@driftengine/drft 4.4.2 → 4.6.0

package/src/drftRead.ts

@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@ import {
   ATTR_SPECULAR,
   ATTR_UVS,
   ATTR_WEIGHTS,
+  ATTR_LAYERS,
+  ATTR_CHANNEL,
   CHUNK_ENTRY_BYTES,
   CHUNK_HEAD,
   CHUNK_LODM,
@@ -55,8 +57,12 @@ import {
   CHUNK_ANIM,
   CHUNK_NODE,
   CHUNK_INST,
+  CHUNK_REGN,
+  CHUNK_LVOL,
   CHUNK_LITE,
   CHUNK_MSHQ,
+  CHUNK_KITS,
+  CHUNK_MSHC,
   CHUNK_SKIN,
   CHUNK_MORP,
   CHUNK_NNET,
@@ -74,6 +80,13 @@ import { type NavPolyMesh, readNavm } from './navm.ts';
 import { type DrftNetwork, type DrftNnet, readNnet } from './nnet.ts';
 import { type DrftGraph, readNgrf } from './ngrf.ts';
 import { readColliders } from './drftColliders.ts';
+import { RegionLedger, readRegion } from './drftRegions.ts';
+import { expandAssembly } from './assemble.ts';
+import { checkCopies, readAssembly, readKit } from './drftAssembly.ts';
+import type { DrftAssembly } from './drftAssembly.ts';
+import { readLightVolume } from './drftLightVolume.ts';
+import type { DrftLightVolume } from './drftLightVolume.ts';
+import type { DrftRegion } from './drftRegions.ts';
 import { readInstances } from './drftInstances.ts';
 import type { DrftInstanceGroup } from './drftInstances.ts';
 import { readLights } from './drftLights.ts';
@@ -208,6 +221,24 @@ export interface DrftAsset {
    * ```
    */
   readonly colliders: readonly Float32Array[];
+  /**
+   * The regions of a streamed world, in the order they were written, or empty. `REGN`, defined at
+   * 1.21: each names the meshes it draws at every level, its props, occluders and collision.
+   */
+  readonly regions: readonly DrftRegion[];
+  /** A world's summed lights, or null for a file carrying no `LVOL`. Defined at 1.22. */
+  readonly lightVolume: DrftLightVolume | null;
+  /**
+   * The meshes that are kit pieces, ascending, or empty. `KITS`, defined at 1.23. A piece is in
+   * `meshes` like any other, and is drawn only as copies inside the assemblies.
+   */
+  readonly kit: readonly number[];
+  /**
+   * Each `MSHC` mesh as the file carried it, by ordinal, or empty. Its slot in `meshes` holds it
+   * expanded — which for a world built from a kit is most of a gigabyte, so a consumer of such a
+   * file streams it (`DrftStream.onAssembly`) rather than reading it whole.
+   */
+  readonly assemblies: ReadonlyMap<number, DrftAssembly>;
   /** Optional chunks this reader did not understand, in file order. Diagnostics only. */
   readonly skipped: readonly string[];
   readonly versionMajor: number;
@@ -290,6 +321,10 @@ export function readMesh(buffer: ArrayBuffer, chunk: DrftChunk): MeshData {
      writer set only one bit is rejected rather than half-skinned. See ATTR_JOINTS. */
   const joints = (attributes & ATTR_JOINTS) !== 0 ? floats(vertices * 4, 'joints') : undefined;
   const weights = (attributes & ATTR_WEIGHTS) !== 0 ? floats(vertices * 4, 'weights') : undefined;
+  /* Texture-array layers, 1.20, one float a vertex and last. See ATTR_LAYERS. */
+  const layers = (attributes & ATTR_LAYERS) !== 0 ? floats(vertices, 'layers') : undefined;
+  /* Sway, sky and opacity, 1.23, four floats a vertex and last. See ATTR_CHANNEL. */
+  const channel = (attributes & ATTR_CHANNEL) !== 0 ? floats(vertices * 4, 'channel') : undefined;
 
   const indexBytes = indexCount * 4;
   if (at + indexBytes > limit) {
@@ -312,6 +347,8 @@ export function readMesh(buffer: ArrayBuffer, chunk: DrftChunk): MeshData {
     ...(tangents === undefined ? {} : { tangents }),
     ...(joints === undefined ? {} : { joints }),
     ...(weights === undefined ? {} : { weights }),
+    ...(layers === undefined ? {} : { layers }),
+    ...(channel === undefined ? {} : { channel }),
   };
 
   /*
@@ -324,6 +361,15 @@ export function readMesh(buffer: ArrayBuffer, chunk: DrftChunk): MeshData {
 }
 
 /** Decode a `.drft` from a buffer. Throws `DrftError` on anything it cannot read. */
+/** A slot held for an assembly until its pieces are in hand. Never returned. */
+const EMPTY_MESH: MeshData = {
+  positions: new Float32Array(0),
+  normals: new Float32Array(0),
+  colors: new Float32Array(0),
+  emissive: new Float32Array(0),
+  indices: new Uint32Array(0),
+};
+
 export function readDrft(buffer: ArrayBuffer): DrftAsset {
   if (buffer.byteLength < HEADER_BYTES) {
     throw new DrftError(`a file is at least ${HEADER_BYTES} bytes, got ${buffer.byteLength}`);
@@ -382,6 +428,10 @@ export function readDrft(buffer: ArrayBuffer): DrftAsset {
   let colliders: readonly Float32Array[] = [];
   /* Read once every mesh is counted, because a group is checked against the mesh count. */
   let instanceChunk: { offset: number; byteLength: number } | null = null;
+  const regionChunks: { offset: number; byteLength: number }[] = [];
+  let lightVolume: DrftLightVolume | null = null;
+  let kitChunk: { offset: number; byteLength: number } | null = null;
+  const assemblies = new Map<number, DrftAssembly>();
   let lights: DrftLight[] = [];
   const skipped: string[] = [];
   let head: DrftHead | null = null;
@@ -427,6 +477,11 @@ export function readDrft(buffer: ArrayBuffer): DrftAsset {
     /* A mesh like any other, in the same ordinal sequence: see `drftQuantised.ts`. */
     else if (chunk.code === CHUNK_MSHQ)
       meshes.push(decodeQuantisedMesh(buffer, chunk.offset, chunk.byteLength));
+    else if (chunk.code === CHUNK_MSHC) {
+      /* Its slot held, and filled once every piece is in hand. */
+      assemblies.set(meshes.length, readAssembly(buffer, chunk.offset, chunk.byteLength));
+      meshes.push(EMPTY_MESH);
+    } else if (chunk.code === CHUNK_KITS) kitChunk = chunk;
     /* A level of detail is a mesh payload under another code, so it takes the same reader. */
     else if (chunk.code === CHUNK_LODM)
       levels.push({ level: chunk.index, mesh: readMesh(buffer, chunk) });
@@ -443,6 +498,10 @@ export function readDrft(buffer: ArrayBuffer): DrftAsset {
     else if (chunk.code === CHUNK_ENTS) entities = readEnts(buffer, chunk.offset, chunk.byteLength);
     else if (chunk.code === CHUNK_NODE) nodes = readNodes(buffer, chunk.offset, chunk.byteLength);
     else if (chunk.code === CHUNK_INST) instanceChunk = chunk;
+    /* Read once every mesh is counted, since a region names meshes that follow it. */
+    else if (chunk.code === CHUNK_REGN) regionChunks.push(chunk);
+    else if (chunk.code === CHUNK_LVOL)
+      lightVolume = readLightVolume(buffer, chunk.offset, chunk.byteLength);
     else if (chunk.code === CHUNK_LITE) lights = readLights(buffer, chunk.offset, chunk.byteLength);
     else if (chunk.code === CHUNK_SKIN)
       skins.push(readSkin(buffer, chunk.offset, chunk.byteLength));
@@ -530,6 +589,39 @@ export function readDrft(buffer: ArrayBuffer): DrftAsset {
     };
   }
 
+  const kit =
+    kitChunk === null ? [] : readKit(buffer, kitChunk.offset, kitChunk.byteLength, meshes.length);
+  const pieces = new Set(kit);
+  for (const o of kit) {
+    if (assemblies.has(o)) throw new DrftError(`mesh ${o} is a kit piece and an assembly`);
+  }
+  for (const [ordinal, assembly] of assemblies) {
+    checkCopies(assembly, ordinal, pieces, (o) => meshes[o]);
+    meshes[ordinal] = expandAssembly(assembly, (o) => meshes[o] as MeshData);
+  }
+
+  const ledger = new RegionLedger();
+  const regions = regionChunks.map((chunk) => {
+    const region = readRegion(buffer, chunk.offset, chunk.byteLength, meshes.length);
+    ledger.admit(region);
+    return region;
+  });
+  const instances =
+    instanceChunk === null
+      ? []
+      : readInstances(buffer, instanceChunk.offset, instanceChunk.byteLength, meshes.length);
+  /* A mesh placed by `INST` across the whole file and also a region's would be drawn twice. */
+  for (const group of instances) {
+    if (ledger.names(group.mesh)) {
+      throw new DrftError(`mesh ${group.mesh} is placed by INST and is also a region's`);
+    }
+    if (pieces.has(group.mesh))
+      throw new DrftError(`mesh ${group.mesh} is a kit piece and is placed by INST`);
+  }
+  for (const o of kit) {
+    if (ledger.names(o)) throw new DrftError(`mesh ${o} is a kit piece and a region's`);
+  }
+
   /* By the ordinal the file gave them rather than by where they sat, coarsest first. */
   levels.sort((a, b) => a.level - b.level);
   const lods = levels.map((entry) => entry.mesh);
@@ -540,10 +632,7 @@ export function readDrft(buffer: ArrayBuffer): DrftAsset {
     lods,
     levels: discreteLevels,
     nodes,
-    instances:
-      instanceChunk === null
-        ? []
-        : readInstances(buffer, instanceChunk.offset, instanceChunk.byteLength, meshes.length),
+    instances,
     lights,
     skins,
     clips,
@@ -554,6 +643,10 @@ export function readDrft(buffer: ArrayBuffer): DrftAsset {
     networks: nnet?.networks ?? [],
     graphs,
     colliders,
+    regions,
+    lightVolume,
+    kit,
+    assemblies,
     dtex,
     navigation,
     entities,
@@ -758,6 +851,16 @@ export function readMaterials(buffer: ArrayBuffer, chunk: DrftChunk): DrftMateri
       blend: has(76, 4) ? (view.getUint32(at + 76, true) & 1) !== 0 : false,
       /* One-sided unless it says otherwise, which is how every file before the bit was drawn. */
       doubleSided: has(76, 4) ? (view.getUint32(at + 76, true) & 2) !== 0 : false,
+      /* Not glass, which is what every file before 1.19 meant. */
+      transmission: has(80, 4) ? view.getFloat32(at + 80, true) : 0,
+      frost: has(84, 4) ? view.getFloat32(at + 84, true) : 0,
+      tint: has(88, 12)
+        ? [
+            view.getFloat32(at + 88, true),
+            view.getFloat32(at + 92, true),
+            view.getFloat32(at + 96, true),
+          ]
+        : [1, 1, 1],
     });
   }
   return out;

package/src/drftRegions.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,350 @@
+/**
+ * `REGN`: one region of a streamed world — its geometry at every level of detail, its prop
+ * batches, its occluders and its collision — as one chunk, written just ahead of its meshes.
+ *
+ * **Required, because a reader that skipped it would draw every level of every region at once.**
+ * A region's levels are ordinary meshes, so an old reader would open a city as each district drawn
+ * three times over itself, and every prop it places as one copy at the origin — the `INST`
+ * argument. A refusal naming `REGN` is the honest answer. What that gives up is opening such a file
+ * at all in a reader before 1.21.
+ *
+ * **Levels are meshes named by ordinal, finest first, each with a geometric error**: how far, in
+ * metres, that level's surface may stand from the real one. The runtime turns an error into a
+ * switch distance against its own screen, which a file cannot know. A mesh belongs to at most one
+ * region's levels. An instance group's prototype may be shared by any number of regions — a lamp
+ * post is one mesh however many districts stand it — but is never also a level mesh.
+ *
+ * Layout, little-endian:
+ * - u32 id, then f32 × 6 bounds (min xyz, max xyz);
+ * - u32 level count, then per level: f32 error, u32 mesh count, that many u32 mesh ordinals;
+ * - u32 group count, then per group: u32 mesh ordinal, u32 copies, that many 16-float matrices;
+ * - u32 occluder count, then f32 × 6 a box (min xyz, max xyz);
+ * - u32 vertex count, u32 index count, f32 × 3 a vertex, u32 an index: the region's collision.
+ */
+import { DrftError, align } from './drftFormat.ts';
+import type { DrftInstanceGroup } from './drftInstances.ts';
+
+export interface DrftRegionLevel {
+  /** How far, in metres, this level's surface may stand from the real one. 0 for exact. */
+  readonly error: number;
+  /** The ordinals of the meshes this level draws. */
+  readonly meshes: readonly number[];
+}
+
+export interface DrftRegionCollision {
+  readonly positions: Float32Array;
+  readonly indices: Uint32Array;
+}
+
+export interface DrftRegion {
+  readonly id: number;
+  /** Everything the region holds, min xyz then max xyz. */
+  readonly bounds: ArrayLike<number>;
+  /** Finest first; at least one. */
+  readonly levels: readonly DrftRegionLevel[];
+  /** Its props, drawn at its finest level. */
+  readonly instances: readonly DrftInstanceGroup[];
+  /** Boxes that hide what stands behind them, six floats each. */
+  readonly occluders: Float32Array;
+  /** One triangle mesh the region collides as, or null. */
+  readonly collision: DrftRegionCollision | null;
+}
+
+/** The most levels a region may carry; the runtime keeps one value of a byte for "none". */
+export const REGION_MAX_LEVELS = 254;
+
+export function buildRegion(region: DrftRegion): Uint8Array {
+  checkRegion(region, Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY);
+  let bytes = 4 + 24 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 8;
+  for (const level of region.levels) bytes += 8 + level.meshes.length * 4;
+  for (const group of region.instances) bytes += 8 + group.transforms.length * 4;
+  bytes += region.occluders.length * 4;
+  const vertices = region.collision?.positions.length ?? 0;
+  const indices = region.collision?.indices.length ?? 0;
+  bytes += vertices * 4 + indices * 4;
+  const out = new Uint8Array(align(bytes));
+  const view = new DataView(out.buffer);
+  let at = 0;
+  const u32 = (value: number): void => {
+    view.setUint32(at, value, true);
+    at += 4;
+  };
+  const f32 = (value: number): void => {
+    view.setFloat32(at, value, true);
+    at += 4;
+  };
+  u32(region.id);
+  for (let i = 0; i < 6; i++) f32(region.bounds[i] as number);
+  u32(region.levels.length);
+  for (const level of region.levels) {
+    f32(level.error);
+    u32(level.meshes.length);
+    for (const mesh of level.meshes) u32(mesh);
+  }
+  u32(region.instances.length);
+  for (const group of region.instances) {
+    u32(group.mesh);
+    u32(group.transforms.length / 16);
+    for (let i = 0; i < group.transforms.length; i++) f32(group.transforms[i] as number);
+  }
+  u32(region.occluders.length / 6);
+  for (let i = 0; i < region.occluders.length; i++) f32(region.occluders[i] as number);
+  u32(vertices / 3);
+  u32(indices);
+  for (let i = 0; i < vertices; i++) f32(region.collision?.positions[i] as number);
+  for (let i = 0; i < indices; i++) u32(region.collision?.indices[i] as number);
+  /* The one check the builder owns: it wrote exactly what it measured. */
+  if (at !== bytes) throw new DrftError(`internal: REGN wrote ${at} of ${bytes} bytes`);
+  return out;
+}
+
+/** One `REGN` payload, checked on its own against the file's mesh count. */
+export function readRegion(
+  buffer: ArrayBufferLike,
+  offset: number,
+  byteLength: number,
+  meshCount: number,
+): DrftRegion {
+  const view = new DataView(buffer, offset, byteLength);
+  let at = 0;
+  const need = (bytes: number, what: string): void => {
+    if (at + bytes > byteLength) throw new DrftError(`REGN ends inside ${what}`);
+  };
+  const u32 = (): number => {
+    const value = view.getUint32(at, true);
+    at += 4;
+    return value;
+  };
+  const floats = (count: number): Float32Array => {
+    const out = new Float32Array(count);
+    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) out[i] = view.getFloat32(at + i * 4, true);
+    at += count * 4;
+    return out;
+  };
+  need(32, 'its header');
+  const id = u32();
+  const bounds = floats(6);
+  const levelCount = u32();
+  const levels: DrftRegionLevel[] = [];
+  for (let l = 0; l < levelCount; l++) {
+    need(8, `region ${id}'s level ${l}`);
+    const error = view.getFloat32(at, true);
+    at += 4;
+    const count = u32();
+    need(count * 4, `region ${id}'s level ${l}`);
+    const meshes: number[] = [];
+    for (let m = 0; m < count; m++) meshes.push(u32());
+    levels.push({ error, meshes });
+  }
+  need(4, `region ${id}'s groups`);
+  const groupCount = u32();
+  const instances: DrftInstanceGroup[] = [];
+  for (let g = 0; g < groupCount; g++) {
+    need(8, `region ${id}'s group ${g}`);
+    const mesh = u32();
+    const copies = u32();
+    need(copies * 64, `region ${id}'s group ${g}`);
+    instances.push({ mesh, transforms: floats(copies * 16) });
+  }
+  need(4, `region ${id}'s occluders`);
+  const occluderCount = u32();
+  need(occluderCount * 24, `region ${id}'s occluders`);
+  const occluders = floats(occluderCount * 6);
+  need(8, `region ${id}'s collision`);
+  const vertices = u32();
+  const indexCount = u32();
+  need(vertices * 12 + indexCount * 4, `region ${id}'s collision`);
+  const positions = floats(vertices * 3);
+  const indices = new Uint32Array(indexCount);
+  for (let i = 0; i < indexCount; i++) indices[i] = u32();
+  const region: DrftRegion = {
+    id,
+    bounds,
+    levels,
+    instances,
+    occluders,
+    collision: vertices === 0 && indexCount === 0 ? null : { positions, indices },
+  };
+  checkRegion(region, meshCount);
+  return region;
+}
+
+/** What one region must be on its own, whoever is asking. */
+function checkRegion(region: DrftRegion, meshCount: number): void {
+  const name = `region ${region.id}`;
+  const b = region.bounds;
+  for (let axis = 0; axis < 3; axis++) {
+    if (!((b[axis] as number) <= (b[axis + 3] as number))) {
+      throw new DrftError(`${name}'s bounds are inside out on axis ${axis}`);
+    }
+  }
+  if (region.levels.length < 1 || region.levels.length > REGION_MAX_LEVELS) {
+    throw new DrftError(
+      `${name} has ${region.levels.length} levels; 1 to ${REGION_MAX_LEVELS} are allowed`,
+    );
+  }
+  let previous = 0;
+  for (let l = 0; l < region.levels.length; l++) {
+    const level = region.levels[l] as DrftRegionLevel;
+    if (!(level.error >= previous) || !Number.isFinite(level.error)) {
+      throw new DrftError(
+        `${name}'s level ${l} has error ${level.error}, finer than the one before`,
+      );
+    }
+    previous = level.error;
+    for (const mesh of level.meshes) {
+      if (mesh >= meshCount) {
+        throw new DrftError(`${name} draws mesh ${mesh}, and the file carries ${meshCount}`);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  const grouped = new Set<number>();
+  for (const group of region.instances) {
+    if (group.mesh >= meshCount) {
+      throw new DrftError(`${name} places mesh ${group.mesh}, and the file carries ${meshCount}`);
+    }
+    if (group.transforms.length === 0 || group.transforms.length % 16 !== 0) {
+      throw new DrftError(`${name}'s group for mesh ${group.mesh} is not whole matrices`);
+    }
+    if (grouped.has(group.mesh)) throw new DrftError(`${name} groups mesh ${group.mesh} twice`);
+    grouped.add(group.mesh);
+  }
+  if (region.occluders.length % 6 !== 0) {
+    throw new DrftError(`${name}'s occluders are not whole boxes`);
+  }
+  const collision = region.collision;
+  if (collision !== null) {
+    const vertices = collision.positions.length / 3;
+    if (collision.positions.length % 3 !== 0 || collision.indices.length % 3 !== 0) {
+      throw new DrftError(`${name}'s collision is not whole vertices and triangles`);
+    }
+    for (let i = 0; i < collision.indices.length; i++) {
+      if ((collision.indices[i] as number) >= vertices) {
+        throw new DrftError(
+          `${name}'s collision names vertex ${collision.indices[i]} of ${vertices}`,
+        );
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * What regions must be to each other: an id once, a level mesh in one region's one level, and a
+ * group's prototype never also a level mesh. Kept across chunks by the writer, the whole-file reader
+ * and the stream alike, so a file one of them refuses the others refuse too.
+ */
+export class RegionLedger {
+  private readonly ids = new Set<number>();
+  private readonly levelMeshes = new Set<number>();
+  private readonly prototypes = new Set<number>();
+
+  admit(region: DrftRegion): void {
+    if (this.ids.has(region.id)) throw new DrftError(`region ${region.id} appears twice`);
+    this.ids.add(region.id);
+    for (const level of region.levels) {
+      for (const mesh of level.meshes) {
+        if (this.levelMeshes.has(mesh) || this.prototypes.has(mesh)) {
+          throw new DrftError(
+            `mesh ${mesh} is region ${region.id}'s and something else's; a level mesh belongs to one region's one level`,
+          );
+        }
+        this.levelMeshes.add(mesh);
+      }
+    }
+    for (const group of region.instances) {
+      if (this.levelMeshes.has(group.mesh)) {
+        throw new DrftError(
+          `mesh ${group.mesh} is both a level mesh and a prop region ${region.id} places`,
+        );
+      }
+      this.prototypes.add(group.mesh);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Whether a mesh is any region's, as a level or a prop. */
+  names(mesh: number): boolean {
+    return this.levelMeshes.has(mesh) || this.prototypes.has(mesh);
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Where each region's chunk goes among the meshes: `before[m]` is the regions written just ahead of
+ * mesh `m`, and `before[meshCount]` those after the last. A streaming reader then always has a
+ * region before the meshes it introduces.
+ *
+ * The meshes no region introduces come first, then each region's new meshes, in the order the
+ * regions are given and ascending. **A region introduces the kit pieces its assemblies copy, where
+ * no earlier region did** (`piecesOf` names them), so a piece travels with the first region that
+ * needs it rather than at the head of the file: a world's kit is most of its bytes, and a walker's
+ * first regions need a sliver of it. A piece ahead of the first mesh any region names is the
+ * file's own, as every piece was before a region could carry one, so either layout is valid. That
+ * a piece comes ahead of every assembly copying it is the kit's own rule (`checkCopies`). Anything
+ * else is refused by name rather than reordered, because the ordinals are what the regions and the
+ * materials already point at.
+ */
+export function planRegions(
+  regions: readonly DrftRegion[],
+  meshCount: number,
+  piecesOf: (mesh: number) => ArrayLike<number> | undefined = () => undefined,
+): DrftRegion[][] {
+  const ledger = new RegionLedger();
+  for (const region of regions) {
+    checkRegion(region, meshCount);
+    ledger.admit(region);
+  }
+  /* What each region introduces: its levels' meshes and its props, then the pieces its level
+     meshes copy that nobody introduced before it — those past the first mesh any region names;
+     a piece ahead of it is the file's own, written first as every piece once was. */
+  let firstNamed = meshCount;
+  for (let m = 0; m < meshCount; m++) {
+    if (ledger.names(m)) {
+      firstNamed = m;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  const introduced = new Set<number>();
+  const fresh = regions.map((region) => {
+    const out: number[] = [];
+    const take = (mesh: number): void => {
+      if (introduced.has(mesh)) return;
+      introduced.add(mesh);
+      out.push(mesh);
+    };
+    for (const level of region.levels) for (const mesh of level.meshes) take(mesh);
+    for (const group of region.instances) take(group.mesh);
+    for (const level of region.levels) {
+      for (const mesh of level.meshes) {
+        const pieces = piecesOf(mesh);
+        for (let i = 0; i < (pieces?.length ?? 0); i++) {
+          const piece = pieces?.[i] as number;
+          if (piece > firstNamed && !ledger.names(piece)) take(piece);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return out.sort((a, b) => a - b);
+  });
+  let next = meshCount - introduced.size;
+  for (let m = 0; m < next; m++) {
+    if (introduced.has(m)) {
+      throw new DrftError(
+        `mesh ${m} is a region's and comes before mesh ${next - 1}, which no region names; ` +
+          'a file with regions writes the meshes no region names first',
+      );
+    }
+  }
+  const before: DrftRegion[][] = [];
+  for (let m = 0; m <= meshCount; m++) before.push([]);
+  regions.forEach((region, r) => {
+    (before[next] as DrftRegion[]).push(region);
+    for (const mesh of fresh[r] as number[]) {
+      if (mesh !== next) {
+        throw new DrftError(
+          `region ${region.id} introduces mesh ${mesh} where mesh ${next} is next; ` +
+            "write each region's new meshes in the order the regions are written",
+        );
+      }
+      next++;
+    }
+  });
+  return before;
+}