@ducatjs/money 0.2.2 → 0.3.0

package/src/finance.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,1219 @@
+/**
+ * `@ducatjs/money/finance`: day counts, simple and compound interest, loan schedules, NPV and IRR,
+ * and subscription proration, in exact arithmetic. Every amount that is paid or booked is rounded
+ * once from its exact value; nothing in between is rounded, and no floats are used. Dates are
+ * calendar dates ('YYYY-MM-DD' or `{ year, month, day }`, so a `Temporal.PlainDate` works), never
+ * `Date`. Free functions only: nothing is added to Money.
+ */
+import { currencyExponent } from './currency.js';
+import { formatScaled, pow10n, ratio, type Factor, type Ratio } from './decimal.js';
+import { ExactMoney, exact } from './exact.js';
+import { allocate, instalments, type Remainder } from './allocate.js';
+import {
+  add,
+  compare,
+  CurrencyMismatchError,
+  make,
+  multiplyByRatio,
+  subtract,
+  sum,
+  type Money,
+  type RoundingInput,
+} from './money.js';
+import { DEFAULT_ROUNDING } from './rounding.js';
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Calendar dates
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * A calendar date: a 'YYYY-MM-DD' string or an object with `year`, `month` (1-12) and `day`
+ * fields, such as a `Temporal.PlainDate` in the ISO calendar. Proleptic Gregorian, years 0 to 9999,
+ * no time and no time zone.
+ */
+export type CalendarDate =
+  | string
+  | { readonly year: number; readonly month: number; readonly day: number };
+
+/** A calendar date split into its fields, checked. */
+interface DateFields {
+  readonly year: number;
+  readonly month: number;
+  readonly day: number;
+}
+
+const DATE_RE = /^(\d{4})-(\d{2})-(\d{2})$/;
+
+function isLeapYear(year: number): boolean {
+  return (year % 4 === 0 && year % 100 !== 0) || year % 400 === 0;
+}
+
+function daysInMonth(year: number, month: number): number {
+  if (month === 2) {
+    return isLeapYear(year) ? 29 : 28;
+  }
+  // April, June, September and November have 30 days
+  return month === 4 || month === 6 || month === 9 || month === 11 ? 30 : 31;
+}
+
+function daysInYear(year: number): number {
+  return isLeapYear(year) ? 366 : 365;
+}
+
+/** The fields of a calendar date, or a RangeError for anything that is not a real date. */
+function dateFields(date: CalendarDate): DateFields {
+  let year: number;
+  let month: number;
+  let day: number;
+  if (typeof date === 'string') {
+    const match = DATE_RE.exec(date);
+    if (match === null) {
+      throw new RangeError(`Invalid date "${date}"; expected YYYY-MM-DD`);
+    }
+    year = Number(match[1]);
+    month = Number(match[2]);
+    day = Number(match[3]);
+  } else {
+    // a Temporal.PlainDate in another calendar has that calendar's fields, not Gregorian ones
+    const calendar = (date as { calendarId?: unknown }).calendarId;
+    if (calendar !== undefined && calendar !== 'iso8601') {
+      throw new RangeError(`Dates must be in the ISO calendar; got ${String(calendar)}`);
+    }
+    year = date.year;
+    month = date.month;
+    day = date.day;
+  }
+  // years 0-9999, as 'YYYY-MM-DD' writes them, keep every day and second count exact
+  const valid =
+    Number.isInteger(year) &&
+    year >= 0 &&
+    year <= 9999 &&
+    Number.isInteger(month) &&
+    Number.isInteger(day) &&
+    month >= 1 &&
+    month <= 12 &&
+    day >= 1 &&
+    day <= daysInMonth(year, month);
+  if (!valid) {
+    throw new RangeError(`Invalid date ${formatFields(year, month, day)}`);
+  }
+  return { year, month, day };
+}
+
+function formatFields(year: number, month: number, day: number): string {
+  const pad = (value: number) => String(value).padStart(2, '0');
+  return `${String(year).padStart(4, '0')}-${pad(month)}-${pad(day)}`;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Days from 1970-01-01 to the date, in integers (Howard Hinnant's `days_from_civil`): the year is
+ * counted from March, so the leap day falls at the end of the counting year.
+ */
+function dayNumber({ year, month, day }: DateFields): number {
+  const shiftedYear = month <= 2 ? year - 1 : year;
+  const era = Math.floor(shiftedYear / 400);
+  const yearOfEra = shiftedYear - era * 400;
+  const monthFromMarch = month > 2 ? month - 3 : month + 9;
+  const dayOfYear = Math.floor((153 * monthFromMarch + 2) / 5) + day - 1;
+  const dayOfEra = yearOfEra * 365 + Math.floor(yearOfEra / 4) - Math.floor(yearOfEra / 100);
+  return era * 146_097 + dayOfEra + dayOfYear - 719_468;
+}
+
+/** Days from `start` to `end` (end exclusive): negative when `end` is earlier. */
+function daysBetween(start: DateFields, end: DateFields): number {
+  return dayNumber(end) - dayNumber(start);
+}
+
+function assertNotBefore(start: DateFields, end: DateFields): void {
+  if (dayNumber(end) < dayNumber(start)) {
+    throw new RangeError('The end date is before the start date');
+  }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Day counts
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * A day-count convention, as defined in the 2006 ISDA Definitions §4.16:
+ * - 'ACT/360' and 'ACT/365F': actual days over 360 or 365;
+ * - 'ACT/ACT ISDA': days in leap years over 366 plus days in other years over 365;
+ * - '30/360': Bond Basis, §4.16(f);
+ * - '30E/360': Eurobond Basis, §4.16(g);
+ * - '30E/360 ISDA': §4.16(h), which treats the last day of February as the 30th except on the
+ *   termination date: when `end` is the last day of February, say whether it is with `maturity`.
+ */
+export type DayCount =
+  | 'ACT/360'
+  | 'ACT/365F'
+  | 'ACT/ACT ISDA'
+  | '30/360'
+  | '30E/360'
+  | '30E/360 ISDA';
+
+/** Options for `yearFraction`. */
+export interface YearFractionOptions {
+  /**
+   * '30E/360 ISDA' only: whether `end` is the termination (maturity) date, whose last day of
+   * February is kept as is. Required when `end` is the last day of February, because the two
+   * readings differ by up to two days and neither is a safe default.
+   */
+  readonly maturity?: boolean;
+}
+
+function isLastDayOfFebruary({ year, month, day }: DateFields): boolean {
+  return month === 2 && day === daysInMonth(year, 2);
+}
+
+/** The 30/360 family's day count: 360 × years + 30 × months + days, after adjusting the days. */
+function thirty360Days(
+  start: DateFields,
+  end: DateFields,
+  startDay: number,
+  endDay: number,
+): number {
+  return 360 * (end.year - start.year) + 30 * (end.month - start.month) + (endDay - startDay);
+}
+
+/**
+ * The fraction of a year from `start` to `end` under `convention`, as an exact ratio. `end` may not
+ * be before `start`. This is not Excel's YEARFRAC: its basis 0 is the US (NASD) 30/360 with
+ * end-of-February rules rather than Bond Basis, its basis 1 divides by an average year length
+ * rather than splitting days by calendar year as ACT/ACT ISDA does, and it swaps reversed dates.
+ *
+ *     yearFraction('2026-01-15', '2026-07-15', 'ACT/360')   // 181/360
+ */
+export function yearFraction(
+  start: CalendarDate,
+  end: CalendarDate,
+  convention: DayCount,
+  options?: YearFractionOptions,
+): Ratio {
+  const from = dateFields(start);
+  const to = dateFields(end);
+  assertNotBefore(from, to);
+
+  switch (convention) {
+    case 'ACT/360':
+      return ratio(BigInt(daysBetween(from, to)), 360n);
+    case 'ACT/365F':
+      return ratio(BigInt(daysBetween(from, to)), 365n);
+    case 'ACT/ACT ISDA':
+      return actualActualIsda(from, to);
+    case '30/360': {
+      // §4.16(f): D1 = 31 becomes 30; D2 = 31 becomes 30 only when D1 is then 30 (or was 31)
+      const startDay = from.day === 31 ? 30 : from.day;
+      const endDay = to.day === 31 && startDay === 30 ? 30 : to.day;
+      return ratio(BigInt(thirty360Days(from, to, startDay, endDay)), 360n);
+    }
+    case '30E/360': {
+      // §4.16(g): a 31st on either side becomes the 30th
+      const startDay = from.day === 31 ? 30 : from.day;
+      const endDay = to.day === 31 ? 30 : to.day;
+      return ratio(BigInt(thirty360Days(from, to, startDay, endDay)), 360n);
+    }
+    case '30E/360 ISDA': {
+      // §4.16(h): the last day of a month becomes the 30th, except the last day of February when
+      // it is the termination date
+      const startDay = from.day === 31 || isLastDayOfFebruary(from) ? 30 : from.day;
+      let endDay = to.day === 31 ? 30 : to.day;
+      if (isLastDayOfFebruary(to)) {
+        const maturity = options?.maturity;
+        if (typeof maturity !== 'boolean') {
+          throw new RangeError(
+            "'30E/360 ISDA' ending on the last day of February needs the option maturity: true or false",
+          );
+        }
+        endDay = maturity ? to.day : 30;
+      }
+      return ratio(BigInt(thirty360Days(from, to, startDay, endDay)), 360n);
+    }
+  }
+  return invalid('day count', convention);
+}
+
+/** ACT/ACT ISDA: the days in each calendar year over that year's length, summed exactly. */
+function actualActualIsda(from: DateFields, to: DateFields): Ratio {
+  if (from.year === to.year) {
+    return ratio(BigInt(daysBetween(from, to)), BigInt(daysInYear(from.year)));
+  }
+  const startYearEnd = { year: from.year + 1, month: 1, day: 1 };
+  const endYearStart = { year: to.year, month: 1, day: 1 };
+  const firstYearLength = BigInt(daysInYear(from.year));
+  const lastYearLength = BigInt(daysInYear(to.year));
+  const firstYearDays = BigInt(daysBetween(from, startYearEnd));
+  const lastYearDays = BigInt(daysBetween(endYearStart, to));
+  const wholeYears = BigInt(to.year - from.year - 1);
+  // firstYearDays/firstYearLength + wholeYears + lastYearDays/lastYearLength over one denominator
+  const denominator = firstYearLength * lastYearLength;
+  const numerator =
+    firstYearDays * lastYearLength + wholeYears * denominator + lastYearDays * firstYearLength;
+  return ratio(numerator, denominator);
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Rounding helpers
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * numerator / denominator major units (denominator > 0) rounded once: with a mode, to the
+ * currency's exponent; with a policy, to the policy's scale and increment. The fraction is not
+ * reduced first: rounding divides once either way, and a gcd of the thousands-of-bits integers a
+ * long schedule or NPV builds would cost more than everything else.
+ */
+function roundQuotient<C extends string>(
+  currency: C,
+  numerator: bigint,
+  denominator: bigint,
+  rounding: RoundingInput,
+): Money<C> {
+  // one major unit times the fraction, so the rounding applies to the fraction itself
+  return multiplyAndRound(make(currency, 1, 0), unreducedRatio(numerator, denominator), rounding);
+}
+
+/** money × factor rounded once, at the currency's exponent or the policy's scale. */
+function multiplyAndRound<C extends string>(
+  money: Money<C>,
+  factor: Ratio,
+  rounding: RoundingInput,
+): Money<C> {
+  return multiplyByRatio(money, factor, rounding, currencyExponent(money.currency));
+}
+
+/**
+ * A ratio built without a gcd, for rounding once: multiplyByRatio divides by it, which gives the
+ * same result for any representation of the fraction.
+ */
+function unreducedRatio(numerator: bigint, denominator: bigint): Ratio {
+  const toNumber = (value: bigint) =>
+    value <= 9_007_199_254_740_991n && value >= -9_007_199_254_740_991n ? Number(value) : NaN;
+  return { num: numerator, den: denominator, n: toNumber(numerator), d: toNumber(denominator) };
+}
+
+/**
+ * The most periods a schedule or compounding may have: (1 + r)^n has about n times the bits of
+ * 1 + r, so this bounds the integers (a 30-year daily schedule is about 11,000 periods).
+ */
+const MAX_PERIODS = 100_000;
+
+function assertPeriods(periods: number, minimum: number): void {
+  if (!(Number.isInteger(periods) && periods >= minimum && periods <= MAX_PERIODS)) {
+    invalid('periods', periods);
+  }
+}
+
+/** Whether `money` is a whole number of `unit`s (both of one currency, unit positive). */
+function isMultipleOf(money: Money, unit: Money): boolean {
+  const scale = Math.max(money.scale, unit.scale);
+  const minor = BigInt(money.minor) * pow10n(scale - money.scale);
+  const unitMinor = BigInt(unit.minor) * pow10n(scale - unit.scale);
+  return minor % unitMinor === 0n;
+}
+
+/** Throws a RangeError naming the option and the value it was given. */
+function invalid(name: string, value: unknown): never {
+  throw new RangeError(`Invalid ${name} ${String(value)}`);
+}
+
+function assertPositiveInteger(value: number, name: string): void {
+  if (!(Number.isSafeInteger(value) && value >= 1)) {
+    invalid(name, value);
+  }
+}
+
+function assertSameCurrency(money: Money, other: Money): void {
+  if (money.currency !== other.currency) {
+    throw new CurrencyMismatchError(money.currency, other.currency);
+  }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Interest
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** The accrual period of `interest` and `interestExact`. */
+export interface InterestPeriod extends YearFractionOptions {
+  /** The first day of interest. */
+  readonly from: CalendarDate;
+  /** The day interest runs to (exclusive, as in every day count). */
+  readonly to: CalendarDate;
+  /** The day-count convention. */
+  readonly dayCount: DayCount;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Simple interest, `principal × rate × yearFraction`, exactly. `rate` is an annual rate as a
+ * `Factor` ('0.05' for 5%).
+ */
+export function interestExact<C extends string>(
+  principal: Money<C>,
+  rate: Factor,
+  period: InterestPeriod,
+): ExactMoney<C> {
+  const fraction = yearFraction(period.from, period.to, period.dayCount, period);
+  return exact(principal).multiply(rate).multiply(fraction);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Simple interest, `principal × rate × yearFraction`, rounded once (to the currency's exponent with
+ * a mode, or to a policy's scale; default 'halfExpand').
+ *
+ *     interest(money('10000', 'EUR'), '0.05',
+ *       { from: '2026-01-15', to: '2026-07-15', dayCount: 'ACT/365F' }, 'halfEven')   // 247.95 EUR
+ */
+export function interest<C extends string>(
+  principal: Money<C>,
+  rate: Factor,
+  period: InterestPeriod,
+  rounding: RoundingInput = DEFAULT_ROUNDING,
+): Money<C> {
+  const fraction = yearFraction(period.from, period.to, period.dayCount, period);
+  const rateRatio = ratio(rate);
+  return multiplyAndRound(
+    principal,
+    ratio(rateRatio.num * fraction.num, rateRatio.den * fraction.den),
+    rounding,
+  );
+}
+
+/** The compounding of `compound`: how many periods, and how many make a year. */
+export interface CompoundOptions {
+  /** A non-negative integer number of compounding periods. */
+  readonly periods: number;
+  /** Compounding periods per year (12 for monthly): the periodic rate is `rate / perYear`. */
+  readonly perYear: number;
+}
+
+/** (1 + rate/perYear) as a reduced ratio, checked to be positive. */
+function growthFactor(rate: Factor, perYear: number): Ratio {
+  assertPositiveInteger(perYear, 'perYear');
+  const rateRatio = ratio(rate);
+  const perYearBig = BigInt(perYear);
+  const growth = ratio(rateRatio.num + rateRatio.den * perYearBig, rateRatio.den * perYearBig);
+  if (growth.num <= 0n) {
+    throw new RangeError(`A rate of ${rate} per year loses everything in one period`);
+  }
+  return growth;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Periodic compounding: `principal × (1 + rate/perYear)^periods` (at most 100,000 periods), an
+ * exact integer power, rounded once. Fractional periods and continuous compounding are irrational, so they are not offered.
+ *
+ *     compound(money('1000', 'EUR'), '0.05', { periods: 12, perYear: 12 }, 'halfEven') // 1051.16 EUR
+ */
+export function compound<C extends string>(
+  principal: Money<C>,
+  rate: Factor,
+  options: CompoundOptions,
+  rounding: RoundingInput = DEFAULT_ROUNDING,
+): Money<C> {
+  const periods = options.periods;
+  assertPeriods(periods, 0);
+  const growth = growthFactor(rate, options.perYear);
+  const exponent = BigInt(periods);
+  // a power of a reduced ratio is reduced, so no gcd is needed on the large integers
+  const power = unreducedRatio(growth.num ** exponent, growth.den ** exponent);
+  return multiplyAndRound(principal, power, rounding);
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Amortisation
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * How a loan is repaid:
+ * - 'annuity' (French): equal payments of interest and principal;
+ * - 'linear' (German): equal principal parts, with interest on top, so payments fall;
+ * - 'interestOnly' (bullet): interest every period, and the principal with the last payment.
+ */
+export type AmortisationMethod = 'annuity' | 'linear' | 'interestOnly';
+
+/**
+ * Where an annuity's rounding residual goes: the last payment (the default, which most lenders
+ * use), or the last period's interest, which keeps the last payment equal to the others.
+ */
+export type AmortisationResidual = 'lastPayment' | 'lastInterest';
+
+/** Options for `amortise`. */
+export interface AmortiseOptions<C extends string> {
+  /** The nominal annual rate, as a `Factor` ('0.045' for 4.5%). Not negative. */
+  readonly rate: Factor;
+  /** Payments per year (12 for monthly): the periodic rate is `rate / perYear`. */
+  readonly perYear: number;
+  /** The number of payments. */
+  readonly periods: number;
+  /** How the loan is repaid (default 'annuity'). */
+  readonly method?: AmortisationMethod;
+  /**
+   * How every payment and interest charge is rounded: a mode, to the currency's exponent, or a
+   * rounding policy (default 'halfExpand').
+   */
+  readonly rounding?: RoundingInput;
+  /**
+   * An amount still owed after the regular payments, paid with the last one ('annuity' and
+   * 'linear' only).
+   */
+  readonly balloon?: Money<C>;
+  /**
+   * The date of the first payment. With `perYear` 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 or 12 the later ones follow
+   * monthly, on this date's day of the month, clamped to shorter months (31 January, 28 February,
+   * 31 March). That is not the end-of-month rule: from 30 November, quarterly dates are 28 or 29
+   * February and then 30 May, not 31 May; pass an anchor of 31 for month ends. With 26 or 52, the
+   * payments are every 14 or 7 days.
+   */
+  readonly firstPayment?: CalendarDate;
+  /**
+   * Where an annuity's rounding residual goes (default 'lastPayment'). 'lastInterest' applies to
+   * annuities only: linear and interest-only schedules have no residual.
+   */
+  readonly residual?: AmortisationResidual;
+}
+
+/** One payment of an amortisation schedule. */
+export interface AmortisationRow<C extends string> {
+  /** 1 for the first payment. */
+  readonly period: number;
+  /** The payment date ('YYYY-MM-DD'), when `firstPayment` is given. */
+  readonly date?: string;
+  /** Interest plus principal. */
+  readonly payment: Money<C>;
+  /** This period's interest: the balance before the payment times the periodic rate, rounded. */
+  readonly interest: Money<C>;
+  /** The part of the payment that repays the loan. */
+  readonly principal: Money<C>;
+  /** What is still owed after the payment. */
+  readonly balance: Money<C>;
+  /** Reserved for interest from a day count between payment dates; not set yet. */
+  readonly days?: number;
+  /** Reserved for interest from a day count between payment dates; not set yet. */
+  readonly yearFraction?: Ratio;
+}
+
+/** The result of `amortise`. */
+export interface Amortisation<C extends string> {
+  /**
+   * The regular payment: for 'annuity' every payment but possibly the last; for 'linear' the
+   * first (the largest); for 'interestOnly' the interest payment.
+   */
+  readonly payment: Money<C>;
+  /** One row per payment. */
+  readonly rows: AmortisationRow<C>[];
+  /** The sum of the interest column, exactly. */
+  readonly totalInterest: Money<C>;
+}
+
+/** The minor unit a rounding produces, for loans whose parts must be multiples of it. */
+function roundingUnit<C extends string>(currency: C, rounding: RoundingInput): Money<C> {
+  if (typeof rounding === 'string') {
+    return make(currency, 1, currencyExponent(currency));
+  }
+  return make(currency, rounding.increment, rounding.scale ?? currencyExponent(currency));
+}
+
+/** The payment dates: monthly steps from the anchor date, clamped to month ends, or 7 or 14 days. */
+function paymentDates(first: CalendarDate, perYear: number, count: number): string[] {
+  const anchor = dateFields(first);
+  const dates: string[] = [];
+  if (perYear === 26 || perYear === 52) {
+    const step = perYear === 52 ? 7 : 14;
+    const anchorDay = dayNumber(anchor);
+    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+      dates.push(dateFromDayNumber(anchorDay + i * step));
+    }
+    return checkedDates(dates);
+  }
+  if (!(Number.isSafeInteger(perYear) && 12 % perYear === 0)) {
+    // payment dates step by whole months, or by 7 or 14 days
+    invalid('perYear for payment dates', perYear);
+  }
+  const monthStep = 12 / perYear;
+  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+    const monthIndex = anchor.month - 1 + i * monthStep;
+    const year = anchor.year + Math.floor(monthIndex / 12);
+    const month = (monthIndex % 12) + 1;
+    const day = Math.min(anchor.day, daysInMonth(year, month));
+    dates.push(formatFields(year, month, day));
+  }
+  return checkedDates(dates);
+}
+
+/** The dates, unless the last (and latest) is past the year 9999, which dates can't hold. */
+function checkedDates(dates: string[]): string[] {
+  if (dates[dates.length - 1]!.length !== 10) {
+    throw new RangeError('The payment dates run past the year 9999');
+  }
+  return dates;
+}
+
+/** The inverse of `dayNumber` (Howard Hinnant's `civil_from_days`). */
+function dateFromDayNumber(days: number): string {
+  const shifted = days + 719_468;
+  const era = Math.floor(shifted / 146_097);
+  const dayOfEra = shifted - era * 146_097;
+  const yearOfEra = Math.floor(
+    (dayOfEra -
+      Math.floor(dayOfEra / 1460) +
+      Math.floor(dayOfEra / 36_524) -
+      Math.floor(dayOfEra / 146_096)) /
+      365,
+  );
+  const dayOfYear =
+    dayOfEra - (365 * yearOfEra + Math.floor(yearOfEra / 4) - Math.floor(yearOfEra / 100));
+  const monthFromMarch = Math.floor((5 * dayOfYear + 2) / 153);
+  const day = dayOfYear - Math.floor((153 * monthFromMarch + 2) / 5) + 1;
+  const month = monthFromMarch < 10 ? monthFromMarch + 3 : monthFromMarch - 9;
+  const year = yearOfEra + era * 400 + (month <= 2 ? 1 : 0);
+  return formatFields(year, month, day);
+}
+
+/**
+ * A loan's repayment schedule. Each period's interest is the balance times `rate / perYear`,
+ * rounded once; the principal part is the payment minus the interest. The principal parts sum
+ * exactly to the loan, the balance never goes negative, and it ends at exactly zero: the rounding
+ * residual goes to the last payment (or, with `residual: 'lastInterest'`, to the last interest). If
+ * rounded payments clear the loan early, the schedule ends with the payment that clears it, so it
+ * can have fewer rows than `periods`. With a zero rate, the payments are
+ * `instalments(loan, periods, { remainder: 'toLast' })` (there is no interest to take a residual).
+ * The loan and the balloon must be multiples of the rounding's unit (0.01 EUR, or a policy's
+ * increment), so that every amount in the schedule is too. At most 100,000 periods.
+ *
+ *     amortise(money('200000', 'EUR'), { rate: '0.045', perYear: 12, periods: 300 }).payment
+ *     // 1111.66 EUR
+ */
+export function amortise<C extends string>(
+  loan: Money<C>,
+  options: AmortiseOptions<NoInfer<C>>,
+): Amortisation<C> {
+  const periods = options.periods;
+  const perYear = options.perYear;
+  const method = options.method ?? 'annuity';
+  const rounding = options.rounding ?? DEFAULT_ROUNDING;
+  const residual = options.residual ?? 'lastPayment';
+  const currency = loan.currency;
+  const zeroAmount = make(currency, 0, currencyExponent(currency));
+  const balloon = options.balloon ?? zeroAmount;
+
+  assertPeriods(periods, 1);
+  assertPositiveInteger(perYear, 'perYear');
+  if (!(loan.minor > 0)) {
+    throw new RangeError(`The loan must be positive; got ${loan}`);
+  }
+  assertSameCurrency(loan, balloon);
+  if (balloon.minor < 0 || compare(balloon, loan) > 0) {
+    throw new RangeError(`The balloon must be between zero and the loan; got ${balloon}`);
+  }
+  if (options.balloon !== undefined && method === 'interestOnly') {
+    throw new RangeError("An 'interestOnly' loan repays all of it at the end; drop the balloon");
+  }
+  if (method !== 'annuity' && method !== 'linear' && method !== 'interestOnly') {
+    invalid('method', method);
+  }
+  if (residual !== 'lastPayment' && residual !== 'lastInterest') {
+    invalid('residual', residual);
+  }
+  const unit = roundingUnit(currency, rounding);
+  if (!isMultipleOf(loan, unit) || !isMultipleOf(balloon, unit)) {
+    throw new RangeError(`The loan and the balloon must be multiples of ${unit}`);
+  }
+  const rateRatio = ratio(options.rate);
+  if (rateRatio.num < 0n) {
+    throw new RangeError(`The rate must not be negative; got ${options.rate}`);
+  }
+  // with no interest to round, there is no residual to put in it
+  if (residual === 'lastInterest' && (method !== 'annuity' || rateRatio.num === 0n)) {
+    throw new RangeError("residual 'lastInterest' applies to annuities with a non-zero rate only");
+  }
+  const dates =
+    options.firstPayment === undefined
+      ? undefined
+      : paymentDates(options.firstPayment, perYear, periods);
+  const periodicRate = ratio(rateRatio.num, rateRatio.den * BigInt(perYear));
+
+  const rows: AmortisationRow<C>[] = [];
+  const pushRow = (
+    payment: Money<C>,
+    interestPart: Money<C>,
+    principal: Money<C>,
+    balance: Money<C>,
+  ) => {
+    const period = rows.length + 1;
+    const row: AmortisationRow<C> =
+      dates === undefined
+        ? { period, payment, interest: interestPart, principal, balance }
+        : { period, date: dates[period - 1]!, payment, interest: interestPart, principal, balance };
+    rows.push(row);
+  };
+
+  // The principal parts of a linear loan, or of any loan at a zero rate: equal parts that sum to
+  // the loan exactly, each a multiple of the rounding's unit, the remainder in the last one.
+  const isZeroRate = rateRatio.num === 0n;
+  if (method === 'linear' || (method === 'annuity' && isZeroRate)) {
+    const parts = instalments(subtract(loan, balloon), periods, {
+      remainder: 'toLast',
+      unit,
+    });
+    let balance = loan;
+    for (let i = 0; i < periods; i++) {
+      const isLast = i === periods - 1;
+      const principal = isLast ? balance : parts[i]!;
+      const interestPart = multiplyAndRound(balance, periodicRate, rounding);
+      balance = subtract(balance, principal);
+      pushRow(add(principal, interestPart), interestPart, principal, balance);
+    }
+    return finish(rows, currency);
+  }
+
+  if (method === 'interestOnly') {
+    const interestPart = multiplyAndRound(loan, periodicRate, rounding);
+    for (let i = 0; i < periods; i++) {
+      const isLast = i === periods - 1;
+      const principal = isLast ? loan : zeroAmount;
+      const balance = isLast ? zeroAmount : loan;
+      pushRow(add(principal, interestPart), interestPart, principal, balance);
+    }
+    return { payment: interestPart, rows, totalInterest: sumInterest(rows, currency) };
+  }
+
+  // Annuity: payment = (P·g^n − B)·r / (g^n − 1), with r = a/b and g = 1 + r = (a + b)/b. With
+  // G = (a + b)^n and H = b^n that is (P·G − B·H)·a / (b·(G − H)), and P and B are minor units
+  // over 10^scale, so the exact payment is one fraction of integers, rounded once.
+  const scale = Math.max(loan.scale, balloon.scale);
+  const loanMinor = BigInt(loan.minor) * pow10n(scale - loan.scale);
+  const balloonMinor = BigInt(balloon.minor) * pow10n(scale - balloon.scale);
+  const exponent = BigInt(periods);
+  const growthPower = (periodicRate.num + periodicRate.den) ** exponent;
+  const basePower = periodicRate.den ** exponent;
+  const payment = roundQuotient(
+    currency,
+    (loanMinor * growthPower - balloonMinor * basePower) * periodicRate.num,
+    pow10n(scale) * periodicRate.den * (growthPower - basePower),
+    rounding,
+  );
+
+  let balance = loan;
+  for (let i = 0; i < periods; i++) {
+    const interestPart = multiplyAndRound(balance, periodicRate, rounding);
+    const isLast = i === periods - 1;
+    const owed = add(balance, interestPart);
+    // the last payment, or a regular payment that would clear more than is owed, settles the loan
+    if (isLast || compare(payment, owed) >= 0) {
+      if (isLast && residual === 'lastInterest') {
+        const lastPayment = add(payment, balloon);
+        const lastInterest = subtract(lastPayment, balance);
+        if (lastInterest.minor < 0) {
+          throw new RangeError(
+            "The residual exceeds the last interest; use residual 'lastPayment'",
+          );
+        }
+        pushRow(lastPayment, lastInterest, balance, subtract(balance, balance));
+      } else {
+        pushRow(owed, interestPart, balance, subtract(balance, balance));
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+    const principal = subtract(payment, interestPart);
+    balance = subtract(balance, principal);
+    pushRow(payment, interestPart, principal, balance);
+  }
+  return { payment, rows, totalInterest: sumInterest(rows, currency) };
+}
+
+function sumInterest<C extends string>(rows: readonly AmortisationRow<C>[], currency: C): Money<C> {
+  // the rows share one currency, which the generic C cannot show the type checker
+  const interestColumn = rows.map((row) => row.interest as Money<string>);
+  return sum(interestColumn, currency) as Money<C>;
+}
+
+function finish<C extends string>(rows: AmortisationRow<C>[], currency: C): Amortisation<C> {
+  return { payment: rows[0]!.payment, rows, totalInterest: sumInterest(rows, currency) };
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// NPV and IRR
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** The flows' minor units at one common scale, checked to share a currency. */
+function flowMinors<C extends string>(
+  flows: readonly Money<C>[],
+): { minors: bigint[]; scale: number } {
+  if (flows.length === 0) {
+    throw new RangeError('At least one cash flow is needed');
+  }
+  const first = flows[0]!;
+  let scale = 0;
+  for (const flow of flows) {
+    assertSameCurrency(first, flow);
+    if (flow.scale > scale) {
+      scale = flow.scale;
+    }
+  }
+  const minors = flows.map((flow) => BigInt(flow.minor) * pow10n(scale - flow.scale));
+  return { minors, scale };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Σ flowₜ · bᵗ · q^(n−t) for a rate of (q − b)/b: the NPV times q^n, by Horner's rule. q^n is
+ * positive for a rate above −1, so this has the NPV's sign.
+ */
+function scaledPresentValue(
+  minors: readonly bigint[],
+  growthNumerator: bigint,
+  base: bigint,
+): bigint {
+  let accumulator = minors[0]!;
+  let basePower = 1n;
+  for (let i = 1; i < minors.length; i++) {
+    basePower *= base;
+    accumulator = accumulator * growthNumerator + minors[i]! * basePower;
+  }
+  return accumulator;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The discounted sum of flows at periods 0, 1, 2…, `Σ flowₜ / (1 + rate)ᵗ`, exactly: the textbook
+ * NPV, with the first flow (an initial outlay, say) not discounted. `npvExact` is Excel's form. (Not
+ * Excel's PV, which is an annuity's present value.)
+ */
+export function discountedSumExact<C extends string>(
+  rate: Factor,
+  flows: readonly Money<C>[],
+): ExactMoney<C> {
+  const [numerator, denominator] = discountedValue(rate, flows, false);
+  return new ExactMoney(flows[0]!.currency, numerator, denominator);
+}
+
+/**
+ * The discounted sum of flows at periods 0, 1, 2…, exact and rounded once (to the currency's
+ * exponent with a mode, or to a policy's scale; default 'halfExpand'). The first flow is not
+ * discounted; this is `flows[0] + npv(rate, flows.slice(1))`.
+ *
+ *     discountedSum('0.08', [money('-1000', 'EUR'), money('300', 'EUR'), money('400', 'EUR'),
+ *       money('500', 'EUR')], 'halfEven')   // 17.63 EUR
+ */
+export function discountedSum<C extends string>(
+  rate: Factor,
+  flows: readonly Money<C>[],
+  rounding: RoundingInput = DEFAULT_ROUNDING,
+): Money<C> {
+  const [numerator, denominator] = discountedValue(rate, flows, false);
+  return roundQuotient(flows[0]!.currency, numerator, denominator, rounding);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Excel's NPV, exactly: `Σ flowᵢ / (1 + rate)ⁱ` for i = 1, 2…, so the first flow is at the end of
+ * period 1 and is discounted once. Like Excel, an initial outlay at period 0 goes outside:
+ * `flows[0] + npv(rate, rest)`, or use `discountedSumExact`.
+ */
+export function npvExact<C extends string>(
+  rate: Factor,
+  flows: readonly Money<C>[],
+): ExactMoney<C> {
+  const [numerator, denominator] = discountedValue(rate, flows, true);
+  return new ExactMoney(flows[0]!.currency, numerator, denominator);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Excel's NPV: flows at the ends of periods 1, 2…, exact and rounded once (to the currency's
+ * exponent with a mode, or to a policy's scale; default 'halfExpand'), so it matches Excel to the
+ * cent. Like Excel, an initial outlay at period 0 goes outside: `flows[0] + npv(rate, rest)`, or use
+ * `discountedSum`, which takes flows from period 0.
+ *
+ *     npv('0.1', [money('-10000', 'USD'), money('3000', 'USD'), money('4200', 'USD'),
+ *       money('6800', 'USD')])   // 1188.44 USD, as Excel's NPV(10%, -10000, 3000, 4200, 6800)
+ */
+export function npv<C extends string>(
+  rate: Factor,
+  flows: readonly Money<C>[],
+  rounding: RoundingInput = DEFAULT_ROUNDING,
+): Money<C> {
+  const [numerator, denominator] = discountedValue(rate, flows, true);
+  return roundQuotient(flows[0]!.currency, numerator, denominator, rounding);
+}
+
+/**
+ * The flows' discounted value in major units as an unreduced fraction (denominator positive), the
+ * first flow at period 0, or at period 1 when `fromPeriodOne`.
+ */
+function discountedValue(
+  rate: Factor,
+  flows: readonly Money[],
+  fromPeriodOne: boolean,
+): [bigint, bigint] {
+  const { minors, scale } = flowMinors(flows);
+  const rateRatio = ratio(rate);
+  const growthNumerator = rateRatio.num + rateRatio.den;
+  if (growthNumerator <= 0n) {
+    throw new RangeError(`The rate must be above -1; got ${rate}`);
+  }
+  let numerator = scaledPresentValue(minors, growthNumerator, rateRatio.den);
+  let denominator = growthNumerator ** BigInt(minors.length - 1) * pow10n(scale);
+  if (fromPeriodOne) {
+    // one more period: divide by 1 + rate = growthNumerator / den
+    numerator *= rateRatio.den;
+    denominator *= growthNumerator;
+  }
+  return [numerator, denominator];
+}
+
+/** Options for `irr`. */
+export interface IrrOptions {
+  /** Decimal places of the result (default 10). */
+  readonly digits?: number;
+  /**
+   * Rates the IRR lies between (inclusive), with NPVs of opposite signs at the two ends, taken at
+   * the exact rates given. Needed when the flows change sign more than once, since they can then
+   * have several IRRs; it replaces Excel's `guess`.
+   */
+  readonly bracket?: readonly [Factor, Factor];
+}
+
+/** The result of `irr`: decimal strings with `digits` places. */
+export interface IrrResult {
+  /** The IRR floored to `digits` places: the same as `lower`. */
+  readonly rate: string;
+  /**
+   * The IRR rounded down to `digits` places. Without a bracket, the NPV at `lower` has the
+   * opposite sign to the NPV at `upper`, or is zero.
+   */
+  readonly lower: string;
+  /** `lower` plus 10^−digits. */
+  readonly upper: string;
+}
+
+function signOf(value: bigint): -1 | 0 | 1 {
+  if (value > 0n) {
+    return 1;
+  }
+  if (value < 0n) {
+    return -1;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/** Sign changes in the flows, zeros skipped, and the sign of the first non-zero flow. */
+function signChanges(minors: readonly bigint[]): { changes: number; firstSign: -1 | 0 | 1 } {
+  let changes = 0;
+  let firstSign: -1 | 0 | 1 = 0;
+  let previous: -1 | 0 | 1 = 0;
+  for (const minor of minors) {
+    const sign = signOf(minor);
+    if (sign === 0) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (firstSign === 0) {
+      firstSign = sign;
+    }
+    if (previous !== 0 && sign !== previous) {
+      changes++;
+    }
+    previous = sign;
+  }
+  return { changes, firstSign };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Excel's IRR, exactly: the rate at which the NPV of flows at periods 0, 1, 2… (the first value
+ * undiscounted, as in Excel's IRR) is zero. The rate is exact to `digits` decimal places (default
+ * 10), floored: `rate` is `lower`, the IRR rounded down, and the IRR lies between `lower` and
+ * `upper`, 10^−digits apart. It is a polynomial root, irrational in general, so it is found by
+ * bisection in exact integer arithmetic on the grid of `digits`-place decimals, with no floats and
+ * no Newton steps; each step checks the NPV's sign alone, by Horner's rule on integers.
+ *
+ * Where Excel guesses, this throws a RangeError. The flows never change sign: there is no IRR
+ * (Excel returns #NUM!). They change sign more than once: there can be several IRRs, and Excel
+ * returns whichever its Newton iteration from `guess` finds; here a `bracket`, which replaces
+ * `guess`, must select one, and the IRR returned is one inside it. The IRR is within 10^−digits of
+ * −1, where the NPV is undefined: ask for more digits.
+ *
+ *     irr([money('-1000', 'EUR'), money('300', 'EUR'), money('400', 'EUR'), money('500', 'EUR')],
+ *       { digits: 8 })   // { rate: '0.08896339', lower: '0.08896339', upper: '0.08896340' }
+ */
+export function irr(flows: readonly Money[], options?: IrrOptions): IrrResult {
+  const digits = options?.digits ?? 10;
+  if (!(Number.isInteger(digits) && digits >= 0 && digits <= 100)) {
+    invalid('digits', digits);
+  }
+  const { minors } = flowMinors(flows);
+  const { changes, firstSign } = signChanges(minors);
+  const bracket = options?.bracket;
+  if (changes === 0) {
+    throw new RangeError('The cash flows never change sign, so they have no IRR');
+  }
+  if (changes > 1 && bracket === undefined) {
+    throw new RangeError(
+      `The cash flows change sign ${changes} times, so they can have several IRRs; pass a bracket`,
+    );
+  }
+
+  // A rate of m / 10^digits: its growth factor's numerator is 10^digits + m over 10^digits.
+  const unit = pow10n(digits);
+  const signAt = (grid: bigint): -1 | 0 | 1 =>
+    signOf(scaledPresentValue(minors, unit + grid, unit));
+  const result = (grid: bigint): IrrResult => {
+    // the NPV is undefined at -1, so a lower end there is no answer
+    if (grid <= -unit) {
+      throw new RangeError(`The IRR is within 10^-${digits} of -1; ask for more digits`);
+    }
+    const lower = formatScaled(grid, digits);
+    return { rate: lower, lower, upper: formatScaled(grid + 1n, digits) };
+  };
+
+  let low: bigint;
+  let high: bigint;
+  let lowSign: -1 | 0 | 1;
+  if (bracket !== undefined) {
+    const bracketed = bracketToGrid(bracket, minors, unit, signAt);
+    if (typeof bracketed === 'bigint') {
+      return result(bracketed);
+    }
+    [low, high, lowSign] = bracketed;
+  } else {
+    // One sign change: exactly one IRR above −1 (Descartes' rule in 1/(1 + rate)). The NPV has the
+    // first flow's sign for large rates and the last flow's sign near −1.
+    const zeroSign = signAt(0n);
+    if (zeroSign === 0) {
+      return result(0n);
+    }
+    if (zeroSign === firstSign) {
+      // the IRR is negative: between −1 (excluded, where the NPV has the last flow's sign) and 0
+      low = -unit;
+      high = 0n;
+      lowSign = -firstSign as -1 | 1;
+    } else {
+      // the IRR is positive: double the upper end until the NPV takes the first flow's sign
+      low = 0n;
+      high = unit;
+      lowSign = zeroSign;
+      for (;;) {
+        const highSign = signAt(high);
+        if (highSign === 0) {
+          return result(high);
+        }
+        if (highSign !== lowSign) {
+          break;
+        }
+        low = high;
+        high *= 2n;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Bisection on the grid: the bracket's ends stay `digits`-place decimals, so the integers stay
+  // bounded by the digits asked for, and each step halves the bracket.
+  while (high - low > 1n) {
+    const middle = (low + high) / 2n;
+    const middleSign = signAt(middle);
+    if (middleSign === 0) {
+      return result(middle);
+    }
+    if (middleSign === lowSign) {
+      low = middle;
+    } else {
+      high = middle;
+    }
+  }
+  return result(low);
+}
+
+/**
+ * The caller's bracket narrowed to the grid of `unit`ths: the NPV's signs are taken at the exact
+ * bracket ends first, so the root found is one inside the bracket. Returns the grid point at or
+ * below the root when the root is already pinned to one grid step, else the grid bracket to bisect
+ * and the sign at its lower end.
+ */
+function bracketToGrid(
+  bracket: readonly [Factor, Factor],
+  minors: readonly bigint[],
+  unit: bigint,
+  signAt: (grid: bigint) => -1 | 0 | 1,
+): bigint | [bigint, bigint, -1 | 1] {
+  const lowRate = ratio(bracket[0]);
+  const highRate = ratio(bracket[1]);
+  if (!(lowRate.num * highRate.den < highRate.num * lowRate.den)) {
+    throw new RangeError('The bracket must be two increasing rates');
+  }
+  if (lowRate.num + lowRate.den <= 0n) {
+    throw new RangeError('The bracket must be above -1');
+  }
+  const signAtRate = (rate: Ratio) =>
+    signOf(scaledPresentValue(minors, rate.num + rate.den, rate.den));
+  const lowSign = signAtRate(lowRate);
+  const highSign = signAtRate(highRate);
+  // an end that is itself a root: the grid point at or below it
+  if (lowSign === 0) {
+    return floorDivide(lowRate.num * unit, lowRate.den);
+  }
+  if (highSign === 0) {
+    return floorDivide(highRate.num * unit, highRate.den);
+  }
+  if (lowSign === highSign) {
+    throw new RangeError('The NPV has the same sign at both ends of the bracket');
+  }
+
+  // the grid points inside the bracket
+  const gridLow = -floorDivide(-lowRate.num * unit, lowRate.den);
+  const gridHigh = floorDivide(highRate.num * unit, highRate.den);
+  if (gridLow > gridHigh) {
+    // no grid point inside: the root is between the two around the bracket
+    return gridHigh;
+  }
+  const gridLowSign = signAt(gridLow);
+  if (gridLowSign === 0) {
+    return gridLow;
+  }
+  if (gridLowSign !== lowSign) {
+    // the sign changes between the bracket's low end and the first grid point
+    return gridLow - 1n;
+  }
+  const gridHighSign = gridHigh === gridLow ? gridLowSign : signAt(gridHigh);
+  if (gridHighSign === 0) {
+    return gridHigh;
+  }
+  if (gridHighSign === lowSign) {
+    // the sign changes between the last grid point and the bracket's high end
+    return gridHigh;
+  }
+  return [gridLow, gridHigh, lowSign];
+}
+
+function floorDivide(dividend: bigint, divisor: bigint): bigint {
+  const quotient = dividend / divisor;
+  // bigint division truncates; step down when a negative quotient left a remainder
+  return dividend % divisor !== 0n && dividend < 0n !== divisor < 0n ? quotient - 1n : quotient;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Proration
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * A point in time for proration: a calendar date (midnight UTC), or with `unit: 'second'`, an ISO
+ * date-time in UTC ('2026-03-11T09:30:00Z') or a Unix time in whole seconds.
+ */
+export type ProrationInstant = CalendarDate | number;
+
+/** A span of time, `end` exclusive. */
+export interface ProrationPeriod {
+  readonly start: ProrationInstant;
+  readonly end: ProrationInstant;
+}
+
+/** What proration counts: whole days (the default) or seconds. */
+export type ProrationUnit = 'day' | 'second';
+
+/** Options for `prorate`. */
+export interface ProrateOptions {
+  /** The billing period the price is for. */
+  readonly period: ProrationPeriod;
+  /** The part of it being charged or credited; inside `period`. */
+  readonly used: ProrationPeriod;
+  /** Count days (the default) or seconds. */
+  readonly unit?: ProrationUnit;
+}
+
+/** Options for `splitPeriod`. */
+export interface SplitPeriodOptions {
+  /** The billing period the price is for. */
+  readonly period: ProrationPeriod;
+  /** The change points, in increasing order, strictly inside the period. */
+  readonly at: readonly ProrationInstant[];
+  /** Count days (the default) or seconds. */
+  readonly unit?: ProrationUnit;
+  /** Where indivisible minor units go (default 'largest', as in `allocate`). */
+  readonly remainder?: Remainder;
+}
+
+const DATE_TIME_RE = /^(\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2})T(\d{2}):(\d{2}):(\d{2})Z$/;
+
+/** The instant as a count of `unit`s since 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z. */
+function instantCount(instant: ProrationInstant, unit: ProrationUnit): number {
+  if (unit !== 'day' && unit !== 'second') {
+    invalid('unit', unit);
+  }
+  if (typeof instant === 'number') {
+    if (unit !== 'second' || !Number.isSafeInteger(instant)) {
+      throw new RangeError(`Unix time ${instant} needs whole seconds and unit 'second'`);
+    }
+    return instant;
+  }
+  if (typeof instant === 'string' && instant.length > 10) {
+    const match = DATE_TIME_RE.exec(instant);
+    if (unit !== 'second' || match === null) {
+      throw new RangeError(`Invalid instant "${instant}" (YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ, unit 'second')`);
+    }
+    const hours = Number(match[2]);
+    const minutes = Number(match[3]);
+    const seconds = Number(match[4]);
+    if (hours > 23 || minutes > 59 || seconds > 59) {
+      throw new RangeError(`Invalid instant "${instant}"`);
+    }
+    return dayNumber(dateFields(match[1]!)) * 86_400 + hours * 3600 + minutes * 60 + seconds;
+  }
+  const days = dayNumber(dateFields(instant));
+  return unit === 'day' ? days : days * 86_400;
+}
+
+function spanOf(period: ProrationPeriod, unit: ProrationUnit): { start: number; end: number } {
+  const start = instantCount(period.start, unit);
+  const end = instantCount(period.end, unit);
+  if (!(end > start)) {
+    throw new RangeError('A period must end after it starts');
+  }
+  return { start, end };
+}
+
+/**
+ * The part of `price` for the `used` part of a billing `period`: `price × used / period`, counted in
+ * days (or seconds), exact and rounded once (to the currency's exponent with a mode, or to a
+ * policy's scale; default 'halfExpand'). Periods are end-exclusive.
+ *
+ *     prorate(money('30', 'EUR'), {
+ *       period: { start: '2026-03-01', end: '2026-04-01' },
+ *       used: { start: '2026-03-11', end: '2026-04-01' },
+ *     }, 'halfEven')   // 20.32 EUR (21 of 31 days)
+ */
+export function prorate<C extends string>(
+  price: Money<C>,
+  options: ProrateOptions,
+  rounding: RoundingInput = DEFAULT_ROUNDING,
+): Money<C> {
+  const unit = options.unit ?? 'day';
+  const period = spanOf(options.period, unit);
+  const usedStart = instantCount(options.used.start, unit);
+  const usedEnd = instantCount(options.used.end, unit);
+  if (!(usedStart >= period.start && usedEnd <= period.end && usedEnd >= usedStart)) {
+    throw new RangeError('The used part must lie inside the period');
+  }
+  const fraction = ratio(BigInt(usedEnd - usedStart), BigInt(period.end - period.start));
+  return multiplyAndRound(price, fraction, rounding);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Splits one period's price at change points (plan changes), in proportion to the days (or seconds)
+ * in each piece, through `allocate`, so the pieces always sum exactly to the price.
+ *
+ *     splitPeriod(money('30', 'EUR'), {
+ *       period: { start: '2026-03-01', end: '2026-04-01' },
+ *       at: ['2026-03-11', '2026-03-20'],
+ *     })   // [9.68 EUR, 8.71 EUR, 11.61 EUR]
+ */
+export function splitPeriod<C extends string>(
+  price: Money<C>,
+  options: SplitPeriodOptions,
+): Money<C>[] {
+  const unit = options.unit ?? 'day';
+  const period = spanOf(options.period, unit);
+  const weights: number[] = [];
+  let previous = period.start;
+  for (const point of options.at) {
+    const count = instantCount(point, unit);
+    if (!(count > previous && count < period.end)) {
+      throw new RangeError('Change points must increase and lie strictly inside the period');
+    }
+    weights.push(count - previous);
+    previous = count;
+  }
+  weights.push(period.end - previous);
+  return allocate(price, weights, { remainder: options.remainder ?? 'largest' });
+}