@driftengine/core 4.8.6 → 4.8.7

package/src/render/backend/webgpu/surfaceTexturePass.ts

@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ import { SURFACE_EFFECT_TEXELS, packSurfaceEffects } from '../../surfaceEffects.
 import { toHalfFloats } from '../../halfFloat.ts';
 import { isLightmapTexels } from '../../lightmap.ts';
 import type { LightmapTexels } from '../../lightmap.ts';
+import { isSceneCaptureTexels } from '../../sceneCapture.ts';
+import type { SceneCaptureTexels } from '../../sceneCapture.ts';
 import { layerSize, refuseArrayUpdate, sourceSize } from '../../textureSource.ts';
 import { compressedLayers, planBlocks, refuseBlockUpdate } from '../../compressedSource.ts';
 import type {
@@ -195,35 +197,54 @@ export class GpuSurfaceTexture {
   constructor(
     private readonly device: GPUDevice,
     private readonly pipelines: PipelineCache,
-    source: SurfaceSource | readonly SurfaceSource[] | LightmapTexels,
+    source: SurfaceSource | readonly SurfaceSource[] | LightmapTexels | SceneCaptureTexels,
     options: SurfaceTextureOptions = {},
     compressed: readonly CompressedTextureFormat[] = [],
   ) {
-    /* A lightmap's page: half floats, uploaded as they are. See `lightmap.ts`. */
+    /* A scene capture's target: one empty layer the world is drawn into. See `sceneCapture.ts`. */
+    const capture = isSceneCaptureTexels(source) ? source : null;
+    /* A lightmap's page: two layers of bytes, uploaded as they are. See `lightmap.ts`. */
     const baked = isLightmapTexels(source) ? source : null;
     const listed = (
-      baked !== null ? [] : Array.isArray(source) ? source : [source]
+      baked !== null || capture !== null ? [] : Array.isArray(source) ? source : [source]
     ) as readonly SurfaceSource[];
     const blocks = compressedLayers(listed);
     const srgb = (options.colorSpace ?? 'linear') === 'srgb';
     /* `SRGB8_ALPHA8`'s equivalent. Decoded in the sampler, before filtering, which is the only
-       place it is correct — `surfaceTexture.ts` makes the argument in full. */
-    this.format = baked !== null ? 'rgba16float' : srgb ? 'rgba8unorm-srgb' : 'rgba8unorm';
-    if (baked !== null) {
+       place it is correct — `surfaceTexture.ts` makes the argument in full. A capture takes the
+       world's own format, which its pass resolves into. */
+    this.format =
+      capture !== null
+        ? pipelines.format
+        : srgb && baked === null
+          ? 'rgba8unorm-srgb'
+          : 'rgba8unorm';
+    if (capture !== null) {
+      this.layers = 1;
+      this.blockFormat = null;
+      this.mipmapped = false;
+      this.width = capture.width;
+      this.height = capture.height;
+      this.levels = 1;
+      this.texture = this.allocate();
+    } else if (baked !== null) {
       /* No chain: a page is read at its own resolution, and a level of it would blend regions. */
-      this.layers = baked.layers;
+      this.layers = baked.layers.length;
       this.blockFormat = null;
       this.mipmapped = false;
       this.width = baked.width;
       this.height = baked.height;
       this.levels = 1;
       this.texture = this.allocate();
-      device.queue.writeTexture(
-        { texture: this.texture },
-        baked.texels,
-        { bytesPerRow: baked.width * 8, rowsPerImage: baked.height },
-        { width: baked.width, height: baked.height, depthOrArrayLayers: baked.layers },
-      );
+      /* A layer at a time, so a page's arrays are uploaded where they lie rather than joined. */
+      for (let layer = 0; layer < this.layers; layer++) {
+        device.queue.writeTexture(
+          { texture: this.texture, origin: [0, 0, layer] },
+          baked.layers[layer] as Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer>,
+          { bytesPerRow: baked.width * 4, rowsPerImage: baked.height },
+          { width: baked.width, height: baked.height, depthOrArrayLayers: 1 },
+        );
+      }
     } else if (blocks !== null) {
       /* Refused before anything is allocated; the stored chain, or level 0 alone where no chain
          was asked for. See `compressedUpload.ts`. */
@@ -282,7 +303,9 @@ export class GpuSurfaceTexture {
           : 1,
     });
 
-    if (blocks === null && baked === null) this.upload(listed as readonly TexImageSource[]);
+    if (blocks === null && baked === null && capture === null) {
+      this.upload(listed as readonly TexImageSource[]);
+    }
 
     /* Half floats, as `renderer.ts` uploads it: filterable, so the ordinary float layout takes it,
        and read by `textureLoad` alone, so the filter never runs. */
@@ -315,6 +338,13 @@ export class GpuSurfaceTexture {
     return this.current;
   }
 
+  /** The only layer as a plain 2D view, which a scene capture's pass resolves into. */
+  layerView(): GPUTextureView | null {
+    return (
+      this.texture?.createView({ dimension: '2d', baseArrayLayer: 0, arrayLayerCount: 1 }) ?? null
+    );
+  }
+
   /**
    * Replace the pixels, keeping the handle and its sampler.
    *

package/src/render/clusteredLights.ts

@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ export const MAX_CLUSTERED_LIGHTS = 320;
  * it cannot. That is what lets a light index the shadow uniforms by a number read from a texture,
  * and it is the same fact the octahedral array texture was built on.
  */
-export const LIGHT_TEXELS = 5;
+export const LIGHT_TEXELS = 6;
 
 /**
  * Where each field of a light's record sits, as an offset in `uint`s from `lightBase`.
@@ -123,7 +123,11 @@ export const LIGHT_TEXELS = 5;
  * **Reordered 2026-10-02 so a plain light's fields are the first eight**, which is what lets the
  * shader stop after two texels. Nine values are needed by every light and eight fit in two
  * texels, so the emitter size and the weight share slot 7 as two halves; see `packSizeAndWeight`.
- * Slot 19 is spare.
+ *
+ * **A sixth texel arrived in 4.8.7 for a light's own falloff exponent**, the fifth's last slot
+ * having gone to the channels: 6 KB more of a table near 300, read only for a light whose record
+ * carries a fixture, which a light with an exponent does. Slots 21 and 22 are a rectangle's barn
+ * doors and spare on a lamp; slot 23 is spare.
  */
 export const LIGHT_RECORD = {
   positionX: 0,
@@ -154,6 +158,11 @@ export const LIGHT_RECORD = {
    * last texels are fetched; a plain light's are not, and the shader takes the default for it.
    */
   channels: 19,
+  /** The light's own falloff exponent, or 0 for the frame's falloff. `PointLightSource.falloffExponent`. */
+  falloffExponent: 20,
+  /** A rectangle's barn doors: the cosine of their angle from its normal, then their length in metres. */
+  barnDoorCos: 21,
+  barnDoorLength: 22,
 } as const;
 
 /** The lighting channel every light and every surface is on unless it says otherwise. */
@@ -171,11 +180,20 @@ export function lightChannelsOf(value: number | undefined): number {
   return value;
 }
 
+/**
+ * A light's own falloff exponent as the shader reads it: a positive finite number, or 0 for the
+ * frame's falloff where none was named or what was named is not one. The record and the uniform
+ * path both write this, so a light named badly falls off by the frame's rule in both.
+ */
+export function lightFalloffExponentOf(value: number | undefined): number {
+  return value !== undefined && Number.isFinite(value) && value > 0 ? value : 0;
+}
+
 /** Texels the lit pass reads for a light whose record carries no fixture. */
 export const PLAIN_LIGHT_TEXELS = 2;
 
 /**
- * The bit of `sizeAndWeight` that says the record's last three texels hold something: the sign of
+ * The bit of `sizeAndWeight` that says the record's last four texels hold something: the sign of
  * the emitter size's half, which a size never needs.
  */
 export const LIGHT_FIXTURE_FLAG = 0x8000;
@@ -426,6 +444,8 @@ export interface ClusterLightSet {
   readonly iesProfiles?: Float32Array;
   /** One per light: its lighting channels. See `PointLightSet.lightChannels`. */
   readonly channels?: Float32Array;
+  /** One per light: its own falloff exponent, or 0. See `PointLightSource.falloffExponent`. */
+  readonly falloffExponents?: Float32Array;
   /**
    * The rectangles shaded through the table, after the `count` point lights: those of `areas` from
    * `areaFrom` on, `areaCount` of them. The ones before `areaFrom` are the fixed arm's, which is
@@ -450,6 +470,7 @@ export interface ClusterLightArrays {
   readonly lightIesAxes?: Float32Array;
   readonly lightCookies?: Float32Array;
   readonly lightChannels?: Float32Array;
+  readonly lightFalloffExponents?: Float32Array;
   readonly areaLights?: AreaLightBuffer | null;
 }
 
@@ -510,6 +531,7 @@ export function fillClusterLightSet(
   out.iesAxes = env.lightIesAxes;
   out.cookies = env.lightCookies;
   out.channels = env.lightChannels;
+  out.falloffExponents = env.lightFalloffExponents;
   return out;
 }
 
@@ -559,8 +581,8 @@ function distanceSqToBounds(x: number, y: number, z: number, b: Float32Array): n
 }
 
 /**
- * Whether a light's record needs its last three texels: it holds a shadow slot, a cone, a profile
- * or a cookie. Everything else is a plain light, read in `PLAIN_LIGHT_TEXELS`.
+ * Whether a light's record needs its last four texels: it holds a shadow slot, a cone, a profile,
+ * a cookie, channels of its own or a falloff exponent of its own. Everything else is a plain light, read in `PLAIN_LIGHT_TEXELS`.
  *
  * **`shadowSlots` is zero where the lit shader has no point shadows**, and both binners are handed
  * it that way: a slot is only read under `POINT_SHADOWS`, so a light holding one in a build without
@@ -580,7 +602,8 @@ export function lightHasFixture(
     (cone?.[light * 2 + 1] ?? POINT_LIGHT_COS_OUTER) !== POINT_LIGHT_COS_OUTER ||
     (lights.iesProfiles?.[light] ?? NO_IES_PROFILE) >= 0 ||
     (lights.cookies?.[light] ?? NO_IES_PROFILE) >= 0 ||
-    lightChannelsOf(lights.channels?.[light]) !== DEFAULT_LIGHT_CHANNELS
+    lightChannelsOf(lights.channels?.[light]) !== DEFAULT_LIGHT_CHANNELS ||
+    lightFalloffExponentOf(lights.falloffExponents?.[light]) > 0
   );
 }
 
@@ -665,6 +688,12 @@ export function writeLightRecord(
   out[at + LIGHT_RECORD.iesAxisY] = floatBits(axes?.[light * 3 + 1] ?? 0);
   out[at + LIGHT_RECORD.iesAxisZ] = floatBits(axes?.[light * 3 + 2] ?? 0);
   out[at + LIGHT_RECORD.channels] = floatBits(lightChannelsOf(lights.channels?.[light]));
+  out[at + LIGHT_RECORD.falloffExponent] = floatBits(
+    lightFalloffExponentOf(lights.falloffExponents?.[light]),
+  );
+  out[at + LIGHT_RECORD.barnDoorCos] = 0;
+  out[at + LIGHT_RECORD.barnDoorLength] = 0;
+  out[at + LIGHT_RECORD.barnDoorLength + 1] = 0;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -677,9 +706,9 @@ function areaSlot(lights: ClusterLightSet, light: number): number {
 
 /**
  * A rectangle's record, which the shader tells from a lamp's by its **negative radius** — its
- * reach, negated — and reads to its fifth texel: sidedness where a lamp keeps its shadow slot,
+ * reach, negated — and reads to its sixth texel: sidedness where a lamp keeps its shadow slot,
  * the right axis where a spot keeps its direction, the half extents where its cone is, the up
- * axis where the azimuth is, and the channels last. Never shadowed: a rectangle's occlusion is
+ * axis where the azimuth is, the channels, and the barn doors in the sixth. Never shadowed: a rectangle's occlusion is
  * the fixed arm's, which is why the first `maxAreaLights` stay there.
  */
 function writeAreaRecord(
@@ -715,6 +744,10 @@ function writeAreaRecord(
   out[at + LIGHT_RECORD.iesAxisY] = floatBits(up?.[a * 3 + 1] ?? 1);
   out[at + LIGHT_RECORD.iesAxisZ] = floatBits(up?.[a * 3 + 2] ?? 0);
   out[at + LIGHT_RECORD.channels] = floatBits(DEFAULT_LIGHT_CHANNELS);
+  out[at + LIGHT_RECORD.falloffExponent] = 0;
+  out[at + LIGHT_RECORD.barnDoorCos] = floatBits(areas?.barnDoors?.[a * 2] ?? 0);
+  out[at + LIGHT_RECORD.barnDoorLength] = floatBits(areas?.barnDoors?.[a * 2 + 1] ?? 0);
+  out[at + LIGHT_RECORD.barnDoorLength + 1] = 0;
 }
 
 /** A clustered rectangle's reach, which its record carries negated. See `AreaLightSource.range`. */

package/src/render/driftLight/bake.ts

@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@ export interface FieldLight extends LightReach {
   readonly b: number;
   /** The emitter's physical radius, which widens its penumbra. */
   readonly sourceRadius: number;
+  /** Its own falloff exponent, overriding the frame's above zero. See `pointLightShape`. */
+  readonly falloffExponent?: number;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -115,7 +117,7 @@ export function sampleFieldLight(
     const dz = source.z - pz;
     const dist = Math.hypot(dx, dy, dz);
     if (dist >= source.radius) continue;
-    const shape = pointLightShape(dist, source.radius, falloff);
+    const shape = pointLightShape(dist, source.radius, falloff, source.falloffExponent);
     if (shape <= 0) continue;
     const seen =
       distance === null

package/src/render/driftLight/falloff.ts

@@ -9,13 +9,24 @@
  *
  * Both of the renderer's falloffs: `smooth`, the default, is a linear ramp squared, reaching zero at
  * the radius; `inverseSquare` is physical, windowed so it still reaches zero at the radius, and
- * floored at ten centimetres so a surface touching a light is not infinitely bright.
+ * floored at ten centimetres so a surface touching a light is not infinitely bright. And a light's
+ * own, which overrides both: `(1 - (d/R)^2)^n` with no distance term, for an exponent `n` above zero
+ * (`PointLightSource.falloffExponent`).
  */
 
 export type PointLightFalloff = 'smooth' | 'inverseSquare';
 
 /** The shader's `shape` for an unshaped point light: no cone, no photometric profile. */
-export function pointLightShape(dist: number, radius: number, falloff: PointLightFalloff): number {
+export function pointLightShape(
+  dist: number,
+  radius: number,
+  falloff: PointLightFalloff,
+  exponent = 0,
+): number {
+  if (exponent > 0) {
+    const reach = dist / Math.max(radius, 1e-4);
+    return Math.min(1, Math.max(0, 1 - reach * reach)) ** exponent;
+  }
   if (falloff === 'inverseSquare') {
     const ratio = dist / Math.max(radius, 1e-4);
     const window = Math.min(1, Math.max(0, 1 - ratio ** 4));

package/src/render/gi/bounceLights.ts

@@ -23,15 +23,20 @@
  */
 
 import type { PointLightSet } from '../lightBudget.ts';
-import { POINT_LIGHT_COS_INNER, POINT_LIGHT_COS_OUTER } from '../clusteredLights.ts';
+import {
+  POINT_LIGHT_COS_INNER,
+  POINT_LIGHT_COS_OUTER,
+  lightFalloffExponentOf,
+} from '../clusteredLights.ts';
 
 /** Lights the probe bake shades a hit with. */
 export const MAX_BOUNCE_LIGHTS = 32;
 /**
  * Floats a light takes: where it is and how far it reaches; its colour at its weight and the cosine
- * of its inner cone; the way it points and the cosine of its outer cone.
+ * of its inner cone; the way it points and the cosine of its outer cone; and its own falloff
+ * exponent, 0 for the frame's, in a fourth row of its own (`PointLightSource.falloffExponent`).
  */
-export const BOUNCE_LIGHT_FLOATS = 12;
+export const BOUNCE_LIGHT_FLOATS = 16;
 
 export function createBounceLights(): Float32Array {
   return new Float32Array(MAX_BOUNCE_LIGHTS * BOUNCE_LIGHT_FLOATS);
@@ -62,6 +67,10 @@ export function resolveBounceLights(lights: PointLightSet | null, out: Float32Ar
     out[at + 9] = lights.lightDirections?.[i * 3 + 1] ?? 0;
     out[at + 10] = lights.lightDirections?.[i * 3 + 2] ?? 0;
     out[at + 11] = lights.lightConeCos?.[i * 2 + 1] ?? POINT_LIGHT_COS_OUTER;
+    out[at + 12] = lightFalloffExponentOf(lights.lightFalloffExponents?.[i]);
+    out[at + 13] = 0;
+    out[at + 14] = 0;
+    out[at + 15] = 0;
     count++;
   }
   return count;

package/src/render/instanceCull.ts

@@ -76,6 +76,10 @@ export function cullInstances(
     if (regions !== undefined && out.lightmapRegions !== undefined) {
       for (let k = 0; k < 4; k++) out.lightmapRegions[kept * 4 + k] = regions[i * 4 + k] as number;
     }
+    const cells = data.uvRegions;
+    if (cells !== undefined && out.uvRegions !== undefined) {
+      for (let k = 0; k < 4; k++) out.uvRegions[kept * 4 + k] = cells[i * 4 + k] as number;
+    }
     kept++;
   }
   out.count = kept;

package/src/render/instances.ts

@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@
  *
  * **What it gives up** is a matrix per instance where a scatter spends five floats: 80 bytes
  * against 44, and no wind. **What would make it wrong** is a caller wanting per-instance
- * anything beyond an opacity — a morph weight, a texture cell — which wants another attribute,
- * and the sixteen WebGL2 guarantees are already spent. The opacity rides the float the stride was
- * padded with, which is why it costs nothing.
+ * anything beyond an opacity and a texture cell — a morph weight, say — which wants another
+ * attribute, and the sixteen WebGL2 guarantees are already spent. The opacity rides the float the
+ * stride was padded with and the cell the matrix's bottom row, which is why neither costs a byte.
  */
 export interface MeshInstances {
   /**
@@ -51,6 +51,20 @@ export interface MeshInstances {
    * either mismatch is said once on the console.
    */
   readonly lightmapRegions?: Float32Array;
+  /**
+   * Four floats each, the instance's cell of its texture: `[scaleU, scaleV, offsetU, offsetV]`,
+   * applied to the mesh's coordinates before the material's own scale and offset, in every pass
+   * that reads them — so one draw carries particles in different cells of a flipbook, or props
+   * wearing different tiles of one atlas. **Absent, or past `count`, is the whole texture**,
+   * `[1, 1, 0, 0]`, which is what every instance read before 4.8.7.
+   *
+   * **It rides the matrix's bottom row**, which an instance's placement — a turn, a scale and a
+   * move — leaves at `[0, 0, 0, 1]`, and which every stage drawing an instance rebuilds as that.
+   * So a placement must be affine, as every placement of a solid object is; a projective one is
+   * drawn as its affine part. A culled batch (`cullInstances`) carries the cells only into a
+   * target that has the array.
+   */
+  readonly uvRegions?: Float32Array;
   /** How many instances the arrays hold. Fixed at creation; the buffers are sized from it. */
   readonly capacity: number;
   /** How many are live. The rest of the buffer is neither uploaded nor drawn. */
@@ -75,8 +89,8 @@ export function createMeshInstances(capacity: number): MeshInstances {
 }
 
 /**
- * Floats one instance occupies in the interleaved vertex buffer: sixteen of matrix, three of
- * tint, and the opacity.
+ * Floats one instance occupies in the interleaved vertex buffer: sixteen of matrix, the bottom row
+ * of which carries the texture cell, three of tint, and the opacity.
  *
  * **Twenty so the stride is 80 bytes rather than 76.** A vertex buffer's stride must be a multiple
  * of four on both backends, which 76 already is — the twentieth float was padding for the
@@ -101,12 +115,18 @@ export const INSTANCE_STRIDE = INSTANCE_FLOATS * 4;
  * Writes nothing beyond `count`, and allocates nothing: `out` is the caller's staging array.
  */
 export function packInstances(instances: MeshInstances, out: Float32Array): void {
-  const { models, tints, alphas, lightmapRegions } = instances;
+  const { models, tints, alphas, lightmapRegions, uvRegions } = instances;
   const count = Math.min(instances.count, instances.capacity);
   for (let i = 0; i < count; i += 1) {
     const at = i * INSTANCE_FLOATS;
     const m = i * 16;
     for (let c = 0; c < 16; c += 1) out[at + c] = models[m + c] as number;
+    /* The texture cell in the bottom row an affine placement leaves free. See `uvRegions`. */
+    const cell = i * 4;
+    out[at + 3] = uvRegions?.[cell] ?? 1;
+    out[at + 7] = uvRegions?.[cell + 1] ?? 1;
+    out[at + 11] = uvRegions?.[cell + 2] ?? 0;
+    out[at + 15] = uvRegions?.[cell + 3] ?? 0;
     if (lightmapRegions !== undefined) {
       /* The region in the tint's and the opacity's place. See `lightmapRegions`. */
       for (let c = 0; c < 4; c += 1) out[at + 16 + c] = lightmapRegions[i * 4 + c] as number;

package/src/render/lightBudget.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 /** Fixed point-light budget shared by CPU selection and the flat shader. */
+import { MAX_AREA_LIGHTS, packAreaSizesAndDoors } from './areaLights.ts';
 import type { AreaLightBuffer } from './areaLights.ts';
 import type { ResolvedAreaShadows } from './areaShadowSet.ts';
 import {
@@ -7,6 +8,7 @@ import {
   lampSourceRadius,
   lampWeight,
   lightChannelsOf,
+  lightFalloffExponentOf,
 } from './clusteredLights.ts';
 
 /**
@@ -401,11 +403,20 @@ export interface PointLightSet {
    * character's own key and rim lights, which the floor around the character must not take.
    */
   readonly lightChannels?: Float32Array;
+  /**
+   * One per light: its own falloff exponent, `(1 - (d/R)^2)^n` with no distance term, or 0 for the
+   * frame's falloff. **Absent, or a short array, is 0 for every light**, so a scene that names none
+   * falls off as it did. See `PointLightSource.falloffExponent`.
+   */
+  readonly lightFalloffExponents?: Float32Array;
 }
 
 /** Weights are optional per consumer; a short array means every light is fully present. */
 const FULLY_PRESENT: Float32Array = new Float32Array(MAX_POINT_LIGHTS).fill(1);
 
+/** The fixed arm's rectangles as `uAreaLightSize` holds them; refilled per bind, allocated once. */
+const AREA_SIZES_AND_DOORS = new Float32Array(MAX_AREA_LIGHTS * 4);
+
 /** No size at all, which is the behaviour every scene had before a light could have one. */
 const POINT_SOURCES: Float32Array = new Float32Array(MAX_POINT_LIGHTS);
 /**
@@ -504,7 +515,8 @@ export function bindPointLights(
    * every lamp switched off.
    */
   gl.uniform3fv(uniforms['uLightDir[0]'] ?? null, r.directions);
-  gl.uniform2fv(uniforms['uLightCone[0]'] ?? null, r.coneCos);
+  /* The cone and, in z, the light's own falloff exponent. See `conesAndFalloffs`. */
+  gl.uniform4fv(uniforms['uLightCone[0]'] ?? null, r.conesAndFalloffs);
   gl.uniform1fv(uniforms['uLightIesProfile[0]'] ?? null, r.iesProfiles);
   /* The azimuth and, in w, the channels. See `axesAndChannels`. */
   gl.uniform4fv(uniforms['uLightIesAxis[0]'] ?? null, r.axesAndChannels);
@@ -535,7 +547,9 @@ export function bindAreaLights(
   gl.uniform3fv(uniforms['uAreaLightColor[0]'] ?? null, lights.colors);
   gl.uniform3fv(uniforms['uAreaLightRight[0]'] ?? null, lights.right);
   gl.uniform3fv(uniforms['uAreaLightUp[0]'] ?? null, lights.up);
-  gl.uniform2fv(uniforms['uAreaLightSize[0]'] ?? null, lights.sizes);
+  /* The half extents and, in zw, the barn doors. See `packAreaSizesAndDoors`. */
+  packAreaSizesAndDoors(lights, AREA_SIZES_AND_DOORS);
+  gl.uniform4fv(uniforms['uAreaLightSize[0]'] ?? null, AREA_SIZES_AND_DOORS);
   gl.uniform1fv(uniforms['uAreaLightTwoSided[0]'] ?? null, lights.twoSided);
 }
 
@@ -589,6 +603,12 @@ export interface ResolvedPointLights {
    * array of their own, which would cost a row a light of a budget that has none to give.
    */
   readonly axesAndChannels: Float32Array;
+  /**
+   * Owned, four a light: the cone's two cosines, then the light's own falloff exponent, as
+   * `uLightCone` carries them — a `vec2` array costs a whole row a light on WebGL2 anyway, so the
+   * exponent rides the half it left rather than a row of its own.
+   */
+  readonly conesAndFalloffs: Float32Array;
   /**
    * Owned, `MAX_POINT_LIGHTS` long: the emitter sizes and weights as the froxel record carries
    * them, at half precision. `sourceRadii` and `weights` point here once a light set resolves, so
@@ -614,6 +634,7 @@ const glLights: ResolvedPointLights = {
   iesAxes: NO_IES_AXES,
   cookies: NO_COOKIES,
   axesAndChannels: new Float32Array(MAX_POINT_LIGHTS * 4),
+  conesAndFalloffs: new Float32Array(MAX_POINT_LIGHTS * 4),
   heldSourceRadii: new Float32Array(MAX_POINT_LIGHTS),
   heldWeights: new Float32Array(MAX_POINT_LIGHTS),
 };
@@ -649,6 +670,7 @@ export function resolvePointLights(
     out.iesAxes = NO_IES_AXES;
     out.cookies = NO_COOKIES;
     packAxesAndChannels(NO_IES_AXES, undefined, out.axesAndChannels);
+    packConesAndFalloffs(OPEN_CONES, undefined, out.conesAndFalloffs);
     return out;
   }
   /*
@@ -742,9 +764,25 @@ export function resolvePointLights(
   out.iesAxes = iesAxes;
   out.cookies = cookies;
   packAxesAndChannels(iesAxes, lights.lightChannels, out.axesAndChannels);
+  packConesAndFalloffs(coneCos, lights.lightFalloffExponents, out.conesAndFalloffs);
   return out;
 }
 
+/** The cone and the falloff exponent, four a light, as `uLightCone` holds them. */
+function packConesAndFalloffs(
+  cones: Float32Array,
+  exponents: Float32Array | undefined,
+  out: Float32Array,
+): void {
+  const named = (exponents?.length ?? 0) >= MAX_POINT_LIGHTS ? exponents : undefined;
+  for (let light = 0; light < MAX_POINT_LIGHTS; light++) {
+    out[light * 4] = cones[light * 2] ?? POINT_LIGHT_COS_INNER;
+    out[light * 4 + 1] = cones[light * 2 + 1] ?? POINT_LIGHT_COS_OUTER;
+    out[light * 4 + 2] = lightFalloffExponentOf(named?.[light]);
+    out[light * 4 + 3] = 0;
+  }
+}
+
 /** The azimuth and the channels, four a light, as `uLightIesAxis` holds them. */
 function packAxesAndChannels(
   axes: Float32Array,

package/src/render/lightmap.ts

@@ -30,17 +30,19 @@
  * regions no tint. **What it does not do**: the GPU-driven pipeline and splats read no page.
  */
 import type { MeshData } from '@driftengine/drft';
-import { toHalfFloats } from './halfFloat.ts';
+import { packRgb9e5 } from './rgb9e5.ts';
 
 /** One page as a consumer decoded it. */
 export interface LightmapPage {
   readonly width: number;
   readonly height: number;
   /**
-   * Linear irradiance, three floats a texel, row-major from the top, in the same units every other
-   * light here is in — a bake from another engine scaled by that engine's exposure, as its lights are.
+   * Linear irradiance, row-major from the top, in the same units every other light here is in — a
+   * bake from another engine scaled by that engine's exposure, as its lights are. Either three
+   * floats a texel, or one word a texel already packed as rgb9e5 (`rgb9e5.ts`), which is how such a
+   * bake usually arrives and which uploads with no conversion at all.
    */
-  readonly irradiance: Float32Array;
+  readonly irradiance: Float32Array | Uint32Array;
   /**
    * The direction the light arrives from, four bytes a texel: a first-order spherical harmonic in
    * this engine's world axes, each value stored as `v * 0.5 + 0.5` — xyz the axis, w the constant.
@@ -60,13 +62,25 @@ export type LightmapRegion = readonly [number, number, number, number];
 /** The whole page. */
 export const WHOLE_PAGE: LightmapRegion = [1, 1, 0, 0];
 
-/** A page as both backends upload it: `layers` images of half-float RGBA, row-major from the top. */
+/**
+ * A page as both backends upload it: two layers of four bytes a texel, row-major from the top. The
+ * first is the irradiance's rgb9e5 word, byte by byte from its lowest; the second is the direction.
+ *
+ * **Eight bytes a texel, and the shader filters it.** Half floats were sixteen: a stage of 49 pages
+ * and 21.8 million texels held 348 MB, where this holds 174. The price is that the irradiance cannot
+ * be filtered as it is stored — a bilinear blend of two words with different exponents is not the
+ * blend of the colours they hold — so the lit stage fetches a texel's four neighbours, decodes each
+ * and blends the colours (`modelBaked` in `shaders/flat/models.ts`): four fetches a layer where one
+ * filtered sample was, on lightmapped surfaces alone. **What would make it wrong** is every device
+ * a page reaches sampling `rgb9e5ufloat`, which WebGL2 does as `RGB9_E5` too; it would then be a
+ * texture of its own, filtered by the device, and a binding the lit stage has no room for.
+ */
 export interface LightmapTexels {
   readonly kind: 'lightmap-texels';
   readonly width: number;
   readonly height: number;
-  readonly layers: number;
-  readonly texels: Uint16Array;
+  /** Each layer's bytes, in layer order: the irradiance, then the direction. */
+  readonly layers: readonly Uint8Array[];
 }
 
 /** Whether a surface texture's source is a page's texels rather than an image or blocks. */
@@ -79,9 +93,9 @@ export function isLightmapTexels(source: unknown): source is LightmapTexels {
 }
 
 /**
- * A page as both backends upload it: two layers of half-float RGBA, the irradiance with an alpha of
- * one and the direction as the fractions its bytes are. Refuses a page whose arrays are not its
- * size, naming the one that is short.
+ * A page as both backends upload it (see `LightmapTexels`). Refuses a page whose arrays are not its
+ * size, naming the one that is short. Packed irradiance is read where it lies, with no copy; float
+ * irradiance is packed once, here.
  */
 export function lightmapTexels(page: LightmapPage): LightmapTexels {
   const { width, height } = page;
@@ -89,10 +103,14 @@ export function lightmapTexels(page: LightmapPage): LightmapTexels {
     throw new Error(`createLightmap: a ${width} by ${height} page has nothing in it`);
   }
   const texels = width * height;
-  if (page.irradiance.length !== texels * 3) {
+  const irradiance = page.irradiance;
+  const packed = irradiance instanceof Uint32Array;
+  const wanted = packed ? texels : texels * 3;
+  if (irradiance.length !== wanted) {
     throw new Error(
-      `createLightmap: ${page.irradiance.length} irradiance floats for a ${width} by ${height} ` +
-        `page, which wants ${texels * 3}: three a texel`,
+      `createLightmap: ${irradiance.length} irradiance ${packed ? 'words' : 'floats'} for a ` +
+        `${width} by ${height} page, which wants ${wanted}: ` +
+        (packed ? 'one rgb9e5 word a texel' : 'three a texel'),
     );
   }
   if (page.direction.length !== texels * 4) {
@@ -101,24 +119,47 @@ export function lightmapTexels(page: LightmapPage): LightmapTexels {
         `page, which wants ${texels * 4}: four a texel`,
     );
   }
-  const floats = new Float32Array(texels * 4 * LIGHTMAP_LAYERS);
-  for (let t = 0; t < texels; t++) {
-    floats[t * 4] = page.irradiance[t * 3] as number;
-    floats[t * 4 + 1] = page.irradiance[t * 3 + 1] as number;
-    floats[t * 4 + 2] = page.irradiance[t * 3 + 2] as number;
-    floats[t * 4 + 3] = 1;
-    const at = (texels + t) * 4;
-    for (let c = 0; c < 4; c++) floats[at + c] = (page.direction[t * 4 + c] as number) / 255;
+  let words: Uint32Array;
+  if (packed) {
+    words = irradiance;
+  } else {
+    words = new Uint32Array(texels);
+    for (let t = 0; t < texels; t++) {
+      words[t] = packRgb9e5(
+        irradiance[t * 3] as number,
+        irradiance[t * 3 + 1] as number,
+        irradiance[t * 3 + 2] as number,
+      );
+    }
   }
   return {
     kind: 'lightmap-texels',
     width,
     height,
-    layers: LIGHTMAP_LAYERS,
-    texels: toHalfFloats(floats),
+    layers: [littleEndianBytes(words), page.direction],
   };
 }
 
+/** Whether this platform lays a word out lowest byte first, which the shader's decode assumes. */
+const LITTLE_ENDIAN = new Uint8Array(new Uint32Array([1]).buffer)[0] === 1;
+
+/**
+ * A page's words as bytes, lowest first: a view of the same memory on every little-endian platform,
+ * which is every one a browser runs on, and a reordered copy anywhere else.
+ */
+function littleEndianBytes(words: Uint32Array): Uint8Array {
+  const bytes = new Uint8Array(words.buffer, words.byteOffset, words.length * 4);
+  if (LITTLE_ENDIAN) return bytes;
+  const swapped = new Uint8Array(bytes.length);
+  for (let i = 0; i < bytes.length; i += 4) {
+    swapped[i] = bytes[i + 3] as number;
+    swapped[i + 1] = bytes[i + 2] as number;
+    swapped[i + 2] = bytes[i + 1] as number;
+    swapped[i + 3] = bytes[i] as number;
+  }
+  return swapped;
+}
+
 /**
  * A mesh with its second coordinates moved onto the grain and relief streams they ride, or the
  * mesh itself where it has none. Called by both backends' `createMesh`, before anything records