@effect/platform-cloudflare 0.0.0 → 4.1.3

package/src/internal/workflowRuntime.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,443 @@
+/**
+ * The workflow Durable Object runtime. One object holds one workflow
+ * execution: its payload, run result, activity results keyed
+ * `${name}/${attempt}`, durable deferred exits, and the clock due table behind
+ * the single alarm. Handlers are looked up in the module-level workflow
+ * registry and built once per wake; a crash or hibernation wipes RAM and the
+ * next contact replays the execution from SQLite.
+ *
+ * @internal
+ */
+import type { SqlStorage } from "@cloudflare/workers-types"
+import * as Cause from "effect/Cause"
+import * as Context from "effect/Context"
+import * as Duration from "effect/Duration"
+import * as Effect from "effect/Effect"
+import * as Exit from "effect/Exit"
+import * as Fiber from "effect/Fiber"
+import * as Schedule from "effect/Schedule"
+import * as Scope from "effect/Scope"
+import * as DurableClock from "effect/workflow/DurableClock"
+import * as Workflow from "effect/workflow/Workflow"
+import * as WorkflowEngine from "effect/workflow/WorkflowEngine"
+import { decodeName, encodeName } from "./clusterName.ts"
+import { armAlarm, type EntityAlarm } from "./entityStorage.ts"
+import {
+  CurrentExecutionHandle,
+  deferredState,
+  getWorkflowRegistration,
+  type WorkflowRunOptions,
+  type WorkflowStub
+} from "./workflowRegistry.ts"
+import * as WorkflowStorage from "./workflowStorage.ts"
+import { decodePayload, encodeDefectResult, encodeExit, encodeResult } from "./workflowWire.ts"
+
+/** @internal */
+export const InterruptSignalName = "Workflow/InterruptSignal"
+
+const resumeGuardMillis = 60_000
+
+let voidExitCache: Promise<string> | undefined
+const voidExitText = (): Promise<
+  string
+> => (voidExitCache ??= Effect.runPromise(encodeExit(Exit.void, Context.empty())))
+
+const mergeWake = (
+  current: WorkflowStorage.WakeMode | undefined,
+  mode: WorkflowStorage.WakeMode
+): WorkflowStorage.WakeMode => current === "explicit" ? current : mode
+
+/** @internal */
+export interface WorkflowRuntimeOptions {
+  readonly name: string
+  readonly sql: SqlStorage
+  readonly alarm: EntityAlarm
+  readonly now: () => number
+  readonly waitUntil: (promise: Promise<unknown>) => void
+  readonly getStub: (name: string) => WorkflowStub
+}
+
+/** @internal */
+export interface WorkflowRuntime extends WorkflowStub {
+  readonly executionId: string
+  readonly loadActivity: (key: string) => string | undefined
+  readonly saveActivity: (key: string, exit: string) => void
+  readonly loadDeferred: (name: string) => string | undefined
+  readonly completeOwnDeferred: (name: string, exit: string) => Effect.Effect<void>
+  readonly runAlarm: () => Promise<void>
+}
+
+interface Inflight {
+  readonly instance: WorkflowEngine.WorkflowInstance["Service"]
+  readonly fiber: Fiber.Fiber<{
+    readonly result: Workflow.Result<unknown, unknown>
+    readonly text: string
+  }, unknown>
+  readonly promise: Promise<string>
+}
+
+/** @internal */
+export const makeWorkflowRuntime = (options: WorkflowRuntimeOptions): WorkflowRuntime => {
+  const name = decodeName(options.name)
+  if (name === undefined) {
+    throw new Error("ClusterWorkflow requires a canonical workflow Durable Object name")
+  }
+  const workflowName = name.type
+  const executionId = name.id
+  const sql = options.sql
+
+  WorkflowStorage.ensureWorkflowStorage(sql)
+
+  let inflight: Inflight | undefined
+  let resumeRequested: WorkflowStorage.WakeMode | undefined
+  // Parent of every attempt's scope. As in the memory engine, scopes of
+  // attempts that suspended stay open under it, so their finalizers and
+  // resources last until the execution completes or an attempt defects.
+  let executionScope = Scope.makeUnsafe()
+
+  // The final attempt's scope has already closed with the real exit. Closing
+  // the parent closes earlier attempts' scopes in reverse order with
+  // `Exit.void`, so their superseded compensations are skipped. A fresh
+  // parent is swapped in first: a later replay must not fork from a closed
+  // scope, which would run its finalizers as soon as they are registered.
+  const closeExecutionScope = Effect.suspend(() => {
+    const closing = executionScope
+    executionScope = Scope.makeUnsafe()
+    return Scope.close(closing, Exit.void)
+  })
+
+  const detach = (promise: Promise<unknown>): void => {
+    options.waitUntil(promise.then(() => undefined, () => undefined))
+  }
+
+  const parseResult = (result: string) => JSON.parse(result) as { readonly _tag?: unknown; readonly failed?: unknown }
+
+  const isComplete = (result: string | undefined): boolean =>
+    result !== undefined && parseResult(result)._tag === "Complete"
+
+  // As in the memory engine, only an explicit wake replays a failure suspension.
+  const isUnwakeable = (result: string | undefined, mode: WorkflowStorage.WakeMode): boolean => {
+    if (result === undefined) return false
+    const parsed = parseResult(result)
+    return parsed._tag === "Complete" || (mode === "automatic" && parsed.failed === true)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Records a wake durably. A running attempt queues it and decides when it
+   * settles, since its result may still become a failure suspension. Returns
+   * whether a replay is now pending.
+   */
+  const requestWake = (mode: WorkflowStorage.WakeMode): boolean => {
+    const row = WorkflowStorage.loadExecution(sql)
+    if (row === undefined || isComplete(row.result)) return false
+    if (inflight === undefined && isUnwakeable(row.result, mode)) return false
+    const pending = mergeWake(row.resumePending, mode)
+    if (pending !== row.resumePending) WorkflowStorage.setResumePending(sql, pending)
+    if (inflight !== undefined) resumeRequested = mergeWake(resumeRequested, mode)
+    return true
+  }
+
+  const armResumeGuard = Effect.suspend(() => armAlarm(options.alarm, options.now() + resumeGuardMillis))
+
+  const resumeParent = (parent: { readonly workflowName: string; readonly executionId: string }) =>
+    Effect.promise(() => options.getStub(encodeName(parent.workflowName, parent.executionId)).resume("automatic")).pipe(
+      Effect.sandbox,
+      Effect.retry({ times: 5, schedule: Schedule.exponential(200) })
+    )
+
+  const logResumeParentFailure = (cause: Cause.Cause<unknown>) =>
+    Effect.logError("Workflow parent resume failed", cause)
+
+  const deliverParentWake = Effect.suspend(() => {
+    const row = WorkflowStorage.loadExecution(sql)
+    if (row === undefined || row.resumePending === undefined || !isComplete(row.result) || row.parent === undefined) {
+      return Effect.void
+    }
+    // Re-arm before sending so a crash or exhausted retries leave another attempt.
+    return armResumeGuard.pipe(
+      Effect.andThen(
+        resumeParent(row.parent).pipe(
+          Effect.tap(() => Effect.sync(() => WorkflowStorage.setResumePending(sql, undefined))),
+          Effect.catchCause(logResumeParentFailure)
+        )
+      )
+    )
+  })
+
+  // An attempt the machinery cannot finish (a defect with `CaptureDefects`
+  // off, a payload that no longer decodes, a result that fails to encode, a
+  // dying finalizer, a missing registration) completes the execution with the
+  // defect, as `ClusterWorkflowEngine` stores an exhausted defect retry. The
+  // object never rejects `run` for such a reason, so a caller can tell the
+  // child's own defect from a transport failure, and a parent replaying a
+  // discarded child finds the result instead of restarting it.
+  const failAttempt = (cause: Cause.Cause<unknown>): Promise<string> =>
+    Effect.runPromise(Effect.gen(function*() {
+      yield* Effect.logError("Workflow execution failed", cause)
+      const text = yield* encodeDefectResult(Cause.squash(cause))
+      const parent = WorkflowStorage.loadExecution(sql)?.parent
+      if (parent !== undefined) yield* armResumeGuard
+      WorkflowStorage.saveCompletion(sql, text, parent !== undefined)
+      inflight = undefined
+      resumeRequested = undefined
+      if (parent !== undefined) options.waitUntil(Effect.runPromise(deliverParentWake))
+      return text
+    }))
+
+  const startAttempt = (row: WorkflowStorage.ExecutionRow): Promise<string> => {
+    const registration = getWorkflowRegistration(workflowName)
+    if (registration === undefined) {
+      return failAttempt(Cause.die(new Error(`No workflow registered for name: ${workflowName}`)))
+    }
+    const workflow = registration.workflow
+    const instance = WorkflowEngine.WorkflowInstance.initial(workflow, executionId, {
+      scope: Scope.forkUnsafe(executionScope)
+    })
+    const execute = decodePayload(workflow, row.payload, registration.context).pipe(
+      Effect.flatMap((payload) => registration.execute(payload, executionId) as Effect.Effect<unknown, unknown>),
+      Effect.onExit((exit) => {
+        const suspendOnFailure = Context.get(workflow.annotations, Workflow.SuspendOnFailure)
+        if (!instance.suspended && !(suspendOnFailure && exit._tag === "Failure")) {
+          return Effect.void
+        }
+        if (WorkflowStorage.loadDeferred(sql, InterruptSignalName) === undefined) {
+          return Effect.void
+        }
+        instance.suspended = false
+        instance.interrupted = true
+        return Effect.withFiber<void>((fiber) => Effect.interruptible(Fiber.interrupt(fiber)))
+      }),
+      Workflow.intoResult,
+      (effect) => deferredState.trackRun(instance, effect),
+      Effect.flatMap((result) =>
+        Effect.map(encodeResult(workflow, result, registration.context), (text) => ({ result, text }))
+      ),
+      Effect.provideService(DurableClock.InMemoryThreshold, Duration.zero),
+      Effect.provideService(CurrentExecutionHandle, runtime)
+    )
+    const persist = ({ result, text }: {
+      readonly result: Workflow.Result<unknown, unknown>
+      readonly text: string
+    }): Promise<string> =>
+      Effect.runPromise(
+        Effect.gen(function*() {
+          const parent = WorkflowStorage.loadExecution(sql)?.parent
+          if (result._tag === "Complete" && parent !== undefined) {
+            // Arm before the atomic result/pending save so a persisted
+            // completion always has a delivery wake.
+            yield* armResumeGuard
+          }
+          // Stay in flight until the result is saved so a concurrent resume
+          // queues behind this attempt instead of replaying alongside it.
+          if (result._tag === "Complete") {
+            WorkflowStorage.saveCompletion(sql, text, parent !== undefined)
+            inflight = undefined
+            resumeRequested = undefined
+            if (parent !== undefined) options.waitUntil(Effect.runPromise(deliverParentWake))
+            return text
+          }
+          const replay = resumeRequested !== undefined && !isUnwakeable(text, resumeRequested)
+            ? resumeRequested
+            : undefined
+          WorkflowStorage.saveSuspension(sql, text, replay)
+          inflight = undefined
+          resumeRequested = undefined
+          if (replay !== undefined) detach(startAttempt(row))
+          return text
+        }).pipe(Effect.tapCause(() =>
+          Effect.sync(() => {
+            inflight = undefined
+          })
+        ))
+      )
+    const finish = (attempt: {
+      readonly result: Workflow.Result<unknown, unknown>
+      readonly text: string
+    }): Promise<string> => {
+      if (attempt.result._tag !== "Complete") return persist(attempt)
+      // Close retained scopes before saving, so a durable completion never
+      // has unrun finalizers. A dying finalizer fails the attempt instead.
+      return Effect.runPromise(Effect.exit(closeExecutionScope)).then((closed) =>
+        Exit.isSuccess(closed) ? persist(attempt) : failAttempt(closed.cause)
+      )
+    }
+    const fiber = Effect.runFork(execute)
+    const promise = Effect.runPromise(Fiber.await(fiber)).then((exit) => {
+      if (Exit.isSuccess(exit)) return finish(exit.value)
+      if (Cause.hasInterruptsOnly(exit.cause) && (instance.interrupted || instance.suspended)) {
+        // A hard interrupt (or a completion preempting the fiber after it
+        // already produced its result) kills the fiber before it can encode;
+        // synthesize the result from the instance state so it still persists.
+        const result: Workflow.Result<unknown, unknown> = instance.interrupted
+          ? new Workflow.Complete({ exit: exit as Exit.Exit<unknown, unknown> })
+          : new Workflow.Suspended({})
+        return Effect.runPromise(encodeResult(workflow, result, registration.context))
+          .then((text) => finish({ result, text }))
+      }
+      // A defect ends every retained attempt; a replay starts in fresh scopes.
+      // Stay in flight while closing so cleanup precedes any replay.
+      return Effect.runPromise(Effect.exit(closeExecutionScope)).then((closed) =>
+        failAttempt(Exit.isSuccess(closed) ? exit.cause : Cause.combine(exit.cause, closed.cause))
+      )
+    })
+    inflight = { instance, fiber, promise }
+    return promise
+  }
+
+  const run = (payload: string, opts: WorkflowRunOptions): Promise<string> => {
+    let row = WorkflowStorage.loadExecution(sql)
+    if (row === undefined) {
+      WorkflowStorage.createExecution(sql, workflowName, executionId, payload, opts.parent)
+      row = { workflowName, executionId, payload, parent: opts.parent, result: undefined, resumePending: undefined }
+    } else if (opts.parent !== undefined && row.parent === undefined) {
+      // An execution started standalone can gain a parent later; keep the
+      // first parent so its completion still wakes that parent.
+      WorkflowStorage.setParent(sql, opts.parent)
+      row = { ...row, parent: opts.parent }
+    }
+    if (inflight !== undefined) return opts.discard ? Promise.resolve("") : inflight.promise
+    if (row.result !== undefined) return Promise.resolve(opts.discard ? "" : row.result)
+    // The attempt stays pending under the guard alarm until it persists a
+    // result, so an attempt lost with this object is replayed even when no
+    // caller awaits it.
+    WorkflowStorage.setResumePending(sql, mergeWake(row.resumePending, "automatic"))
+    const attempt = startAttempt(row)
+    const armed = Effect.runPromise(armResumeGuard)
+    if (opts.discard) {
+      detach(attempt)
+      return armed.then(() => "")
+    }
+    return Promise.all([attempt, armed]).then(([text]) => text)
+  }
+
+  const startPending = (): void => {
+    const row = WorkflowStorage.loadExecution(sql)
+    if (row === undefined || row.resumePending === undefined || inflight !== undefined) return
+    if (isUnwakeable(row.result, row.resumePending)) return
+    detach(startAttempt(row))
+  }
+
+  const resume = (mode: WorkflowStorage.WakeMode = "explicit"): Promise<void> => {
+    if (!requestWake(mode)) return Promise.resolve()
+    // Persist and guard the resume before acknowledging it, so an abort after
+    // the RPC returns is still recovered.
+    return Effect.runPromise(armResumeGuard).then(startPending)
+  }
+
+  const completeDeferred = (
+    deferredName: string,
+    exitText: string,
+    mode: WorkflowStorage.WakeMode
+  ): Promise<void> => {
+    if (!WorkflowStorage.saveDeferred(sql, deferredName, exitText)) return Promise.resolve()
+    // Persisted with the exit in the same write batch: if this wake is lost
+    // before the replay finishes, the next wake (or the guard alarm) replays
+    // the execution. The in-flight request is set synchronously so a settling
+    // attempt cannot clear the pending resume without a restart.
+    if (!requestWake(mode)) return Promise.resolve()
+    return Effect.runPromise(
+      armResumeGuard.pipe(Effect.andThen(deferredState.deferredDone(executionId, deferredName)))
+    ).then(() => resume(mode))
+  }
+
+  const deferredDone = (deferredName: string, exitText: string): Promise<void> =>
+    completeDeferred(deferredName, exitText, "automatic")
+
+  // The caller belongs to the run this wake interrupts, so awaiting that run
+  // would wait on the caller's own cleanup. As in the memory engine, the wake
+  // starts on a separate fiber after the caller continues.
+  const completeOwnDeferred = (deferredName: string, exitText: string): Effect.Effect<void> =>
+    Effect.suspend(() => {
+      if (!WorkflowStorage.saveDeferred(sql, deferredName, exitText) || !requestWake("automatic")) {
+        return Effect.void
+      }
+      const wake = deferredState.deferredDone(executionId, deferredName).pipe(
+        Effect.andThen(
+          Effect.suspend(() => inflight === undefined ? Effect.promise(() => resume("automatic")) : Effect.void)
+        )
+      )
+      return armResumeGuard.pipe(
+        Effect.andThen(Effect.forkDetach(wake)),
+        Effect.flatMap((fiber) => Effect.sync(() => detach(Effect.runPromise(Fiber.await(fiber)))))
+      )
+    })
+
+  const interrupt = (): Promise<void> => {
+    const row = WorkflowStorage.loadExecution(sql)
+    if (row === undefined || isComplete(row.result)) return Promise.resolve()
+    return voidExitText().then((exitText) => completeDeferred(InterruptSignalName, exitText, "explicit"))
+  }
+
+  const interruptUnsafe = (): Promise<void> => {
+    const current = inflight
+    const signalled = interrupt()
+    if (current === undefined) return signalled
+    current.instance.interrupted = true
+    return signalled
+      .then(() => Effect.runPromise(Fiber.interrupt(current.fiber)))
+      .then(() => undefined)
+  }
+
+  const scheduleClock = (clockName: string, deferredName: string, wakeUp: number): Promise<void> => {
+    WorkflowStorage.saveClock(sql, clockName, deferredName, wakeUp)
+    const earliest = WorkflowStorage.earliestClockWakeUp(sql)
+    return earliest === undefined ? Promise.resolve() : Effect.runPromise(armAlarm(options.alarm, earliest))
+  }
+
+  const runAlarm = (): Promise<void> =>
+    voidExitText().then((voidExit) => {
+      const completed = WorkflowStorage.dueClocks(sql, options.now()).filter((clock) => {
+        WorkflowStorage.markClockFired(sql, clock.name)
+        return WorkflowStorage.saveDeferred(sql, clock.deferredName, voidExit)
+      })
+      if (completed.length > 0) requestWake("automatic")
+      return Effect.runPromise(Effect.forEach(
+        completed,
+        (clock) => deferredState.deferredDone(executionId, clock.deferredName),
+        { discard: true }
+      )).then(() => {
+        const row = WorkflowStorage.loadExecution(sql)
+        const mode = row?.resumePending
+        const pending = mode !== undefined && !isUnwakeable(row?.result, mode)
+        // A live attempt is not lost: only re-arm the guard. Requesting a wake
+        // would replay the attempt once it suspends, for no reason.
+        return (pending && inflight === undefined ? resume(mode) : Promise.resolve()).then(() => {
+          // While a resume is pending a guard alarm stays armed, so a replay
+          // lost with this isolate is retried instead of sleeping forever.
+          const targets = [
+            WorkflowStorage.earliestClockWakeUp(sql),
+            pending ? options.now() + resumeGuardMillis : undefined
+          ].filter((target) => target !== undefined)
+          if (targets.length === 0) return undefined
+          // The alarm that fired is spent, so set the next one outright:
+          // `armAlarm` only ever moves an alarm earlier.
+          return options.alarm.setAlarm(Math.min(...targets))
+        })
+      })
+    }).then(() => Effect.runPromise(deliverParentWake)).then(() => undefined)
+
+  const runtime: WorkflowRuntime = {
+    executionId,
+    run,
+    poll: () => Promise.resolve(WorkflowStorage.loadExecution(sql)?.result),
+    resume,
+    interrupt,
+    interruptUnsafe,
+    deferredDone,
+    scheduleClock,
+    runAlarm,
+    loadActivity: (key) => WorkflowStorage.loadActivity(sql, key),
+    saveActivity: (key, exit) => WorkflowStorage.saveActivity(sql, key, exit),
+    loadDeferred: (deferredName) => WorkflowStorage.loadDeferred(sql, deferredName),
+    completeOwnDeferred
+  }
+
+  // Self-heal on wake: a resume recorded by deferredDone but lost with the
+  // previous isolate replays now instead of waiting for external contact.
+  const pending = WorkflowStorage.loadExecution(sql)?.resumePending
+  if (pending !== undefined) {
+    void resume(pending)
+  }
+
+  return runtime
+}

package/src/internal/workflowStorage.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+/**
+ * Storage glue for the workflow Durable Object. The constructor must stay
+ * cheap: open SQLite, ensure the tables, and re-arm the single alarm from the
+ * earliest pending clock. No workflow handlers are built here.
+ *
+ * @internal
+ */
+import type { SqlStorage } from "@cloudflare/workers-types"
+
+const ddl = [
+  `CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS workflow_execution (
+    id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY CHECK (id = 0),
+    workflow_name TEXT NOT NULL,
+    execution_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+    payload TEXT NOT NULL,
+    parent_name TEXT,
+    parent_execution_id TEXT,
+    result TEXT,
+    resume_pending INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0
+  )`,
+  `CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS workflow_activities (
+    key TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+    exit TEXT NOT NULL
+  )`,
+  `CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS workflow_deferreds (
+    name TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+    exit TEXT NOT NULL
+  )`,
+  `CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS workflow_clocks (
+    name TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+    deferred_name TEXT NOT NULL,
+    wake_up INTEGER NOT NULL,
+    fired INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0
+  )`
+]
+
+/** @internal */
+export const ensureWorkflowStorage = (sql: SqlStorage): void => {
+  for (const statement of ddl) {
+    sql.exec(statement)
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * How a replay was requested. An explicit wake (`resume`, `interrupt`) always
+ * replays; an automatic wake (deferred or clock completion, a child's
+ * completion) leaves a failure-suspended execution parked.
+ *
+ * @internal
+ */
+export type WakeMode = "explicit" | "automatic"
+
+/**
+ * The stored `(workflowName, executionId)` also serve to recover the object
+ * name on an alarm wake, where `ctx.id.name` is undefined.
+ *
+ * @internal
+ */
+export interface ExecutionRow {
+  readonly workflowName: string
+  readonly executionId: string
+  readonly payload: string
+  readonly parent: { readonly workflowName: string; readonly executionId: string } | undefined
+  readonly result: string | undefined
+  /**
+   * The pending replay of an incomplete execution. Once complete, any value
+   * means the parent completion wake is still undelivered.
+   */
+  readonly resumePending: WakeMode | undefined
+}
+
+type StoredExecutionRow = {
+  readonly workflow_name: string
+  readonly execution_id: string
+  readonly payload: string
+  readonly parent_name: string | null
+  readonly parent_execution_id: string | null
+  readonly result: string | null
+  readonly resume_pending: number
+}
+
+type ExitRow = {
+  readonly exit: string
+}
+
+type ClockWakeUpRow = {
+  readonly wake_up: number | null
+}
+
+type ClockRow = {
+  readonly name: string
+  readonly deferred_name: string
+}
+
+// 1 predates wake modes, so a row written before them replays as explicit.
+const encodeWakeMode = (mode: WakeMode | undefined): number => mode === undefined ? 0 : mode === "explicit" ? 1 : 2
+
+const decodeWakeMode = (value: number): WakeMode | undefined =>
+  value === 1 ? "explicit" : value === 2 ? "automatic" : undefined
+
+/** @internal */
+export const loadExecution = (sql: SqlStorage): ExecutionRow | undefined => {
+  const row = sql.exec<StoredExecutionRow>(
+    `SELECT workflow_name, execution_id, payload, parent_name, parent_execution_id, result, resume_pending
+     FROM workflow_execution WHERE id = 0`
+  ).toArray()[0]
+  if (row === undefined) return undefined
+  return {
+    workflowName: row.workflow_name,
+    executionId: row.execution_id,
+    payload: row.payload,
+    parent: row.parent_name !== null && row.parent_execution_id !== null
+      ? { workflowName: row.parent_name, executionId: row.parent_execution_id }
+      : undefined,
+    result: row.result ?? undefined,
+    resumePending: decodeWakeMode(row.resume_pending)
+  }
+}
+
+/** @internal */
+export const createExecution = (
+  sql: SqlStorage,
+  workflowName: string,
+  executionId: string,
+  payload: string,
+  parent: { readonly workflowName: string; readonly executionId: string } | undefined
+): void => {
+  sql.exec(
+    `INSERT OR IGNORE INTO workflow_execution
+       (id, workflow_name, execution_id, payload, parent_name, parent_execution_id, result)
+     VALUES (0, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, NULL)`,
+    workflowName,
+    executionId,
+    payload,
+    parent?.workflowName ?? null,
+    parent?.executionId ?? null
+  )
+}
+
+/** @internal */
+export const setParent = (
+  sql: SqlStorage,
+  parent: { readonly workflowName: string; readonly executionId: string }
+): void => {
+  sql.exec(
+    "UPDATE workflow_execution SET parent_name = ?, parent_execution_id = ? WHERE id = 0 AND parent_name IS NULL",
+    parent.workflowName,
+    parent.executionId
+  )
+}
+
+/** @internal */
+export const saveSuspension = (sql: SqlStorage, result: string, pending: WakeMode | undefined): void => {
+  sql.exec(
+    "UPDATE workflow_execution SET result = ?, resume_pending = ? WHERE id = 0",
+    result,
+    encodeWakeMode(pending)
+  )
+}
+
+/** @internal */
+export const saveCompletion = (sql: SqlStorage, result: string, wakeParent: boolean): void => {
+  sql.exec("UPDATE workflow_execution SET result = ?, resume_pending = ? WHERE id = 0", result, wakeParent ? 1 : 0)
+}
+
+/** @internal */
+export const setResumePending = (sql: SqlStorage, pending: WakeMode | undefined): void => {
+  sql.exec("UPDATE workflow_execution SET resume_pending = ? WHERE id = 0", encodeWakeMode(pending))
+}
+
+/** @internal */
+export const loadActivity = (sql: SqlStorage, key: string): string | undefined => {
+  const row = sql.exec<ExitRow>("SELECT exit FROM workflow_activities WHERE key = ?", key).toArray()[0]
+  return row?.exit
+}
+
+/** @internal */
+export const saveActivity = (sql: SqlStorage, key: string, exit: string): void => {
+  sql.exec("INSERT OR IGNORE INTO workflow_activities (key, exit) VALUES (?, ?)", key, exit)
+}
+
+/** @internal */
+export const loadDeferred = (sql: SqlStorage, name: string): string | undefined => {
+  const row = sql.exec<ExitRow>("SELECT exit FROM workflow_deferreds WHERE name = ?", name).toArray()[0]
+  return row?.exit
+}
+
+/**
+ * First write wins; safe without a conflict clause because a Durable Object's
+ * SQLite access is single-threaded.
+ *
+ * @internal
+ */
+export const saveDeferred = (sql: SqlStorage, name: string, exit: string): boolean => {
+  if (loadDeferred(sql, name) !== undefined) return false
+  sql.exec("INSERT INTO workflow_deferreds (name, exit) VALUES (?, ?)", name, exit)
+  return true
+}
+
+/** @internal */
+export const saveClock = (sql: SqlStorage, name: string, deferredName: string, wakeUp: number): void => {
+  sql.exec(
+    "INSERT OR IGNORE INTO workflow_clocks (name, deferred_name, wake_up, fired) VALUES (?, ?, ?, 0)",
+    name,
+    deferredName,
+    wakeUp
+  )
+}
+
+/** @internal */
+export const earliestClockWakeUp = (sql: SqlStorage): number | undefined => {
+  const row = sql.exec<ClockWakeUpRow>(
+    "SELECT min(wake_up) AS wake_up FROM workflow_clocks WHERE fired = 0"
+  ).toArray()[0]
+  return row?.wake_up ?? undefined
+}
+
+/** @internal */
+export const dueClocks = (
+  sql: SqlStorage,
+  now: number
+): Array<{ readonly name: string; readonly deferredName: string }> =>
+  sql.exec<ClockRow>(
+    "SELECT name, deferred_name FROM workflow_clocks WHERE fired = 0 AND wake_up <= ?",
+    now
+  ).toArray().map((row) => ({
+    name: row.name,
+    deferredName: row.deferred_name
+  }))
+
+/** @internal */
+export const markClockFired = (sql: SqlStorage, name: string): void => {
+  sql.exec("UPDATE workflow_clocks SET fired = 1 WHERE name = ?", name)
+}