@driftengine/core 4.5.0 → 4.6.0

package/src/render/backend/webgpu/sdfTextPass.ts

@@ -142,7 +142,12 @@ export function createSdfTextBindGroupLayout(device: GPUDevice): GPUBindGroupLay
         visibility: VISIBILITY_FRAGMENT,
         buffer: { type: 'uniform', hasDynamicOffset: true, minBindingSize: SDF_TEXT_FRAG_SIZE },
       },
-      { binding: ATLAS.texture, visibility: VISIBILITY_FRAGMENT, texture: {} },
+      /* The atlas is a surface texture, and every surface texture is a `2d-array` view. */
+      {
+        binding: ATLAS.texture,
+        visibility: VISIBILITY_FRAGMENT,
+        texture: { viewDimension: '2d-array' },
+      },
       { binding: ATLAS.sampler, visibility: VISIBILITY_FRAGMENT, sampler: {} },
     ],
   });

package/src/render/backend/webgpu/shaders/instanceCull.wgsl.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+import { INSTANCE_FLOATS } from '../../../instances.ts';
+
+/**
+ * The instance cull, in WGSL, hand-authored under the compute exception `AGENTS.md` records
+ * (2026-08-24): a compute shader has no WebGL2 twin to generate from, and `npm run wgsl` neither
+ * writes nor polices this file.
+ *
+ * **It keeps exactly what `cullInstances` keeps**, and `gpu-parity.mjs` runs both on a device: an
+ * instance's world sphere is the mesh's sphere with its centre through the model matrix and its
+ * radius scaled by the largest column, and it is kept unless wholly beyond one of the six planes.
+ * The one difference is order — survivors are compacted by `atomicAdd`, so they arrive in whatever
+ * order the invocations reached it. That is invisible to an opaque draw and is why a blended draw
+ * is never culled here.
+ *
+ * `args` is a `drawIndexedIndirect` record, `(indexCount, instanceCount, firstIndex, baseVertex,
+ * firstInstance)`; the renderer writes it with a zero instance count before each dispatch and this
+ * counts the survivors into it.
+ */
+export const INSTANCE_CULL_WORKGROUP = 64;
+
+export const INSTANCE_CULL_WGSL = /* wgsl */ `
+struct Params {
+  planes: array<vec4<f32>, 6>,
+  sphere: vec4<f32>,
+  count: u32,
+  pad0: u32,
+  pad1: u32,
+  pad2: u32,
+}
+
+@group(0) @binding(0) var<uniform> params: Params;
+@group(0) @binding(1) var<storage, read> source: array<f32>;
+@group(0) @binding(2) var<storage, read_write> kept: array<f32>;
+@group(0) @binding(3) var<storage, read_write> args: array<atomic<u32>, 5>;
+
+const STRIDE: u32 = ${INSTANCE_FLOATS}u;
+
+@compute @workgroup_size(${INSTANCE_CULL_WORKGROUP})
+fn main(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id: vec3<u32>) {
+  let i = id.x;
+  if (i >= params.count) { return; }
+  let at = i * STRIDE;
+  let c0 = vec3<f32>(source[at], source[at + 1u], source[at + 2u]);
+  let c1 = vec3<f32>(source[at + 4u], source[at + 5u], source[at + 6u]);
+  let c2 = vec3<f32>(source[at + 8u], source[at + 9u], source[at + 10u]);
+  let t = vec3<f32>(source[at + 12u], source[at + 13u], source[at + 14u]);
+  let local = params.sphere;
+  let centre = c0 * local.x + c1 * local.y + c2 * local.z + t;
+  let scale = sqrt(max(dot(c0, c0), max(dot(c1, c1), dot(c2, c2))));
+  let radius = local.w * scale;
+  for (var p = 0u; p < 6u; p = p + 1u) {
+    let plane = params.planes[p];
+    if (dot(plane.xyz, centre) + plane.w < -radius) { return; }
+  }
+  let slot = atomicAdd(&args[1], 1u);
+  let to = slot * STRIDE;
+  for (var k = 0u; k < STRIDE; k = k + 1u) {
+    kept[to + k] = source[at + k];
+  }
+}
+`;

package/src/render/backend/webgpu/surfaceTexturePass.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
 import type { SurfaceTextureOptions } from '../../surfaceTexture.ts';
+import { SURFACE_EFFECT_TEXELS, packSurfaceEffects } from '../../surfaceEffects.ts';
+import { toHalfFloats } from '../../halfFloat.ts';
+import { isSourceList, layerSize, refuseArrayUpdate, sourceSize } from '../../textureSource.ts';
 import type { PipelineCache } from './pipelineCache.ts';
 import { shaderModule } from './shaderModules.ts';
 
@@ -89,6 +92,8 @@ export function generateMipChain(
   texture: GPUTexture,
   format: GPUTextureFormat,
   levels: number,
+  /** How many array layers to fill, each its own chain. One for a plain texture. */
+  layers = 1,
 ): void {
   if (levels < 2) return;
   const pipeline = mipBlitPipeline(device, pipelines, format);
@@ -98,29 +103,33 @@ export function generateMipChain(
     minFilter: 'linear',
   });
   const encoder = device.createCommandEncoder({ label: 'mip.chain' });
-  for (let level = 1; level < levels; level++) {
-    const source = texture.createView({ baseMipLevel: level - 1, mipLevelCount: 1 });
-    const target = texture.createView({ baseMipLevel: level, mipLevelCount: 1 });
-    const pass = encoder.beginRenderPass({
-      label: `mip.level${level}`,
-      colorAttachments: [
-        { view: target, loadOp: 'clear', storeOp: 'store', clearValue: [0, 0, 0, 0] },
-      ],
-    });
-    pass.setPipeline(pipeline);
-    pass.setBindGroup(
-      0,
-      device.createBindGroup({
-        layout: pipeline.getBindGroupLayout(0),
-        entries: [
-          { binding: 0, resource: source },
-          { binding: 1, resource: sampler },
+  /* One level of one layer at a time: a render target is a single 2D subresource, and the source
+     view is one level of the same layer, so no pass reads what it writes. */
+  for (let layer = 0; layer < layers; layer++)
+    for (let level = 1; level < levels; level++) {
+      const one = { dimension: '2d' as const, baseArrayLayer: layer, arrayLayerCount: 1 };
+      const source = texture.createView({ ...one, baseMipLevel: level - 1, mipLevelCount: 1 });
+      const target = texture.createView({ ...one, baseMipLevel: level, mipLevelCount: 1 });
+      const pass = encoder.beginRenderPass({
+        label: `mip.level${level}`,
+        colorAttachments: [
+          { view: target, loadOp: 'clear', storeOp: 'store', clearValue: [0, 0, 0, 0] },
         ],
-      }),
-    );
-    pass.draw(3);
-    pass.end();
-  }
+      });
+      pass.setPipeline(pipeline);
+      pass.setBindGroup(
+        0,
+        device.createBindGroup({
+          layout: pipeline.getBindGroupLayout(0),
+          entries: [
+            { binding: 0, resource: source },
+            { binding: 1, resource: sampler },
+          ],
+        }),
+      );
+      pass.draw(3);
+      pass.end();
+    }
   device.queue.submit([encoder.finish()]);
 }
 
@@ -149,19 +158,11 @@ export function mipBlitPipeline(
   }));
 }
 
-function sourceSize(source: TexImageSource): { width: number; height: number } {
-  const candidate = source as {
-    width?: number;
-    height?: number;
-    videoWidth?: number;
-    videoHeight?: number;
-  };
-  const width = candidate.videoWidth ?? candidate.width ?? 0;
-  const height = candidate.videoHeight ?? candidate.height ?? 0;
-  return { width: Math.max(1, width), height: Math.max(1, height) };
-}
-
-/** An image uploaded once and bound per material. */
+/**
+ * An image uploaded once and bound per material — or several of one size, as an array's layers.
+ * Every surface texture is a `2d-array` view, a plain image an array of one; `surfaceTexture.ts`
+ * says why.
+ */
 export class GpuSurfaceTexture {
   readonly sampler: GPUSampler;
 
@@ -172,14 +173,22 @@ export class GpuSurfaceTexture {
   private levels: number;
   private width: number;
   private height: number;
+  /** How many images the array holds. */
+  readonly layers: number;
+  /** The per-layer effects table, or null for a texture given none. See `surfaceEffects.ts`. */
+  private effectsTable: GPUTexture | null = null;
+  /** Its view, which the flat group binds beside this image when it is a material's albedo. */
+  effectsView: GPUTextureView | null = null;
 
   constructor(
     private readonly device: GPUDevice,
     private readonly pipelines: PipelineCache,
-    source: TexImageSource,
+    source: TexImageSource | readonly TexImageSource[],
     options: SurfaceTextureOptions = {},
   ) {
-    const { width, height } = sourceSize(source);
+    const sources: readonly TexImageSource[] = isSourceList(source) ? source : [source];
+    const { width, height } = layerSize(sources);
+    this.layers = sources.length;
     this.mipmapped = options.mipmap ?? true;
     /* `SRGB8_ALPHA8`'s equivalent. Decoded in the sampler, before filtering, which is the only
        place it is correct — `surfaceTexture.ts` makes the argument in full. */
@@ -188,7 +197,7 @@ export class GpuSurfaceTexture {
     this.height = height;
     this.levels = this.mipmapped ? mipLevelCount(width, height) : 1;
     this.texture = this.allocate();
-    this.current = this.texture.createView();
+    this.current = this.arrayView(this.texture);
 
     const wrap: GPUAddressMode =
       (options.wrap ?? 'repeat') === 'repeat' ? 'repeat' : 'clamp-to-edge';
@@ -223,7 +232,32 @@ export class GpuSurfaceTexture {
           : 1,
     });
 
-    this.upload(source);
+    this.upload(sources);
+
+    /* Half floats, as `renderer.ts` uploads it: filterable, so the ordinary float layout takes it,
+       and read by `textureLoad` alone, so the filter never runs. */
+    const effects = options.effects ?? [];
+    if (effects.length > 0) {
+      const table = device.createTexture({
+        label: 'surface.effects',
+        size: [SURFACE_EFFECT_TEXELS, effects.length],
+        format: 'rgba16float',
+        usage: 0x4 | 0x2, // TEXTURE_BINDING | COPY_DST
+      });
+      device.queue.writeTexture(
+        { texture: table },
+        toHalfFloats(packSurfaceEffects(effects)),
+        { bytesPerRow: SURFACE_EFFECT_TEXELS * 8, rowsPerImage: effects.length },
+        { width: SURFACE_EFFECT_TEXELS, height: effects.length, depthOrArrayLayers: 1 },
+      );
+      this.effectsTable = table;
+      this.effectsView = table.createView();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** A view of every layer, as the shaders' `texture_2d_array` bindings read it. */
+  private arrayView(texture: GPUTexture): GPUTextureView {
+    return texture.createView({ dimension: '2d-array', arrayLayerCount: this.layers });
   }
 
   /** The view every binding of this image holds. A new one when `update` changes the size. */
@@ -248,24 +282,25 @@ export class GpuSurfaceTexture {
   update(source: TexImageSource): GPUTexture | null {
     const replaced = this.texture;
     if (replaced === null) return null;
+    refuseArrayUpdate(this.layers);
     const { width, height } = sourceSize(source);
     if (width === this.width && height === this.height) {
-      this.upload(source);
+      this.upload([source]);
       return null;
     }
     this.width = width;
     this.height = height;
     this.levels = this.mipmapped ? mipLevelCount(width, height) : 1;
     this.texture = this.allocate();
-    this.current = this.texture.createView();
-    this.upload(source);
+    this.current = this.arrayView(this.texture);
+    this.upload([source]);
     return replaced;
   }
 
   private allocate(): GPUTexture {
     return this.device.createTexture({
       label: 'surface.texture',
-      size: [this.width, this.height],
+      size: [this.width, this.height, this.layers],
       format: this.format,
       mipLevelCount: this.levels,
       /*
@@ -290,9 +325,12 @@ export class GpuSurfaceTexture {
     if (this.texture === null) return;
     this.texture.destroy();
     this.texture = null;
+    this.effectsTable?.destroy();
+    this.effectsTable = null;
+    this.effectsView = null;
   }
 
-  private upload(source: TexImageSource): void {
+  private upload(sources: readonly TexImageSource[]): void {
     const texture = this.texture;
     if (texture === null) return;
     /*
@@ -306,11 +344,13 @@ export class GpuSurfaceTexture {
      * The orientation check that passed this backend was run on a canvas alone, where the two
      * agreed. Measure both source types, or a texture pipeline is half tested.
      */
-    this.device.queue.copyExternalImageToTexture(
-      { source: source as GPUCopyExternalImageSource, flipY: false },
-      { texture },
-      [this.width, this.height],
-    );
+    for (let layer = 0; layer < sources.length; layer++) {
+      this.device.queue.copyExternalImageToTexture(
+        { source: sources[layer] as GPUCopyExternalImageSource, flipY: false },
+        { texture, origin: [0, 0, layer] },
+        [this.width, this.height],
+      );
+    }
     if (this.levels > 1) this.generateMips(texture);
   }
 
@@ -322,6 +362,6 @@ export class GpuSurfaceTexture {
    * an attachment and a resource at once — rejected, and rejected silently enough to matter.
    */
   private generateMips(texture: GPUTexture): void {
-    generateMipChain(this.device, this.pipelines, texture, this.format, this.levels);
+    generateMipChain(this.device, this.pipelines, texture, this.format, this.levels, this.layers);
   }
 }

package/src/render/driftLight/bake.ts

@@ -57,69 +57,92 @@ export function bakeBrick(
   for (let k = 0; k < BRICK_SAMPLES; k++) {
     for (let j = 0; j < BRICK_SAMPLES; j++) {
       for (let i = 0; i < BRICK_SAMPLES; i++) {
-        const texel = (i + BRICK_SAMPLES * (j + BRICK_SAMPLES * k)) * 4;
-        const px = bx + i * spacing;
-        const py = by + j * spacing;
-        const pz = bz + k * spacing;
-        light.fill(0, texel, texel + 4);
-        direction.fill(0, texel, texel + 4);
-        if (distance !== null && distance(px, py, pz) < 0) continue;
-
-        let r = 0;
-        let g = 0;
-        let b = 0;
-        let towardX = 0;
-        let towardY = 0;
-        let towardZ = 0;
-        let weight = 0;
-        for (let listed = first; listed < last; listed++) {
-          const source = lights[layout.lights[listed] as number];
-          if (source === undefined) continue;
-          const dx = source.x - px;
-          const dy = source.y - py;
-          const dz = source.z - pz;
-          const dist = Math.hypot(dx, dy, dz);
-          if (dist >= source.radius) continue;
-          const shape = pointLightShape(dist, source.radius, falloff);
-          if (shape <= 0) continue;
-          const seen =
-            distance === null
-              ? 1
-              : softVisibility(
-                  distance,
-                  px,
-                  py,
-                  pz,
-                  source.x,
-                  source.y,
-                  source.z,
-                  source.sourceRadius,
-                );
-          if (seen <= 0) continue;
-          const lr = source.r * shape * seen;
-          const lg = source.g * shape * seen;
-          const lb = source.b * shape * seen;
-          r += lr;
-          g += lg;
-          b += lb;
-          const bright = 0.2126 * lr + 0.7152 * lg + 0.0722 * lb;
-          if (dist > 1e-6 && bright > 0) {
-            towardX += (bright * dx) / dist;
-            towardY += (bright * dy) / dist;
-            towardZ += (bright * dz) / dist;
-            weight += bright;
-          }
-        }
-        light[texel] = r;
-        light[texel + 1] = g;
-        light[texel + 2] = b;
-        light[texel + 3] = 1;
-        if (weight > 0) {
-          direction[texel] = towardX / weight;
-          direction[texel + 1] = towardY / weight;
-          direction[texel + 2] = towardZ / weight;
-        }
+        sampleFieldLight(
+          bx + i * spacing,
+          by + j * spacing,
+          bz + k * spacing,
+          lights,
+          layout.lights,
+          first,
+          last,
+          falloff,
+          distance,
+          light,
+          direction,
+          (i + BRICK_SAMPLES * (j + BRICK_SAMPLES * k)) * 4,
+        );
       }
     }
   }
 }
+
+/**
+ * One sample: the light arriving at (px, py, pz) from `lights[candidates[first..last)]`, written at
+ * `texel` in `light` (colour, then 1 for a sample and 0 for one inside solid geometry) and in
+ * `direction` (the brightness-weighted way it arrives from). Shared by every bake, so a brick and a
+ * dense volume cannot come to disagree about what a sample is.
+ */
+export function sampleFieldLight(
+  px: number,
+  py: number,
+  pz: number,
+  lights: readonly FieldLight[],
+  candidates: ArrayLike<number>,
+  first: number,
+  last: number,
+  falloff: PointLightFalloff,
+  distance: DistanceAt | null,
+  light: Float32Array,
+  direction: Float32Array,
+  texel: number,
+): void {
+  light.fill(0, texel, texel + 4);
+  direction.fill(0, texel, texel + 4);
+  if (distance !== null && distance(px, py, pz) < 0) return;
+
+  let r = 0;
+  let g = 0;
+  let b = 0;
+  let towardX = 0;
+  let towardY = 0;
+  let towardZ = 0;
+  let weight = 0;
+  for (let listed = first; listed < last; listed++) {
+    const source = lights[candidates[listed] as number];
+    if (source === undefined) continue;
+    const dx = source.x - px;
+    const dy = source.y - py;
+    const dz = source.z - pz;
+    const dist = Math.hypot(dx, dy, dz);
+    if (dist >= source.radius) continue;
+    const shape = pointLightShape(dist, source.radius, falloff);
+    if (shape <= 0) continue;
+    const seen =
+      distance === null
+        ? 1
+        : softVisibility(distance, px, py, pz, source.x, source.y, source.z, source.sourceRadius);
+    if (seen <= 0) continue;
+    const lr = source.r * shape * seen;
+    const lg = source.g * shape * seen;
+    const lb = source.b * shape * seen;
+    r += lr;
+    g += lg;
+    b += lb;
+    const bright = 0.2126 * lr + 0.7152 * lg + 0.0722 * lb;
+    if (dist > 1e-6 && bright > 0) {
+      towardX += (bright * dx) / dist;
+      towardY += (bright * dy) / dist;
+      towardZ += (bright * dz) / dist;
+      weight += bright;
+    }
+  }
+  light[texel] = r;
+  light[texel + 1] = g;
+  light[texel + 2] = b;
+  light[texel + 3] = 1;
+  if (weight > 0) {
+    direction[texel] = towardX / weight;
+    direction[texel + 1] = towardY / weight;
+    direction[texel + 2] = towardZ / weight;
+  }
+}

package/src/render/driftLight/denseField.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+/**
+ * DriftLight for a whole world: every fixed light summed into one dense grid, baked offline.
+ *
+ * **Dense, where the courtyard field is sparse, because a city is lit nearly everywhere.** A brick
+ * earns its index and its shared faces where light is rare; street lamps reaching thirty metres
+ * forty metres apart leave almost no cell dark, so the sparseness buys nothing and the shared
+ * faces cost 2.4× the samples. At 8 m a sample, a two-kilometre city 128 m tall is 256 × 16 × 256
+ * samples, two half-float texels each: 16 MB on the GPU, and the renderer's lookup is one filtered
+ * fetch for the light and one for its direction.
+ *
+ * **The same sample as every other bake.** `sampleFieldLight` is shared with `bakeBrick`, so a dense
+ * volume and a brick agree bit for bit wherever both have a sample. The order a sample's lights are
+ * summed in does not have to match for that: the sum runs in double precision and is stored in
+ * single, which the last bits of a few terms in another order do not reach.
+ *
+ * **Lights are bucketed first**, four samples a bucket on every axis, so a sample sums only the
+ * lights whose reach touches its bucket rather than all of them: a city of ten thousand lamps is a
+ * few dozen candidates a sample. Offline and allocation-free per sample; it may take seconds.
+ *
+ * What it gives up is resolution: at 8 m a lamp's pool is a few samples across, which is why this
+ * stands in only past the exact lights, where a pool is a few dozen pixels.
+ */
+
+import type { FieldLight } from './bake.ts';
+import { sampleFieldLight } from './bake.ts';
+import type { PointLightFalloff } from './falloff.ts';
+import type { DistanceAt } from './visibility.ts';
+
+/** The most samples along x or z: WebGL2 promises 256 on every axis of a 3D texture. */
+export const DENSE_MAX_AXIS = 256;
+/** The most along y, which holds the light and then the direction: two layers in 256. */
+export const DENSE_MAX_HEIGHT = 128;
+/** Samples a bucket spans on each axis. */
+const BUCKET = 4;
+
+export interface DenseLightVolume {
+  /** The world position of sample (0, 0, 0). */
+  readonly origin: readonly [number, number, number];
+  /** Metres between two samples. */
+  readonly spacing: number;
+  /** Samples on each axis. */
+  readonly dims: readonly [number, number, number];
+  /** Four floats a sample, x fastest then y then z: the colour, then 1 for a sample and 0 inside. */
+  readonly light: Float32Array;
+  /** Four floats a sample: the direction light arrives from, weighted by brightness, then 0. */
+  readonly direction: Float32Array;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Sum `lights` over the box `bounds` (min xyz, max xyz) at `spacing` metres. `distance` occludes, or
+ * null for none. The first sample stands on the box's min corner.
+ */
+export function bakeDenseField(
+  lights: readonly FieldLight[],
+  falloff: PointLightFalloff,
+  distance: DistanceAt | null,
+  bounds: ArrayLike<number>,
+  spacing: number,
+): DenseLightVolume {
+  if (!(spacing > 0)) throw new Error(`bakeDenseField: spacing is ${String(spacing)}`);
+  const origin: [number, number, number] = [
+    bounds[0] as number,
+    bounds[1] as number,
+    bounds[2] as number,
+  ];
+  const dims: [number, number, number] = [0, 0, 0];
+  for (let axis = 0; axis < 3; axis++) {
+    const extent = (bounds[axis + 3] as number) - (origin[axis] as number);
+    dims[axis] = Math.max(1, Math.floor(extent / spacing + 1e-9) + 1);
+  }
+  if (dims[0] > DENSE_MAX_AXIS || dims[2] > DENSE_MAX_AXIS || dims[1] > DENSE_MAX_HEIGHT) {
+    throw new Error(
+      `bakeDenseField: ${dims.join(' × ')} samples, and a volume holds ${DENSE_MAX_AXIS} across, ` +
+        `${DENSE_MAX_HEIGHT} up and ${DENSE_MAX_AXIS} deep; a coarser spacing fits it.`,
+    );
+  }
+
+  /* Each light listed in every bucket its reach touches, in the order the scene listed them. */
+  const buckets = [
+    Math.ceil(dims[0] / BUCKET),
+    Math.ceil(dims[1] / BUCKET),
+    Math.ceil(dims[2] / BUCKET),
+  ] as const;
+  const bucketCount = buckets[0] * buckets[1] * buckets[2];
+  const span = spacing * BUCKET;
+  const range = (light: FieldLight, axis: number, out: Int32Array): boolean => {
+    const at = axis === 0 ? light.x : axis === 1 ? light.y : light.z;
+    const lo = Math.floor((at - light.radius - (origin[axis] as number)) / span);
+    const hi = Math.floor((at + light.radius - (origin[axis] as number)) / span);
+    out[axis * 2] = Math.max(0, lo);
+    out[axis * 2 + 1] = Math.min((buckets[axis] as number) - 1, hi);
+    return (out[axis * 2] as number) <= (out[axis * 2 + 1] as number);
+  };
+  const cells = new Int32Array(6);
+  const start = new Uint32Array(bucketCount + 1);
+  const each = (fill: (bucket: number, light: number) => void): void => {
+    for (let index = 0; index < lights.length; index++) {
+      const light = lights[index] as FieldLight;
+      if (!(light.radius > 0)) continue;
+      if (!range(light, 0, cells) || !range(light, 1, cells) || !range(light, 2, cells)) continue;
+      for (let z = cells[4] as number; z <= (cells[5] as number); z++) {
+        for (let y = cells[2] as number; y <= (cells[3] as number); y++) {
+          for (let x = cells[0] as number; x <= (cells[1] as number); x++) {
+            fill(x + buckets[0] * (y + buckets[1] * z), index);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  };
+  each((bucket) => {
+    start[bucket + 1] = (start[bucket + 1] as number) + 1;
+  });
+  for (let b = 0; b < bucketCount; b++)
+    start[b + 1] = (start[b + 1] as number) + (start[b] as number);
+  const listed = new Uint32Array(start[bucketCount] as number);
+  const cursor = start.slice(0, bucketCount);
+  each((bucket, light) => {
+    listed[cursor[bucket] as number] = light;
+    cursor[bucket] = (cursor[bucket] as number) + 1;
+  });
+
+  const count = dims[0] * dims[1] * dims[2];
+  const light = new Float32Array(count * 4);
+  const direction = new Float32Array(count * 4);
+  for (let k = 0; k < dims[2]; k++) {
+    for (let j = 0; j < dims[1]; j++) {
+      for (let i = 0; i < dims[0]; i++) {
+        const bucket =
+          Math.floor(i / BUCKET) +
+          buckets[0] * (Math.floor(j / BUCKET) + buckets[1] * Math.floor(k / BUCKET));
+        sampleFieldLight(
+          origin[0] + i * spacing,
+          origin[1] + j * spacing,
+          origin[2] + k * spacing,
+          lights,
+          listed,
+          start[bucket] as number,
+          start[bucket + 1] as number,
+          falloff,
+          distance,
+          light,
+          direction,
+          (i + dims[0] * (j + dims[1] * k)) * 4,
+        );
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return { origin, spacing, dims, light, direction };
+}