 100, y: 50, width: 200, height: 150 };
+ * const region = getMaskRegion(maskData, targetBBox);
+ * // region.x = 100 + (-0.1 * 200) = 80
+ * // region.y = 50 + (-0.1 * 150) = 35
+ * // region.width = 1.2 * 200 = 240
+ * // region.height = 1.2 * 150 = 180
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Get mask region for userSpaceOnUse units
+ * const maskData = {
+ *   maskUnits: 'userSpaceOnUse',
+ *   x: 50, y: 50, width: 300, height: 200
+ * };
+ * const region = getMaskRegion(maskData, targetBBox);
+ * // region.x = 50 (absolute)
+ * // region.y = 50 (absolute)
+ */
+export function getMaskRegion(maskData, targetBBox) {
+  if (maskData.maskUnits === 'objectBoundingBox') {
+    // Coordinates are relative to target bounding box
+    return {
+      x: D(targetBBox.x).plus(D(maskData.x).mul(targetBBox.width)),
+      y: D(targetBBox.y).plus(D(maskData.y).mul(targetBBox.height)),
+      width: D(maskData.width).mul(targetBBox.width),
+      height: D(maskData.height).mul(targetBBox.height)
+    };
+  }
+
+  // userSpaceOnUse - use values directly (or defaults if null)
+  return {
+    x: maskData.x !== null ? D(maskData.x) : D(targetBBox.x).minus(D(targetBBox.width).mul(0.1)),
+    y: maskData.y !== null ? D(maskData.y) : D(targetBBox.y).minus(D(targetBBox.height).mul(0.1)),
+    width: maskData.width !== null ? D(maskData.width) : D(targetBBox.width).mul(1.2),
+    height: maskData.height !== null ? D(maskData.height) : D(targetBBox.height).mul(1.2)
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Convert a mask child element to a polygon representation
+ *
+ * Transforms mask content (rectangles, circles, paths, etc.) into polygon vertices
+ * using the clip-path-resolver's shape conversion. Handles coordinate system
+ * transformations based on maskContentUnits.
+ *
+ * When maskContentUnits is 'objectBoundingBox', the polygon coordinates are scaled
+ * and translated relative to the target element's bounding box. When 'userSpaceOnUse',
+ * coordinates remain in absolute user space.
+ *
+ * @param {Object} child - Mask child element data (from parseMaskElement)
+ * @param {Object} targetBBox - Target element bounding box {x, y, width, height}
+ * @param {string} contentUnits - maskContentUnits value ('objectBoundingBox' | 'userSpaceOnUse')
+ * @param {number} [samples=20] - Number of samples for curve approximation in paths/circles
+ * @returns {Array<{x: Decimal, y: Decimal}>} Polygon vertices with Decimal precision
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Convert a rectangle in objectBoundingBox units
+ * const child = { type: 'rect', x: 0, y: 0, width: 1, height: 1 };
+ * const bbox = { x: 100, y: 50, width: 200, height: 150 };
+ * const polygon = maskChildToPolygon(child, bbox, 'objectBoundingBox');
+ * // Result: vertices at (100,50), (300,50), (300,200), (100,200)
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Convert a circle in userSpaceOnUse
+ * const child = { type: 'circle', cx: 150, cy: 100, r: 50 };
+ * const polygon = maskChildToPolygon(child, bbox, 'userSpaceOnUse', 32);
+ * // Result: 32-sided polygon approximating the circle
+ */
+export function maskChildToPolygon(child, targetBBox, contentUnits, samples = 20) {
+  // Create element-like object for ClipPathResolver
+  const element = {
+    type: child.type,
+    ...child,
+    transform: child.transform
+  };
+
+  // Get polygon using ClipPathResolver
+  let polygon = ClipPathResolver.shapeToPolygon(element, null, samples);
+
+  // Apply objectBoundingBox scaling if needed
+  if (contentUnits === 'objectBoundingBox' && polygon.length > 0) {
+    polygon = polygon.map(p => ({
+      x: D(targetBBox.x).plus(p.x.mul(targetBBox.width)),
+      y: D(targetBBox.y).plus(p.y.mul(targetBBox.height))
+    }));
+  }
+
+  return polygon;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Calculate luminance value for a CSS color string
+ *
+ * Converts a color to its perceived brightness using the standard sRGB luminance formula:
+ * Luminance = 0.2126*R + 0.7152*G + 0.0722*B
+ *
+ * These coefficients reflect the human eye's different sensitivity to red, green, and blue.
+ * Green contributes most to perceived brightness (71.52%), red less (21.26%), and blue
+ * least (7.22%).
+ *
+ * This formula is used in luminance-based SVG masks to determine opacity: white (luminance=1)
+ * produces full opacity, black (luminance=0) produces full transparency.
+ *
+ * @param {string} colorStr - CSS color string in formats:
+ *   - Hex: '#rgb', '#rrggbb'
+ *   - RGB: 'rgb(r, g, b)'
+ *   - Named: 'white', 'black', 'red', 'green', 'blue', 'yellow', 'cyan', 'magenta', 'gray'/'grey'
+ *   - Special: 'none', 'transparent'
+ * @returns {number} Luminance value in range 0-1 (0=black, 1=white)
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Pure colors
+ * colorToLuminance('white');   // Returns 1.0
+ * colorToLuminance('black');   // Returns 0.0
+ * colorToLuminance('red');     // Returns 0.2126
+ * colorToLuminance('green');   // Returns 0.7152
+ * colorToLuminance('blue');    // Returns 0.0722
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Hex colors
+ * colorToLuminance('#ffffff'); // Returns 1.0 (white)
+ * colorToLuminance('#000000'); // Returns 0.0 (black)
+ * colorToLuminance('#808080'); // Returns ~0.5 (gray)
+ * colorToLuminance('#f00');    // Returns 0.2126 (red, short form)
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // RGB colors
+ * colorToLuminance('rgb(255, 0, 0)');     // Returns 0.2126 (red)
+ * colorToLuminance('rgb(128, 128, 128)'); // Returns ~0.5 (gray)
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Use in luminance mask calculation
+ * const maskChild = { fill: '#808080', opacity: 0.8 };
+ * const luminance = colorToLuminance(maskChild.fill);
+ * const effectiveOpacity = luminance * maskChild.opacity; // 0.5 * 0.8 = 0.4
+ */
+export function colorToLuminance(colorStr) {
+  if (!colorStr || colorStr === 'none' || colorStr === 'transparent') {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  // Parse RGB values
+  const rgbMatch = colorStr.match(/rgb\s*\(\s*(\d+)\s*,\s*(\d+)\s*,\s*(\d+)/i);
+  if (rgbMatch) {
+    const r = parseInt(rgbMatch[1]) / 255;
+    const g = parseInt(rgbMatch[2]) / 255;
+    const b = parseInt(rgbMatch[3]) / 255;
+    return 0.2126 * r + 0.7152 * g + 0.0722 * b;
+  }
+
+  // Parse hex colors
+  const hexMatch = colorStr.match(/^#([0-9a-f]{3,6})$/i);
+  if (hexMatch) {
+    let hex = hexMatch[1];
+    if (hex.length === 3) {
+      hex = hex[0] + hex[0] + hex[1] + hex[1] + hex[2] + hex[2];
+    }
+    const r = parseInt(hex.slice(0, 2), 16) / 255;
+    const g = parseInt(hex.slice(2, 4), 16) / 255;
+    const b = parseInt(hex.slice(4, 6), 16) / 255;
+    return 0.2126 * r + 0.7152 * g + 0.0722 * b;
+  }
+
+  // Named colors (common ones)
+  const namedColors = {
+    white: 1,
+    black: 0,
+    red: 0.2126,
+    green: 0.7152,
+    blue: 0.0722,
+    yellow: 0.9278,
+    cyan: 0.7874,
+    magenta: 0.2848,
+    gray: 0.5,
+    grey: 0.5
+  };
+
+  const lower = colorStr.toLowerCase();
+  if (namedColors[lower] !== undefined) {
+    return namedColors[lower];
+  }
+
+  // Default to 1 (white/opaque) if unknown
+  return 1;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Calculate effective opacity for a mask child element
+ *
+ * Combines fill-opacity and opacity attributes, and applies luminance calculation
+ * for luminance-based masks. The result determines how much the mask child
+ * contributes to masking the target element.
+ *
+ * For luminance masks: opacity = fill-opacity × opacity × luminance(fill-color)
+ * For alpha masks: opacity = fill-opacity × opacity (color is ignored)
+ *
+ * @param {Object} child - Mask child data with properties:
+ *   - {string} fill - Fill color
+ *   - {number} fillOpacity - Fill opacity (0-1)
+ *   - {number} opacity - Element opacity (0-1)
+ * @param {string} maskType - Mask type: 'luminance' or 'alpha'
+ * @returns {number} Effective opacity value in range 0-1
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Alpha mask - color is ignored
+ * const child = { fill: 'red', fillOpacity: 0.8, opacity: 0.5 };
+ * const opacity = getMaskChildOpacity(child, MaskType.ALPHA);
+ * // Returns: 0.8 × 0.5 = 0.4
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Luminance mask - white fill
+ * const child = { fill: 'white', fillOpacity: 0.8, opacity: 0.5 };
+ * const opacity = getMaskChildOpacity(child, MaskType.LUMINANCE);
+ * // Returns: 0.8 × 0.5 × 1.0 = 0.4
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Luminance mask - gray fill
+ * const child = { fill: '#808080', fillOpacity: 1.0, opacity: 1.0 };
+ * const opacity = getMaskChildOpacity(child, MaskType.LUMINANCE);
+ * // Returns: 1.0 × 1.0 × 0.5 = 0.5 (gray has ~50% luminance)
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Luminance mask - black fill
+ * const child = { fill: 'black', fillOpacity: 1.0, opacity: 1.0 };
+ * const opacity = getMaskChildOpacity(child, MaskType.LUMINANCE);
+ * // Returns: 1.0 × 1.0 × 0.0 = 0.0 (black = fully transparent in luminance mask)
+ */
+export function getMaskChildOpacity(child, maskType) {
+  const fillOpacity = child.fillOpacity || 1;
+  const opacity = child.opacity || 1;
+  const baseOpacity = fillOpacity * opacity;
+
+  if (maskType === MaskType.ALPHA) {
+    return baseOpacity;
+  }
+
+  // Luminance mask: multiply by luminance of fill color
+  const luminance = colorToLuminance(child.fill);
+  return baseOpacity * luminance;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Resolve mask to a set of weighted clipping polygons
+ *
+ * Converts all mask child elements into polygon representations with associated
+ * opacity values. Each child element becomes one or more polygons that define
+ * regions with specific opacity levels for masking.
+ *
+ * This is the core mask resolution function that processes mask content into
+ * a format suitable for clipping operations or alpha compositing.
+ *
+ * @param {Object} maskData - Parsed mask data from parseMaskElement()
+ * @param {Object} targetBBox - Target element bounding box {x, y, width, height}
+ * @param {Object} [options={}] - Resolution options:
+ *   - {number} samples - Number of curve samples for path approximation (default: 20)
+ * @returns {Array<{polygon: Array, opacity: number}>} Array of mask regions, each containing:
+ *   - polygon: Array of {x: Decimal, y: Decimal} vertices
+ *   - opacity: Effective opacity value (0-1) for this region
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Resolve a simple mask with a white rectangle
+ * const maskData = {
+ *   maskType: 'luminance',
+ *   maskContentUnits: 'userSpaceOnUse',
+ *   children: [{
+ *     type: 'rect',
+ *     x: 0, y: 0, width: 100, height: 100,
+ *     fill: 'white',
+ *     opacity: 1.0
+ *   }]
+ * };
+ * const bbox = { x: 0, y: 0, width: 200, height: 200 };
+ * const regions = resolveMask(maskData, bbox);
+ * // Returns: [{ polygon: [...4 vertices...], opacity: 1.0 }]
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Resolve mask with multiple children
+ * const regions = resolveMask(maskData, bbox, { samples: 32 });
+ * regions.forEach(({ polygon, opacity }) => {
+ *   console.log(`Region with ${polygon.length} vertices, opacity: ${opacity}`);
+ * });
+ */
+export function resolveMask(maskData, targetBBox, options = {}) {
+  const { samples = 20 } = options;
+  const maskType = maskData.maskType || MaskType.LUMINANCE;
+  const result = [];
+
+  for (const child of maskData.children) {
+    const polygon = maskChildToPolygon(
+      child,
+      targetBBox,
+      maskData.maskContentUnits,
+      samples
+    );
+
+    if (polygon.length >= 3) {
+      const opacity = getMaskChildOpacity(child, maskType);
+      result.push({ polygon, opacity });
+    }
+  }
+
+  return result;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Apply mask to a target polygon
+ *
+ * Computes the intersection of a target polygon with mask regions, producing
+ * a set of clipped polygons each with associated opacity values. This is used
+ * to apply SVG masks to geometric shapes.
+ *
+ * The function:
+ * 1. Resolves the mask into opacity-weighted regions
+ * 2. Computes the geometric intersection of each mask region with the target
+ * 3. Returns only non-zero opacity intersections
+ *
+ * The result can be used for rendering semi-transparent regions or for further
+ * compositing operations.
+ *
+ * @param {Array<{x: Decimal, y: Decimal}>} targetPolygon - Target polygon vertices to be masked
+ * @param {Object} maskData - Parsed mask data from parseMaskElement()
+ * @param {Object} targetBBox - Target element bounding box {x, y, width, height}
+ * @param {Object} [options={}] - Options passed to resolveMask():
+ *   - {number} samples - Curve sampling resolution (default: 20)
+ * @returns {Array<{polygon: Array, opacity: number}>} Array of masked regions:
+ *   - polygon: Clipped polygon vertices
+ *   - opacity: Mask opacity for this region (0-1)
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Apply a circular mask to a rectangle
+ * const targetPolygon = [
+ *   { x: D(0), y: D(0) },
+ *   { x: D(100), y: D(0) },
+ *   { x: D(100), y: D(100) },
+ *   { x: D(0), y: D(100) }
+ * ];
+ * const maskData = {
+ *   maskType: 'luminance',
+ *   maskContentUnits: 'userSpaceOnUse',
+ *   children: [{
+ *     type: 'circle',
+ *     cx: 50, cy: 50, r: 40,
+ *     fill: 'white',
+ *     opacity: 0.8
+ *   }]
+ * };
+ * const bbox = { x: 0, y: 0, width: 100, height: 100 };
+ * const result = applyMask(targetPolygon, maskData, bbox);
+ * // Returns: [{ polygon: [...circle-rect intersection...], opacity: 0.8 }]
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Handle multiple mask regions
+ * const result = applyMask(targetPolygon, maskData, bbox);
+ * result.forEach(({ polygon, opacity }) => {
+ *   // Render polygon with opacity
+ *   console.log(`Render ${polygon.length}-sided polygon at ${opacity * 100}% opacity`);
+ * });
+ */
+export function applyMask(targetPolygon, maskData, targetBBox, options = {}) {
+  const maskRegions = resolveMask(maskData, targetBBox, options);
+  const result = [];
+
+  for (const { polygon: maskPoly, opacity } of maskRegions) {
+    if (opacity <= 0) continue;
+
+    const intersection = PolygonClip.polygonIntersection(targetPolygon, maskPoly);
+
+    for (const clippedPoly of intersection) {
+      if (clippedPoly.length >= 3) {
+        result.push({ polygon: clippedPoly, opacity });
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return result;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Flatten mask to simple clipPath (binary opacity)
+ *
+ * Converts a mask with potentially multiple opacity levels into a single binary
+ * clipping polygon. All mask regions with opacity above the threshold are combined
+ * (unioned) into one shape; regions below threshold are discarded.
+ *
+ * This is useful when you need simple geometric clipping without opacity gradations,
+ * such as when the rendering system doesn't support partial transparency or when
+ * simplification is desired for performance.
+ *
+ * @param {Object} maskData - Parsed mask data from parseMaskElement()
+ * @param {Object} targetBBox - Target element bounding box {x, y, width, height}
+ * @param {number} [opacityThreshold=0.5] - Minimum opacity to include (0-1).
+ *   Regions with opacity >= threshold become part of the clip path;
+ *   regions below threshold are excluded.
+ * @param {Object} [options={}] - Options passed to resolveMask():
+ *   - {number} samples - Curve sampling resolution (default: 20)
+ * @returns {Array<{x: Decimal, y: Decimal}>} Combined clipping polygon vertices,
+ *   or empty array if no regions meet the threshold
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Convert a multi-region mask to binary clipPath
+ * const maskData = {
+ *   maskType: 'luminance',
+ *   children: [
+ *     { type: 'circle', cx: 30, cy: 30, r: 20, fill: 'white', opacity: 0.8 },
+ *     { type: 'circle', cx: 70, cy: 70, r: 20, fill: '#808080', opacity: 1.0 }
+ *   ]
+ * };
+ * const bbox = { x: 0, y: 0, width: 100, height: 100 };
+ * const clipPath = maskToClipPath(maskData, bbox, 0.5);
+ * // First circle: opacity 0.8 >= 0.5 ✓ (included)
+ * // Second circle: opacity ~0.5 >= 0.5 ✓ (included, gray has 50% luminance)
+ * // Result: union of both circles
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Use strict threshold to exclude semi-transparent regions
+ * const clipPath = maskToClipPath(maskData, bbox, 0.9);
+ * // Only regions with opacity >= 0.9 are included
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Convert to SVG path
+ * const polygon = maskToClipPath(maskData, bbox);
+ * const pathData = polygon.map((p, i) =>
+ *   `${i === 0 ? 'M' : 'L'} ${p.x} ${p.y}`
+ * ).join(' ') + ' Z';
+ */
+export function maskToClipPath(maskData, targetBBox, opacityThreshold = 0.5, options = {}) {
+  const maskRegions = resolveMask(maskData, targetBBox, options);
+
+  // Union all regions above threshold
+  let result = [];
+
+  for (const { polygon, opacity } of maskRegions) {
+    if (opacity >= opacityThreshold && polygon.length >= 3) {
+      if (result.length === 0) {
+        result = polygon;
+      } else {
+        // Union with existing result
+        const unionResult = PolygonClip.polygonUnion(result, polygon);
+        if (unionResult.length > 0 && unionResult[0].length >= 3) {
+          result = unionResult[0];
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return result;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Generate SVG path data string for mask as clipPath
+ *
+ * Converts a mask to a binary clipping polygon and formats it as an SVG path
+ * data string (d attribute). This is useful for creating <clipPath> elements
+ * from mask definitions.
+ *
+ * Uses default opacity threshold of 0.5 to determine which mask regions to include.
+ *
+ * @param {Object} maskData - Parsed mask data from parseMaskElement()
+ * @param {Object} targetBBox - Target element bounding box {x, y, width, height}
+ * @param {Object} [options={}] - Options passed to maskToClipPath():
+ *   - {number} samples - Curve sampling resolution (default: 20)
+ * @returns {string} SVG path data string (e.g., "M 10 20 L 30 40 L 50 20 Z"),
+ *   or empty string if no valid mask regions
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Generate clipPath from mask
+ * const maskData = {
+ *   maskType: 'luminance',
+ *   children: [{
+ *     type: 'rect',
+ *     x: 10, y: 10, width: 80, height: 80,
+ *     fill: 'white'
+ *   }]
+ * };
+ * const bbox = { x: 0, y: 0, width: 100, height: 100 };
+ * const pathData = maskToPathData(maskData, bbox);
+ * // Returns: "M 10.000000 10.000000 L 90.000000 10.000000 L 90.000000 90.000000 L 10.000000 90.000000 Z"
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Use in SVG clipPath element
+ * const pathData = maskToPathData(maskData, bbox, { samples: 32 });
+ * const clipPathSVG = `
+ *   <clipPath id="converted-mask">
+ *     <path d="${pathData}" />
+ *   </clipPath>
+ * `;
+ */
+export function maskToPathData(maskData, targetBBox, options = {}) {
+  const polygon = maskToClipPath(maskData, targetBBox, 0.5, options);
+
+  if (polygon.length < 3) return '';
+
+  let d = '';
+  for (let i = 0; i < polygon.length; i++) {
+    const p = polygon[i];
+    const x = Number(p.x).toFixed(6);
+    const y = Number(p.y).toFixed(6);
+    d += i === 0 ? `M ${x} ${y}` : ` L ${x} ${y}`;
+  }
+  d += ' Z';
+
+  return d;
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// Mesh Gradient Mask Support
+// ============================================================================
+
+/**
+ * Check if fill attribute references a gradient
+ *
+ * Parses CSS fill values to detect gradient references in the url(#id) format.
+ * This is used to identify when mask content uses gradients (including mesh
+ * gradients) as fills rather than solid colors.
+ *
+ * @param {string} fill - Fill attribute value (e.g., "url(#gradient1)", "red", "#fff")
+ * @returns {string|null} Gradient ID if reference found, null otherwise
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Detect gradient reference
+ * parseGradientReference('url(#myGradient)');  // Returns: 'myGradient'
+ * parseGradientReference('url( #mesh-1 )');    // Returns: 'mesh-1' (whitespace ignored)
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Solid colors return null
+ * parseGradientReference('red');      // Returns: null
+ * parseGradientReference('#ff0000');  // Returns: null
+ * parseGradientReference('none');     // Returns: null
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Use in mask processing
+ * const child = { fill: 'url(#meshGradient1)' };
+ * const gradientId = parseGradientReference(child.fill);
+ * if (gradientId) {
+ *   const gradientData = gradientDefs[gradientId];
+ *   // Process gradient-based mask
+ * }
+ */
+export function parseGradientReference(fill) {
+  if (!fill || typeof fill !== 'string') return null;
+
+  const match = fill.match(/url\s*\(\s*#([^)\s]+)\s*\)/i);
+  return match ? match[1] : null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Calculate luminance from RGB color object
+ *
+ * Converts an RGB color with 0-255 channel values to luminance using the
+ * standard sRGB formula. This is a variant of colorToLuminance() that accepts
+ * color objects instead of CSS strings.
+ *
+ * Used primarily for mesh gradient color conversion where colors are stored
+ * as numeric RGB components.
+ *
+ * @param {Object} color - RGB color object with properties:
+ *   - {number} r - Red channel (0-255)
+ *   - {number} g - Green channel (0-255)
+ *   - {number} b - Blue channel (0-255)
+ * @returns {number} Luminance value in range 0-1 using formula: 0.2126*R + 0.7152*G + 0.0722*B
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Pure colors
+ * rgbToLuminance({ r: 255, g: 255, b: 255 }); // Returns: 1.0 (white)
+ * rgbToLuminance({ r: 0, g: 0, b: 0 });       // Returns: 0.0 (black)
+ * rgbToLuminance({ r: 255, g: 0, b: 0 });     // Returns: 0.2126 (red)
+ * rgbToLuminance({ r: 0, g: 255, b: 0 });     // Returns: 0.7152 (green)
+ * rgbToLuminance({ r: 0, g: 0, b: 255 });     // Returns: 0.0722 (blue)
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Gray scale
+ * rgbToLuminance({ r: 128, g: 128, b: 128 }); // Returns: ~0.5 (50% gray)
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Use with mesh gradient colors
+ * const meshColor = { r: 200, g: 150, b: 100 };
+ * const luminance = rgbToLuminance(meshColor);
+ * const maskOpacity = luminance; // For luminance-based masks
+ */
+export function rgbToLuminance(color) {
+  if (!color) return 0;
+  const r = (color.r || 0) / 255;
+  const g = (color.g || 0) / 255;
+  const b = (color.b || 0) / 255;
+  return 0.2126 * r + 0.7152 * g + 0.0722 * b;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Sample mesh gradient to create luminance-based mask regions
+ *
+ * Subdivides Coons patch mesh gradient into small polygonal regions, each with
+ * an opacity value derived from the gradient's color at that location. This
+ * converts a continuous color gradient into discrete opacity regions suitable
+ * for masking operations.
+ *
+ * The mesh gradient's Coons patches are tessellated into triangles or quads,
+ * and each patch's color is converted to an opacity value based on the mask type:
+ * - Luminance masks: Use sRGB luminance formula on RGB values
+ * - Alpha masks: Use the alpha channel directly
+ *
+ * This enables using mesh gradients as sophisticated variable-opacity masks.
+ *
+ * @param {Object} meshData - Parsed mesh gradient data with properties:
+ *   - {Array} patches - Array of Coons patch definitions
+ * @param {Object} shapeBBox - Bounding box of the shape using the gradient {x, y, width, height}
+ * @param {string} [maskType='luminance'] - Mask type: 'luminance' or 'alpha'
+ * @param {Object} [options={}] - Sampling options:
+ *   - {number} subdivisions - Number of subdivisions per patch (default: 4)
+ * @returns {Array<{polygon: Array, opacity: number}>} Array of mask regions:
+ *   - polygon: Tessellated patch polygon vertices
+ *   - opacity: Opacity derived from gradient color (0-1)
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Sample mesh gradient for luminance mask
+ * const meshData = {
+ *   patches: [
+ *     // Coons patch with white-to-black gradient
+ *     { corners: [...], colors: [{r:255,g:255,b:255}, {r:0,g:0,b:0}, ...] }
+ *   ]
+ * };
+ * const bbox = { x: 0, y: 0, width: 100, height: 100 };
+ * const regions = sampleMeshGradientForMask(meshData, bbox, 'luminance', { subdivisions: 8 });
+ * // Returns: Array of small polygons with opacity values from 0.0 (black) to 1.0 (white)
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Sample mesh gradient for alpha mask
+ * const regions = sampleMeshGradientForMask(meshData, bbox, 'alpha', { subdivisions: 4 });
+ * // Opacity derived from alpha channel, RGB colors ignored
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Use in complex mask
+ * const regions = sampleMeshGradientForMask(meshData, bbox, 'luminance');
+ * regions.forEach(({ polygon, opacity }) => {
+ *   console.log(`Region with ${polygon.length} vertices, opacity: ${opacity.toFixed(2)}`);
+ * });
+ */
+export function sampleMeshGradientForMask(meshData, shapeBBox, maskType = 'luminance', options = {}) {
+  const { subdivisions = 4 } = options;
+  const result = [];
+
+  // Get mesh gradient polygons with colors
+  const meshPolygons = MeshGradient.meshGradientToPolygons(meshData, { subdivisions });
+
+  for (const { polygon, color } of meshPolygons) {
+    if (polygon.length < 3) continue;
+
+    let opacity;
+    if (maskType === MaskType.ALPHA) {
+      // Alpha mask: use alpha channel
+      opacity = (color.a || 255) / 255;
+    } else {
+      // Luminance mask: calculate from RGB
+      opacity = rgbToLuminance(color);
+    }
+
+    if (opacity > 0) {
+      result.push({ polygon, opacity });
+    }
+  }
+
+  return result;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Apply mesh gradient as a mask to a target polygon
+ *
+ * Combines a mesh gradient with a target polygon to produce variable-opacity
+ * masking. The target polygon is clipped against each tessellated region of
+ * the mesh gradient, inheriting the opacity from the gradient's color values.
+ *
+ * This creates sophisticated effects where different parts of the target shape
+ * have different opacity levels based on the mesh gradient's color variation.
+ *
+ * @param {Array<{x: Decimal, y: Decimal}>} targetPolygon - Target polygon vertices to be masked
+ * @param {Object} meshData - Parsed mesh gradient data with Coons patches
+ * @param {Object} targetBBox - Target element bounding box {x, y, width, height}
+ * @param {string} [maskType='luminance'] - Mask type: 'luminance' or 'alpha'
+ * @param {Object} [options={}] - Options:
+ *   - {number} subdivisions - Mesh patch subdivisions (default: 4)
+ * @returns {Array<{polygon: Array, opacity: number}>} Array of clipped regions:
+ *   - polygon: Intersection of target with mesh region
+ *   - opacity: Opacity from mesh gradient color (0-1)
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Apply radial-like mesh gradient mask to rectangle
+ * const targetPolygon = [
+ *   { x: D(0), y: D(0) },
+ *   { x: D(100), y: D(0) },
+ *   { x: D(100), y: D(100) },
+ *   { x: D(0), y: D(100) }
+ * ];
+ * const meshData = {
+ *   patches: [] // white center fading to black edges
+ * };
+ * const bbox = { x: 0, y: 0, width: 100, height: 100 };
+ * const result = applyMeshGradientMask(targetPolygon, meshData, bbox, 'luminance');
+ * // Returns: Multiple polygon fragments with varying opacity (center bright, edges dark)
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Render masked result
+ * const maskedRegions = applyMeshGradientMask(targetPolygon, meshData, bbox, 'luminance', {
+ *   subdivisions: 8
+ * });
+ * maskedRegions.forEach(({ polygon, opacity }) => {
+ *   // Render each polygon fragment with its specific opacity
+ *   renderPolygon(polygon, { fillOpacity: opacity });
+ * });
+ */
+export function applyMeshGradientMask(targetPolygon, meshData, targetBBox, maskType = 'luminance', options = {}) {
+  const meshMaskRegions = sampleMeshGradientForMask(meshData, targetBBox, maskType, options);
+  const result = [];
+
+  for (const { polygon: maskPoly, opacity } of meshMaskRegions) {
+    if (opacity <= 0) continue;
+
+    const intersection = PolygonClip.polygonIntersection(targetPolygon, maskPoly);
+
+    for (const clippedPoly of intersection) {
+      if (clippedPoly.length >= 3) {
+        result.push({ polygon: clippedPoly, opacity });
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return result;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Enhanced mask resolution with gradient fill support
+ *
+ * Extends the basic resolveMask() function to handle mask children that use
+ * gradient fills (especially mesh gradients) instead of solid colors. When a
+ * mask child's fill references a gradient, the gradient is sampled and converted
+ * to opacity regions based on the mask type.
+ *
+ * This enables complex masking effects where:
+ * - Mesh gradients define variable opacity across the mask shape
+ * - The mask shape (rect, circle, path) clips the gradient sampling
+ * - Multiple gradient-filled shapes combine to form the complete mask
+ *
+ * @param {Object} maskData - Parsed mask data from parseMaskElement()
+ * @param {Object} targetBBox - Target element bounding box {x, y, width, height}
+ * @param {Object} [gradientDefs={}] - Map of gradient ID to parsed gradient data:
+ *   - Key: gradient ID string (from url(#id))
+ *   - Value: gradient data object (must have .type property)
+ * @param {Object} [options={}] - Resolution options:
+ *   - {number} samples - Path curve sampling (default: 20)
+ *   - {number} subdivisions - Mesh gradient subdivisions (default: 4)
+ * @returns {Array<{polygon: Array, opacity: number}>} Array of mask regions with gradients applied
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Mask with mesh gradient fill
+ * const maskData = {
+ *   maskType: 'luminance',
+ *   children: [{
+ *     type: 'rect',
+ *     x: 0, y: 0, width: 100, height: 100,
+ *     fill: 'url(#meshGrad1)',
+ *     opacity: 1.0
+ *   }]
+ * };
+ * const gradientDefs = {
+ *   meshGrad1: {
+ *     type: 'meshgradient',
+ *     patches: [] // Coons patches
+ *   }
+ * };
+ * const bbox = { x: 0, y: 0, width: 100, height: 100 };
+ * const regions = resolveMaskWithGradients(maskData, bbox, gradientDefs);
+ * // Returns: Array of small polygons (from mesh subdivision) with luminance-based opacity
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Mix of solid and gradient fills
+ * const maskData = {
+ *   maskType: 'alpha',
+ *   children: [
+ *     { type: 'circle', fill: 'white', opacity: 1.0, cx: 25, cy: 25, r: 20 },
+ *     { type: 'rect', fill: 'url(#meshGrad1)', opacity: 0.8, x: 50, y: 50, width: 50, height: 50 }
+ *   ]
+ * };
+ * const regions = resolveMaskWithGradients(maskData, bbox, gradientDefs, { subdivisions: 8 });
+ * // Returns: Solid circle region + mesh-sampled rectangle regions
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Gradient clipped by mask shape
+ * // The mesh gradient is sampled only within the circle's boundary
+ * const regions = resolveMaskWithGradients(maskData, bbox, gradientDefs);
+ * regions.forEach(({ polygon, opacity }) => {
+ *   // Each polygon is a piece of the gradient, clipped by the mask child shape
+ * });
+ */
+export function resolveMaskWithGradients(maskData, targetBBox, gradientDefs = {}, options = {}) {
+  const { samples = 20, subdivisions = 4 } = options;
+  const maskType = maskData.maskType || MaskType.LUMINANCE;
+  const result = [];
+
+  for (const child of maskData.children) {
+    // Check if fill references a gradient
+    const gradientId = parseGradientReference(child.fill);
+
+    if (gradientId && gradientDefs[gradientId]) {
+      const gradientData = gradientDefs[gradientId];
+
+      // Get the shape polygon first
+      const shapePolygon = maskChildToPolygon(
+        child,
+        targetBBox,
+        maskData.maskContentUnits,
+        samples
+      );
+
+      if (shapePolygon.length < 3) continue;
+
+      // Check if it's a mesh gradient
+      if (gradientData.type === 'meshgradient' || gradientData.patches) {
+        // Sample mesh gradient within the shape
+        const meshMaskRegions = sampleMeshGradientForMask(
+          gradientData,
+          targetBBox,
+          maskType,
+          { subdivisions }
+        );
+
+        // Clip mesh regions to the shape
+        for (const { polygon: meshPoly, opacity: meshOpacity } of meshMaskRegions) {
+          const clipped = PolygonClip.polygonIntersection(shapePolygon, meshPoly);
+
+          for (const clippedPoly of clipped) {
+            if (clippedPoly.length >= 3) {
+              // Combine mesh opacity with child opacity
+              const combinedOpacity = meshOpacity * (child.opacity || 1) * (child.fillOpacity || 1);
+              if (combinedOpacity > 0) {
+                result.push({ polygon: clippedPoly, opacity: combinedOpacity });
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      // Could add support for linearGradient/radialGradient here
+    } else {
+      // Solid fill - use standard resolution
+      const polygon = maskChildToPolygon(
+        child,
+        targetBBox,
+        maskData.maskContentUnits,
+        samples
+      );
+
+      if (polygon.length >= 3) {
+        const opacity = getMaskChildOpacity(child, maskType);
+        if (opacity > 0) {
+          result.push({ polygon, opacity });
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return result;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Create a mesh gradient mask from scratch
+ *
+ * Generates a complete mask data structure where a mesh gradient directly
+ * defines the opacity distribution across a region. Unlike using a mesh gradient
+ * as a fill within a mask child, this creates a standalone mask entirely from
+ * the gradient.
+ *
+ * The result is a mask object that can be used in rendering systems that
+ * support variable-opacity regions, such as rasterizers or vector renderers
+ * with gradient mesh support.
+ *
+ * @param {Object} meshData - Parsed mesh gradient data with Coons patches
+ * @param {Object} bounds - Mask region bounds:
+ *   - {number} x - Mask region x coordinate
+ *   - {number} y - Mask region y coordinate
+ *   - {number} width - Mask region width
+ *   - {number} height - Mask region height
+ * @param {string} [maskType='luminance'] - Mask type: 'luminance' or 'alpha'
+ * @param {Object} [options={}] - Options:
+ *   - {number} subdivisions - Mesh patch subdivisions (default: 4)
+ * @returns {Object} Mask data structure:
+ *   - {string} type - Always 'meshGradientMask'
+ *   - {Object} bounds - The provided bounds
+ *   - {string} maskType - The mask type
+ *   - {Array} regions - Array of {polygon, opacity} from mesh sampling
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Create a standalone mesh gradient mask
+ * const meshData = {
+ *   patches: [
+ *     // Coons patch creating radial-like fade
+ *     {}  // patch definition
+ *   ]
+ * };
+ * const bounds = { x: 0, y: 0, width: 200, height: 200 };
+ * const mask = createMeshGradientMask(meshData, bounds, 'luminance', { subdivisions: 8 });
+ * // Result: {
+ * //   type: 'meshGradientMask',
+ * //   bounds: { x: 0, y: 0, width: 200, height: 200 },
+ * //   maskType: 'luminance',
+ * //   regions: [{ polygon: [...], opacity: 0.8 }, ...]
+ * // }
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Apply to target
+ * const mask = createMeshGradientMask(meshData, bounds, 'alpha');
+ * mask.regions.forEach(({ polygon, opacity }) => {
+ *   // Apply region to rendering pipeline
+ * });
+ */
+export function createMeshGradientMask(meshData, bounds, maskType = 'luminance', options = {}) {
+  const regions = sampleMeshGradientForMask(meshData, bounds, maskType, options);
+
+  return {
+    type: 'meshGradientMask',
+    bounds,
+    maskType,
+    regions
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Get the outer boundary of a mesh gradient as a clipping polygon
+ *
+ * Extracts the geometric shape defined by the mesh gradient's Coons patch
+ * boundaries, completely ignoring color information. This treats the mesh
+ * gradient purely as a shape defined by its patch edges.
+ *
+ * The function samples all edges of all patches and collects them into a
+ * boundary polygon. For simple meshes, this gives the outline; for complex
+ * meshes, it returns all sampled edge points which can be used for convex
+ * hull computation or other boundary extraction.
+ *
+ * Useful when you want to use a mesh gradient's geometric shape for clipping
+ * without considering its color/opacity values.
+ *
+ * @param {Object} meshData - Parsed mesh gradient data with properties:
+ *   - {Array} patches - Array of Coons patch definitions with edge curves
+ * @param {Object} [options={}] - Options:
+ *   - {number} samples - Number of samples per edge curve (default: 20)
+ * @returns {Array<{x: Decimal, y: Decimal}>} Boundary polygon vertices from
+ *   sampled patch edges, or empty array if no patches
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Get boundary of single-patch mesh
+ * const meshData = {
+ *   patches: [{
+ *     top: [] // bezier curve points,
+ *     right: [] // bezier curve points,
+ *     bottom: [] // bezier curve points,
+ *     left: [] // bezier curve points
+ *   }]
+ * };
+ * const boundary = getMeshGradientBoundary(meshData, { samples: 32 });
+ * // Returns: ~128 points (4 edges × 32 samples) forming the patch outline
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Use as clip path shape
+ * const boundary = getMeshGradientBoundary(meshData);
+ * const clipped = PolygonClip.polygonIntersection(targetPolygon, boundary);
+ * // Clips target using only the mesh's geometric shape, ignoring colors
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // High-resolution boundary sampling
+ * const boundary = getMeshGradientBoundary(meshData, { samples: 64 });
+ * console.log(`Boundary has ${boundary.length} vertices`);
+ */
+export function getMeshGradientBoundary(meshData, options = {}) {
+  const { samples = 20 } = options;
+
+  if (!meshData.patches || meshData.patches.length === 0) {
+    return [];
+  }
+
+  // Collect all boundary curves from the mesh
+  // The outer boundary is formed by the external edges of the patch grid
+  const allPoints = [];
+
+  for (const patch of meshData.patches) {
+    // Sample each edge of the patch
+    if (patch.top) {
+      const topPoints = MeshGradient.sampleBezierCurve(patch.top, samples);
+      allPoints.push(...topPoints);
+    }
+    if (patch.right) {
+      const rightPoints = MeshGradient.sampleBezierCurve(patch.right, samples);
+      allPoints.push(...rightPoints);
+    }
+    if (patch.bottom) {
+      const bottomPoints = MeshGradient.sampleBezierCurve(patch.bottom, samples);
+      allPoints.push(...bottomPoints);
+    }
+    if (patch.left) {
+      const leftPoints = MeshGradient.sampleBezierCurve(patch.left, samples);
+      allPoints.push(...leftPoints);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (allPoints.length < 3) {
+    return [];
+  }
+
+  // Compute convex hull or use all points as boundary
+  // For a simple mesh, we return the outline
+  return allPoints;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Clip a target polygon using a mesh gradient's shape (geometry-only)
+ *
+ * Uses the mesh gradient purely as a geometric clipping boundary, completely
+ * ignoring all color and opacity information. The Coons patch curves define
+ * the shape, which is tessellated and used for polygon intersection.
+ *
+ * This is useful when you want the organic, curved shapes that mesh gradients
+ * can define, but don't need the color variation for masking. The result is
+ * binary clipping (inside/outside) rather than variable opacity.
+ *
+ * The function:
+ * 1. Tessellates all Coons patches into polygons
+ * 2. Unions them into a single shape
+ * 3. Clips the target polygon against this shape
+ *
+ * @param {Array<{x: Decimal, y: Decimal}>} targetPolygon - Target polygon vertices to clip
+ * @param {Object} meshData - Parsed mesh gradient data with Coons patches
+ * @param {Object} [options={}] - Options:
+ *   - {number} subdivisions - Patch tessellation subdivisions (default: 4)
+ * @returns {Array<Array>} Array of clipped polygon(s), each as array of vertices.
+ *   Returns empty array if no intersection.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Clip rectangle using mesh gradient shape
+ * const targetPolygon = [
+ *   { x: D(0), y: D(0) },
+ *   { x: D(200), y: D(0) },
+ *   { x: D(200), y: D(200) },
+ *   { x: D(0), y: D(200) }
+ * ];
+ * const meshData = {
+ *   patches: [
+ *     // Organic curved shape defined by Coons patch
+ *     {}  // patch with curved edges
+ *   ]
+ * };
+ * const clipped = clipWithMeshGradientShape(targetPolygon, meshData, { subdivisions: 8 });
+ * // Returns: Rectangle clipped to the curved mesh shape
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Use mesh gradient as complex clipPath
+ * const clipped = clipWithMeshGradientShape(targetPolygon, meshData);
+ * if (clipped.length > 0) {
+ *   // Render each clipped polygon fragment
+ *   clipped.forEach(poly => renderPolygon(poly));
+ * }
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Multiple patches create complex shape
+ * const meshData = {
+ *   patches: [] // 3x3 grid of patches forming rounded shape
+ * };
+ * const clipped = clipWithMeshGradientShape(targetPolygon, meshData, { subdivisions: 6 });
+ * // All patches unioned into one shape before clipping
+ */
+export function clipWithMeshGradientShape(targetPolygon, meshData, options = {}) {
+  const { subdivisions = 4 } = options;
+
+  // Get all patch polygons (ignoring colors)
+  const meshPolygons = MeshGradient.meshGradientToPolygons(meshData, { subdivisions });
+
+  if (meshPolygons.length === 0) {
+    return [];
+  }
+
+  // Union all patch polygons to get the complete mesh shape
+  let meshShape = meshPolygons[0].polygon;
+
+  for (let i = 1; i < meshPolygons.length; i++) {
+    const unionResult = PolygonClip.polygonUnion(meshShape, meshPolygons[i].polygon);
+    if (unionResult.length > 0 && unionResult[0].length >= 3) {
+      meshShape = unionResult[0];
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Clip target with the mesh shape
+  return PolygonClip.polygonIntersection(targetPolygon, meshShape);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Convert mesh gradient to a simple clip path polygon
+ *
+ * Tessellates all Coons patches and unions them into a single polygon shape
+ * that represents the mesh gradient's geometric boundary. This is the geometry-only
+ * equivalent of the gradient, suitable for use in <clipPath> elements or
+ * binary clipping operations.
+ *
+ * All color information is discarded; only the shape defined by the patch
+ * boundaries is preserved.
+ *
+ * @param {Object} meshData - Parsed mesh gradient data with Coons patches
+ * @param {Object} [options={}] - Options:
+ *   - {number} subdivisions - Patch tessellation subdivisions (default: 4)
+ * @returns {Array<{x: Decimal, y: Decimal}>} Unified clip path polygon vertices,
+ *   or empty array if no patches
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Convert single-patch mesh to clipPath
+ * const meshData = {
+ *   patches: [{
+ *     top: [p1, p2, p3, p4], // Bezier curve points
+ *     right: [p1, p2, p3, p4],
+ *     bottom: [p1, p2, p3, p4],
+ *     left: [p1, p2, p3, p4]
+ *   }]
+ * };
+ * const clipPath = meshGradientToClipPath(meshData, { subdivisions: 8 });
+ * // Returns: Polygon approximating the patch's curved boundary
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Multi-patch mesh becomes single shape
+ * const meshData = {
+ *   patches: [patch1, patch2, patch3]
+ * };
+ * const clipPath = meshGradientToClipPath(meshData);
+ * // Returns: Union of all three patches as one polygon
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Use in SVG clipPath element
+ * const polygon = meshGradientToClipPath(meshData, { subdivisions: 6 });
+ * const pathData = polygon.map((p, i) =>
+ *   `${i === 0 ? 'M' : 'L'} ${p.x} ${p.y}`
+ * ).join(' ') + ' Z';
+ * const svgClipPath = `<clipPath id="mesh-shape"><path d="${pathData}"/></clipPath>`;
+ */
+export function meshGradientToClipPath(meshData, options = {}) {
+  const { subdivisions = 4 } = options;
+
+  const meshPolygons = MeshGradient.meshGradientToPolygons(meshData, { subdivisions });
+
+  if (meshPolygons.length === 0) {
+    return [];
+  }
+
+  // Union all patches into one shape
+  let result = meshPolygons[0].polygon;
+
+  for (let i = 1; i < meshPolygons.length; i++) {
+    const poly = meshPolygons[i].polygon;
+    if (poly.length >= 3) {
+      const unionResult = PolygonClip.polygonUnion(result, poly);
+      if (unionResult.length > 0 && unionResult[0].length >= 3) {
+        result = unionResult[0];
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return result;
+}