@dxos/app-framework 0.8.4-main.8360d9e660 → 0.8.4-main.8baae0fced

package/src/core/plugin-manager.ts

@@ -16,12 +16,64 @@ import * as Ref from 'effect/Ref';
 
 import { runAndForwardErrors } from '@dxos/effect';
 import { Performance } from '@dxos/effect';
+import { BaseError } from '@dxos/errors';
 import { log } from '@dxos/log';
 
 import * as ActivationEvent from './activation-event';
 import * as Capability from './capability';
 import * as CapabilityManager from './capability-manager';
 import * as Plugin from './plugin';
+// Imported with a `PluginRegistry` alias because the unrelated `@effect-atom/atom-react`
+// `Registry` is already imported above; from outside this file the namespace is
+// re-exported as `Registry` via `./index.ts`.
+import * as PluginRegistry from './registry';
+
+/**
+ * Tagged error for failures during the constructor-launched core/enabled
+ * `enable()` chain. Surfaces via {@link PluginManager.activate}'s wait on
+ * `_initialization` so a caller blocked on initialization gets a typed
+ * failure (with the original error preserved as `cause`) instead of an
+ * untyped `Error`.
+ */
+export class PluginInitializationError extends BaseError.extend(
+  'PluginInitializationError',
+  'Plugin manager initialization failed',
+) {}
+
+/**
+ * Tagged error raised when a plugin exceeds its configured load or activation
+ * timeout. The plugin manager records the failure on the `failed` atom and
+ * auto-disables the plugin so that one stuck remote does not stall app boot.
+ * `context.id` is the plugin id, `context.phase` is `'load'` or `'activation'`.
+ */
+export class PluginTimeoutError extends BaseError.extend('PluginTimeoutError', 'Plugin operation timed out') {}
+
+/** Phase of the plugin lifecycle in which the failure was observed. */
+export type PluginFailurePhase = 'load' | 'activation';
+
+/** Why the plugin entered a failed state. */
+export type PluginFailureReason = 'timeout' | 'error';
+
+/**
+ * Record of a plugin that failed to load or activate. Surfaced via the
+ * {@link PluginManager.failed} atom so registry / UI consumers can flag
+ * unhealthy plugins (e.g. a remote host that has gone offline) rather than
+ * leaving the app in a half-broken state.
+ */
+export type PluginFailure = {
+  readonly id: string;
+  readonly phase: PluginFailurePhase;
+  readonly reason: PluginFailureReason;
+  readonly error: Error;
+  /** `Date.now()` when the failure was recorded. */
+  readonly timestamp: number;
+};
+
+/** Default deadline for resolving a lazy plugin's dynamic import. */
+const DEFAULT_LOAD_TIMEOUT = Duration.seconds(30);
+
+/** Default deadline for a single module's `activate()` body. */
+const DEFAULT_ACTIVATION_TIMEOUT = Duration.seconds(30);
 
 /**
  * Identifier denoting a Manager.
@@ -29,15 +81,62 @@ import * as Plugin from './plugin';
 export const ManagerTypeId: unique symbol = Symbol.for('@dxos/app-framework/Manager');
 export type ManagerTypeId = typeof ManagerTypeId;
 
+/**
+ * Loader result that carries optional metadata about how the plugin was sourced.
+ *
+ * `dev: true` marks a plugin as session-only and triggers shadow-on-id-collision
+ * inside the manager: if a plugin with the same id is already registered (a
+ * builtin, or a previously-installed plugin from the registry), the dev plugin
+ * temporarily takes over that id slot. The original is restored when the dev
+ * plugin is removed (or on page reload, since dev plugins aren't persisted).
+ */
+export type LoadedPlugin = {
+  plugin: Plugin.Plugin;
+  /** True when the plugin came from a dev source. See type doc for semantics. */
+  dev?: boolean;
+};
+
 export type ManagerOptions = {
-  pluginLoader: (id: string) => Effect.Effect<Plugin.Plugin, Error>;
+  pluginLoader: (id: string) => Effect.Effect<LoadedPlugin, Error>;
   plugins?: Plugin.Plugin[];
-  core?: string[];
   enabled?: string[];
   registry?: Registry.Registry;
+  /**
+   * Backend for the plugin registry catalog. When omitted the manager exposes a
+   * no-op `pluginRegistry` (empty list, no versions endpoint). Implementations
+   * live in app-framework alongside the interface (e.g.
+   * `EdgeRegistryPluginProvider`); the host app instantiates one and passes it in.
+   */
+  pluginRegistryProvider?: PluginRegistry.PluginProvider;
+  /**
+   * Hook called when a plugin is removed via {@link PluginManager.remove}. Used by the
+   * host app to clean up persisted state (e.g. evict offline-cached plugin assets).
+   * Failures are logged and swallowed; removal still succeeds even if the hook fails.
+   */
+  onRemove?: (id: string) => Effect.Effect<void, unknown>;
+  /**
+   * Maximum time allowed for a lazy plugin's dynamic `import()` to resolve.
+   * Plugins that exceed this are flagged on the {@link PluginManager.failed}
+   * atom and auto-disabled so a stuck remote host can't stall app boot.
+   * Defaults to 30 seconds; pass `Duration.infinity` to disable.
+   */
+  loadTimeout?: Duration.DurationInput;
+  /**
+   * Maximum time allowed for a single module's `activate()` Effect to settle.
+   * Modules that exceed this fail with {@link PluginTimeoutError}; the owning
+   * plugin is recorded on `failed` and auto-disabled. Defaults to 30 seconds;
+   * pass `Duration.infinity` to disable.
+   */
+  activationTimeout?: Duration.DurationInput;
 };
 
-type ActivationMessage = { event: string; state: 'activating' | 'activated' | 'error'; error?: Error };
+export type ActivationMessage = {
+  event: string;
+  state: 'activating' | 'activated' | 'error';
+  /** Module ID when the message pertains to a specific module activation. */
+  module?: string;
+  error?: Error;
+};
 
 /**
  * Interface for the Plugin Manager.
@@ -47,6 +146,13 @@ export interface PluginManager {
   readonly activation: PubSub.PubSub<ActivationMessage>;
   readonly capabilities: CapabilityManager.CapabilityManager;
   readonly registry: Registry.Registry;
+  /**
+   * Cached registry catalog state plus pass-throughs for `listVersions` /
+   * `getPlugin`. Always present — the host supplies a `pluginRegistryProvider`
+   * via {@link ManagerOptions} for real backends, or it falls back to a no-op
+   * implementation that yields an empty catalog.
+   */
+  readonly pluginRegistry: PluginRegistry.Manager;
 
   readonly plugins: Atom.Atom<readonly Plugin.Plugin[]>;
   readonly core: Atom.Atom<readonly string[]>;
@@ -55,6 +161,19 @@ export interface PluginManager {
   readonly active: Atom.Atom<readonly string[]>;
   readonly eventsFired: Atom.Atom<readonly string[]>;
   readonly pendingReset: Atom.Atom<readonly string[]>;
+  /**
+   * Plugins that failed to load or activate. Subscribers (e.g. the registry
+   * UI) can use this to flag unhealthy entries; a plugin id appears here at
+   * most once with its most recent failure.
+   */
+  readonly failed: Atom.Atom<readonly PluginFailure[]>;
+  /**
+   * Ids of currently-registered plugins that came from a dev source (loaded
+   * via {@link LoadedPlugin} with `dev: true`). Subscribers can use this to
+   * badge dev-overridden plugins or to derive the id of the active dev plugin
+   * for an "uninstall dev plugin" affordance.
+   */
+  readonly devPluginIds: Atom.Atom<readonly string[]>;
 
   getPlugins(): readonly Plugin.Plugin[];
   getCore(): readonly string[];
@@ -63,11 +182,77 @@ export interface PluginManager {
   getActive(): readonly string[];
   getEventsFired(): readonly string[];
   getPendingReset(): readonly string[];
+  getFailed(): readonly PluginFailure[];
+  getDevPluginIds(): readonly string[];
+
+  /**
+   * Clears the failure record for a plugin so it can be retried. Returns
+   * whether a failure record existed and was removed.
+   */
+  clearFailure(id: string): boolean;
 
-  add(id: string): Effect.Effect<boolean, Error>;
-  enable(id: string): Effect.Effect<boolean, Error>;
-  remove(id: string): boolean;
-  disable(id: string): Effect.Effect<boolean, Error>;
+  /**
+   * Loads a plugin via the plugin loader and registers it without enabling it.
+   * Returns the loaded plugin so callers can enable it by its canonical id
+   * (which may differ from the locator used to load it, e.g. URL loaders).
+   */
+  add(id: string): Effect.Effect<Plugin.Plugin, Error>;
+
+  /**
+   * Enables a plugin.
+   *
+   * Default behavior auto-resolves the plugin's declared `dependsOn` closure:
+   * missing entries that exist in the plugin registry catalog are installed via
+   * {@link add}, then enabled in dependency-first order. Set `resolveDependencies`
+   * to `false` to enable only the named plugin and skip the closure walk
+   * entirely — useful when substituting an alternative plugin that satisfies
+   * the dependent's capability needs in its own way.
+   */
+  enable(id: string, opts?: { resolveDependencies?: boolean }): Effect.Effect<boolean, Error>;
+
+  /**
+   * Removes a plugin from the manager (disables then unregisters).
+   *
+   * Honors the same cascade option as {@link disable}.
+   */
+  remove(id: string, opts?: { cascade?: boolean }): Effect.Effect<boolean, Error>;
+
+  /**
+   * Disables a plugin.
+   *
+   * By default, cascades to currently-enabled dependents (transitively, leaves
+   * first) so disabling a depended-upon plugin never leaves its dependents
+   * stranded. Pass `cascade: false` to disable only the named plugin and leave
+   * its dependents enabled-but-broken — VS Code-style disable parity for
+   * callers that want the escape hatch (e.g. when swapping in an alternative
+   * implementation that satisfies the dependents' needs in its own way).
+   *
+   * Fails with {@link Plugin.PluginDependencyError} (`reason: 'core-dependent'`)
+   * when cascading would require disabling a core plugin; UI flows should
+   * surface their own confirmation before calling `disable` with the default.
+   */
+  disable(id: string, opts?: { cascade?: boolean }): Effect.Effect<boolean, Error>;
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the plugin ids that the given plugin declares as dependencies.
+   *
+   * Walks `meta.dependsOn` from both registered plugins and the plugin registry
+   * catalog so callers can preview the closure for a plugin that isn't yet
+   * installed. With `transitive: true` (default), returns the full dependency
+   * closure in dependency-first order (deps before dependents). Without it,
+   * returns the direct declarations only.
+   */
+  getDependencies(id: string, opts?: { transitive?: boolean }): readonly string[];
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the plugin ids that declare the given plugin as a dependency.
+   *
+   * Walks `meta.dependsOn` over registered plugins. With `transitive: true`
+   * (default), returns the full reverse closure. With `enabledOnly: true`,
+   * filters to currently-enabled dependents — used by UI flows to preview what
+   * a cascading disable would touch.
+   */
+  getDependents(id: string, opts?: { transitive?: boolean; enabledOnly?: boolean }): readonly string[];
   // TODO(wittjosiah): Improve error typing.
   activate(
     event: ActivationEvent.ActivationEvent | string,
@@ -99,6 +284,7 @@ class ManagerImpl implements PluginManager {
   readonly activation = Effect.runSync(PubSub.unbounded<ActivationMessage>());
   readonly capabilities: CapabilityManager.CapabilityManager;
   readonly registry: Registry.Registry;
+  readonly pluginRegistry: PluginRegistry.Manager;
 
   private readonly _pluginsAtom: Atom.Writable<Plugin.Plugin[]>;
   private readonly _coreAtom: Atom.Writable<string[]>;
@@ -107,29 +293,66 @@ class ManagerImpl implements PluginManager {
   private readonly _activeAtom: Atom.Writable<string[]>;
   private readonly _eventsFiredAtom: Atom.Writable<string[]>;
   private readonly _pendingResetAtom: Atom.Writable<string[]>;
+  private readonly _failedAtom: Atom.Writable<PluginFailure[]>;
   private readonly _pluginLoader: ManagerOptions['pluginLoader'];
+  private readonly _onRemove: ManagerOptions['onRemove'];
+  private readonly _loadTimeout: Duration.DurationInput;
+  private readonly _activationTimeout: Duration.DurationInput;
   private readonly _capabilities = new Map<string, Capability.Any[]>();
   private readonly _moduleMemoMap = new Map<Plugin.PluginModule['id'], Deferred.Deferred<Capability.Any[], Error>>();
   private readonly _moduleSemaphores = new Map<Plugin.PluginModule['id'], Effect.Semaphore>();
+  // Coalesces concurrent `_resolveLazyPlugin` calls per plugin id. Without
+  // this, two callers entering `enable(id)` before the swap completes would
+  // each invoke `mod.default(options)` and produce distinct module objects,
+  // defeating `_addModule`'s reference-equality dedupe and racing the
+  // `_pluginsAtom` swap.
+  private readonly _resolvingPlugins = new Map<string, Deferred.Deferred<Plugin.Plugin, Plugin.LazyPluginError>>();
+  // Tracks dev-source plugins (loaded via a Vite dev server) keyed by id.
+  // When `shadow` is present, the entry has displaced an existing plugin —
+  // `remove` reinstates it and re-enables iff `wasEnabled`. Entries without a
+  // shadow are dev plugins with no underlying registry/builtin to restore.
+  // The atom mirrors the map's keys for UI subscribers (they don't need the
+  // shadow internals); the two stay in sync via {@link _markDev}/{@link _unmarkDev}.
+  private readonly _devPlugins = new Map<string, { shadow?: { plugin: Plugin.Plugin; wasEnabled: boolean } }>();
+  private readonly _devPluginIdsAtom: Atom.Writable<string[]>;
   private readonly _activatingEvents = Effect.runSync(Ref.make<string[]>([]));
   private readonly _activatingModules = Effect.runSync(Ref.make<string[]>([]));
   private readonly _inFlightFibers = Effect.runSync(Ref.make<Array<Fiber.Fiber<unknown, unknown>>>([]));
   private readonly _shutdownSemaphore = Effect.runSync(Effect.makeSemaphore(1));
   private readonly _shuttingDown = Effect.runSync(Ref.make(false));
+  // Tracks the constructor-launched core/enabled `enable()` calls so that
+  // `activate` can wait for module registration before dispatching events.
+  // Lazy plugins make `enable` asynchronous (a dynamic `import()` happens
+  // inside it), so without this synchronization an `activate` triggered
+  // immediately after `make` could fire on an empty module set. Failures
+  // are wrapped in `PluginInitializationError` so awaiters get a tagged
+  // error rather than the wide `Error` produced by the underlying chain.
+  private readonly _initialization = Effect.runSync(Deferred.make<void, PluginInitializationError>());
 
   constructor({
     pluginLoader,
     plugins = [],
-    core = plugins.map(({ meta }) => meta.id),
     enabled = [],
     registry,
+    pluginRegistryProvider,
+    onRemove,
+    loadTimeout = DEFAULT_LOAD_TIMEOUT,
+    activationTimeout = DEFAULT_ACTIVATION_TIMEOUT,
   }: ManagerOptions) {
+    // Core plugins are derived from `meta.tags.includes('system')`; the set is
+    // a snapshot of the initial `plugins` array (later `add()` calls do not
+    // promote plugins to core).
+    const core = plugins.filter(({ meta }) => meta.tags?.includes('system')).map(({ meta }) => meta.id);
     this.registry = registry ?? Registry.make();
     this.capabilities = CapabilityManager.make({
       registry: this.registry,
     });
+    this.pluginRegistry = new PluginRegistry.Manager(pluginRegistryProvider, this.registry);
 
     this._pluginLoader = pluginLoader;
+    this._onRemove = onRemove;
+    this._loadTimeout = loadTimeout;
+    this._activationTimeout = activationTimeout;
     this._pluginsAtom = Atom.make(plugins).pipe(Atom.keepAlive);
     this._coreAtom = Atom.make(core).pipe(Atom.keepAlive);
     this._enabledAtom = Atom.make(enabled).pipe(Atom.keepAlive);
@@ -137,8 +360,22 @@ class ManagerImpl implements PluginManager {
     this._activeAtom = Atom.make<string[]>([]).pipe(Atom.keepAlive);
     this._eventsFiredAtom = Atom.make<string[]>([]).pipe(Atom.keepAlive);
     this._pendingResetAtom = Atom.make<string[]>([]).pipe(Atom.keepAlive);
+    this._failedAtom = Atom.make<PluginFailure[]>([]).pipe(Atom.keepAlive);
+    this._devPluginIdsAtom = Atom.make<string[]>([]).pipe(Atom.keepAlive);
     plugins.forEach((plugin) => this._addPlugin(plugin));
-    void Effect.all([...core, ...enabled].map((id) => this.enable(id))).pipe(runAndForwardErrors);
+    // Dedupe before mapping to `enable` — `core` and `enabled` may overlap (an
+    // app-supplied plugin can be in both), and concurrent `enable(id)` calls
+    // for the same id are not idempotent (each would re-run the lazy resolve
+    // and double-register modules). `new Set([...])` preserves first-seen
+    // order which matches the natural core-before-enabled precedence.
+    const initialIds = [...new Set([...core, ...enabled])];
+    void Effect.all(initialIds.map((id) => this.enable(id)))
+      .pipe(
+        Effect.mapError((cause) => new PluginInitializationError({ cause })),
+        Effect.tap(() => Deferred.succeed(this._initialization, undefined)),
+        Effect.tapErrorCause((cause) => Deferred.failCause(this._initialization, cause)),
+      )
+      .pipe(runAndForwardErrors);
   }
 
   get plugins(): Atom.Atom<readonly Plugin.Plugin[]> {
@@ -184,6 +421,20 @@ class ManagerImpl implements PluginManager {
     return this._pendingResetAtom;
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Plugins that failed to load or activate.
+   */
+  get failed(): Atom.Atom<readonly PluginFailure[]> {
+    return this._failedAtom;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Ids of currently-registered plugins that came from a dev source.
+   */
+  get devPluginIds(): Atom.Atom<readonly string[]> {
+    return this._devPluginIdsAtom;
+  }
+
   getPlugins(): readonly Plugin.Plugin[] {
     return this._get(this._pluginsAtom);
   }
@@ -212,31 +463,229 @@ class ManagerImpl implements PluginManager {
     return this._get(this._pendingResetAtom);
   }
 
+  getFailed(): readonly PluginFailure[] {
+    return this._get(this._failedAtom);
+  }
+
+  getDevPluginIds(): readonly string[] {
+    return this._get(this._devPluginIdsAtom);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Marks `id` as dev-sourced. If the plugin displaced an existing one, pass
+   * the shadow snapshot so `remove` can restore it. Repeat calls (e.g. a dev
+   * plugin reload) preserve the original shadow target — restoration always
+   * unwinds back to the real underlying plugin, never an intermediate dev build.
+   */
+  private _markDev(id: string, shadow?: { plugin: Plugin.Plugin; wasEnabled: boolean }): void {
+    if (this._devPlugins.has(id)) {
+      return;
+    }
+    this._devPlugins.set(id, { shadow });
+    this._update(this._devPluginIdsAtom, (ids) => (ids.includes(id) ? ids : [...ids, id]));
+  }
+
+  /** Drops the dev-plugin entry and returns its shadow data (if any) for restoration. */
+  private _unmarkDev(id: string): { plugin: Plugin.Plugin; wasEnabled: boolean } | undefined {
+    const entry = this._devPlugins.get(id);
+    this._devPlugins.delete(id);
+    this._update(this._devPluginIdsAtom, (ids) => ids.filter((existing) => existing !== id));
+    return entry?.shadow;
+  }
+
+  getDependencies(id: string, opts?: { transitive?: boolean }): readonly string[] {
+    const transitive = opts?.transitive !== false;
+    if (!transitive) {
+      return this._directDependencies(id);
+    }
+    const walk = this._computeDependencyClosure(id);
+    // Drop the target itself; callers asked for its dependencies, not the
+    // closure including the root.
+    return walk.order.filter((depId) => depId !== id);
+  }
+
+  getDependents(id: string, opts?: { transitive?: boolean; enabledOnly?: boolean }): readonly string[] {
+    return this._collectDependents(id, {
+      transitive: opts?.transitive !== false,
+      enabledOnly: opts?.enabledOnly === true,
+    });
+  }
+
+  clearFailure(id: string): boolean {
+    const current = this._get(this._failedAtom);
+    if (!current.some((failure) => failure.id === id)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    this._set(
+      this._failedAtom,
+      current.filter((failure) => failure.id !== id),
+    );
+    return true;
+  }
+
   /**
    * Adds a plugin to the manager via the plugin loader.
+   * The plugin is registered but not enabled; call `enable` separately to activate it.
    * @param id The id of the plugin.
    */
-  add(id: string): Effect.Effect<boolean, Error> {
+  add(id: string): Effect.Effect<Plugin.Plugin, Error> {
     return Effect.gen(this, function* () {
       log('add plugin', { id });
-      const plugin = yield* this._pluginLoader(id);
-      this._addPlugin(plugin);
-      return yield* this.enable(id);
+      const { plugin, dev = false } = yield* this._pluginLoader(id);
+      const pluginId = plugin.meta.id;
+      const existing = this._getPlugin(pluginId);
+
+      if (dev && existing && existing !== plugin) {
+        // Shadow path: a plugin with this id is already registered (a builtin,
+        // a registry install, or a previous dev load). Disable it, stash it,
+        // and swap the dev plugin into the same id slot. The dialog will call
+        // `enable(pluginId)` next, which activates the dev plugin's modules.
+        // `_markDev` is a no-op when the id is already tracked, so a dev-plugin
+        // reload (after editing source) keeps the *original* shadow target —
+        // removal restores the real underlying plugin, not an intermediate build.
+        const wasEnabled = this._get(this._enabledAtom).includes(pluginId);
+        if (wasEnabled) {
+          yield* this.disable(pluginId);
+        }
+        this._markDev(pluginId, { plugin: existing, wasEnabled });
+        this._update(this._pluginsAtom, (plugins) => plugins.map((p) => (p.meta.id === pluginId ? plugin : p)));
+      } else {
+        this._addPlugin(plugin);
+        if (dev) {
+          this._markDev(pluginId);
+        }
+      }
+
+      return plugin;
     });
   }
 
   /**
    * Enables a plugin.
    * @param id The id of the plugin.
+   * @param opts See {@link PluginManager.enable}.
    */
-  enable(id: string): Effect.Effect<boolean, Error> {
+  enable(id: string, opts?: { resolveDependencies?: boolean }): Effect.Effect<boolean, Error> {
+    const resolveDependencies = opts?.resolveDependencies !== false;
     return Effect.gen(this, function* () {
-      log('enable plugin', { id });
-      const plugin = this._getPlugin(id);
-      if (!plugin) {
+      log('enable plugin', { id, resolveDependencies });
+
+      if (!resolveDependencies) {
+        return yield* this._enableOne(id);
+      }
+
+      // If the root id is unknown to both the registered set and the catalog,
+      // fall back to the silent `_enableOne` path (which returns `false`).
+      // This preserves the prior contract for persisted `enabled` entries
+      // whose plugins are no longer bundled, instead of recording a confusing
+      // "missing self-dependency" failure.
+      if (!this._getPlugin(id) && !this._getCatalogEntry(id)) {
+        return yield* this._enableOne(id);
+      }
+
+      // Compute the transitive closure across registered plugins and catalog
+      // entries. Missing or cyclic entries are recorded as failures and the
+      // target plugin is left disabled.
+      const walk = this._computeDependencyClosure(id);
+      if (walk.cycle) {
+        this._recordFailure(
+          id,
+          'load',
+          new Plugin.PluginDependencyError({ context: { id, reason: 'cycle', path: walk.cycle } }),
+        );
+        return false;
+      }
+      if (walk.missing.length > 0) {
+        this._recordFailure(
+          id,
+          'load',
+          new Plugin.PluginDependencyError({ context: { id, reason: 'missing', missing: walk.missing } }),
+        );
         return false;
       }
 
+      // Install any catalog-only entries before enabling them. `add` may also
+      // discover further declared deps once the plugin's real meta is loaded;
+      // we re-walk after each install to absorb those.
+      let queue = walk.toInstall.slice();
+      const installed = new Set<string>();
+      while (queue.length > 0) {
+        const next = queue.shift()!;
+        if (installed.has(next) || this._getPlugin(next)) {
+          continue;
+        }
+        const installResult = yield* this.add(next).pipe(Effect.either);
+        if (installResult._tag === 'Left') {
+          this._recordFailure(
+            id,
+            'load',
+            new Plugin.PluginDependencyError({
+              context: { id, reason: 'install-failed', dependency: next },
+              cause: installResult.left,
+            }),
+          );
+          return false;
+        }
+        installed.add(next);
+        const rewalk = this._computeDependencyClosure(id);
+        if (rewalk.cycle) {
+          this._recordFailure(
+            id,
+            'load',
+            new Plugin.PluginDependencyError({ context: { id, reason: 'cycle', path: rewalk.cycle } }),
+          );
+          return false;
+        }
+        if (rewalk.missing.length > 0) {
+          this._recordFailure(
+            id,
+            'load',
+            new Plugin.PluginDependencyError({ context: { id, reason: 'missing', missing: rewalk.missing } }),
+          );
+          return false;
+        }
+        queue = rewalk.toInstall.filter((depId) => !installed.has(depId));
+      }
+
+      // Enable in dependency-first order. `_enableOne` is idempotent on the
+      // enabled atom so previously-enabled deps short-circuit.
+      const order = this._computeDependencyClosure(id).order;
+      let succeeded = false;
+      for (const depId of order) {
+        const ok = yield* this._enableOne(depId);
+        if (depId === id) {
+          succeeded = ok;
+        }
+      }
+      return succeeded;
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Enables a single plugin without consulting its declared dependencies.
+   * Used by {@link enable} as the leaf step after closure resolution, and
+   * directly when callers pass `{ resolveDependencies: false }`.
+   *
+   * The underlying operations (`_addModule`, `_setPendingResetByModule`,
+   * `activate`) are all idempotent, so this method is safe to call multiple
+   * times for the same id. The constructor's bootstrap path relies on this:
+   * the persisted `enabled` ids are written into `_enabledAtom` up front, so
+   * the very first `enable(id)` for those plugins sees `alreadyEnabled`-style
+   * state but still needs to perform the module registration and activation.
+   */
+  private _enableOne(id: string): Effect.Effect<boolean, Error> {
+    return Effect.gen(this, function* () {
+      const stub = this._getPlugin(id);
+      if (!stub) {
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      // Clear any prior failure record so a retry starts from a clean slate.
+      // The failure stays on the atom only if this attempt also fails.
+      this.clearFailure(id);
+
+      const plugin = yield* this._resolveLazyPlugin(stub);
+
       this._update(this._enabledAtom, (enabled) => (enabled.includes(id) ? enabled : [...enabled, id]));
 
       plugin.modules.forEach((module) => {
@@ -254,28 +703,119 @@ class ManagerImpl implements PluginManager {
     });
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Resolves a lazy plugin stub (returned by {@link Plugin.lazy}) to its
+   * loaded form and swaps it into `_pluginsAtom`. Returns the input unchanged
+   * when the plugin is already resolved, so callers can `yield*` this
+   * unconditionally. The lazy stub carries `meta` synchronously but its
+   * `modules` list is empty until the loader resolves; the swap ensures
+   * subsequent enable/disable operations see the resolved plugin.
+   *
+   * Concurrent calls for the same id are coalesced via `_resolvingPlugins`:
+   * the first caller starts the resolution, every subsequent caller awaits
+   * the same `Deferred`. On failure we publish a `lazy:<id>` error message
+   * and skip the atom swap so the failure is observable to the activation
+   * subscriber and a retry can be attempted.
+   */
+  private _resolveLazyPlugin(plugin: Plugin.Plugin): Effect.Effect<Plugin.Plugin, Plugin.LazyPluginError> {
+    return Effect.gen(this, function* () {
+      if (!Plugin.isLazy(plugin)) {
+        return plugin;
+      }
+      const id = plugin.meta.id;
+
+      const existing = this._resolvingPlugins.get(id);
+      if (existing) {
+        return yield* Deferred.await(existing);
+      }
+      const deferred = yield* Deferred.make<Plugin.Plugin, Plugin.LazyPluginError>();
+      this._resolvingPlugins.set(id, deferred);
+
+      return yield* Effect.gen(this, function* () {
+        log('resolving lazy plugin', { id });
+        yield* PubSub.publish(this.activation, { event: '', state: 'activating', module: `lazy:${id}` });
+        const resolvedPlugin = yield* Plugin.resolveLazy(plugin).pipe(
+          // Cap how long a remote import can hang. Without this the host can
+          // sit on a pending dynamic `import()` indefinitely if the plugin's
+          // server is unreachable, which stalls every caller awaiting
+          // `enable(id)` and (transitively) the manager's initialization.
+          Effect.timeoutFail({
+            duration: this._loadTimeout,
+            onTimeout: () =>
+              new Plugin.LazyPluginError({
+                context: { id, reason: 'load-failed' },
+                cause: new PluginTimeoutError({ context: { id, phase: 'load' as PluginFailurePhase } }),
+              }),
+          }),
+        );
+        this._update(this._pluginsAtom, (plugins) => plugins.map((p) => (p.meta.id === id ? resolvedPlugin : p)));
+        yield* PubSub.publish(this.activation, { event: '', state: 'activated', module: `lazy:${id}` });
+        return resolvedPlugin;
+      }).pipe(
+        Effect.tapError((error) =>
+          Effect.gen(this, function* () {
+            yield* PubSub.publish(this.activation, { event: '', state: 'error', module: `lazy:${id}`, error });
+            this._recordFailure(id, 'load', error);
+            this._scheduleAutoDisable(id);
+          }),
+        ),
+        Effect.tap((value) => Deferred.succeed(deferred, value)),
+        Effect.tapErrorCause((cause) => Deferred.failCause(deferred, cause)),
+        Effect.ensuring(Effect.sync(() => this._resolvingPlugins.delete(id))),
+      );
+    });
+  }
+
   /**
    * Removes a plugin from the manager.
    * @param id The id of the plugin.
+   * @param opts See {@link PluginManager.remove}.
    */
-  remove(id: string): boolean {
-    log('remove plugin', { id });
-    const result = this.disable(id);
-    if (!result) {
-      return false;
-    }
+  remove(id: string, opts?: { cascade?: boolean }): Effect.Effect<boolean, Error> {
+    return Effect.gen(this, function* () {
+      log('remove plugin', { id });
+      const wasDev = this._devPlugins.has(id);
+      const disabled = yield* this.disable(id, opts);
+      if (!disabled) {
+        return false;
+      }
 
-    this._removePlugin(id);
-    return true;
+      this._removePlugin(id);
+      if (this._onRemove) {
+        this._runForkedFiber(
+          this._onRemove(id).pipe(
+            Effect.tapError((error) => Effect.sync(() => log.warn('plugin remove hook failed', { id, error }))),
+            Effect.ignore,
+          ),
+        );
+      }
+
+      // If a dev plugin was shadowing an existing plugin, reinstate the
+      // original now that the dev plugin is gone. Re-enable only if the
+      // original was enabled at shadow time — preserving the user's intent
+      // for plugins they had explicitly disabled before iterating on a dev
+      // build.
+      if (wasDev) {
+        const shadow = this._unmarkDev(id);
+        if (shadow) {
+          this._addPlugin(shadow.plugin);
+          if (shadow.wasEnabled) {
+            yield* this.enable(id);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      return true;
+    });
   }
 
   /**
    * Disables a plugin.
    * @param id The id of the plugin.
+   * @param opts See {@link PluginManager.disable}.
    */
-  disable(id: string): Effect.Effect<boolean, Error> {
+  disable(id: string, { cascade = true }: { cascade?: boolean } = {}): Effect.Effect<boolean, Error> {
     return Effect.gen(this, function* () {
-      log('disable plugin', { id });
+      log('disable plugin', { id, cascade });
       if (this._get(this._coreAtom).includes(id)) {
         return false;
       }
@@ -285,16 +825,55 @@ class ManagerImpl implements PluginManager {
         return false;
       }
 
+      if (cascade) {
+        const enabledDependents = this._collectDependents(id, { transitive: true, enabledOnly: true });
+        if (enabledDependents.length > 0) {
+          const coreDependent = enabledDependents.find((dependentId) =>
+            this._get(this._coreAtom).includes(dependentId),
+          );
+          if (coreDependent) {
+            return yield* Effect.fail(
+              new Plugin.PluginDependencyError({
+                context: { id, reason: 'core-dependent', coreDependent },
+              }),
+            );
+          }
+          // Disable transitive dependents first (leaves before root). The
+          // walk returns them in dependents-before-deps order — exactly what
+          // we want for teardown.
+          for (const dependentId of enabledDependents) {
+            yield* this._disableOne(dependentId);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      yield* this._disableOne(id);
+      return true;
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Disables a single plugin without consulting its dependents. Used by
+   * {@link disable} after the dependents pass has run (or been skipped via
+   * `cascade: false`).
+   */
+  private _disableOne(id: string): Effect.Effect<boolean, Error> {
+    return Effect.gen(this, function* () {
+      if (this._get(this._coreAtom).includes(id)) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      const plugin = this._getPlugin(id);
+      if (!plugin) {
+        return false;
+      }
       const enabledIndex = this._get(this._enabledAtom).findIndex((enabled) => enabled === id);
       if (enabledIndex !== -1) {
         this._update(this._enabledAtom, (enabled) => enabled.filter((item) => item !== id));
         yield* this.deactivate(id);
-
         plugin.modules.forEach((module) => {
           this._removeModule(module.id);
         });
       }
-
       return true;
     });
   }
@@ -315,6 +894,12 @@ class ManagerImpl implements PluginManager {
         return false;
       }
 
+      // Wait for the constructor's core/enabled `enable()` chain — including
+      // any async dynamic imports for lazy plugins — to finish registering
+      // modules. Without this, dispatching to an empty module set is the
+      // observable symptom of the race.
+      yield* Deferred.await(this._initialization);
+
       return yield* Effect.withFiberRuntime<boolean, Error>((fiber) =>
         this._activateEvent(key, params, fiber).pipe(
           together(
@@ -434,6 +1019,176 @@ class ManagerImpl implements PluginManager {
     return this._get(this._pluginsAtom).find((plugin) => plugin.meta.id === id);
   }
 
+  private _getPluginIdForModule(moduleId: string): string | undefined {
+    return this._get(this._pluginsAtom).find((plugin) => plugin.modules.some((module) => module.id === moduleId))?.meta
+      .id;
+  }
+
+  /** Looks up an id in the cached registry catalog, returning the entry or `undefined`. */
+  private _getCatalogEntry(id: string): PluginRegistry.Plugin | undefined {
+    return this._get(this.pluginRegistry.plugins).entries.find((entry) => entry.id === id);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the direct `dependsOn` declarations for an id, drawing from the
+   * registered plugin's meta when available and falling back to the registry
+   * catalog entry. Unknown ids return an empty list (callers detect "missing"
+   * separately).
+   */
+  private _directDependencies(id: string): string[] {
+    const plugin = this._getPlugin(id);
+    if (plugin) {
+      return [...(plugin.meta.dependsOn ?? [])];
+    }
+    const catalog = this._getCatalogEntry(id);
+    return catalog?.dependsOn ? [...catalog.dependsOn] : [];
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes the transitive dependency closure for an id.
+   *
+   * Walks {@link _directDependencies} (registered plugins ∪ catalog entries).
+   * Returns:
+   *  - `order`: closure including the root in dependency-first topological order.
+   *  - `missing`: ids in the closure that are neither registered nor in the catalog.
+   *  - `toInstall`: ids in the closure that are in the catalog but not yet registered.
+   *  - `cycle`: when a cycle is detected, the cycle path; otherwise `undefined`.
+   */
+  private _computeDependencyClosure(id: string): {
+    order: string[];
+    missing: string[];
+    toInstall: string[];
+    cycle?: string[];
+  } {
+    const order: string[] = [];
+    const visited = new Set<string>();
+    const onStack = new Set<string>();
+    const stackPath: string[] = [];
+    const missing: string[] = [];
+    const toInstall: string[] = [];
+    let cycle: string[] | undefined;
+
+    const knownIds = new Set<string>([
+      ...this._get(this._pluginsAtom).map((plugin) => plugin.meta.id),
+      ...this._get(this.pluginRegistry.plugins).entries.map((entry) => entry.id),
+    ]);
+
+    const visit = (currentId: string): void => {
+      if (cycle) {
+        return;
+      }
+      if (visited.has(currentId)) {
+        return;
+      }
+      if (onStack.has(currentId)) {
+        const cycleStart = stackPath.indexOf(currentId);
+        cycle = [...stackPath.slice(cycleStart), currentId];
+        return;
+      }
+      onStack.add(currentId);
+      stackPath.push(currentId);
+
+      if (!knownIds.has(currentId)) {
+        missing.push(currentId);
+      } else if (!this._getPlugin(currentId)) {
+        toInstall.push(currentId);
+      }
+
+      for (const depId of this._directDependencies(currentId)) {
+        visit(depId);
+        if (cycle) {
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+
+      onStack.delete(currentId);
+      stackPath.pop();
+      if (!cycle) {
+        visited.add(currentId);
+        order.push(currentId);
+      }
+    };
+
+    visit(id);
+    return { order, missing, toInstall, cycle };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Walks the reverse `dependsOn` edges across registered plugins. With
+   * `enabledOnly`, filters the result to currently-enabled ids. Returns
+   * dependents in dependents-before-deps order so callers (cascade-disable)
+   * can iterate and tear down leaves first.
+   */
+  private _collectDependents(id: string, opts: { transitive: boolean; enabledOnly: boolean }): string[] {
+    const direct = this._get(this._pluginsAtom)
+      .filter((plugin) => plugin.meta.dependsOn?.includes(id))
+      .map((plugin) => plugin.meta.id);
+
+    if (!opts.transitive) {
+      return opts.enabledOnly
+        ? direct.filter((dependentId) => this._get(this._enabledAtom).includes(dependentId))
+        : direct;
+    }
+
+    const result: string[] = [];
+    const visited = new Set<string>();
+    const visit = (currentId: string): void => {
+      if (visited.has(currentId)) {
+        return;
+      }
+      visited.add(currentId);
+      const parents = this._get(this._pluginsAtom)
+        .filter((plugin) => plugin.meta.dependsOn?.includes(currentId))
+        .map((plugin) => plugin.meta.id);
+      for (const parentId of parents) {
+        visit(parentId);
+        if (parentId !== id && !result.includes(parentId)) {
+          result.push(parentId);
+        }
+      }
+    };
+    visit(id);
+
+    return opts.enabledOnly
+      ? result.filter((dependentId) => this._get(this._enabledAtom).includes(dependentId))
+      : result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Records a failure for a plugin. Latest failure wins so the registry UI
+   * always sees the most recent reason. Walks the `cause` chain when checking
+   * for timeouts: lazy-load timeouts arrive wrapped in `LazyPluginError` (the
+   * timeout is the cause), but the operator-visible reason should still be
+   * `'timeout'`.
+   */
+  private _recordFailure(id: string, phase: PluginFailurePhase, error: Error): void {
+    const reason: PluginFailureReason = isTimeoutCause(error) ? 'timeout' : 'error';
+    const failure: PluginFailure = { id, phase, reason, error, timestamp: Date.now() };
+    log.warn('plugin failed', { id, phase, reason, error: error.message });
+    this._update(this._failedAtom, (current) => [...current.filter((entry) => entry.id !== id), failure]);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Fire-and-forget disable of a failed plugin. Forked because a failure can
+   * happen mid-activation chain — yielding a `disable` inline would deadlock
+   * on the shared semaphores. Core plugins are skipped (the host opted into
+   * them being non-removable; the failure record is enough signal).
+   */
+  private _scheduleAutoDisable(id: string): void {
+    if (this._get(this._coreAtom).includes(id)) {
+      return;
+    }
+    if (!this._get(this._enabledAtom).includes(id)) {
+      return;
+    }
+    this._runForkedFiber(
+      this.disable(id).pipe(
+        Effect.tapError((error) => Effect.sync(() => log.warn('auto-disable failed', { id, error }))),
+        Effect.ignore,
+      ),
+    );
+  }
+
   private _getActiveModules(): Plugin.PluginModule[] {
     const active = this._get(this._activeAtom);
     return this._get(this._modulesAtom).filter((module) => active.includes(module.id));
@@ -505,6 +1260,18 @@ class ManagerImpl implements PluginManager {
     return Ref.update(ref, (fibers) => fibers.filter((trackedFiber) => trackedFiber !== fiber));
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Spawns an effect on the default runtime and registers the resulting fiber in
+   * `_inFlightFibers` so {@link shutdown} can interrupt it. Used from sync entry
+   * points like {@link remove} where there is no enclosing Effect to fork from;
+   * inside an Effect chain prefer the existing track/await/untrack pattern.
+   */
+  private _runForkedFiber<E>(effect: Effect.Effect<void, E>): void {
+    const fiber = Effect.runFork(effect);
+    Effect.runSync(this._trackFiber(this._inFlightFibers, fiber));
+    Effect.runFork(Fiber.await(fiber).pipe(Effect.andThen(() => this._untrackFiber(this._inFlightFibers, fiber))));
+  }
+
   //
   // Registration helpers
   //
@@ -578,6 +1345,7 @@ class ManagerImpl implements PluginManager {
       yield* Ref.update(this._activatingModules, (activating) => Array.appendAll(activating, activatingModuleIds));
 
       log('activating modules', { key, modules: activatingModuleIds });
+      performance.mark(`event:${key}:start`);
       yield* PubSub.publish(this.activation, { event: key, state: 'activating' });
 
       yield* this._activateRelatedEvents(key, this._getBeforeEvents(modules, activatingEvents), 'before');
@@ -591,6 +1359,8 @@ class ManagerImpl implements PluginManager {
         this._update(this._eventsFiredAtom, (events) => [...events, key]);
       }
 
+      performance.mark(`event:${key}:end`);
+      performance.measure(`event:${key}`, `event:${key}:start`, `event:${key}:end`);
       yield* PubSub.publish(this.activation, { event: key, state: 'activated' });
       log('activated', { key });
 
@@ -636,7 +1406,7 @@ class ManagerImpl implements PluginManager {
   ): ActivationEvent.ActivationEvent[] {
     return Function.pipe(
       modules,
-      Array.flatMap((module) => module.activatesBefore ?? []),
+      Array.flatMap((module) => module.firesBeforeActivation ?? []),
       HashSet.fromIterable,
       HashSet.toValues,
       Array.filter((event) => !activatingEvents.includes(ActivationEvent.eventKey(event))),
@@ -649,7 +1419,7 @@ class ManagerImpl implements PluginManager {
   ): ActivationEvent.ActivationEvent[] {
     return Function.pipe(
       modules,
-      Array.flatMap((module) => module.activatesAfter ?? []),
+      Array.flatMap((module) => module.firesAfterActivation ?? []),
       HashSet.fromIterable,
       HashSet.toValues,
       Array.filter((event) => !activatingEvents.includes(ActivationEvent.eventKey(event))),
@@ -661,7 +1431,7 @@ class ManagerImpl implements PluginManager {
     events: ActivationEvent.ActivationEvent[],
     phase: 'before' | 'after',
   ): Effect.Effect<void, Error> {
-    const logLabel = phase === 'before' ? 'activatesBefore' : 'activatesAfter';
+    const logLabel = phase === 'before' ? 'firesBeforeActivation' : 'firesAfterActivation';
     const eventKey = phase === 'before' ? 'beforeEvents' : 'afterEvents';
     return Function.pipe(
       events,
@@ -693,7 +1463,7 @@ class ManagerImpl implements PluginManager {
   ): Effect.Effect<Capability.Any[][], Error> {
     return Function.pipe(
       modules,
-      Array.map((mod) => this._loadModule(mod)),
+      Array.map((mod) => this._loadModule(mod, key)),
       Effect.allWith({ concurrency: 'unbounded' }),
       Effect.catchAll((error) => {
         return Effect.gen(this, function* () {
@@ -712,8 +1482,12 @@ class ManagerImpl implements PluginManager {
       modules,
       Array.zip(capabilities),
       Array.map(([module, capabilitySet]) => this._contributeCapabilities(module, capabilitySet)),
-      // TODO(wittjosiah): This currently can't be run in parallel.
-      //   Running this with concurrency causes races with `allOf` activation events.
+      // TODO(wittjosiah): This currently can't be run in parallel, and inserting
+      //   any yield between contributions (`Effect.yieldNow()`, `Effect.sleep(0)`)
+      //   races the `allOf` activation-event resolver — observed as a System
+      //   Error dialog on warm reloads. Contributions must stay strictly
+      //   synchronous within an event; React paint slots have to be found at
+      //   event boundaries higher up the call chain.
       Effect.all,
       Effect.asVoid,
     );
@@ -728,7 +1502,14 @@ class ManagerImpl implements PluginManager {
     return semaphore;
   }
 
-  private _loadModule = (module: Plugin.PluginModule): Effect.Effect<Capability.Any[], Error> =>
+  // `parentEvent` is the activation event that first triggered this module
+  // load — included in `activating`/`activated` PubSub messages so subscribers
+  // (e.g. the boot loader's status listener) can associate a module with its
+  // triggering event in the trace. The same module may be referenced by
+  // multiple events, but module loads are memoized via `_moduleMemoMap`, so
+  // only the first event to need it will appear here; later events await the
+  // cached deferred without re-publishing.
+  private _loadModule = (module: Plugin.PluginModule, parentEvent: string): Effect.Effect<Capability.Any[], Error> =>
     Effect.gen(this, function* () {
       const semaphore = this._getModuleSemaphore(module.id);
 
@@ -744,18 +1525,34 @@ class ManagerImpl implements PluginManager {
         this._moduleMemoMap.set(module.id, deferred);
 
         const loadEffect = Effect.gen(this, function* () {
-          log('loading module', { module: module.id });
-          const [duration, capabilities] = yield* module
-            .activate()
-            .pipe(
-              Effect.provideService(Capability.Service, this.capabilities),
-              Effect.provideService(Plugin.Service, this),
-              Effect.timed,
-            );
+          log('loading module', { module: module.id, parentEvent });
+          performance.mark(`module:${module.id}:start`);
+          yield* PubSub.publish(this.activation, { event: parentEvent, state: 'activating', module: module.id });
+          const pluginId = this._getPluginIdForModule(module.id);
+          const [duration, capabilities] = yield* module.activate().pipe(
+            Effect.provideService(Capability.Service, this.capabilities),
+            Effect.provideService(Plugin.Service, this),
+            // Cap activation so a single misbehaving module can't hold the
+            // event chain open. On timeout the failure is recorded against
+            // the plugin and surfaced as `PluginTimeoutError`.
+            Effect.timeoutFail({
+              duration: this._activationTimeout,
+              onTimeout: () =>
+                new PluginTimeoutError({
+                  context: { id: pluginId ?? module.id, module: module.id, phase: 'activation' as PluginFailurePhase },
+                }),
+            }),
+            Effect.timed,
+          );
           const normalized = capabilities == null ? [] : Array.isArray(capabilities) ? capabilities : [capabilities];
+          const elapsed = Duration.toMillis(duration);
+          performance.mark(`module:${module.id}:end`);
+          performance.measure(`module:${module.id}`, `module:${module.id}:start`, `module:${module.id}:end`);
+          yield* PubSub.publish(this.activation, { event: parentEvent, state: 'activated', module: module.id });
           log('loaded module', {
             module: module.id,
-            elapsed: Duration.toMillis(duration),
+            parentEvent,
+            elapsed,
             failed: false,
           });
           return normalized as Capability.Any[];
@@ -791,7 +1588,13 @@ class ManagerImpl implements PluginManager {
                 stack: error instanceof Error ? error.stack : undefined,
                 isDefect: !Cause.isFailure(cause),
               });
-              return Deferred.fail(deferred, error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error)));
+              const normalizedError = error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error));
+              const pluginId = this._getPluginIdForModule(module.id);
+              if (pluginId !== undefined) {
+                this._recordFailure(pluginId, 'activation', normalizedError);
+                this._scheduleAutoDisable(pluginId);
+              }
+              return Deferred.fail(deferred, normalizedError);
             }),
           ),
         );
@@ -852,6 +1655,22 @@ class ManagerImpl implements PluginManager {
  */
 export const make = (options: ManagerOptions): PluginManager => new ManagerImpl(options);
 
+/**
+ * True when `error` (or anything along its `cause` chain) is a
+ * {@link PluginTimeoutError}. Lazy-load timeouts wrap the timeout inside
+ * `LazyPluginError`, so a shallow check on the outer error misses them.
+ * Bounded depth so a circular chain can't loop forever.
+ */
+const isTimeoutCause = (error: unknown, depth = 0): boolean => {
+  if (depth > 5 || !(error instanceof Error)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (PluginTimeoutError.is(error)) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  return isTimeoutCause((error as Error & { cause?: unknown }).cause, depth + 1);
+};
+
 /**
  * Runs an effect concurrently with another effect.
  * If the first effect completes, the second effect is interrupted.