@effect-vfs/core 0.0.1 → 0.1.0

package/README.md

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Effect's standard `FileSystem` service, use [`@effect-vfs/memory`](https://www.n
 which adapts this package to that interface.
 
 The package implements a documented subset of POSIX behavior. It does not claim full POSIX conformance. See the
-[implemented profile](https://github.com/lloydrichards/effect-virtual-fs/blob/main/.docs/context/implemented-profile.md)
+[implemented profile](https://github.com/lloydrichards/effect-virtual-fs/blob/main/.okf/profiles/implemented-filesystem.md)
 for the exact permission, path, timestamp, quota, and atomicity rules.
 
 ## Install
@@ -174,6 +174,53 @@ Snapshot decoding requires explicit work limits because encoded bytes may come f
 contains the reachable namespace and metadata. It excludes callers, open handles, cursor positions, watch
 subscriptions, and unlinked content. Each restored volume is independent.
 
+## Branch from one immutable snapshot
+
+Use `makeOverlay` when several writable workspaces start from the same snapshot. Untouched regular-file contents are
+shared internally. A content change copies that whole file for the editing workspace; namespace and metadata state are
+always private. Logical quotas still count the complete visible volume, including shared base files and unlinked-open
+contents.
+
+```ts
+import { VirtualFileSystem as Vfs } from "@effect-vfs/core"
+import { Effect } from "effect"
+
+const branch = Effect.gen(function*() {
+  const template = yield* Vfs.fromFixture({
+    entries: [
+      { kind: "directory", path: "/project" },
+      { kind: "file", path: "/project/settings.json", bytes: new Uint8Array() }
+    ]
+  })
+  const base = yield* template.snapshot
+  const workspace = yield* Vfs.makeOverlay(base, { maxBytes: 1_000_000 })
+  const fs = yield* workspace.caller()
+
+  yield* fs.rename("/project/settings.json", "/project/preferences.json")
+  return yield* workspace.capture()
+})
+```
+
+`makeOverlay(base, options)` returns a reusable Effect. Each execution creates a fresh workspace from `base`; it does
+not memoize or reset an earlier workspace. Invalid volume options fail with `ConfigurationError`, while failure to
+inspect the base snapshot fails with `ImageError`.
+
+`changes()` reports final differences from the base. It hides timestamp-only differences unless called with
+`{ includeTimestamps: true }`. Renames are paired only from retained object identity; equal contents are never treated
+as rename evidence. Paths in summaries are `BytePath` values, so inspect them with `pathToBytes` when names may not be
+UTF-8. Although `OverlayChange` and its options have schemas, a summary is an in-process value containing opaque
+`BytePath` objects. The schema is not a portable summary encoding.
+
+`capture()` returns a complete version 1 snapshot and matching summary from one committed state. Later writes change
+neither result. The snapshot works with `encodeSnapshot`, `fromSnapshot`, and `@effect-vfs/persistence` checkpoints.
+Restoring it recovers the complete filesystem state, not the earlier overlay base relationship or summary. To reset,
+create a fresh overlay from the base and replace your application reference; existing callers, handles, and watches
+remain attached to the old workspace until their own lifetimes end.
+
+The Effects returned by `changes(options)` and `capture(options)` are also reusable. Each execution observes the
+workspace again. Invalid summary options fail with `ConfigurationError`; failure to construct the complete observed
+snapshot fails with `ImageError`. Reusing a previously completed `capture()` result does not observe later writes.
+
 ## Use scoped handles for incremental I/O
 
 Whole-file operations are convenient, but handles give each open file an independent `bigint` cursor and support
@@ -280,4 +327,4 @@ candidate.
 - `sync` checks handle liveness. An in-memory volume provides no host or crash durability.
 
 For the complete contract, read the
-[implemented profile](https://github.com/lloydrichards/effect-virtual-fs/blob/main/.docs/context/implemented-profile.md).
+[implemented profile](https://github.com/lloydrichards/effect-virtual-fs/blob/main/.okf/profiles/implemented-filesystem.md).

package/dist/VirtualFileSystem.d.ts

@@ -19,6 +19,13 @@ declare const DirectoryHandleId: unique symbol;
 export interface BytePath {
     readonly [BytePathId]: true;
 }
+/**
+ * Schema for an opaque byte-preserving filesystem path.
+ *
+ * @category schemas
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+export declare const BytePath: Schema.declare<BytePath, BytePath>;
 /**
  * A UTF-8 string path or an opaque byte-preserving path.
  *
@@ -450,6 +457,102 @@ export interface Change {
     /** Absolute path of the changed entry. */
     readonly path: BytePath;
 }
+/**
+ * Schema for the filesystem entry kinds reported by overlay summaries.
+ *
+ * @category schemas
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+export declare const OverlayNodeKind: Schema.Literals<readonly ["directory", "file", "symlink"]>;
+/**
+ * A filesystem entry kind reported by an overlay summary.
+ *
+ * @category models
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+export type OverlayNodeKind = typeof OverlayNodeKind.Type;
+/**
+ * Schema for observable fields that can differ from an overlay's immutable base.
+ *
+ * @category schemas
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+export declare const OverlayDifference: Schema.Literals<readonly ["content", "mode", "uid", "gid", "atimeNs", "mtimeNs", "ctimeNs", "birthtimeNs"]>;
+/**
+ * A content, ownership, permission, or timestamp field that differs from the overlay base.
+ *
+ * @category models
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+export type OverlayDifference = typeof OverlayDifference.Type;
+/**
+ * Schema for a final-state overlay difference.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * Paths retain arbitrary non-NUL bytes. Renames are reported only when retained
+ * base identity makes the removed and added names unambiguous.
+ *
+ * @category schemas
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+export declare const OverlayChange: Schema.Union<readonly [Schema.TaggedStruct<"Added", {
+    readonly path: Schema.declare<BytePath, BytePath>;
+    readonly kind: Schema.Literals<readonly ["directory", "file", "symlink"]>;
+}>, Schema.TaggedStruct<"Removed", {
+    readonly path: Schema.declare<BytePath, BytePath>;
+    readonly kind: Schema.Literals<readonly ["directory", "file", "symlink"]>;
+}>, Schema.TaggedStruct<"Replaced", {
+    readonly path: Schema.declare<BytePath, BytePath>;
+    readonly beforeKind: Schema.Literals<readonly ["directory", "file", "symlink"]>;
+    readonly afterKind: Schema.Literals<readonly ["directory", "file", "symlink"]>;
+    readonly differences: Schema.$Array<Schema.Literals<readonly ["content", "mode", "uid", "gid", "atimeNs", "mtimeNs", "ctimeNs", "birthtimeNs"]>>;
+}>, Schema.TaggedStruct<"Renamed", {
+    readonly from: Schema.declare<BytePath, BytePath>;
+    readonly to: Schema.declare<BytePath, BytePath>;
+    readonly kind: Schema.Literals<readonly ["directory", "file", "symlink"]>;
+    readonly differences: Schema.$Array<Schema.Literals<readonly ["content", "mode", "uid", "gid", "atimeNs", "mtimeNs", "ctimeNs", "birthtimeNs"]>>;
+}>, Schema.TaggedStruct<"Updated", {
+    readonly path: Schema.declare<BytePath, BytePath>;
+    readonly kind: Schema.Literals<readonly ["directory", "file", "symlink"]>;
+    readonly differences: Schema.$Array<Schema.Literals<readonly ["content", "mode", "uid", "gid", "atimeNs", "mtimeNs", "ctimeNs", "birthtimeNs"]>>;
+}>]>;
+/**
+ * A path-oriented final-state difference from an overlay's immutable base.
+ *
+ * @category models
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+export type OverlayChange = typeof OverlayChange.Type;
+/**
+ * Schema for overlay summary filtering.
+ *
+ * @category schemas
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+export declare const OverlayChangesOptions: Schema.Struct<{
+    /** Include access, modification, change, and birth-time differences. Defaults to `false`. */
+    readonly includeTimestamps: Schema.optionalKey<Schema.Boolean>;
+}>;
+/**
+ * Filtering options for an overlay final-difference summary.
+ *
+ * @category models
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+export type OverlayChangesOptions = typeof OverlayChangesOptions.Type;
+/**
+ * A complete snapshot and final-difference summary captured from one committed state.
+ *
+ * @category models
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+export interface OverlayCapture {
+    /** Complete version 1 snapshot owned by this capture. */
+    readonly snapshot: Snapshot;
+    /** Owned summary that describes the same state as `snapshot`. */
+    readonly changes: ReadonlyArray<OverlayChange>;
+}
 /**
  * An isolated virtual filesystem namespace that creates callers, snapshots, and watch streams.
  *
@@ -465,6 +568,18 @@ export interface Volume {
     /** Creates a caller rooted at `/` with independent credentials, umask, and current directory. */
     readonly caller: (options?: RootCallerOptions) => Effect.Effect<Caller, ConfigurationError>;
 }
+/**
+ * An ordinary volume with final-state inspection relative to one immutable snapshot base.
+ *
+ * @category models
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+export interface OverlayVolume extends Volume {
+    /** Computes final differences from the immutable base when this reusable effect executes. */
+    readonly changes: (options?: OverlayChangesOptions) => Effect.Effect<ReadonlyArray<OverlayChange>, ConfigurationError | ImageError>;
+    /** Captures one committed state when this reusable effect executes. */
+    readonly capture: (options?: OverlayChangesOptions) => Effect.Effect<OverlayCapture, ConfigurationError | ImageError>;
+}
 declare const CurrentFileSystem_base: Context.ServiceClass<CurrentFileSystem, "@effect-vfs/core/CurrentFileSystem", Caller>;
 /**
  * Optional Effect service for providing an existing filesystem caller.
@@ -535,6 +650,28 @@ export declare const fromSnapshot: (snapshot: Snapshot, options?: {
     readonly maxFileBytes?: number;
     readonly maxPathBytes?: number;
 } | undefined) => Effect.Effect<Volume, ConfigurationError | ImageError, never>;
+/**
+ * Creates an isolated writable volume relative to one immutable snapshot base.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * Workspaces made from the same snapshot share unchanged regular-file payloads.
+ * The first content mutation copies the whole file into workspace-private
+ * storage. Metadata, namespace state, coordination, handles, and watches are
+ * always private to the new workspace.
+ *
+ * Invalid base snapshots fail with `ImageError`; invalid volume limits fail
+ * with `ConfigurationError`. Each execution creates a fresh workspace.
+ *
+ * @category constructors
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+export declare const makeOverlay: (base: Snapshot, options?: {
+    readonly maxEntries?: number;
+    readonly maxBytes?: number;
+    readonly maxFileBytes?: number;
+    readonly maxPathBytes?: number;
+} | undefined) => Effect.Effect<OverlayVolume, ConfigurationError | ImageError, never>;
 /**
  * Schema for a complete fixture namespace with optional metadata and forward hard links.
  *

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package/dist/VirtualFileSystem.js

@@ -21,12 +21,23 @@ import * as Schema from "effect/Schema";
 import * as Scope from "effect/Scope";
 import * as Semaphore from "effect/Semaphore";
 import * as Stream from "effect/Stream";
+import * as Content from "./internal/content.js";
 import * as Image from "./internal/image.js";
+import { compareOverlay } from "./internal/overlayChanges.js";
+import * as OverlayTesting from "./internal/overlayTesting.js";
 const BytePathId = Symbol("@effect-vfs/core/BytePath");
 const VolumeId = Symbol("@effect-vfs/core/Volume");
 const CallerId = Symbol("@effect-vfs/core/Caller");
 const FileHandleId = Symbol("@effect-vfs/core/FileHandle");
 const DirectoryHandleId = Symbol("@effect-vfs/core/DirectoryHandle");
+const bytePaths = new WeakMap();
+/**
+ * Schema for an opaque byte-preserving filesystem path.
+ *
+ * @category schemas
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+export const BytePath = Schema.declare((value) => typeof value === "object" && value !== null && bytePaths.has(value));
 /**
  * Schema for portable virtual filesystem error codes.
  *
@@ -195,6 +206,69 @@ const WriteFileSettings = Schema.Struct({
     /** Mode to apply after replacing an existing file. */
     finalMode: Schema.optionalKey(Mode)
 });
+/**
+ * Schema for the filesystem entry kinds reported by overlay summaries.
+ *
+ * @category schemas
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+export const OverlayNodeKind = Schema.Literals(["directory", "file", "symlink"]);
+/**
+ * Schema for observable fields that can differ from an overlay's immutable base.
+ *
+ * @category schemas
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+export const OverlayDifference = Schema.Literals([
+    "content",
+    "mode",
+    "uid",
+    "gid",
+    "atimeNs",
+    "mtimeNs",
+    "ctimeNs",
+    "birthtimeNs"
+]);
+const OverlayDifferences = Schema.Array(OverlayDifference);
+const NonEmptyOverlayDifferences = OverlayDifferences.check(Schema.isMinLength(1));
+/**
+ * Schema for a final-state overlay difference.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * Paths retain arbitrary non-NUL bytes. Renames are reported only when retained
+ * base identity makes the removed and added names unambiguous.
+ *
+ * @category schemas
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+export const OverlayChange = Schema.Union([
+    Schema.TaggedStruct("Added", { path: BytePath, kind: OverlayNodeKind }),
+    Schema.TaggedStruct("Removed", { path: BytePath, kind: OverlayNodeKind }),
+    Schema.TaggedStruct("Replaced", {
+        path: BytePath,
+        beforeKind: OverlayNodeKind,
+        afterKind: OverlayNodeKind,
+        differences: OverlayDifferences
+    }),
+    Schema.TaggedStruct("Renamed", {
+        from: BytePath,
+        to: BytePath,
+        kind: OverlayNodeKind,
+        differences: OverlayDifferences
+    }),
+    Schema.TaggedStruct("Updated", { path: BytePath, kind: OverlayNodeKind, differences: NonEmptyOverlayDifferences })
+]);
+/**
+ * Schema for overlay summary filtering.
+ *
+ * @category schemas
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+export const OverlayChangesOptions = Schema.Struct({
+    /** Include access, modification, change, and birth-time differences. Defaults to `false`. */
+    includeTimestamps: Schema.optionalKey(Schema.Boolean)
+});
 /**
  * Optional Effect service for providing an existing filesystem caller.
  *
@@ -217,7 +291,6 @@ export const encodeSnapshot = Image.encodeSnapshot;
  * @since 0.1.0
  */
 export const decodeSnapshot = Image.decodeSnapshot;
-const bytePaths = new WeakMap();
 const failure = (code, operation, path) => new FsError({ code, operation, ...(path === undefined ? {} : { path }) });
 const ownedPath = (bytes) => {
     const path = Object.freeze({ [BytePathId]: true });
@@ -370,7 +443,8 @@ const storedMetadata = (metadata) => ({
     birthtimeNs: String(metadata.birthtimeNs)
 });
 /** Each execution constructs a fresh volume and captures its Clock. */
-const makeVolume = Effect.fn("VirtualFileSystem.makeVolume")(function* (options, image) {
+const makeVolume = Effect.fn("VirtualFileSystem.makeVolume")(function* (source, options) {
+    const image = source._tag === "Empty" ? undefined : source.image;
     const decoded = decodeConfiguration(VolumeOptions, options === undefined ? {} : options);
     if (Result.isFailure(decoded))
         return yield* decoded.failure;
@@ -388,6 +462,7 @@ const makeVolume = Effect.fn("VirtualFileSystem.makeVolume")(function* (options,
     const gate = Semaphore.makeUnsafe(1);
     const root = {
         kind: "directory",
+        lineage: image?.root,
         parent: undefined,
         entries: new Map(),
         metadata: directoryMetadata(1n, 0, 0, 0o755, initialTime)
@@ -415,6 +490,7 @@ const makeVolume = Effect.fn("VirtualFileSystem.makeVolume")(function* (options,
             (settings.maxBytes !== undefined && content > settings.maxBytes)) {
             return yield* new ImageError({ code: "LimitExceeded", field: "volume" });
         }
+        const baseContents = source._tag === "Overlay" ? Content.forOverlay(source.base, image) : undefined;
         for (const record of image.records) {
             const metadata = {
                 ...record.metadata,
@@ -430,22 +506,28 @@ const makeVolume = Effect.fn("VirtualFileSystem.makeVolume")(function* (options,
             if (record.kind === "directory") {
                 const node = record.id === image.root
                     ? root
-                    : { kind: "directory", parent: undefined, entries: new Map(), metadata };
+                    : { kind: "directory", lineage: record.id, parent: undefined, entries: new Map(), metadata };
                 node.metadata = metadata;
                 incoming.set(record.id, node);
             }
             else if (record.kind === "file") {
-                const data = Image.bytes(record.data);
+                const data = baseContents?.get(record.id) ?? Content.make(Image.bytes(record.data));
                 incoming.set(record.id, {
                     kind: "file",
+                    lineage: record.id,
                     data,
                     openCount: 0,
-                    metadata: { ...metadata, size: BigInt(data.length) }
+                    metadata: { ...metadata, size: BigInt(data.bytes.length) }
                 });
             }
             else {
                 const target = Image.bytes(record.target);
-                incoming.set(record.id, { kind: "symlink", target, metadata: { ...metadata, size: BigInt(target.length) } });
+                incoming.set(record.id, {
+                    kind: "symlink",
+                    lineage: record.id,
+                    target,
+                    metadata: { ...metadata, size: BigInt(target.length) }
+                });
             }
         }
         for (const record of image.records) {
@@ -513,6 +595,75 @@ const makeVolume = Effect.fn("VirtualFileSystem.makeVolume")(function* (options,
             }
         }
     };
+    const captureSnapshot = Effect.fnUntraced(function* () {
+        const ids = new Map([[root, "0"]]);
+        const pending = [root];
+        const records = [];
+        for (let index = 0; index < pending.length; index++) {
+            const node = pending[index];
+            if (node === undefined)
+                continue;
+            const id = ids.get(node);
+            if (id === undefined)
+                return yield* new ImageError({ code: "InvalidStructure" });
+            const metadata = storedMetadata(node.metadata);
+            if (node.kind === "directory") {
+                const children = [];
+                for (const [name, child] of node.entries) {
+                    let target = ids.get(child);
+                    if (target === undefined) {
+                        target = String(ids.size);
+                        ids.set(child, target);
+                        pending.push(child);
+                    }
+                    children.push({ name: Image.base64(nameBytes(name)), target });
+                }
+                records.push({ id, kind: "directory", metadata, entries: children });
+            }
+            else if (node.kind === "file") {
+                records.push({ id, kind: "file", metadata, data: Image.base64(node.data.bytes) });
+            }
+            else
+                records.push({ id, kind: "symlink", metadata, target: Image.base64(node.target) });
+        }
+        return yield* Image.capture({ format: "effect-vfs", version: 1, root: "0", records });
+    });
+    const observeChanges = () => {
+        const observation = [];
+        const paths = [[root, new Uint8Array([47])]];
+        for (let index = 0; index < paths.length; index++) {
+            const current = paths[index];
+            if (current === undefined)
+                continue;
+            const [node, path] = current;
+            observation.push({
+                path: new Uint8Array(path),
+                lineage: node.lineage,
+                kind: node.kind,
+                content: node.kind === "file" ? node.data.bytes : node.kind === "symlink" ? node.target : undefined,
+                metadata: storedMetadata(node.metadata)
+            });
+            if (node.kind !== "directory")
+                continue;
+            for (const [name, child] of node.entries) {
+                const bytes = nameBytes(name);
+                const childPath = new Uint8Array(path.length + (path.length === 1 ? 0 : 1) + bytes.length);
+                childPath.set(path);
+                let offset = path.length;
+                if (path.length !== 1)
+                    childPath[offset++] = 47;
+                childPath.set(bytes, offset);
+                paths.push([child, childPath]);
+            }
+        }
+        return observation;
+    };
+    const captureState = Effect.fnUntraced(function* (hook) {
+        const snapshot = yield* captureSnapshot();
+        if (hook !== undefined)
+            yield* hook.betweenSnapshotAndSummary;
+        return { snapshot, observation: observeChanges() };
+    });
     // Permit waits stay interruptible. State transitions and resource registration do not.
     const coordinated = (effect) => gate.withPermit(Effect.uninterruptible(effect));
     const release = (reference) => coordinated(Effect.sync(() => {
@@ -534,8 +685,8 @@ const makeVolume = Effect.fn("VirtualFileSystem.makeVolume")(function* (options,
     };
     const reclaim = (file) => {
         if (file.metadata.nlink === 0 && file.openCount === 0) {
-            usedBytes -= file.data.length;
-            file.data = new Uint8Array(0);
+            usedBytes -= file.data.bytes.length;
+            file.data = Content.empty();
         }
     };
     const detach = (node, now) => {
@@ -565,14 +716,14 @@ const makeVolume = Effect.fn("VirtualFileSystem.makeVolume")(function* (options,
         if (length > BigInt(maxFileBytes))
             return yield* failure("FileTooLarge", operation);
         const size = Number(length);
-        if (size - file.data.length > (settings.maxBytes ?? Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER) - usedBytes) {
+        if (size - file.data.bytes.length > (settings.maxBytes ?? Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER) - usedBytes) {
             return yield* failure("NoSpace", operation);
         }
         const data = new Uint8Array(size);
-        data.set(file.data.subarray(0, size));
+        data.set(file.data.bytes.subarray(0, size));
         const now = yield* timestamp(operation);
-        usedBytes += size - file.data.length;
-        file.data = data;
+        usedBytes += size - file.data.bytes.length;
+        file.data = Content.make(data);
         file.metadata = {
             ...file.metadata,
             size: length,
@@ -596,7 +747,7 @@ const makeVolume = Effect.fn("VirtualFileSystem.makeVolume")(function* (options,
                 return yield* failure("InvalidArgument", "read");
             }
             const start = Number(offset > file.metadata.size ? file.metadata.size : offset);
-            const data = file.data.slice(start, start + Math.min(maximum, file.data.length - start));
+            const data = file.data.bytes.slice(start, start + Math.min(maximum, file.data.bytes.length - start));
             if (maximum > 0) {
                 file.metadata = { ...file.metadata, atimeNs: (yield* timestamp("read")) };
             }
@@ -622,18 +773,19 @@ const makeVolume = Effect.fn("VirtualFileSystem.makeVolume")(function* (options,
                     return yield* failure("FileTooLarge", "write");
                 const start = Number(offset);
                 const free = (settings.maxBytes ?? Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER) - usedBytes;
-                const end = Math.min(maxFileBytes, file.data.length + free);
+                const end = Math.min(maxFileBytes, file.data.bytes.length + free);
                 const count = Math.min(bytes.length, Math.max(0, end - start));
                 if (count === 0)
                     return yield* failure("NoSpace", "write");
-                const size = Math.max(file.data.length, start + count);
-                const data = size === file.data.length ? file.data : new Uint8Array(size);
-                if (data !== file.data)
-                    data.set(file.data);
+                const size = Math.max(file.data.bytes.length, start + count);
+                // Always detach before mutation. A same-sized write is the critical
+                // case: the current payload may belong to the base or a prior capture.
+                const data = new Uint8Array(size);
+                data.set(file.data.bytes);
                 const now = yield* timestamp("write");
                 data.set(bytes.subarray(0, count), start);
-                usedBytes += size - file.data.length;
-                file.data = data;
+                usedBytes += size - file.data.bytes.length;
+                file.data = Content.make(data);
                 file.metadata = {
                     ...file.metadata,
                     size: BigInt(size),
@@ -958,7 +1110,7 @@ const makeVolume = Effect.fn("VirtualFileSystem.makeVolume")(function* (options,
                     if (node.kind !== "file")
                         return yield* failure("IsDirectory", "readFile", input);
                     yield* authorize(node, identity, 4, "readFile", input);
-                    const data = new Uint8Array(node.data);
+                    const data = new Uint8Array(node.data.bytes);
                     node.metadata = { ...node.metadata, atimeNs: (yield* timestamp("readFile")) };
                     return data;
                 }));
@@ -1009,7 +1161,7 @@ const makeVolume = Effect.fn("VirtualFileSystem.makeVolume")(function* (options,
                     else
                         yield* authorize(file, identity, chosen.access === "readWrite" ? 6 : 2, "writeFile", input);
                     const finalMode = chosen.finalMode === undefined ? undefined : yield* permittedMode(file?.metadata ?? { kind: "file", uid: identity.uid, gid: parent.metadata.gid }, chosen.finalMode, "writeFile", input);
-                    const previous = file?.data.length ?? 0;
+                    const previous = file?.data.bytes.length ?? 0;
                     const initial = chosen.truncate ? 0 : previous;
                     const position = chosen.append ? initial : 0;
                     const size = Math.max(initial, position + captured.length);
@@ -1026,14 +1178,15 @@ const makeVolume = Effect.fn("VirtualFileSystem.makeVolume")(function* (options,
                     if (position !== 0 || size !== captured.length) {
                         data = new Uint8Array(size);
                         if (file !== undefined && !chosen.truncate)
-                            data.set(file.data);
+                            data.set(file.data.bytes);
                         data.set(captured, position);
                     }
                     const now = yield* timestamp("writeFile");
                     const node = file ??
                         {
                             kind: "file",
-                            data,
+                            lineage: undefined,
+                            data: Content.make(data),
                             openCount: 0,
                             metadata: {
                                 ...directoryMetadata(nextInode++, identity.uid, parent.metadata.gid, (chosen.mode ?? 0o666) & 0o777 & ~umask, now),
@@ -1041,7 +1194,7 @@ const makeVolume = Effect.fn("VirtualFileSystem.makeVolume")(function* (options,
                                 nlink: 1
                             }
                         };
-                    node.data = data;
+                    node.data = Content.make(data);
                     node.metadata = {
                         ...node.metadata,
                         mode: finalMode ?? node.metadata.mode & ~0o6000,
@@ -1175,6 +1328,7 @@ const makeVolume = Effect.fn("VirtualFileSystem.makeVolume")(function* (options,
                     const now = yield* timestamp("symlink");
                     const node = {
                         kind: "symlink",
+                        lineage: undefined,
                         target: new Uint8Array(bytes),
                         metadata: {
                             ...directoryMetadata(nextInode, identity.uid, parent.metadata.gid, 0o777, now),
@@ -1269,7 +1423,8 @@ const makeVolume = Effect.fn("VirtualFileSystem.makeVolume")(function* (options,
                         const now = yield* timestamp("open");
                         file = {
                             kind: "file",
-                            data: new Uint8Array(0),
+                            lineage: undefined,
+                            data: Content.empty(),
                             openCount: 0,
                             metadata: {
                                 ...directoryMetadata(nextInode, identity.uid, parent.metadata.gid, (chosen.mode ?? 0o666) & 0o777 & ~umask, now),
@@ -1464,6 +1619,7 @@ const makeVolume = Effect.fn("VirtualFileSystem.makeVolume")(function* (options,
                     const now = yield* timestamp("mkdir");
                     const child = {
                         kind: "directory",
+                        lineage: undefined,
                         parent,
                         entries: new Map(),
                         metadata: directoryMetadata(nextInode, identity.uid, parent.metadata.gid, (mode & 0o777 & ~umask) | (mode & 0o1000), now)
@@ -1506,6 +1662,28 @@ const makeVolume = Effect.fn("VirtualFileSystem.makeVolume")(function* (options,
             })
         });
     };
+    const baseObservation = source._tag === "Overlay" ? observeChanges() : undefined;
+    const publicChange = (change) => {
+        switch (change._tag) {
+            case "Added":
+            case "Removed":
+            case "Updated":
+            case "Replaced":
+                return Object.freeze({ ...change, path: ownedPath(new Uint8Array(change.path)) });
+            case "Renamed":
+                return Object.freeze({
+                    ...change,
+                    from: ownedPath(new Uint8Array(change.from)),
+                    to: ownedPath(new Uint8Array(change.to))
+                });
+        }
+        throw new Error("Unknown internal overlay change");
+    };
+    const publicChanges = (changes) => Object.freeze(changes.map(publicChange));
+    const changeOptions = (options) => {
+        const decoded = decodeConfiguration(OverlayChangesOptions, options === undefined ? {} : options);
+        return Result.isFailure(decoded) ? Effect.fail(decoded.failure) : Effect.succeed(decoded.success);
+    };
     const volume = Object.freeze({
         [VolumeId]: true,
         watch: Effect.gen(function* () {
@@ -1516,39 +1694,7 @@ const makeVolume = Effect.fn("VirtualFileSystem.makeVolume")(function* (options,
             }));
             return Stream.fromEffectRepeat(PubSub.take(subscription));
         }).pipe(Effect.withSpan("Volume.watch")),
-        snapshot: coordinated(Effect.gen(function* () {
-            const ids = new Map([[root, "0"]]);
-            const pending = [root];
-            const records = [];
-            for (let index = 0; index < pending.length; index++) {
-                const node = pending[index];
-                if (node === undefined)
-                    continue;
-                const id = ids.get(node);
-                if (id === undefined)
-                    return yield* new ImageError({ code: "InvalidStructure" });
-                const metadata = storedMetadata(node.metadata);
-                if (node.kind === "directory") {
-                    const children = [];
-                    for (const [name, child] of node.entries) {
-                        let target = ids.get(child);
-                        if (target === undefined) {
-                            target = String(ids.size);
-                            ids.set(child, target);
-                            pending.push(child);
-                        }
-                        children.push({ name: Image.base64(nameBytes(name)), target });
-                    }
-                    records.push({ id, kind: "directory", metadata, entries: children });
-                }
-                else if (node.kind === "file") {
-                    records.push({ id, kind: "file", metadata, data: Image.base64(node.data) });
-                }
-                else
-                    records.push({ id, kind: "symlink", metadata, target: Image.base64(node.target) });
-            }
-            return yield* Image.capture({ format: "effect-vfs", version: 1, root: "0", records });
-        })).pipe(Effect.withSpan("Volume.snapshot")),
+        snapshot: coordinated(captureSnapshot()).pipe(Effect.withSpan("Volume.snapshot")),
         caller: Effect.fn("Volume.caller")(function* (options) {
             const decoded = decodeConfiguration(RootCallerOptions, options === undefined ? {} : options);
             if (Result.isFailure(decoded))
@@ -1558,7 +1704,27 @@ const makeVolume = Effect.fn("VirtualFileSystem.makeVolume")(function* (options,
             return createCaller({ volume: volumeIdentity, directory: root, closed: false }, identity, decoded.success.umask ?? 0o022);
         })
     });
-    return volume;
+    if (source._tag !== "Overlay" || baseObservation === undefined) {
+        return { _tag: "Volume", volume };
+    }
+    const hook = OverlayTesting.getObservationHook(source.base);
+    const overlay = Object.freeze({
+        ...volume,
+        changes: Effect.fn("OverlayVolume.changes")(function* (options) {
+            const selected = yield* changeOptions(options);
+            const current = yield* coordinated(Effect.sync(observeChanges));
+            return publicChanges(compareOverlay(baseObservation, current, selected.includeTimestamps ?? false));
+        }),
+        capture: Effect.fn("OverlayVolume.capture")(function* (options) {
+            const selected = yield* changeOptions(options);
+            const current = yield* coordinated(captureState(hook));
+            return Object.freeze({
+                snapshot: current.snapshot,
+                changes: publicChanges(compareOverlay(baseObservation, current.observation, selected.includeTimestamps ?? false))
+            });
+        })
+    });
+    return { _tag: "Overlay", volume: overlay };
 });
 /**
  * Creates a fresh empty volume and captures the current Effect `Clock`.
@@ -1572,7 +1738,10 @@ const makeVolume = Effect.fn("VirtualFileSystem.makeVolume")(function* (options,
  * @since 0.1.0
  */
 export const make = Effect.fn("VirtualFileSystem.make")(function* (options) {
-    return yield* makeVolume(options).pipe(Effect.catchTag("ImageError", Effect.die));
+    const result = yield* makeVolume({ _tag: "Empty" }, options).pipe(Effect.catchTag("ImageError", Effect.die));
+    if (result._tag === "Overlay")
+        return yield* Effect.die(new Error("empty volume constructed as overlay"));
+    return result.volume;
 });
 /**
  * Restores a fresh volume from an opaque snapshot under the supplied destination limits.
@@ -1582,7 +1751,33 @@ export const make = Effect.fn("VirtualFileSystem.make")(function* (options) {
  */
 export const fromSnapshot = Effect.fn("VirtualFileSystem.fromSnapshot")(function* (snapshot, options) {
     const image = yield* Image.inspect(snapshot);
-    return yield* makeVolume(options, image);
+    const result = yield* makeVolume({ _tag: "Snapshot", image }, options);
+    if (result._tag === "Overlay")
+        return yield* new ImageError({ code: "InvalidStructure" });
+    return result.volume;
+});
+/**
+ * Creates an isolated writable volume relative to one immutable snapshot base.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * Workspaces made from the same snapshot share unchanged regular-file payloads.
+ * The first content mutation copies the whole file into workspace-private
+ * storage. Metadata, namespace state, coordination, handles, and watches are
+ * always private to the new workspace.
+ *
+ * Invalid base snapshots fail with `ImageError`; invalid volume limits fail
+ * with `ConfigurationError`. Each execution creates a fresh workspace.
+ *
+ * @category constructors
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+export const makeOverlay = Effect.fn("VirtualFileSystem.makeOverlay")(function* (base, options) {
+    const image = yield* Image.inspect(base);
+    const result = yield* makeVolume({ _tag: "Overlay", base, image }, options);
+    if (result._tag === "Volume")
+        return yield* new ImageError({ code: "InvalidStructure" });
+    return result.volume;
 });
 const FixtureMetadata = Schema.Struct({
     uid: Schema.optionalKey(Natural),
@@ -1764,5 +1959,9 @@ export const fromFixture = Effect.fn("VirtualFileSystem.fromFixture")(function*
     }
     const records = [...new Set(declarations.values())].map((record) => record.kind === "directory" ? { ...record, entries: children.get(record.id) ?? [] } : record);
     const snapshot = yield* Image.capture({ format: "effect-vfs", version: 1, root: "root", records });
-    return yield* makeVolume(config.success, yield* Image.inspect(snapshot));
+    const image = yield* Image.inspect(snapshot);
+    const result = yield* makeVolume({ _tag: "Snapshot", image }, config.success);
+    if (result._tag === "Overlay")
+        return yield* new ImageError({ code: "InvalidStructure" });
+    return result.volume;
 });

package/dist/internal/content.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+/**
+ * Immutable regular-file payloads shared by overlay workspaces.
+ *
+ * @internal
+ */
+import type { Snapshot } from "../Snapshot.js";
+import * as Image from "./image.js";
+/** @internal */
+export interface Content {
+    readonly bytes: Uint8Array;
+}
+/** @internal */
+export declare const hasOverlayContents: (snapshot: Snapshot) => boolean;
+/** @internal */
+export declare const make: (bytes: Uint8Array) => Content;
+/** @internal */
+export declare const empty: () => Content;
+/**
+ * Returns the immutable file payloads associated with the identity of a base
+ * snapshot. The cache is weak so it cannot extend the snapshot's lifetime.
+ *
+ * @internal
+ */
+export declare const forOverlay: (snapshot: Snapshot, image: Image.Document) => ReadonlyMap<string, Content>;
+//# sourceMappingURL=content.d.ts.map

package/dist/internal/content.d.ts.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"version":3,"file":"content.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../../src/internal/content.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAAA;;;;GAIG;AACH,OAAO,KAAK,EAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,MAAM,gBAAgB,CAAA;AAC9C,OAAO,KAAK,KAAK,MAAM,YAAY,CAAA;AAEnC,gBAAgB;AAChB,MAAM,WAAW,OAAO;IACtB,QAAQ,CAAC,KAAK,EAAE,UAAU,CAAA;CAC3B;AAID,gBAAgB;AAChB,eAAO,MAAM,kBAAkB,aAAc,QAAQ,KAAG,OAAwC,CAAA;AAEhG,gBAAgB;AAChB,eAAO,MAAM,IAAI,UAAW,UAAU,KAAG,OAAsB,CAAA;AAE/D,gBAAgB;AAChB,eAAO,MAAM,KAAK,QAAO,OAAkC,CAAA;AAE3D;;;;;GAKG;AACH,eAAO,MAAM,UAAU,aAAc,QAAQ,SAAS,KAAK,CAAC,QAAQ,KAAG,WAAW,CAAC,MAAM,EAAE,OAAO,CASjG,CAAA"}

package/dist/internal/content.js

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+import * as Image from "./image.js";
+const overlayContents = new WeakMap();
+/** @internal */
+export const hasOverlayContents = (snapshot) => overlayContents.has(snapshot);
+/** @internal */
+export const make = (bytes) => ({ bytes });
+/** @internal */
+export const empty = () => make(new Uint8Array(0));
+/**
+ * Returns the immutable file payloads associated with the identity of a base
+ * snapshot. The cache is weak so it cannot extend the snapshot's lifetime.
+ *
+ * @internal
+ */
+export const forOverlay = (snapshot, image) => {
+    const cached = overlayContents.get(snapshot);
+    if (cached !== undefined)
+        return cached;
+    const decoded = new Map();
+    for (const record of image.records) {
+        if (record.kind === "file")
+            decoded.set(record.id, make(Image.bytes(record.data)));
+    }
+    overlayContents.set(snapshot, decoded);
+    return decoded;
+};

package/dist/internal/overlayChanges.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+/** @internal */
+export interface ObservationMetadata {
+    readonly uid: number;
+    readonly gid: number;
+    readonly mode: number;
+    readonly atimeNs: string;
+    readonly mtimeNs: string;
+    readonly ctimeNs: string;
+    readonly birthtimeNs: string;
+}
+/** @internal */
+export interface ObservationEntry {
+    readonly path: Uint8Array;
+    readonly lineage: string | undefined;
+    readonly kind: "directory" | "file" | "symlink";
+    readonly content: Uint8Array | undefined;
+    readonly metadata: ObservationMetadata;
+}
+/** @internal */
+export type OverlayDifference = "content" | "mode" | "uid" | "gid" | "atimeNs" | "mtimeNs" | "ctimeNs" | "birthtimeNs";
+/** @internal */
+export type RawOverlayChange = {
+    readonly _tag: "Added";
+    readonly path: Uint8Array;
+    readonly kind: ObservationEntry["kind"];
+} | {
+    readonly _tag: "Removed";
+    readonly path: Uint8Array;
+    readonly kind: ObservationEntry["kind"];
+} | {
+    readonly _tag: "Replaced";
+    readonly path: Uint8Array;
+    readonly beforeKind: ObservationEntry["kind"];
+    readonly afterKind: ObservationEntry["kind"];
+    readonly differences: ReadonlyArray<OverlayDifference>;
+} | {
+    readonly _tag: "Renamed";
+    readonly from: Uint8Array;
+    readonly to: Uint8Array;
+    readonly kind: ObservationEntry["kind"];
+    readonly differences: ReadonlyArray<OverlayDifference>;
+} | {
+    readonly _tag: "Updated";
+    readonly path: Uint8Array;
+    readonly kind: ObservationEntry["kind"];
+    readonly differences: ReadonlyArray<OverlayDifference>;
+};
+/** @internal */
+export declare const compareOverlay: (base: ReadonlyArray<ObservationEntry>, current: ReadonlyArray<ObservationEntry>, includeTimestamps?: boolean) => ReadonlyArray<RawOverlayChange>;
+//# sourceMappingURL=overlayChanges.d.ts.map

package/dist/internal/overlayChanges.d.ts.map

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package/dist/internal/overlayChanges.js

@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+const timestampFields = new Set(["atimeNs", "mtimeNs", "ctimeNs", "birthtimeNs"]);
+const differenceOrder = [
+    "content",
+    "mode",
+    "uid",
+    "gid",
+    "atimeNs",
+    "mtimeNs",
+    "ctimeNs",
+    "birthtimeNs"
+];
+const tagOrder = {
+    Added: 0,
+    Removed: 1,
+    Replaced: 2,
+    Renamed: 3,
+    Updated: 4
+};
+const key = (path) => {
+    let result = "";
+    for (const byte of path)
+        result += byte.toString(16).padStart(2, "0");
+    return result;
+};
+const comparePaths = (left, right) => {
+    const length = Math.min(left.length, right.length);
+    for (let index = 0; index < length; index++) {
+        const difference = left[index] - right[index];
+        if (difference !== 0)
+            return difference;
+    }
+    return left.length - right.length;
+};
+const sameBytes = (left, right) => {
+    if (left === right)
+        return true;
+    if (left === undefined || right === undefined || left.length !== right.length)
+        return false;
+    for (let index = 0; index < left.length; index++) {
+        if (left[index] !== right[index])
+            return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+};
+const differences = (before, after, includeTimestamps) => differenceOrder.filter((field) => {
+    if (!includeTimestamps && timestampFields.has(field))
+        return false;
+    if (field === "content")
+        return before.kind !== after.kind || !sameBytes(before.content, after.content);
+    return before.metadata[field] !== after.metadata[field];
+});
+const byLineage = (entries) => {
+    const result = new Map();
+    for (const entry of entries) {
+        if (entry.lineage === undefined)
+            continue;
+        const group = result.get(entry.lineage);
+        if (group === undefined)
+            result.set(entry.lineage, new Map([[key(entry.path), entry]]));
+        else
+            group.set(key(entry.path), entry);
+    }
+    return result;
+};
+const copyChange = (change) => {
+    switch (change._tag) {
+        case "Added":
+        case "Removed":
+            return Object.freeze({ ...change, path: change.path.slice() });
+        case "Replaced":
+        case "Updated":
+            return Object.freeze({
+                ...change,
+                path: change.path.slice(),
+                differences: Object.freeze([...change.differences])
+            });
+        case "Renamed":
+            return Object.freeze({
+                ...change,
+                from: change.from.slice(),
+                to: change.to.slice(),
+                differences: Object.freeze([...change.differences])
+            });
+    }
+};
+/** @internal */
+export const compareOverlay = (base, current, includeTimestamps = false) => {
+    const basePaths = new Map(base.map((entry) => [key(entry.path), entry]));
+    const currentPaths = new Map(current.map((entry) => [key(entry.path), entry]));
+    const baseLineages = byLineage(base);
+    const currentLineages = byLineage(current);
+    const consumedBase = new Set();
+    const consumedCurrent = new Set();
+    const changes = [];
+    for (const [lineage, beforeEntries] of baseLineages) {
+        const afterEntries = currentLineages.get(lineage);
+        if (afterEntries === undefined)
+            continue;
+        const removed = [...beforeEntries].filter(([pathKey]) => !afterEntries.has(pathKey)).map(([, entry]) => entry);
+        const added = [...afterEntries].filter(([pathKey]) => !beforeEntries.has(pathKey)).map(([, entry]) => entry);
+        if (removed.length !== 1 || added.length !== 1)
+            continue;
+        const before = removed[0];
+        const after = added[0];
+        consumedBase.add(key(before.path));
+        consumedCurrent.add(key(after.path));
+        changes.push({
+            _tag: "Renamed",
+            from: before.path,
+            to: after.path,
+            kind: after.kind,
+            differences: differences(before, after, includeTimestamps)
+        });
+    }
+    for (const before of base) {
+        const pathKey = key(before.path);
+        if (consumedBase.has(pathKey))
+            continue;
+        const after = currentPaths.get(pathKey);
+        if (after === undefined || consumedCurrent.has(pathKey)) {
+            changes.push({ _tag: "Removed", path: before.path, kind: before.kind });
+            continue;
+        }
+        consumedCurrent.add(pathKey);
+        if (before.lineage === undefined || before.lineage !== after.lineage) {
+            changes.push({
+                _tag: "Replaced",
+                path: before.path,
+                beforeKind: before.kind,
+                afterKind: after.kind,
+                differences: differences(before, after, includeTimestamps)
+            });
+            continue;
+        }
+        const changed = differences(before, after, includeTimestamps);
+        if (changed.length > 0)
+            changes.push({ _tag: "Updated", path: before.path, kind: after.kind, differences: changed });
+    }
+    for (const after of current) {
+        const pathKey = key(after.path);
+        if (!consumedCurrent.has(pathKey) && (!basePaths.has(pathKey) || consumedBase.has(pathKey))) {
+            changes.push({ _tag: "Added", path: after.path, kind: after.kind });
+        }
+    }
+    changes.sort((left, right) => {
+        const leftPath = left._tag === "Renamed" ? left.from : left.path;
+        const rightPath = right._tag === "Renamed" ? right.from : right.path;
+        const pathOrder = comparePaths(leftPath, rightPath);
+        if (pathOrder !== 0)
+            return pathOrder;
+        const typeOrder = tagOrder[left._tag] - tagOrder[right._tag];
+        if (typeOrder !== 0)
+            return typeOrder;
+        return left._tag === "Renamed" && right._tag === "Renamed" ? comparePaths(left.to, right.to) : 0;
+    });
+    return Object.freeze(changes.map(copyChange));
+};

package/dist/internal/overlayTesting.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+/** Package-internal synchronization hooks for deterministic overlay tests. @internal */
+import type * as Effect from "effect/Effect";
+import type { Snapshot } from "../Snapshot.js";
+/** @internal */
+export interface ObservationHook {
+    readonly betweenSnapshotAndSummary: Effect.Effect<void>;
+}
+/** @internal */
+export declare const getObservationHook: (snapshot: Snapshot) => ObservationHook | undefined;
+/** @internal */
+export declare const setObservationHook: (snapshot: Snapshot, hook: ObservationHook) => () => void;
+//# sourceMappingURL=overlayTesting.d.ts.map

package/dist/internal/overlayTesting.d.ts.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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package/dist/internal/overlayTesting.js

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+/** Package-internal synchronization hooks for deterministic overlay tests. @internal */
+const observationHooks = new WeakMap();
+/** @internal */
+export const getObservationHook = (snapshot) => observationHooks.get(snapshot);
+/** @internal */
+export const setObservationHook = (snapshot, hook) => {
+    observationHooks.set(snapshot, hook);
+    return () => {
+        if (observationHooks.get(snapshot) === hook)
+            observationHooks.delete(snapshot);
+    };
+};

package/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@effect-vfs/core",
-  "version": "0.0.1",
+  "version": "0.1.0",
   "description": "A runtime-neutral virtual filesystem core for Effect.",
   "homepage": "https://github.com/lloydrichards/effect-virtual-fs#readme",
   "bugs": {
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
     "build": "tsc --project tsconfig.build.json && tsc --project compatibility/node-next/tsconfig.json",
     "clean": "git clean -xdf .cache .turbo dist node_modules tsconfig.tsbuildinfo",
     "test": "vitest run",
-    "type-check": "tsc --noEmit"
+    "type-check": "tsc --noEmit && tsc --project contracts/tsconfig.json"
   },
   "peerDependencies": {
     "effect": "4.0.0-rc.112"