@driftengine/core 4.3.0 → 4.4.1

package/dist/render/backend/webgpu/renderer.js

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { mat4 } from 'gl-matrix';
+import { probeFaceRange } from '../../reflectionProbe.js';
 import { TEMPORAL_HISTORY_BLEND, TemporalHistory, jitterOffset, jitterProjection, } from '../../temporalAa.js';
 import { OIT_MULTISAMPLE_REFUSAL } from '../../orderIndependent.js';
 import { TranslucentQueue } from '../../translucentQueue.js';
@@ -15,7 +16,7 @@ import { PickableSet } from '../../pickable.js';
 import { GpuTimestamps } from './gpuTimestamps.js';
 import { isWeakGpuFamily } from '../../gpuCapability.js';
 import { resolveAtmosphere } from '../../atmosphere.js';
-import { BLOOM_FILTER_RADIUS_UV, BLOOM_LEVELS, bloomLevelSizes, bloomProfileWarning, } from '../../bloomChain.js';
+import { BLOOM_FILTER_RADIUS_UV, BLOOM_LEVELS, bloomLevelSizes, bloomThresholdOf, bloomProfileWarning, } from '../../bloomChain.js';
 import { createResolvedWater, resolveWater, waterAppearance, } from '../../waterDraw.js';
 import { createResolvedLightVolume, DEPTH_01_TO_CLIP_Y_DOWN, resolveLightVolume, volumeMediumGain, } from '../../lightVolumeDraw.js';
 import { WIND_STREAK_DEFAULTS, createResolvedWindStreaks, resolveWindStreaks, } from '../../windStreakDraw.js';
@@ -24,6 +25,7 @@ import { LIVE_POINT_SHADOW_MAPS, MAX_POINT_LIGHTS, POINT_SHADOW_POOL } from '../
 import { roughnessForLevel } from '../../prefilterEnvMap.js';
 import { equirectToCubeFaces } from '../../equirectToCube.js';
 import { MAX_ENV_PROBES, ProbeGrid, SINGLE_PROBE, UNIT_STEP, WORLD_ORIGIN, sameGrid, } from '../../probeGrid.js';
+import { ProbeSweeps } from '../../probeSweeps.js';
 import { ggxMaxLevelFor, irradianceLevelFor, octahedralEdgeFor } from '../../prefilterEnvMap.js';
 import { environmentTexels } from './environmentTexels.js';
 import { packIesAtlas } from '../../iesProfile.js';
@@ -45,9 +47,14 @@ import { createFilmBindGroup, createFilmBindGroupLayout, filmPipeline, FILM_FRAG
 import { reflectionTargetSize } from '../../planarReflectionDraw.js';
 import { drawingBufferSize } from '../../drawingBuffer.js';
 import { MOTION_BLUR_MAX_UV, OUTPUT_TRANSFORM_CODE, RUSH_REACH_UV } from '../../vertexDefaults.js';
+import { ExposurePass } from './exposurePass.js';
+import { AO_STORE } from '../../shaders/ambientOcclusion.js';
+import { clampAutoExposure } from '../../shaders/exposure.js';
+import { clampLocalExposure } from '../../shaders/localExposure.js';
 import { createDepthResolveLayout, createPostStageLayout, depthResolvePipeline, postPipeline, sceneColorFormat, AO_BLUR_FIELDS, AO_BLUR_FRAG_WGSL, AO_BLUR_SIZE, AO_BLUR_TEXTURES, AO_BLUR_UNIFORMS, AO_FRAG_FIELDS, AO_FRAG_SIZE, AO_FRAG_WGSL, AO_TEXTURES, AO_UNIFORMS, ADDITIVE_BLEND, BLOOM_DOWNSAMPLE_FIELDS, BLOOM_DOWNSAMPLE_FRAG_WGSL, BLOOM_PREFILTER_FIELDS, BLOOM_PREFILTER_FRAG_WGSL, BLOOM_STAGE_SIZE, BLOOM_TEXTURES, BLOOM_UNIFORMS, BLOOM_UPSAMPLE_FIELDS, BLOOM_UPSAMPLE_FRAG_WGSL, RESOLVED_DEPTH_FORMAT, RUSH_FRAG_FIELDS, RUSH_FRAG_SIZE, RUSH_FRAG_WGSL, RUSH_TEXTURES, RUSH_UNIFORMS, TAA_FRAG_FIELDS, TAA_FRAG_SIZE, TAA_TEXTURES, TAA_UNIFORMS, TEMPORAL_RESOLVE_FRAG_WGSL, MEDIUM_FRAG_FIELDS, MEDIUM_FRAG_SIZE, MEDIUM_FRAG_WGSL, MEDIUM_TEXTURES, MEDIUM_TRANSMIT_BLEND, MEDIUM_UNIFORMS, MEDIUM_UPSAMPLE_FIELDS, MEDIUM_UPSAMPLE_FRAG_WGSL, MEDIUM_UPSAMPLE_SIZE, MEDIUM_UPSAMPLE_TEXTURES, MEDIUM_UPSAMPLE_UNIFORMS, OIT_COMPOSITE_BLEND, OIT_RESOLVE_FRAG_WGSL, OIT_TEXTURES, DECAL_FRAG_FIELDS, DECAL_FRAG_SIZE, DECAL_MULTIPLY_BLEND, DECAL_PROJECT_FRAG_WGSL, DECAL_TEXTURES, DECAL_UNIFORMS, PREMULTIPLIED_OVER_BLEND, SSR_FRAG_FIELDS, SSR_FRAG_SIZE, SSR_RESOLVE_FRAG_WGSL, SSR_RESOLVE_TEXTURES, SSR_TEXTURES, SSR_TRACE_FRAG_WGSL, SSR_UNIFORMS, createOitResolveLayout, createSsrResolveLayout, } from './postPass.js';
 import { GRADE_PLACEHOLDER_SIZE, identityGradeLut, validateGradeLut, } from '../../colourGrade.js';
-import { createProbeMipBindGroupLayout, createProbePrefilterBindGroupLayout, PREFILTER_SAMPLER_BINDING, PREFILTER_TEXTURE_BINDING, PREFILTER_UNIFORM_BINDING, PREFILTER_UNIFORM_OFFSETS, probeLevels, probeMipPipeline, probePrefilterPipeline, PROBE_FACES, PROBE_FACE_BASIS, PROBE_FAR_M, PROBE_FOV_DEG, PROBE_MIP_UNIFORM_SIZE, PROBE_NEAR_M, } from './probePass.js';
+import { FILM_LOOK_WITHOUT_COMPOSITE, clampGrain, clampVignette, grainSeed, } from '../../shaders/filmLook.js';
+import { createProbeMipBindGroupLayout, createProbePrefilterBindGroupLayout, PREFILTER_UNIFORM_OFFSETS, probeLevels, probeMipPipeline, probePrefilterPipeline, PROBE_FACES, PROBE_FACE_BASIS, PROBE_FAR_M, PROBE_FOV_DEG, PROBE_MIP_UNIFORM_SIZE, PROBE_NEAR_M, } from './probePass.js';
 import { CAUSTICS_CELL_M, CAUSTICS_MAX_DROP_M } from '../../causticsRenderer.js';
 import { buildSheets } from '../../surfaceSheet.js';
 import { seaStateForWind } from '../../seaState.js';
@@ -62,13 +69,13 @@ import { DEFAULT_GLOBAL_MEDIUM, mediumActive, mediumTargetSize, WEAK_GPU_MEDIUM_
 import { VERTEX_LAYOUT, createGpuMesh, createGpuMeshIncremental } from './buffers.js';
 import { SkinPaletteRing } from './skinPaletteRing.js';
 import { DEPTH_FORMAT, FLAT_VERT_FIELDS, FLAT_VERT_SIZE, createFlatBindGroup, createFlatBindGroupLayout, flatFragmentBindings, flatVariant, flatVertexBindings, flatPipeline, flatPipelineAsync, } from './flatPass.js';
-import { DEPTH_FRAG_BINDING, DEPTH_FRAG_SIZE, DEPTH_FRAG_WGSL, DEPTH_PREVIOUS_BINDING, DEPTH_VERT_FIELDS, DEPTH_VERT_SIZE, SHADOW_FORMAT, createDepthBindGroup, createDepthBindGroupLayout, depthPipeline, } from './depthPass.js';
+import { DEPTH_FRAG_BINDING, DEPTH_FRAG_SIZE, DEPTH_FRAG_WGSL, DEPTH_PREVIOUS_BINDING, DEPTH_CUTOUT_VERT_FIELDS, DEPTH_CUTOUT_VERT_SIZE, DEPTH_INSTANCED_CUTOUT_VERT_FIELDS, DEPTH_VERT_FIELDS, DEPTH_VERT_SIZE, SHADOW_FORMAT, createDepthBindGroup, createDepthBindGroupLayout, depthPipeline, } from './depthPass.js';
 import { PipelineCache } from './pipelineCache.js';
 import { SKY_FIELDS, SKY_UNIFORM_SIZE, createSkyBindGroup, createSkyBindGroupLayout, skyPipeline, } from './skyPass.js';
 import { SCATTER_DEPTH_FIELDS, SCATTER_DEPTH_SIZE, SCATTER_FRAG_FIELDS, SCATTER_FRAG_SIZE, SCATTER_VERT_FIELDS, SCATTER_VERT_SIZE, createGpuScatter, createScatterBindGroup, createScatterBindGroupLayout, createScatterDepthBindGroup, createScatterDepthBindGroupLayout, scatterDepthPipeline, scatterPipeline, } from './scatterPass.js';
 import { WATER_FRAG_FIELDS, WATER_FRAG_SIZE, WATER_VERT_FIELDS, WATER_VERT_SIZE, createGpuWater, createWaterBindGroup, createWaterBindGroupLayout, waterPipeline, } from './waterPass.js';
 import { PLUME_FRAG_FIELDS, PLUME_FRAG_SIZE, PLUME_VERT_FIELDS, PLUME_VERT_SIZE, createGpuPlumes, createPlumeBindGroup, createPlumeBindGroupLayout, plumePipeline, } from './plumePass.js';
-import { PARTICLE_VERT_FIELDS, PARTICLE_VERT_SIZE, createGpuParticles, createParticleBindGroupLayout, packInstances, particleFragBindings, particlePipeline, } from './particlePass.js';
+import { PARTICLE_VERT_FIELDS, createGpuParticles, createParticleBindGroupLayout, packInstances, particleFragBindings, particlePipeline, } from './particlePass.js';
 import { WIND_STREAK_FRAG_FIELDS, WIND_STREAK_FRAG_SIZE, WIND_STREAK_VERT_FIELDS, WIND_STREAK_VERT_SIZE, createGpuWindStreaks, createWindStreakBindGroup, createWindStreakBindGroupLayout, windStreakPipeline, } from './windStreakPass.js';
 import { FLOCK_FRAG_FIELDS, FLOCK_FRAG_SIZE, FLOCK_VERT_FIELDS, FLOCK_VERT_SIZE, createFlockBindGroup, createFlockBindGroupLayout, createGpuFlock, flockPipeline, } from './flockPass.js';
 import { BOLT_FRAG_FIELDS, BOLT_FRAG_SIZE, BOLT_VERT_FIELDS, BOLT_VERT_SIZE, boltPipeline, createBoltBindGroup, createBoltBindGroupLayout, createGpuBolts, } from './boltPass.js';
@@ -80,8 +87,11 @@ import { MaterialChanges, ownsMaterial } from '../materialChanges.js';
 import { DYNAMIC_ALIGNMENT as DYNAMIC_UNIFORM_ALIGNMENT, UniformRing } from './uniformRing.js';
 import { DecalQueue, MAX_DRAWN_DECALS } from '../../decalQueue.js';
 import { DistanceFieldScene } from '../../gi/fieldScene.js';
-import { DEFAULT_FIELD_COMPOSE, FieldComposer } from './fieldCompose.js';
+import { DEFAULT_FIELD_COMPOSE, FieldComposer, MAX_FIELD_CASCADES } from './fieldCompose.js';
+import { cascadesForGrid } from '../../gi/fieldReach.js';
 import { ProbeBaker } from './probeBake.js';
+import { createBounceLights, resolveBounceLights } from '../../gi/bounceLights.js';
+import { ProbeTargets } from './probeTargets.js';
 import { distanceFieldBounds } from '../../gi/fieldScene.js';
 import { fitProbeGrid } from '../../gi/probeGridFit.js';
 /**
@@ -107,6 +117,9 @@ import { ClusterBinner } from './clusterBinner.js';
 import { MAX_CLUSTERED_LIGHTS } from '../../clusteredLights.js';
 import { computeAt, createComputeRegistry, } from '../../compute.js';
 import { GpuInstancedBatch } from './instanced.js';
+import { cutoutOf } from '../../cutoutCaster.js';
+import { LightField } from '../../driftLight/lightField.js';
+import { createDriftLightUniforms, resolveDriftLight } from '../../driftLight/uniforms.js';
 /**
  * How many draws one frame may make before the ring is full.
  *
@@ -157,6 +170,12 @@ const MAX_SCATTER_DEPTH_DRAWS = 256;
  * against the world.
  */
 const MAX_OVERLAYS = 64;
+/**
+ * Sky draws a frame can hold. A frame draws one, a mirror adds one, and a probe bake six a probe —
+ * given back after each probe's submit, so a whole grid needs six. Sixty-four is room for insets
+ * and passes nobody has written yet; the cost is sixteen kilobytes.
+ */
+const MAX_SKY_DRAWS = 64;
 /**
  * Distinct materials a frame may set.
  *
@@ -678,8 +697,6 @@ const AO_BLUR_SLOT = DYNAMIC_UNIFORM_ALIGNMENT;
 const BLOOM_UPSAMPLE_SLOT = BLOOM_LEVELS;
 /** The tint a draw gets when it asks for none, matching the WebGL2 path's reset-to-white. */
 const WHITE = new Float32Array([1, 1, 1]);
-/** No surface-texture scaling, which is what an untextured mesh wants. */
-const UNIT_UV = new Float32Array([1, 1]);
 /** A dust field standing still, for a light volume that asked for dust and not for wind. */
 const NO_DRIFT = new Float32Array([0, 0, 0]);
 /**
@@ -728,6 +745,23 @@ const NO_CLIP_PLANE = new Float32Array(4);
  * matrix the scene drew with and hands over the product.
  */
 const MOTION_CLIP_FLIP = mat4.fromValues(1, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1);
+/* Scratch for the probe blur's and convolution's uniform writes, so a bake writes no array literal. */
+const SCRATCH_ONE = new Float32Array(1);
+const SCRATCH_VEC4 = new Float32Array(4);
+const ZERO4 = new Float32Array(4);
+/** `value` in a one-float scratch, overwritten by the next call. */
+function one(value) {
+    SCRATCH_ONE[0] = value;
+    return SCRATCH_ONE;
+}
+/** A direction padded to a `vec4`, in a scratch overwritten by the next call. */
+function padded(direction) {
+    SCRATCH_VEC4[0] = direction[0] ?? 0;
+    SCRATCH_VEC4[1] = direction[1] ?? 0;
+    SCRATCH_VEC4[2] = direction[2] ?? 0;
+    SCRATCH_VEC4[3] = 0;
+    return SCRATCH_VEC4;
+}
 export class WebGPURenderer {
     /**
      * Real timestamp queries, where the adapter offers them.
@@ -1508,12 +1542,20 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
     frameEye = new Float32Array(3);
     /** The environment the frame was drawn with. See `bindMeshPass`. */
     frameEnv = null;
+    /**
+     * The sky this frame drew, or null until it draws one. A traced probe's escaping rays read it,
+     * so a frame that stops drawing a sky must not go on lighting its probes with the last one.
+     */
+    frameSky = null;
     /** That matrix with the clip-space correction folded in, rebuilt once a frame. */
     correctedViewProj = new Float32Array(16);
     skyLayout;
+    /**
+     * A slot a sky draw, as every per-draw resource here is: see `UniformRing` and the 2026-08-27 rule.
+     * It was one buffer rewritten at each draw, which gave every sky in an encoder the last camera.
+     */
     skyUniforms;
-    skyStaging = new ArrayBuffer(SKY_UNIFORM_SIZE);
-    skyFloats = new Float32Array(this.skyStaging);
+    skyFloats = new Float32Array(SKY_UNIFORM_SIZE / 4);
     skyBindGroup;
     /** The camera's inverse with the clip correction undone, rebuilt once a frame. */
     skyInvViewProj = new Float32Array(16);
@@ -1774,35 +1816,75 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
      * prefix that has already been uploaded costs one write of unchanged bytes and cannot be
      * wrong: a ring only ever appends within a frame.
      */
+    /**
+     * Every per-draw ring the frame writes and flushes together, in one list.
+     *
+     * **One list, read by the flush and by the probe bake's rewind**, so a ring added to one cannot be
+     * forgotten by the other: a ring flushed but never rewound would let a grid bake spend it, and one
+     * rewound but never flushed would upload nothing. Built on first use, after the constructor has
+     * set every field; `growTo` replaces a ring's buffer, never the ring, so the list stays true.
+     */
+    ringList = null;
+    rings() {
+        this.ringList ??= [
+            this.perDraw,
+            this.lightVolumeVertices,
+            this.lightVolumeFragments,
+            this.plumeVerts,
+            this.plumeFrags,
+            this.waterVerts,
+            this.waterFrags,
+            this.boltVerts,
+            this.boltFrags,
+            this.causticsVerts,
+            this.causticsFrags,
+            this.flockVerts,
+            this.flockFrags,
+            this.windStreakVerts,
+            this.windStreakFrags,
+            this.scatterVerts,
+            this.scatterFrags,
+            this.perFrame,
+            this.filmVerts,
+            this.filmFrags,
+            this.insetUniforms,
+            this.panelVerts,
+            this.panelFrags,
+            this.textVerts,
+            this.textFrags,
+            this.sdfTextVerts,
+            this.sdfTextFrags,
+            this.lineVerts,
+            this.lineFrags,
+            this.skyUniforms,
+        ];
+        return this.ringList;
+    }
     flushRings() {
-        this.perDraw.flush();
-        this.lightVolumeVertices.flush();
-        this.lightVolumeFragments.flush();
-        this.plumeVerts.flush();
-        this.plumeFrags.flush();
-        this.waterVerts.flush();
-        this.waterFrags.flush();
-        this.boltVerts.flush();
-        this.boltFrags.flush();
-        this.causticsVerts.flush();
-        this.causticsFrags.flush();
-        this.flockVerts.flush();
-        this.flockFrags.flush();
-        this.windStreakVerts.flush();
-        this.windStreakFrags.flush();
-        this.scatterVerts.flush();
-        this.perFrame.flush();
-        this.filmVerts.flush();
-        this.filmFrags.flush();
-        this.insetUniforms.flush();
-        this.panelVerts.flush();
-        this.panelFrags.flush();
-        this.textVerts.flush();
-        this.textFrags.flush();
-        this.sdfTextVerts.flush();
-        this.sdfTextFrags.flush();
-        this.lineVerts.flush();
-        this.lineFrags.flush();
+        for (const ring of this.rings())
+            ring.flush();
+    }
+    /** Where every ring stands before work that submits an encoder of its own. */
+    ringMarks = [];
+    markRings() {
+        const rings = this.rings();
+        this.ringMarks.length = rings.length;
+        for (let i = 0; i < rings.length; i++)
+            this.ringMarks[i] = rings[i].mark();
+    }
+    /**
+     * Give back every slot taken since `markRings`, once that work has been submitted.
+     *
+     * See `UniformRing.rewind` for why this is safe only after the submit. The palette ring goes back
+     * with them, and the cached palette slot is dropped if it was one of those given back.
+     */
+    rewindRings(skinMark) {
+        const rings = this.rings();
+        for (let i = 0; i < rings.length; i++)
+            rings[i].rewind(this.ringMarks[i] ?? 0);
+        this.skinPalettes.rewind(skinMark);
+        if (this.skinPaletteSlot >= skinMark)
+            this.skinPaletteSlot = -1;
     }
     /* -- The film ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
     filmLayout;
@@ -1970,6 +2052,8 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
     blankAlbedoBindGroup;
     /** Repeats across the mesh's own UV range. Per draw, because `uUvScale` is a vertex uniform. */
     uvScale = new Float32Array([1, 1]);
+    /** Whether the bound material is seen from both faces. See `SurfaceMaterial.doubleSided`. */
+    materialDoubleSided = false;
     createSurfaceTexture(source, options = {}) {
         return new GpuSurfaceTexture(this.surface.device, this.pipelines, source, options);
     }
@@ -2032,6 +2116,8 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
      * a group holding the old view hands a destroyed texture to the next draw that asks.
      */
     forgetBindingsOf(texture) {
+        this.cutoutGroups.delete(texture);
+        this.cutoutPeelGroups.delete(texture);
         /* Same reasoning, for whichever SDF labels were bound against this atlas. */
         this.sdfTextBindGroups.delete(texture);
         this.flatBindGroups.clear();
@@ -2088,12 +2174,14 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
         const albedo = material?.albedo ?? null;
         this.uvScale[0] = material?.uScale ?? 1;
         this.uvScale[1] = material?.vScale ?? 1;
+        this.materialDoubleSided = material?.doubleSided === true;
         const normal = (material?.normal ?? null);
         const orm = (material?.orm ?? null);
         const emissiveMap = (material?.emissive ?? null);
         this.material((f, i) => {
             i[this.materialField('uAlbedoEnabled')] = albedo === null ? 0 : 1;
             f[this.materialField('uAlbedoCutout')] = material?.cutout ?? 0;
+            i[this.materialField('uDoubleSided')] = material?.doubleSided === true ? 1 : 0;
             /* 0 is no map, and gates the whole block in the shader. See `uNormalStrength`. */
             f[this.materialField('uNormalStrength')] =
                 normal === null ? 0 : (material?.normalStrength ?? 1);
@@ -2862,6 +2950,16 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
     drawParticles(batch, data, camera, env, timeSeconds) {
         if (!this.canDraw() || data.count === 0)
             return;
+        if (batch.drawnInEncoder === this.encoderEpoch) {
+            if (!this.warnedParticlesTwice) {
+                this.warnedParticlesTwice = true;
+                console.warn('WebGPU: a particle batch was drawn twice into one encoder — a mirror and the view, or a ' +
+                    "probe's faces — and the second draw is skipped, because both would show the second " +
+                    "draw's particles. Give each view its own batch.");
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        batch.drawnInEncoder = this.encoderEpoch;
         const live = packInstances(batch, data);
         if (live === 0)
             return;
@@ -3488,7 +3586,6 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
         v[at('uCellSize')] = streaks.cellSize;
         v[at('uTime')] = timeSeconds;
         this.windStreakFragFloats.set(tint, (WIND_STREAK_FRAG_FIELDS.uTint.offset ?? 0) / 4);
-        const { queue } = this.surface.device;
         this.windStreakVerts.writeBlock(vertexSlot, this.windStreakVertBlock);
         this.windStreakFrags.writeBlock(fragmentSlot, this.windStreakFragBlock);
         const windPipe = windStreakPipeline(this.pipelines, this.surface.device, this.windStreakLayout);
@@ -3574,7 +3671,6 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
         v[at('uWind')] = windX;
         v[at('uWind') + 1] = windZ;
         this.flockFragFloats.set(tint, (FLOCK_FRAG_FIELDS.uTint.offset ?? 0) / 4);
-        const { queue } = this.surface.device;
         this.flockVerts.writeBlock(vertexSlot, this.flockVertBlock);
         this.flockFrags.writeBlock(fragmentSlot, this.flockFragBlock);
         const flockPipe = flockPipeline(this.pipelines, this.surface.device, this.flockLayout);
@@ -3868,7 +3964,8 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
     scatterLayout;
     /** One slot per batch: the gust and the trample field belong to the batch, not the frame. */
     scatterVerts;
-    scatterFragUniforms;
+    /** A slot a draw, beside the vertex block's: see `createScatterBindGroupLayout` for why. */
+    scatterFrags;
     scatterFragStaging = new ArrayBuffer(SCATTER_FRAG_SIZE);
     scatterFragFloats = new Float32Array(this.scatterFragStaging);
     scatterFragInts = new Int32Array(this.scatterFragStaging);
@@ -4053,17 +4150,28 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
     dynamicView;
     /** The peel's own bind groups: `uPeelShadowLayer` at 1, and the static map to peel against. */
     shadowPeelBindGroup;
+    /**
+     * The cutout casters' layout, and a bind group per cutout map for each layer, built the first
+     * time a map casts and kept: a `createBindGroup` per draw is the allocation the house rules forbid.
+     * Cleared in `forgetBindingsOf`, because a group outliving its texture is a destroyed-texture error
+     * at submit, and a texture's view is new when an update changes its size.
+     */
+    shadowCutoutLayout;
+    cutoutGroups = new Map();
+    cutoutPeelGroups = new Map();
+    shadowPeelPassUniforms = null;
+    shadowPeelSampler = null;
     scatterDepthPeelBindGroup;
     /** Which layer the open pass is writing, so the sink picks the bindings that match it. */
     shadowLayerIsPeel = false;
     /**
      * Whether a peel pass has filled the map, which is what the frame may sample it on.
      *
-     * **Not whether the map exists.** `renderer.ts` can ask that question because a GL texture is
-     * born cleared; a WebGPU texture no pass has written holds undefined contents, so a scene
-     * that builds a peel map and never opens the layer would sample garbage. Cleared when the
-     * static layer opens and set when a peel pass ends, which is per frame because both demo
-     * scenes that peel do so every frame.
+     * **Not whether the map exists.** `renderer.ts` asked that question, on the belief that a GL
+     * texture is born reading as the far plane, and it is born zeroed: a scene that built a peel
+     * map and never opened the layer had no sun at all under ANGLE's GL backend. It holds this
+     * rule now as well. Cleared when the static layer opens and set when a peel pass ends, which
+     * is per frame because every scene that peels does so every frame.
      */
     peelFilled = false;
     /** One slot per caster, the same trick `perDraw` uses and for the same reason. */
@@ -4104,6 +4212,28 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
      * otherwise. A lookup rather than a rebind, because a `createBindGroup` per draw is the
      * per-frame allocation the house rules forbid; both groups are built once at init.
      */
+    /** The cutout bind group for `texture` in the open layer, built the first time it casts there. */
+    cutoutGroup(texture) {
+        const peel = this.shadowLayerIsPeel && this.shadowPeelPassUniforms !== null;
+        const groups = peel ? this.cutoutPeelGroups : this.cutoutGroups;
+        const held = groups.get(texture);
+        if (held !== undefined)
+            return held;
+        const passUniforms = peel ? this.shadowPeelPassUniforms : this.shadowPassUniforms;
+        const previousView = peel ? this.shadowView : this.shadowBlankView;
+        const previousSampler = peel ? this.shadowPeelSampler : this.shadowBlankSampler;
+        if (passUniforms === null || previousView === null || previousSampler === null)
+            return null;
+        const group = createDepthBindGroup(this.surface.device, this.shadowCutoutLayout, this.shadowDraws.buffer, passUniforms, previousView, previousSampler, null, { view: texture.view, sampler: texture.sampler });
+        groups.set(texture, group);
+        return group;
+    }
+    /** The cutoff and UV scale into a cutout draw's slot, at the offsets its own variant declares. */
+    writeCutout(slot, cutout, fields) {
+        this.shadowDraws.writeFloat(slot, fields.uUvScale.offset, cutout.u);
+        this.shadowDraws.writeFloat(slot, fields.uUvScale.offset + 4, cutout.v);
+        this.shadowDraws.writeFloat(slot, fields.uAlphaCutout.offset, cutout.cutoff);
+    }
     shadowGroup() {
         return this.shadowLayerIsPeel && this.shadowPeelBindGroup !== null
             ? this.shadowPeelBindGroup
@@ -4139,21 +4269,29 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
      * every frame would be an allocation in a per-frame path.
      */
     casterSink = {
-        mesh: (mesh, model) => {
+        mesh: (mesh, model, material) => {
             const pass = this.shadowPass;
             if (pass === null)
                 return;
+            /* A cutout caster's group is looked up before a slot is spent, so a miss costs nothing. */
+            const cutout = cutoutOf(material);
+            const cutoutGroup = cutout === null ? null : this.cutoutGroup(cutout.albedo);
             const slot = this.shadowDraws.allocate();
             if (slot === null)
                 return;
             this.shadowDraws.writeFloats(slot, DEPTH_VERT_FIELDS.uLightViewProj.offset, this.correctedLightViewProj);
             this.shadowDraws.writeFloats(slot, DEPTH_VERT_FIELDS.uModel.offset, model);
             this.writeShadowWind(slot);
+            if (cutout !== null && cutoutGroup !== null)
+                this.writeCutout(slot, cutout, DEPTH_CUTOUT_VERT_FIELDS);
             const geometry = mesh;
             if (geometry.vertexBuffers === undefined)
                 return;
-            pass.setPipeline(depthPipeline(this.pipelines, this.surface.device, this.shadowLayout, `depth|${this.depthCullMode}|${geometry.key ?? ''}`, this.presentOf(geometry), this.depthCullMode));
-            pass.setBindGroup(0, this.shadowGroup(), [slot]);
+            const cuts = cutoutGroup !== null;
+            /* A two-sided caster casts from whichever face the light sees: nothing culled. */
+            const cull = material?.doubleSided === true ? 'none' : this.depthCullMode;
+            pass.setPipeline(depthPipeline(this.pipelines, this.surface.device, cuts ? this.shadowCutoutLayout : this.shadowLayout, `${cuts ? 'depth-cutout' : 'depth'}|${cull}|${geometry.key ?? ''}`, this.presentOf(geometry), cull, false, false, cuts));
+            pass.setBindGroup(0, cutoutGroup ?? this.shadowGroup(), [slot]);
             for (let index = 0; index < geometry.vertexBuffers.length; index++) {
                 pass.setVertexBuffer(index, geometry.vertexBuffers[index]);
             }
@@ -4164,7 +4302,7 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
          * A batch of rigid meshes into the depth map, placed by the same matrices the visible draw
          * uses — one draw, however many instances, exactly as the colour pass does it.
          */
-        instanced: (batch, data) => {
+        instanced: (batch, data, material) => {
             const pass = this.shadowPass;
             if (pass === null)
                 return;
@@ -4175,14 +4313,21 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
             const count = Math.min(data.count, gpuBatch.capacity);
             if (count === 0)
                 return;
+            const cutout = cutoutOf(material);
+            const cutoutGroup = cutout === null ? null : this.cutoutGroup(cutout.albedo);
             const slot = this.shadowDraws.allocate();
             if (slot === null)
                 return;
             /* Only the light matrix: the instanced depth variant has no uModel, its placement being
                the four attribute columns the batch's buffer supplies. */
             this.shadowDraws.writeFloats(slot, DEPTH_VERT_FIELDS.uLightViewProj.offset, this.correctedLightViewProj);
-            pass.setPipeline(depthPipeline(this.pipelines, this.surface.device, this.shadowLayout, `depth-instanced|${this.depthCullMode}|${geometry.key ?? ''}`, this.presentOf(geometry), this.depthCullMode, false, true));
-            pass.setBindGroup(0, this.shadowGroup(), [slot]);
+            if (cutout !== null && cutoutGroup !== null) {
+                this.writeCutout(slot, cutout, DEPTH_INSTANCED_CUTOUT_VERT_FIELDS);
+            }
+            const cuts = cutoutGroup !== null;
+            const cull = material?.doubleSided === true ? 'none' : this.depthCullMode;
+            pass.setPipeline(depthPipeline(this.pipelines, this.surface.device, cuts ? this.shadowCutoutLayout : this.shadowLayout, `${cuts ? 'depth-instanced-cutout' : 'depth-instanced'}|${cull}|${geometry.key ?? ''}`, this.presentOf(geometry), cull, false, true, cuts));
+            pass.setBindGroup(0, cutoutGroup ?? this.shadowGroup(), [slot]);
             let index = 0;
             for (; index < geometry.vertexBuffers.length; index++) {
                 pass.setVertexBuffer(index, geometry.vertexBuffers[index]);
@@ -4611,28 +4756,6 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
          */
         const blankView = blank.createView();
         const blankSampler = device.createSampler({ label: 'flat.sampler' });
-        /*
-         * A one-texel cube for every point-shadow sampler the variant declares.
-         *
-         * Twelve of them exist in the `pointShadows` permutation and none has a map behind it
-         * until row 3, but WebGPU requires every declared binding to be filled — and a cube view
-         * needs six array layers, so the flat 1×1 stand-in above cannot serve.
-         *
-         * **White is the second guard, and it is a deliberate value rather than a spare one.** The
-         * first is `uPointShadowIndex`, written to −1 for every light in `bindMeshPass`. If that
-         * ever failed, a full-depth texel reads as an occluder at the far plane — `pointShadow`
-         * converts the stored value back to a distance and 1.0 comes out as `far` — so the worst a
-         * mis-selected light can do is find nothing in the way. Zeroes would have meant an
-         * occluder pressed against the lamp, and every surface in the scene in shadow.
-         */
-        const blankCube = device.createTexture({
-            label: 'flat.emptyPointShadow',
-            size: [1, 1, 6],
-            format: 'rgba8unorm',
-            usage: 0x2 | 0x4, // COPY_DST | TEXTURE_BINDING
-        });
-        device.queue.writeTexture({ texture: blankCube }, new Uint8Array(4 * 6).fill(255), { bytesPerRow: 4, rowsPerImage: 1 }, [1, 1, 6]);
-        const blankCubeView = blankCube.createView({ dimension: 'cube' });
         /*
          * A one-texel integer stand-in for the froxel table.
          *
@@ -4671,6 +4794,16 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
         });
         device.queue.writeTexture({ texture: blankArray }, new Uint8Array(4).fill(255), { bytesPerRow: 4, rowsPerImage: 1 }, [1, 1, 1]);
         const blankArrayView = blankArray.createView({ dimension: '2d-array' });
+        /*
+         * DriftLight's two volumes before a field is whole: an index of one empty cell and an atlas
+         * of one zero texel. Never read while `uDriftLight.x` is zero, and bound anyway, because a
+         * group missing an entry its layout declares is a validation failure at `submit`.
+         */
+        const blankVolume = (label, format) => device
+            .createTexture({ label, size: [1, 1, 1], dimension: '3d', format, usage: 0x2 | 0x4 })
+            .createView({ dimension: '3d' });
+        const blankDriftIndexView = blankVolume('flat.emptyDriftLightIndex', 'r32uint');
+        const blankDriftAtlasView = blankVolume('flat.emptyDriftLightAtlas', 'rgba16float');
         this.shadowMap = device.createTexture({
             label: 'shadow.static',
             size: [this.quality.directionalShadowMapSize, this.quality.directionalShadowMapSize],
@@ -4708,14 +4841,15 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
             : null;
         this.dynamicView = this.dynamicMap === null ? null : this.dynamicMap.createView();
         /*
-         * **Cleared once, here, because a texture no pass has written holds undefined contents.**
+         * **Cleared once, here, because a texture no pass has written reads as zero**, which the
+         * specification requires, and a zero in a map compared with `LEQUAL` is an occluder at the
+         * light. A scene is entitled to switch directional shadows *on* and never open a pass —
+         * `night-street` does exactly that, with `shadowStrength` at 0.85 and no `beginShadowPass`
+         * anywhere in it — and sampling that zero shadows everything, which is a picture rather than
+         * an error and reads as a lighting bug.
          *
-         * A GL depth texture is born defined and reads as the far plane, so `renderer.ts` can hand
-         * an unrendered shadow map to the shader and get "nothing occludes anything". WebGPU makes
-         * no such promise, and a scene is entitled to switch directional shadows *on* and never
-         * open a pass — `night-street` does exactly that, with `shadowStrength` at 0.85 and no
-         * `beginShadowPass` anywhere in it. Sampling garbage then shadows whatever the garbage
-         * happens to say, which is a picture rather than an error and reads as a lighting bug.
+         * `shadowMap.ts` does the same for the other backend, for the same reason found later: WebGL
+         * zeroes a new texture too, and only ANGLE on Vulkan happened to hand one back reading 1.
          *
          * Found by dumping the flat block off both live renderers and comparing it field by field;
          * `uPeeledShadowEnabled` came back 1 against 0 and pointed straight at the maps behind it.
@@ -4826,7 +4960,7 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
              * is writing, so the binding has to move whatever the shader intends to do with it.
              */
             if (name === 'uEnvironment') {
-                return this.probeView === null || !this.probeBaked || this.probePassActive
+                return this.probeView === null || !this.probeReadable()
                     ? { view: blankArrayView, sampler: blankSampler }
                     : { view: this.probeView, sampler: this.probeSampler };
             }
@@ -4860,6 +4994,17 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
             if (name === 'uCookieAtlas') {
                 return { view: this.cookieView ?? blankView, sampler: iesSampler };
             }
+            /*
+             * DriftLight's brick index, read by `texelFetch` alone, so it shares the shadow group's
+             * sampler the way the froxel table does; and its atlas, which is filtered inside a brick and
+             * so takes the linear, clamped one the photometric atlas uses.
+             */
+            if (name === 'uDriftLightIndex') {
+                return { view: this.driftIndexView ?? blankDriftIndexView, sampler: shadowSampler };
+            }
+            if (name === 'uDriftLightAtlas') {
+                return { view: this.driftAtlasView ?? blankDriftAtlasView, sampler: iesSampler };
+            }
             /*
              * The colour the frame had already drawn, or the blank texel a frame that refracts nothing
              * falls back to.
@@ -4914,12 +5059,8 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
         /* The same group: no texture is set at construction, so this is the stand-in's. */
         this.blankAlbedoBindGroup = this.bindGroup;
         this.skyLayout = createSkyBindGroupLayout(device);
-        this.skyUniforms = device.createBuffer({
-            label: 'sky.uniforms',
-            size: SKY_UNIFORM_SIZE,
-            usage: USAGE_UNIFORM_DST,
-        });
-        this.skyBindGroup = createSkyBindGroup(device, this.skyLayout, this.skyUniforms);
+        this.skyUniforms = new UniformRing(device, SKY_UNIFORM_SIZE, MAX_SKY_DRAWS, USAGE_UNIFORM_DST, 'sky.ring');
+        this.skyBindGroup = createSkyBindGroup(device, this.skyLayout, this.skyUniforms.buffer);
         this.plumeLayout = createPlumeBindGroupLayout(device);
         this.plumeVerts = new UniformRing(device, PLUME_VERT_SIZE, MAX_PLUMES_PER_FRAME, USAGE_UNIFORM_DST);
         this.plumeFrags = new UniformRing(device, PLUME_FRAG_SIZE, MAX_PLUMES_PER_FRAME, USAGE_UNIFORM_DST);
@@ -4958,6 +5099,8 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
                 usage: 0x10 | 0x4 | 0x2, // RENDER_ATTACHMENT | TEXTURE_BINDING | COPY_DST
             })
             : null;
+        this.probeTargets =
+            this.probe === null ? null : new ProbeTargets(device, this.probe, this.probeSize);
         /*
          * The prefiltered twin, allocated on exactly the condition the capture is and with exactly
          * its format and level count. Same format because a pipeline's colour target must equal its
@@ -5001,6 +5144,10 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
                is not a screen-sized target. Filtering is what makes a 32-lattice table smooth rather
                than banded, so it is declared filterable like the colour inputs and unlike the depth. */
             { binding: RUSH_TEXTURES.uGradeLut, dimension: '3d' },
+            /* Eye adaptation's held brightness: one half-float texel, or the scene where none is held. */
+            { binding: RUSH_TEXTURES.uExposureHeld },
+            /* Local exposure's grid, read filtered between tiles. See `localExposure.ts`. */
+            { binding: RUSH_TEXTURES.uExposureLocal },
         ]);
         this.rushUniforms = device.createBuffer({
             label: 'post.rushUniforms',
@@ -5167,15 +5314,14 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
         this.filmBindGroupBlank = this.filmBindGroup;
         this.scatterLayout = createScatterBindGroupLayout(device);
         this.scatterVerts = new UniformRing(device, SCATTER_VERT_SIZE, MAX_PLUMES_PER_FRAME, USAGE_UNIFORM_DST);
-        this.scatterFragUniforms = device.createBuffer({
-            label: 'scatter.fragUniforms',
-            size: SCATTER_FRAG_SIZE,
-            usage: USAGE_UNIFORM_DST,
-        });
-        this.scatterBindGroup = createScatterBindGroup(device, this.scatterLayout, this.scatterVerts.buffer, this.scatterFragUniforms);
+        this.scatterFrags = new UniformRing(device, SCATTER_FRAG_SIZE, MAX_PLUMES_PER_FRAME, USAGE_UNIFORM_DST, 'scatter.fragRing');
+        this.scatterBindGroup = createScatterBindGroup(device, this.scatterLayout, this.scatterVerts.buffer, this.scatterFrags.buffer);
         this.shadowLayout = createDepthBindGroupLayout(device);
         this.shadowSkinnedLayout = createDepthBindGroupLayout(device, true);
-        this.shadowDraws = new UniformRing(device, DEPTH_VERT_SIZE, MAX_DRAWS_PER_FRAME, USAGE_UNIFORM_DST, 'shadow.drawRing', this.shadowDrawBudget);
+        this.shadowCutoutLayout = createDepthBindGroupLayout(device, false, true);
+        this.shadowDraws = new UniformRing(device, 
+        /* The cutout block is the plain one and two fields more, and a slot must hold either. */
+        Math.max(DEPTH_VERT_SIZE, DEPTH_CUTOUT_VERT_SIZE), MAX_DRAWS_PER_FRAME, USAGE_UNIFORM_DST, 'shadow.drawRing', this.shadowDrawBudget);
         const depthPassUniforms = device.createBuffer({
             label: 'depth.passUniforms',
             size: DEPTH_FRAG_SIZE,
@@ -5213,6 +5359,8 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
         if (peelPassUniforms !== null) {
             device.queue.writeBuffer(peelPassUniforms, 0, new Int32Array([1]));
         }
+        this.shadowPeelPassUniforms = peelPassUniforms;
+        this.shadowPeelSampler = shadowSampler;
         this.shadowPeelBindGroup =
             peelPassUniforms === null
                 ? null
@@ -5221,13 +5369,6 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
             peelPassUniforms === null
                 ? null
                 : createScatterDepthBindGroup(device, this.scatterDepthLayout, this.scatterDepthDraws.buffer, { binding: DEPTH_FRAG_BINDING, buffer: peelPassUniforms, size: DEPTH_FRAG_SIZE }, DEPTH_PREVIOUS_BINDING, this.shadowView, shadowSampler);
-        /*
-         * The light volume, last because it wants the shadow map and the stand-in that everything
-         * above already built. The peel and dynamic maps get the white one-pixel texture, which is
-         * depth 1 and therefore nothing in the way — see `createLightVolumeBindGroup` for why a
-         * stand-in of zero would put every beam in shadow instead.
-         */
-        const uniformBuffer = (label, size) => device.createBuffer({ label, size, usage: USAGE_UNIFORM_DST });
         /*
          * The overlays. Rings rather than single blocks because a frame draws several of each —
          * the loader alone is two panels and two strings — and `queue.writeBuffer` does not
@@ -5389,6 +5530,7 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
         this.reflectionQueue.reset();
         /* Redeclared every frame, so a field a consumer stops declaring stops lighting. */
         this.distanceFields.reset();
+        this.frameSky = null;
         this.oitActive =
             this.quality.orderIndependent && this.quality.screenEffects && this.samples === 1;
         /* Read off the line above rather than restating its last term: with the other two true, the
@@ -5410,6 +5552,7 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
         /* Anything drawn after the last `endFrame` goes now, before its encoder is replaced. */
         this.flushOverlay();
         this.framePresented = false;
+        this.encoderEpoch = ++this.encoderEpochs;
         /* Before the budget is cleared, because what to grow to is what the last frame asked for. */
         this.growRings();
         this.budget.reset();
@@ -5449,6 +5592,7 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
         this.windStreakVerts.reset();
         this.windStreakFrags.reset();
         this.scatterVerts.reset();
+        this.scatterFrags.reset();
         this.panelVerts.reset();
         this.panelFrags.reset();
         this.filmVerts.reset();
@@ -5460,6 +5604,7 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
         this.sdfTextFrags.reset();
         this.lineVerts.reset();
         this.lineFrags.reset();
+        this.skyUniforms.reset();
         /* The material ring, and the open slot with it: last frame's slots are gone. */
         this.perFrame.reset();
         this.materials.dirty();
@@ -5993,9 +6138,24 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
                 f[base + 1] = counts[1];
                 f[base + 2] = counts[2];
             }
+            /* Which sets the shading reads, and how far between them. See `probeSweeps.ts`. */
+            const setsAt = this.fragment.fields['uProbeGridSets'];
+            if (setsAt !== undefined) {
+                const sets = this.probeSweeps?.uniforms(this.probeSets) ?? this.probeSets.fill(0);
+                const base = setsAt.offset / 4;
+                f[base] = sets[0] ?? 0;
+                f[base + 1] = sets[1] ?? 0;
+                f[base + 2] = sets[2] ?? 0;
+            }
             /* Which chain is bound, because the level and the weight both depend on it. */
             f[at('uEnvironmentPrefiltered')] = this.quality.environmentPrefilter ? 1 : 0;
         }
+        /* DriftLight, or zeros that switch it off: see `driftLight/uniforms.ts`. */
+        this.uploadLightField();
+        const drift = this.driftUniforms;
+        resolveDriftLight(this.driftAtlas === null ? null : this.lightField, this.probePassActive, camera.position, drift);
+        f.set(drift.light, at('uDriftLight'));
+        f.set(drift.origin, at('uDriftLightOrigin'));
         /*
          * The ORM scales, whose base is 1 and not 0 — the value an unwritten uniform would hold.
          *
@@ -6074,7 +6234,7 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
          * it every frame.
          */
         if (this.probeEnabled) {
-            const usable = this.probeBaked && !this.probePassActive;
+            const usable = this.probeReadable();
             f[at('uEnvironmentEnabled')] = usable ? 1 : 0;
             f[at('uEnvironmentMaxLod')] = this.probeMaxLod;
             /*
@@ -6310,6 +6470,14 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
     }
     /** Said once rather than every frame, for the reason `warnedFull` gives. */
     warnedMaterialsFull = false;
+    warnedSkyFull = false;
+    warnedParticlesTwice = false;
+    /**
+     * Which encoder draws are being recorded into, by count: a new one at every `beginFrame`, and one
+     * of its own for each probe bake, restored after. What a batch drawn per encoder is checked by.
+     */
+    encoderEpoch = 0;
+    encoderEpochs = 0;
     /**
      * Draw one mesh.
      *
@@ -6593,7 +6761,9 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
             `${depthWrite ? '' : '|nodepth'}${layer > 0 ? `|dl${layer}` : ''}` +
             /* The two order-independent buffers are two formats and two blend states, so a draw into
                one must never share a cached pipeline with the same mesh drawn into the other. */
-            `${this.oitMode === 'none' ? '' : `|oit${this.oitMode}`}`;
+            `${this.oitMode === 'none' ? '' : `|oit${this.oitMode}`}` +
+            /* Culling is pipeline state here: a two-sided surface culls nothing. */
+            `${this.materialDoubleSided ? '|2s' : ''}`;
         /*
          * The morph uniforms, written only for a morphed draw and read from the *morphed* variant's
          * field table. `FLAT_VERT_FIELDS` is the plain variant's and does not name them at all — every
@@ -6623,7 +6793,7 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
             if (present === undefined) {
                 throw new Error(`WebGPU: no pipeline for ${key}; createMesh builds it`);
             }
-            pipeline = flatPipeline(pipelines, this.surface.device, this.flatLayoutFor(skinned, morphed), this.variant, key, present, blend, skinned, morphed, depthWrite, layer, false, this.oitMode);
+            pipeline = flatPipeline(pipelines, this.surface.device, this.flatLayoutFor(skinned, morphed), this.variant, key, present, blend, skinned, morphed, depthWrite, layer, false, this.oitMode, this.materialDoubleSided);
         }
         /*
          * Guards the draw call only, not the restore below.
@@ -6829,7 +6999,8 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
            a third vertex buffer and a different vertex module, and sharing a cache entry with the
            plain one would hand a draw the wrong layout. */
         const key = `${base}|inst${blend ? '|blend' : ''}` +
-            `${depthWrite ? '' : '|nodepth'}${layer > 0 ? `|dl${layer}` : ''}`;
+            `${depthWrite ? '' : '|nodepth'}${layer > 0 ? `|dl${layer}` : ''}` +
+            `${this.materialDoubleSided ? '|2s' : ''}`;
         const pipelines = this.targetPipelines();
         let pipeline = pipelines.peek(key);
         if (pipeline === undefined) {
@@ -6837,7 +7008,7 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
             if (present === undefined) {
                 throw new Error(`WebGPU: no mesh attributes recorded for ${base}; createMesh records them`);
             }
-            pipeline = flatPipeline(pipelines, this.surface.device, this.flatLayoutFor(false, false), this.variant, key, present, blend, false, false, depthWrite, layer, true);
+            pipeline = flatPipeline(pipelines, this.surface.device, this.flatLayoutFor(false, false), this.variant, key, present, blend, false, false, depthWrite, layer, true, 'none', this.materialDoubleSided);
         }
         const material = this.materialSlotForDraw();
         if (material !== null) {
@@ -6978,7 +7149,10 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
         i[atF('uFogMode')] = medium.fogMode;
         f[atF('uFogNear')] = medium.fogNear;
         f[atF('uFogFar')] = medium.fogFar;
-        this.surface.device.queue.writeBuffer(this.scatterFragUniforms, 0, this.scatterFragStaging);
+        const fragmentSlot = this.scatterFrags.allocate();
+        if (fragmentSlot === null)
+            return;
+        this.scatterFrags.writeBlock(fragmentSlot, this.scatterFragInts);
         const scatterPipe = scatterPipeline(this.pipelines, this.surface.device, this.scatterLayout);
         /* One dynamic offset, and a group of two uniform buffers: nothing sampled, nothing read. */
         const scatterCommand = this.recordDraw(0, this.currentTarget());
@@ -6986,7 +7160,8 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
             scatterCommand.pipeline = scatterPipe;
             scatterCommand.bindGroup = this.scatterBindGroup;
             scatterCommand.offsetA = slot;
-            scatterCommand.offsetCount = 1;
+            scatterCommand.offsetB = fragmentSlot;
+            scatterCommand.offsetCount = 2;
             for (let index = 0; index < scatter.vertexBuffers.length; index++) {
                 scatterCommand.vertexBuffers[index] = scatter.vertexBuffers[index];
             }
@@ -7001,7 +7176,7 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
             if (pass === null)
                 return;
             pass.setPipeline(scatterPipe);
-            pass.setBindGroup(0, this.scatterBindGroup, [slot]);
+            pass.setBindGroup(0, this.scatterBindGroup, [slot, fragmentSlot]);
             for (let index = 0; index < scatter.vertexBuffers.length; index++) {
                 pass.setVertexBuffer(index, scatter.vertexBuffers[index]);
             }
@@ -7556,6 +7731,7 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
      */
     rebuildFlatGroupsForNewRings() {
         this.flatBindGroups.clear();
+        this.flatEnvironment = this.flatTextures('uEnvironment').view;
         this.skinnedGroups.length = 0;
         const albedo = this.albedo;
         const normalMap = this.normalMap;
@@ -7574,6 +7750,25 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
         /* The open material lives in a slot of a buffer that no longer exists. */
         this.materials.dirty();
     }
+    /**
+     * The environment view the cached flat groups bind: the grid, or the blank stand-in while the
+     * grid may not be read. What `rebindEnvironment` compares against.
+     */
+    flatEnvironment = null;
+    /**
+     * Rebuild the flat groups if, and only if, the environment they bind has changed.
+     *
+     * **Every cached group holds the environment view**, so a change of it makes all of them stale;
+     * but nothing else a bake does touches a group. Rebuilding on every bake's two edges regardless
+     * emptied the cache twice a bake, and every material built its group again inside the bake and
+     * again after it: a courtyard re-baking a few faces a frame spent 28% of its CPU there on the
+     * native host, where a `createBindGroup` costs most. What would make this wrong is a second
+     * binding that a bake changes, which would have to be compared here too.
+     */
+    rebindEnvironment() {
+        if (this.flatTextures('uEnvironment').view !== this.flatEnvironment)
+            this.rebuildFlatBindGroup();
+    }
     /**
      * Rebuild the group for the open material, and drop every cached one.
      *
@@ -7585,6 +7780,7 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
      */
     rebuildFlatBindGroup() {
         this.flatBindGroups.clear();
+        this.flatEnvironment = this.flatTextures('uEnvironment').view;
         if (this.albedo === null &&
             this.normalMap === null &&
             this.ormMap === null &&
@@ -7618,6 +7814,7 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
     drawSky(camera, sky, env) {
         if (!this.canDraw())
             return;
+        this.frameSky = sky;
         const f = this.skyFloats;
         const at = (name) => SKY_FIELDS[name].offset / 4;
         /*
@@ -7643,13 +7840,23 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
         const medium = resolveAtmosphere(env, this.atmosphereHeight(camera), this.quality.underwaterAtmosphere, this.medium);
         f.set(medium.underwaterColor, at('uUnderwaterColor'));
         f[at('uUnderwaterFactor')] = medium.underwaterFactor;
-        this.surface.device.queue.writeBuffer(this.skyUniforms, 0, this.skyStaging);
+        const slot = this.skyUniforms.allocate();
+        if (slot === null) {
+            if (!this.warnedSkyFull) {
+                this.warnedSkyFull = true;
+                console.warn(`WebGPU: more than ${MAX_SKY_DRAWS} sky draws in a frame; the rest are skipped`);
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        this.skyUniforms.writeFloats(slot, 0, f);
         const skyPipe = skyPipeline(this.pipelines, this.surface.device, this.skyLayout);
         /* Reads nothing: the group is one uniform buffer, and the sky samples no attachment. */
         const skyCommand = this.recordDraw(0, this.currentTarget());
         if (skyCommand !== null) {
             skyCommand.pipeline = skyPipe;
             skyCommand.bindGroup = this.skyBindGroup;
+            skyCommand.offsetA = slot;
+            skyCommand.offsetCount = 1;
             skyCommand.count = 3;
         }
         else {
@@ -7657,7 +7864,7 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
             if (pass === null)
                 return;
             pass.setPipeline(skyPipe);
-            pass.setBindGroup(0, this.skyBindGroup);
+            pass.setBindGroup(0, this.skyBindGroup, [slot]);
             pass.draw(3);
         }
     }
@@ -7769,6 +7976,18 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
         const bloomStrength = this.quality.bloom * this.bloomScale;
         if (bloomStrength > 0)
             this.runBloom(encoder);
+        /*
+         * Eye adaptation, metered from the scene the composite shows, and local exposure's grid beside
+         * it. The held brightness is kept for either, since local exposure moves regions relative to it.
+         * See `setAutoExposure` and `setLocalExposure`.
+         */
+        const localising = this.localExposure > 0;
+        const measuring = (this.autoExposure > 0 || localising) && this.exposurePass !== null;
+        const adapting = measuring && this.autoExposure > 0;
+        const shownScene = this.reconstructing ? this.reconShownView : this.sceneColorView;
+        if (measuring && shownScene !== null) {
+            this.exposurePass?.run(encoder, shownScene, this.autoExposureDt, localising);
+        }
         /* The grade travels here only where the mesh pass gave it up. See `bindMeshPass`. */
         const graded = this.quality.hdrScene;
         const f = this.rushFloats;
@@ -7807,6 +8026,12 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
         /* The grade, sampled after the curve and before the veil. See `uGradeLut` in `rush.ts`. */
         f[at('uGradeStrength')] = this.gradeStrength;
         f[at('uGradeSize')] = this.gradeSize;
+        /* The lens and the print. See `setVignette` and `setFilmGrain`. */
+        f[at('uVignette')] = this.vignette;
+        f[at('uAutoExposure')] = adapting ? this.autoExposure : 0;
+        f[at('uLocalExposure')] = measuring && localising ? this.localExposure : 0;
+        f[at('uGrain')] = this.grain;
+        f[at('uGrain') + 1] = this.grainSeed;
         device.queue.writeBuffer(this.rushUniforms, 0, this.rushStaging);
         const pass = encoder.beginRenderPass({
             label: 'post.composite',
@@ -7877,6 +8102,10 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
                    a frame that never grades anything should not carry a texture, and a declared binding
                    must still have a complete one — the argument the bloom fallback above makes. */
                 ...entry(RUSH_TEXTURES.uGradeLut, this.ensureGradeView()),
+                /* The scene as the placeholder until adaptation is asked for: the strength is zero then,
+                   and a declared binding still needs a complete texture, as the bloom fallback says. */
+                ...entry(RUSH_TEXTURES.uExposureHeld, this.exposurePass?.heldView ?? sceneView),
+                ...entry(RUSH_TEXTURES.uExposureLocal, this.exposurePass?.localView ?? sceneView),
             ],
             layout: this.rushLayout,
         });
@@ -8896,12 +9125,15 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
            otherwise halve the blur and leave half the pattern standing. */
         const width = Math.max(1, this.aoTarget?.width ?? 1);
         const height = Math.max(1, this.aoTarget?.height ?? 1);
-        for (const [index, step] of [
-            [0, [1 / width, 0]],
-            [1, [0, 1 / height]],
+        /* Across at the estimate's own scale, which the second axis needs whole; down decoded, so the
+           composite reads open sky as one. The same two `ambientOcclusionPass.ts` writes. */
+        for (const [index, step, scale] of [
+            [0, [1 / width, 0], 1],
+            [1, [0, 1 / height], 1 / AO_STORE],
         ]) {
             f[slot(index) + at('uStep')] = step[0];
             f[slot(index) + at('uStep') + 1] = step[1];
+            f[slot(index) + at('uAoScale')] = scale;
             f[slot(index) + at('uDepthToViewZ')] = inv[10] ?? 0;
             f[slot(index) + at('uDepthToViewZ') + 1] = inv[14] ?? 0;
             f[slot(index) + at('uDepthToViewZ') + 2] = inv[11] ?? 0;
@@ -9586,8 +9818,13 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
         const swap = this.swapView();
         if (swap === null)
             return null;
-        const width = this.depth?.width ?? 1;
-        const height = this.depth?.height ?? 1;
+        /*
+         * **The drawing buffer's size, not the scene depth's.** The overlay draws on the swap image,
+         * past the resolve, and a reconstruction draws the scene depth small: sized from that, the
+         * device refused the pass beside a full-size swap image and every overlay went missing.
+         */
+        const width = Math.max(1, this.surface.canvas.width);
+        const height = Math.max(1, this.surface.canvas.height);
         if (this.overlayDepth === null ||
             this.overlayDepth.width !== width ||
             this.overlayDepth.height !== height) {
@@ -9926,10 +10163,26 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
          * had stopped declaring. What the guard is actually for is not *building* a composer for a
          * profile that never declares anything, so that is all it now guards.
          */
+        if (this.fieldComposer === null && this.distanceFields.length === 0)
+            return;
+        /*
+         * **As many cascades as reach the probe grid**, and rebuilt when the grid asks for a different
+         * number: the far end of a courtyard longer than the default 16 m was traced against no field
+         * at all and lit as open sky from every side. See `gi/fieldReach.ts`.
+         */
+        const grid = this.indirectGrid();
+        const cascades = grid === null
+            ? DEFAULT_FIELD_COMPOSE.cascades
+            : cascadesForGrid(grid, DEFAULT_FIELD_COMPOSE.radius, DEFAULT_FIELD_COMPOSE.cascades, MAX_FIELD_CASCADES);
+        if (this.fieldComposer !== null && this.fieldComposer.cascadeCount !== cascades) {
+            this.fieldComposer.dispose();
+            this.fieldComposer = null;
+        }
         if (this.fieldComposer === null) {
-            if (this.distanceFields.length === 0)
-                return;
-            this.fieldComposer = new FieldComposer(this.surface.device, DEFAULT_FIELD_COMPOSE);
+            this.fieldComposer = new FieldComposer(this.surface.device, {
+                ...DEFAULT_FIELD_COMPOSE,
+                cascades,
+            });
         }
         this.fieldComposer.compose(encoder, this.distanceFields, this.frameEye);
     }
@@ -9996,11 +10249,20 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
          * never said what was lighting it.
          */
         const env = this.frameEnv;
-        this.probeBaker.bake(encoder, field, grid, this.probeBaked, {
+        /*
+         * And the scene's summed fixed lights, which the trace adds to what a hit receives: the bounce
+         * of every candle, not only of the ones near enough to be shaded exactly.
+         */
+        resolveDriftLight(this.bakeLightField === null ? null : this.lightField, true, this.frameEye, this.bakeDriftUniforms);
+        /* And the frame's exact lights, flickering and moving as the frame shades them. */
+        this.bakeLamps.count = resolveBounceLights(env, this.bounceLights);
+        this.bakeLamps.falloff = this.lights.falloff;
+        this.probeBaker.bake(encoder, field, grid, this.probeBaked, this.bakeLightField, this.bakeLamps, {
             direction: env?.directionalDir ?? NO_SUN,
             colour: env?.directionalColor ?? NO_SUN,
-            /* What a ray that left the world finds. The frame's own ambient, not a capture. */
-            sky: env?.ambient ?? NO_SUN,
+            /* What a ray that left the world finds: the sky this frame drew, or its ambient. */
+            ambient: env?.ambient ?? NO_SUN,
+            sky: this.frameSky,
         });
         /*
          * **The bake is what fills the layers now, so it is what marks them filled.** `probeBaked`
@@ -10191,7 +10453,7 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
          * currently open. Offering it earlier hands a pass a texture of undefined contents, which is
          * the failure `probeBaked` was introduced for on the forward path.
          */
-        const usable = this.probeView !== null && this.probeBaked && !this.probePassActive;
+        const usable = this.probeView !== null && this.probeReadable();
         if (usable) {
             const environment = this.passEnvironment;
             environment.view = this.probeView;
@@ -10631,6 +10893,8 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
      * -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      */
     bloomScale = 1;
+    /** In scene units, once `setBloom` has moved it; null reads the profile's. */
+    bloomThresholdSet = null;
     rushStrength = 0;
     motionBlurScale = 1;
     /**
@@ -10642,6 +10906,48 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
      */
     veilColor = [0, 0, 0];
     veilAlpha = 0;
+    vignette = 0;
+    grain = 0;
+    grainSeed = 0;
+    warnedLookWithoutComposite = false;
+    /** Eye adaptation: how far, this frame's time step, and the pass once asked for. */
+    autoExposure = 0;
+    autoExposureDt = 0;
+    /** How far each region is brought toward the frame. See `setLocalExposure`. */
+    localExposure = 0;
+    exposurePass = null;
+    /**
+     * How strongly the lens darkens the frame's corners, held until changed: 0 is none, 0.5 is about
+     * 1.2 stops at the corner. Applied to scene light before the tone curve, as a lens loses light;
+     * see `filmLook.ts`. Needs `screenEffects`, and says so once rather than doing nothing.
+     */
+    setVignette(strength) {
+        if (!this.hasComposite) {
+            this.warnLookWithoutComposite(strength);
+            return;
+        }
+        this.vignette = clampVignette(strength);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Film grain, held until changed: an amplitude in display values (0 is none, 0.03 is a fine
+     * grain) and this frame's seed. **The seed is the caller's**, because the engine takes time from
+     * its caller: pass a new one each frame for grain that moves, and the same one for a still that
+     * is identical run to run. Applied last, after the grade and the veil; see `filmLook.ts`.
+     */
+    setFilmGrain(strength, seed) {
+        if (!this.hasComposite) {
+            this.warnLookWithoutComposite(strength);
+            return;
+        }
+        this.grain = clampGrain(strength);
+        this.grainSeed = grainSeed(seed);
+    }
+    warnLookWithoutComposite(strength) {
+        if (strength > 0 && !this.warnedLookWithoutComposite) {
+            this.warnedLookWithoutComposite = true;
+            console.warn(FILM_LOOK_WITHOUT_COMPOSITE);
+        }
+    }
     /*
      * **These three warned that the composite did not exist, and went on warning after it did.**
      *
@@ -10717,8 +11023,17 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
         this.gradeView = this.gradeTexture.createView({ dimension: '3d' });
         this.gradeSize = lut.size;
     }
-    setBloom(scale) {
+    setBloom(scale, threshold) {
         this.bloomScale = Math.min(Math.max(scale, 0), 1);
+        if (threshold === undefined)
+            return;
+        const next = bloomThresholdOf(threshold);
+        if (next === this.bloomThresholdSet)
+            return;
+        this.bloomThresholdSet = next;
+        /* The blocks are written once per size, so a moved threshold rewrites them now. */
+        if (this.bloomLevels.length > 0)
+            this.writeBloomBlocks();
     }
     /**
      * How thick the air is, this frame: a global participating medium filling the whole frustum.
@@ -10743,6 +11058,62 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
     setCameraMotionBlur(scale) {
         this.motionBlurScale = Math.min(Math.max(scale, 0), 1);
     }
+    /**
+     * The camera has cut: this frame is a new shot, not the next moment of the last one.
+     *
+     * **Everything temporal reprojects through the previous frame's view**: the motion blur measures
+     * its smear against it, and the temporal resolve reads its history through it. A cut is a jump
+     * the renderer cannot tell from a fast camera, so without this a transport that seeks, a respawn
+     * or an edit smears its first frame along the whole jump and blends in a picture of somewhere
+     * else. The caller knows it cut; this is how it says so, before the frame's `beginFrame`.
+     *
+     * What it gives up is one frame of history: the frame after a cut has no blur and no temporal
+     * blend, as the first frame of a session has none. Nothing else is reset.
+     */
+    cameraCut() {
+        this.hasPreviousView = false;
+        this.temporalHistory.invalidate();
+        /* The reconstruction keeps histories of its own, and they are the last shot's too. */
+        this.reconHasHistory = false;
+        /* And the eye was adapted to the last shot. */
+        this.exposurePass?.cut();
+    }
+    /**
+     * Eye adaptation. **The other backend's `setAutoExposure` carries the reasoning**, whole; this is
+     * the same setter over the same state, and the pass is built the first time it is asked for, so
+     * a renderer that never adapts carries none of it.
+     */
+    setAutoExposure(strength, dtSec) {
+        if (!this.hasComposite || !this.quality.hdrScene) {
+            this.warnLookWithoutComposite(strength);
+            return;
+        }
+        this.autoExposure = clampAutoExposure(strength);
+        this.autoExposureDt = dtSec;
+        if (this.autoExposure > 0)
+            this.ensureExposurePass();
+    }
+    /**
+     * Local exposure. **The other backend's `setLocalExposure` carries the reasoning**, whole; this is
+     * the same setter over the same state, sharing eye adaptation's pass, which is built the first
+     * time either is asked for.
+     */
+    setLocalExposure(strength) {
+        if (!this.hasComposite || !this.quality.hdrScene) {
+            this.warnLookWithoutComposite(strength);
+            return;
+        }
+        this.localExposure = clampLocalExposure(strength);
+        if (this.localExposure > 0)
+            this.ensureExposurePass();
+    }
+    /** The exposure pass, built once; the composite's group holds placeholders until it exists. */
+    ensureExposurePass() {
+        if (this.exposurePass !== null)
+            return;
+        this.exposurePass = new ExposurePass(this.surface.device, this.pipelines, this.postSampler);
+        this.rebuildRushBindGroup();
+    }
     /**
      * Where this frame's lens is focused, how deep the sharp zone is, and how much of the ceiling
      * to take. **The other backend's `setDepthOfField` carries the reasoning**, whole: the
@@ -10947,6 +11318,8 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
      * over a lobe-convolved one.
      */
     probe;
+    /** The views, groups and attachments a bake draws with, made once. See `probeTargets.ts`. */
+    probeTargets;
     /**
      * The prefiltered cube: what the lit pass samples, one GGX-convolved level per roughness.
      *
@@ -10978,6 +11351,19 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
     probeMipLayout;
     /** The photometric atlas, allocated on first use. See `setIesProfiles`. */
     iesTexture = null;
+    /** The scene's DriftLight field, and its two volumes once it is whole. See `createLightField`. */
+    lightField = null;
+    driftIndex = null;
+    driftAtlas = null;
+    driftIndexView = null;
+    driftAtlasView = null;
+    driftUniforms = createDriftLightUniforms();
+    /** The same field resolved for a traced probe, and what the baker binds; null while not whole. */
+    bakeDriftUniforms = createDriftLightUniforms();
+    bakeLightField = null;
+    /** The frame's exact lights packed for the traced bake. See `gi/bounceLights.ts`. */
+    bounceLights = createBounceLights();
+    bakeLamps = { data: this.bounceLights, count: 0, falloff: 0 };
     iesView = null;
     cookieTexture = null;
     cookieView = null;
@@ -11002,8 +11388,9 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
      * mirroring uninitialised memory is worse than a car mirroring a gradient — the rule one probe
      * already had, unchanged by there being more of them.
      */
-    probeFilled = new Uint8Array(1);
-    probeFilledCount = 0;
+    probeSweeps = null;
+    /** `uProbeGridSets`, rewritten in place. */
+    probeSets = new Float32Array(3);
     /**
      * Whether a bake is running, which is when the cube may be neither sampled nor bound.
      *
@@ -11011,13 +11398,23 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
      * load-bearing rather than defensive: WebGPU rejects a pass that holds the texture it writes.
      */
     probePassActive = false;
+    /** Whether the bake under way lights its faces by the grid. `ProbeBakeOptions.bounce`. */
+    probeBounce = false;
+    /**
+     * Whether the shading may read the grid now: once every probe is filled, and not during a bake
+     * unless it is a bounce bake. A bounce bake's faces are drawn into the probe's own cube and only
+     * the resolve writes the array, in a pass of its own, so no pass both samples and writes it.
+     */
+    probeReadable() {
+        return this.probeBaked && (!this.probePassActive || this.probeBounce);
+    }
     /** How many mip levels the roughness blur has to work with. `flat.ts` reads this. */
     get probeMaxLod() {
         return ggxMaxLevelFor(this.probeEdge);
     }
-    /** Whether every layer of the grid has been convolved. See `probeFilled`. */
+    /** Whether a whole sweep of the grid has been convolved. See `probeSweeps.ts`. */
     get probeBaked() {
-        return this.probes !== null && this.probeFilledCount === this.probes.layers;
+        return this.probes !== null && this.probeSweeps?.ready === true;
     }
     /**
      * Record that one layer now holds a convolution, without counting a rebake twice.
@@ -11036,13 +11433,9 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
      * mistake, and `setProbeGrid` says it about the array being replaced.
      */
     markProbeFilled(layer) {
-        if (layer < 0 || layer >= this.probeFilled.length)
-            return;
-        if (this.probeFilled[layer] === 1)
-            return;
-        this.probeFilled[layer] = 1;
-        this.probeFilledCount++;
-        if (this.probeBaked)
+        const was = this.probeBaked;
+        this.probeSweeps?.baked(layer);
+        if (!was && this.probeBaked)
             this.rebuildFlatGroupsForNewRings();
     }
     /**
@@ -11053,6 +11446,7 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
      */
     allocateProbeArray(layers, device) {
         this.probeArray?.destroy();
+        this.probeTargets?.forgetArray();
         this.probeArray = device.createTexture({
             label: 'probe.array',
             size: [this.probeEdge, this.probeEdge, layers],
@@ -11062,8 +11456,6 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
             usage: 0x10 | 0x4, // RENDER_ATTACHMENT | TEXTURE_BINDING
         });
         this.probeView = this.probeArray.createView({ dimension: '2d-array' });
-        this.probeFilled = new Uint8Array(layers);
-        this.probeFilledCount = 0;
         /*
          * **Cleared here, because a texture no pass has written holds undefined contents** — the same
          * sentence the directional shadow maps are cleared under, arrived at from the other end.
@@ -11120,8 +11512,14 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
         if (current !== null && this.probeArray !== null && sameGrid(current, grid))
             return true;
         this.probes = grid;
-        if (this.probeArray === null || this.probeArray.depthOrArrayLayers !== grid.layers) {
-            this.allocateProbeArray(grid.layers, this.surface.device);
+        /* A traced grid writes its layers itself, so it keeps one set. See `ProbeGridOptions.crossfade`. */
+        const crossfade = grid.crossfade && !this.quality.indirectLight;
+        const sets = crossfade ? 3 : 1;
+        if (this.probeArray === null ||
+            this.probeArray.depthOrArrayLayers !== grid.layers * sets ||
+            this.probeSweeps?.sets !== sets) {
+            this.probeSweeps = new ProbeSweeps(grid.layers, crossfade);
+            this.allocateProbeArray(grid.layers * sets, this.surface.device);
             this.rebuildFlatGroupsForNewRings();
         }
         return true;
@@ -11183,39 +11581,18 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
         camera.far = PROBE_FAR_M;
         camera.roll = 0;
         const { device } = this.surface;
-        const depth = device.createTexture({
-            label: 'probe.depth',
-            size: [this.probeSize, this.probeSize],
-            format: DEPTH_FORMAT,
-            /*
-             * **The world's sample count, because a bake draws the world with the world's pipelines.**
-             * A pipeline whose count disagrees with its attachment is rejected at `finish` and takes
-             * the whole bake with it, and WebGPU requires every attachment in a pass to agree — so a
-             * single-sample depth beside a four-sample colour is refused in words that read as a depth
-             * problem and are a multisampling one.
-             */
-            sampleCount: this.samples,
-            usage: 0x10, // RENDER_ATTACHMENT
-        });
-        const depthView = depth.createView();
+        const targets = this.probeTargets;
+        if (targets === null)
+            return false;
         /*
-         * The multisampled twin the faces are drawn into, resolved into the cube.
-         *
-         * **A cube face cannot be both multisampled and sampled**, which is the same bind the mirror
-         * is in and it is solved the same way: render into this, name the face as `resolveTarget`,
-         * and the averaging happens on the way out. One twin for all six faces, because they are
-         * drawn one at a time and nothing reads it between them.
+         * The depth, at the world's sample count because a bake draws the world with the world's
+         * pipelines: a pipeline whose count disagrees with its attachment is rejected at `finish` and
+         * takes the whole bake with it, in words that read as a depth problem and are a multisampling
+         * one. And the multisampled twin the faces are drawn into and resolved from, since **a cube
+         * face cannot be both multisampled and sampled** — the same bind the mirror is in. Both kept
+         * between bakes: see `probeTargets.ts`.
          */
-        const colorMsaa = this.samples > 1
-            ? device.createTexture({
-                label: 'probe.colorMsaa',
-                size: [this.probeSize, this.probeSize],
-                format: this.pipelines.format,
-                sampleCount: this.samples,
-                usage: 0x10, // RENDER_ATTACHMENT
-            })
-            : null;
-        const colorMsaaView = colorMsaa?.createView() ?? null;
+        const { depth: depthView, colorMsaa: colorMsaaView } = targets.attachments(this.samples, this.pipelines.format);
         /*
          * The frame's own pass is set aside and restored, because `drawFace` calls straight back into
          * `bindMeshPass` and `drawMesh`, which record into whatever `this.pass` is. That is the same
@@ -11234,16 +11611,26 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
         if (this.quality.frameGraph)
             this.flushGraph();
         const savedEncoder = this.encoder;
+        /*
+         * **The rings are marked here and given back after the submit below**, because this bake is its
+         * own encoder: once it is submitted nothing in the frame can read its slots, and a grid baked in
+         * one call would otherwise spend the frame's whole ring on probes and skip the draws past it.
+         */
+        this.markRings();
+        const skinMark = this.skinPalettes.mark();
+        const frameEpoch = this.encoderEpoch;
+        this.encoderEpoch = ++this.encoderEpochs;
         const encoder = device.createCommandEncoder({ label: 'probe' });
         this.encoder = encoder;
         /*
-         * Fenced before the first face and released after the last, with the group rebuilt on both
-         * edges so the cube is not bound while it is being written. Two `createBindGroup` calls per
-         * bake, which is not a frame path: a bake is six passes and a mip chain, asked for by a
-         * scene at a moment of its choosing.
+         * Fenced before the first face and released after the last, so the grid is not bound while a
+         * plain bake is drawn. **Rebuilt only where that changes what the group binds**: a bounce bake
+         * of a whole grid binds it exactly as the frame does, and it is the bake a scene repeats every
+         * frame, a few faces at a time. See `rebindEnvironment`.
          */
+        this.probeBounce = options?.bounce ?? false;
         this.probePassActive = true;
-        this.rebuildFlatBindGroup();
+        this.rebindEnvironment();
         /*
          * **A probe stores radiance, not display pixels.** See `renderer.ts` for the whole argument:
          * baking through the output transform crushes every highlight with the tone curve before it
@@ -11255,7 +11642,9 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
         this.perFrameInts[this.materialField('uOutputTransform')] = 0;
         this.perFrameFloats[this.materialField('uOutputExposure')] = 1;
         this.materials.dirty();
-        for (let face = 0; face < PROBE_FACES.length; face++) {
+        /* Only the faces asked for; the chain waits for the sixth. See `ProbeBakeOptions.faces`. */
+        const [firstFace, endFace] = probeFaceRange(options);
+        for (let face = firstFace; face < endFace; face++) {
             const aim = PROBE_FACES[face];
             if (aim === undefined)
                 continue;
@@ -11266,13 +11655,7 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
              * face and shows up as a reflection that slides at the wrong rate across a curved surface.
              */
             camera.updateMatrices(1);
-            const faceView = probe.createView({
-                dimension: '2d',
-                baseArrayLayer: face,
-                arrayLayerCount: 1,
-                baseMipLevel: 0,
-                mipLevelCount: 1,
-            });
+            const faceView = targets.faceViews[face];
             this.pass = encoder.beginRenderPass({
                 label: `probe.face${face}`,
                 colorAttachments: [
@@ -11318,19 +11701,23 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
             this.pass.end();
         }
         this.pass = null;
-        this.buildProbeChain(encoder, probe, layer);
+        const whole = endFace === PROBE_FACES.length;
+        if (whole)
+            this.buildProbeChain(encoder, probe, this.probeSweeps?.writeLayer(layer) ?? layer);
         this.flushRings();
         device.queue.submit([encoder.finish()]);
-        depth.destroy();
-        colorMsaa?.destroy();
+        this.rewindRings(skinMark);
+        this.encoderEpoch = frameEpoch;
         this.encoder = savedEncoder;
         this.pass = savedPass;
-        this.markProbeFilled(layer);
+        if (whole)
+            this.markProbeFilled(layer);
         this.perFrameInts[this.materialField('uOutputTransform')] = heldGrade;
         this.perFrameFloats[this.materialField('uOutputExposure')] = heldExposure;
         this.materials.dirty();
         this.probePassActive = false;
-        this.rebuildFlatBindGroup();
+        this.probeBounce = false;
+        this.rebindEnvironment();
         return true;
     }
     /**
@@ -11457,6 +11844,77 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
         this.cookieTiles = tiles;
         this.rebuildFlatBindGroup();
     }
+    /**
+     * Sum a scene's many fixed lights into a DriftLight field. The same contract as
+     * `Renderer.createLightField`; see `driftLight/lightField.ts`.
+     */
+    createLightField(lights, options = {}) {
+        this.forgetLightFieldVolumes();
+        const field = new LightField(lights, { ...options, falloff: this.quality.pointLightFalloff });
+        this.lightField = field;
+        return field;
+    }
+    /** Let go of the field and its volumes; the scene's lights are all exact again. */
+    disposeLightField() {
+        this.forgetLightFieldVolumes();
+        this.lightField = null;
+    }
+    forgetLightFieldVolumes() {
+        const bound = this.driftAtlas !== null;
+        this.driftIndex?.destroy();
+        this.driftAtlas?.destroy();
+        this.driftIndex = null;
+        this.driftAtlas = null;
+        this.driftIndexView = null;
+        this.driftAtlasView = null;
+        this.bakeLightField = null;
+        /* The groups hold the destroyed volumes, and a group holding a destroyed texture fails. */
+        if (bound && !this.surface.lost)
+            this.rebuildFlatBindGroup();
+    }
+    /**
+     * Upload the field's two volumes, once, when its last brick has baked, and rebuild the groups
+     * that bind them: nothing samples them before that, so uploading as bricks land would be work
+     * for no picture, and a rebuild per brick would be a bind group per brick.
+     */
+    uploadLightField() {
+        const field = this.lightField;
+        if (field === null || this.driftAtlas !== null || !field.ready || field.layout.count === 0) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (this.surface.lost)
+            return;
+        const { device } = this.surface;
+        const [ix, iy, iz] = field.layout.dims;
+        const index = device.createTexture({
+            label: 'driftLight.index',
+            size: [ix, iy, iz],
+            dimension: '3d',
+            format: 'r32uint',
+            usage: 0x2 | 0x4, // COPY_DST | TEXTURE_BINDING
+        });
+        device.queue.writeTexture({ texture: index }, field.layout.index, { bytesPerRow: ix * 4, rowsPerImage: iy }, [ix, iy, iz]);
+        const [aw, ah, ad] = field.atlasSize;
+        const atlas = device.createTexture({
+            label: 'driftLight.atlas',
+            size: [aw, ah, ad],
+            dimension: '3d',
+            format: 'rgba16float',
+            usage: 0x2 | 0x4, // COPY_DST | TEXTURE_BINDING
+        });
+        device.queue.writeTexture({ texture: atlas }, field.atlas, { bytesPerRow: aw * 8, rowsPerImage: ah }, [aw, ah, ad]);
+        this.driftIndex = index;
+        this.driftAtlas = atlas;
+        this.driftIndexView = index.createView({ dimension: '3d' });
+        this.driftAtlasView = atlas.createView({ dimension: '3d' });
+        this.bakeLightField = {
+            index: this.driftIndexView,
+            atlas: this.driftAtlasView,
+            light: this.bakeDriftUniforms.light,
+            origin: this.bakeDriftUniforms.origin,
+        };
+        this.rebuildFlatBindGroup();
+    }
     setIesProfiles(profiles) {
         if (this.surface.lost)
             return;
@@ -11500,6 +11958,9 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
     /** Each level from the one above it, six faces at a time. See `probePass.ts`. */
     buildProbeChain(encoder, probe, layer) {
         const { device } = this.surface;
+        const targets = this.probeTargets;
+        if (targets === null)
+            return;
         /*
          * **Reset and flushed here, because a bake is not a frame.**
          *
@@ -11523,12 +11984,8 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
         const pipeline = probeMipPipeline(this.pipelines, device, this.probeMipLayout, this.pipelines.format);
         const levels = probeLevels(this.probeSize);
         for (let level = 1; level < levels; level++) {
-            /* A view of the whole cube at the level above, so the blur can cross a face edge. */
-            const source = probe.createView({
-                dimension: 'cube',
-                baseMipLevel: level - 1,
-                mipLevelCount: 1,
-            });
+            /* The whole cube at the level above, so the blur can cross a face edge, in a group kept. */
+            const group = targets.chainGroup(this.probeMipLayout, this.probeMipUniforms.buffer, this.probeSampler, level);
             for (let face = 0; face < PROBE_FACE_BASIS.length; face++) {
                 const basis = PROBE_FACE_BASIS[face];
                 if (basis === undefined)
@@ -11544,21 +12001,15 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
                     this.probeMipUniforms.flush();
                     return;
                 }
-                this.probeMipUniforms.writeFloats(slot, 0, [...basis.basisX, 0]);
-                this.probeMipUniforms.writeFloats(slot, 16, [...basis.basisY, 0]);
-                this.probeMipUniforms.writeFloats(slot, 32, [...basis.forward, 0]);
-                this.probeMipUniforms.writeFloats(slot, 48, [0, 0, 0, 0]);
+                this.probeMipUniforms.writeFloats(slot, 0, padded(basis.basisX));
+                this.probeMipUniforms.writeFloats(slot, 16, padded(basis.basisY));
+                this.probeMipUniforms.writeFloats(slot, 32, padded(basis.forward));
+                this.probeMipUniforms.writeFloats(slot, 48, ZERO4);
                 const pass = encoder.beginRenderPass({
                     label: `probe.mip${level}.face${face}`,
                     colorAttachments: [
                         {
-                            view: probe.createView({
-                                dimension: '2d',
-                                baseArrayLayer: face,
-                                arrayLayerCount: 1,
-                                baseMipLevel: level,
-                                mipLevelCount: 1,
-                            }),
+                            view: targets.chainTarget(level, face),
                             loadOp: 'clear',
                             storeOp: 'store',
                             clearValue: { r: 0, g: 0, b: 0, a: 1 },
@@ -11566,17 +12017,7 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
                     ],
                 });
                 pass.setPipeline(pipeline);
-                pass.setBindGroup(0, device.createBindGroup({
-                    layout: this.probeMipLayout,
-                    entries: [
-                        {
-                            binding: 0,
-                            resource: { buffer: this.probeMipUniforms.buffer, size: PROBE_MIP_UNIFORM_SIZE },
-                        },
-                        { binding: 1, resource: source },
-                        { binding: 2, resource: this.probeSampler },
-                    ],
-                }), [slot]);
+                pass.setBindGroup(0, group, [slot]);
                 pass.draw(3);
                 pass.end();
             }
@@ -11597,8 +12038,8 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
         const prefilterTarget = this.probeArray;
         if (prefilterTarget !== null) {
             const prefilter = probePrefilterPipeline(this.pipelines, device, this.probePrefilterLayout, this.pipelines.format);
-            /* The whole chain, so a wide sample can select a level from it. */
-            const source = probe.createView({ dimension: 'cube' });
+            /* The whole chain, so a wide sample can select a level from it, in a group kept. */
+            const group = targets.prefilterGroupFor(this.probePrefilterLayout, this.probeMipUniforms.buffer, this.probeSampler);
             const offsets = PREFILTER_UNIFORM_OFFSETS;
             const topLevel = levels - 1;
             const samples = this.quality.environmentPrefilterSamples;
@@ -11606,12 +12047,18 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
             const irradianceLevel = irradianceLevelFor(edge);
             const ggxTop = ggxMaxLevelFor(edge);
             const boxChain = !this.quality.environmentPrefilter;
+            /*
+             * **The diffuse level of a layer the trace has written is the trace's**, so a rasterised bake
+             * stops one level short of it. See `ProbeBaker.traced`: two writers of one level was light
+             * sweeping down a courtyard a probe at a time with the clock paused.
+             */
+            const lastLevel = this.probeBaker?.traced(layer) === true ? irradianceLevel - 1 : irradianceLevel;
             /*
              * **One draw a level, where the cube needed six.** An octahedral map has no faces, so the
              * six-way loop is gone rather than moved, and a probe's convolution is six times fewer
              * passes than the cube it replaces.
              */
-            for (let level = 0; level <= irradianceLevel; level++) {
+            for (let level = 0; level <= lastLevel; level++) {
                 const irradiance = level === irradianceLevel;
                 const roughness = irradiance ? 1 : roughnessForLevel(level, ggxTop);
                 const slot = this.probeMipUniforms.allocate();
@@ -11628,31 +12075,19 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
                 /* Written at the generator's own offsets rather than at literals, because a roughness at
                    the wrong offset is a level convolved for some other roughness — which looks like a
                    plausible reflection and points at nothing. */
-                this.probeMipUniforms.writeFloats(slot, offsets.uPrefilterEdge.offset, [
-                    Math.max(1, edge >> level),
-                ]);
-                this.probeMipUniforms.writeFloats(slot, offsets.uPrefilterIrradiance.offset, [
-                    irradiance ? 1 : 0,
-                ]);
-                this.probeMipUniforms.writeFloats(slot, offsets.uPrefilterBox.offset, [boxChain ? 1 : 0]);
-                this.probeMipUniforms.writeFloats(slot, offsets.uPrefilterLevel.offset, [level]);
-                this.probeMipUniforms.writeFloats(slot, offsets.uPrefilterRoughness.offset, [roughness]);
-                this.probeMipUniforms.writeFloats(slot, offsets.uPrefilterSamples.offset, [samples]);
-                this.probeMipUniforms.writeFloats(slot, offsets.uPrefilterSourceTexels.offset, [
-                    this.probeSize,
-                ]);
-                this.probeMipUniforms.writeFloats(slot, offsets.uPrefilterSourceMaxLod.offset, [topLevel]);
+                this.probeMipUniforms.writeFloats(slot, offsets.uPrefilterEdge.offset, one(Math.max(1, edge >> level)));
+                this.probeMipUniforms.writeFloats(slot, offsets.uPrefilterIrradiance.offset, one(irradiance ? 1 : 0));
+                this.probeMipUniforms.writeFloats(slot, offsets.uPrefilterBox.offset, one(boxChain ? 1 : 0));
+                this.probeMipUniforms.writeFloats(slot, offsets.uPrefilterLevel.offset, one(level));
+                this.probeMipUniforms.writeFloats(slot, offsets.uPrefilterRoughness.offset, one(roughness));
+                this.probeMipUniforms.writeFloats(slot, offsets.uPrefilterSamples.offset, one(samples));
+                this.probeMipUniforms.writeFloats(slot, offsets.uPrefilterSourceTexels.offset, one(this.probeSize));
+                this.probeMipUniforms.writeFloats(slot, offsets.uPrefilterSourceMaxLod.offset, one(topLevel));
                 const pass = encoder.beginRenderPass({
                     label: `probe.prefilter${level}.layer${layer}`,
                     colorAttachments: [
                         {
-                            view: prefilterTarget.createView({
-                                dimension: '2d',
-                                baseArrayLayer: layer,
-                                arrayLayerCount: 1,
-                                baseMipLevel: level,
-                                mipLevelCount: 1,
-                            }),
+                            view: targets.arrayView(prefilterTarget, layer, level),
                             loadOp: 'clear',
                             storeOp: 'store',
                             clearValue: { r: 0, g: 0, b: 0, a: 1 },
@@ -11660,17 +12095,7 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
                     ],
                 });
                 pass.setPipeline(prefilter);
-                pass.setBindGroup(0, device.createBindGroup({
-                    layout: this.probePrefilterLayout,
-                    entries: [
-                        {
-                            binding: PREFILTER_UNIFORM_BINDING,
-                            resource: { buffer: this.probeMipUniforms.buffer, size: PROBE_MIP_UNIFORM_SIZE },
-                        },
-                        { binding: PREFILTER_TEXTURE_BINDING, resource: source },
-                        { binding: PREFILTER_SAMPLER_BINDING, resource: this.probeSampler },
-                    ],
-                }), [slot]);
+                pass.setBindGroup(0, group, [slot]);
                 pass.draw(3);
                 pass.end();
             }
@@ -12134,7 +12559,7 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
         f[slot(0) + prefilter('uTexel') + 1] = 1 / Math.max(1, this.frameHeight);
         /* In scene units, which is why an HDR target is what makes a threshold above 1 mean
            anything: against a clamped buffer nothing is ever brighter than white. */
-        f[slot(0) + prefilter('uThreshold')] = this.quality.bloomThreshold;
+        f[slot(0) + prefilter('uThreshold')] = this.bloomThresholdSet ?? this.quality.bloomThreshold;
         /* Each downsample's texel is its *source's*, which is the level above it. */
         const down = (name) => this.postField(BLOOM_DOWNSAMPLE_FIELDS, name);
         for (let index = 1; index < levels.length; index++) {
@@ -12210,12 +12635,17 @@ export class WebGPURenderer {
         drainRegistry(this.computes, (definition) => definition.dispose?.(computeDevice));
         this.fieldComposer?.dispose();
         this.fieldComposer = null;
+        this.driftIndex?.destroy();
+        this.driftAtlas?.destroy();
         this.pass = null;
         this.encoder = null;
         this.skinPalettes.dispose();
         this.gpuTimer.dispose();
         this.reflection?.dispose();
         this.reflection = null;
+        this.probeTargets?.dispose();
+        this.exposurePass?.dispose();
+        this.exposurePass = null;
         this.surface.dispose();
     }
 }