@driftengine/chemistry 3.61.0

package/dist/library/metal.js

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+/**
+ * `@driftengine/chemistry/library/metal` — five metals, and the one number that decides most of it.
+ *
+ * **It is the emissivity, not the conductivity.** Polished copper's is 0.05 against oak's 0.90, and
+ * a radiative term is linear in it, so eighteen times less of the same fire arrives at the same
+ * distance. That is why a metal poker's handle stays cool beside a fire that chars a wooden one, and
+ * it is one field.
+ *
+ * **Three published heats of combustion fall out and none is stored**: magnesium 24.7 MJ/kg,
+ * aluminium 31.0, iron 7.4. What the table holds is the formation enthalpy of each oxide.
+ */
+import { KIND_CORROSION } from '../reaction/reaction.js';
+import { SHAPE_CYLINDER, SHAPE_SLAB } from '../parcel/shells.js';
+import { massFractions } from '../substance/composition.js';
+import { COMMON_REACTIONS } from './common.js';
+export const RUST_IRON = 'rust-iron';
+export const OXIDISE_ALUMINIUM = 'oxidise-aluminium';
+export const OXIDISE_COPPER = 'oxidise-copper';
+export const BURN_MAGNESIUM = 'burn-magnesium';
+const REACTIONS = [
+    ...COMMON_REACTIONS,
+    {
+        /*
+         * The slowest reaction in the model by orders of magnitude, back-derived from the measured
+         * atmospheric corrosion rate — roughly a percent of a kilogram bar in a year.
+         *
+         * **The humidity gate `§8.7` asks for is absent.** `ReactionGates` is temperature only, so
+         * nothing here reproduces the 60% relative humidity below which atmospheric rusting effectively
+         * stops, and a bar in a desert corrodes as fast as one in a bog. Fixing it means a gate on a
+         * species fraction, which is a change to `reaction/` rather than to this file.
+         */
+        id: RUST_IRON,
+        reactants: [
+            { species: 'Fe', moles: 4 },
+            { species: 'O2', moles: 3 },
+        ],
+        products: [{ species: 'Fe2O3', moles: 2 }],
+        kinetics: { type: 'arrhenius', A: 5.6e-4, activationEnergy: 35000 },
+        kind: KIND_CORROSION,
+    },
+    {
+        /*
+         * **Gated at the melting point, which is the honest proxy for passivation.** Aluminium releases
+         * 31 MJ/kg and does not burn, because its oxide is coherent and seals the surface — and the
+         * temperature at which that layer stops being coherent is the temperature at which the metal
+         * under it is no longer solid. `§8.7` wanted an oxide-thickness gate; this is a gate that gets
+         * the same two answers right, said out loud rather than left off.
+         */
+        id: OXIDISE_ALUMINIUM,
+        reactants: [
+            { species: 'Al', moles: 4 },
+            { species: 'O2', moles: 3 },
+        ],
+        products: [{ species: 'Al2O3', moles: 2 }],
+        kinetics: { type: 'arrhenius', A: 1e6, activationEnergy: 120000 },
+        kind: KIND_CORROSION,
+        gates: { minTemperature: 933.15, width: 10 },
+    },
+    {
+        /* Slower than iron and green rather than red, which is a `§17` decision and not one here. */
+        id: OXIDISE_COPPER,
+        reactants: [
+            { species: 'Cu', moles: 2 },
+            { species: 'O2', moles: 1 },
+        ],
+        products: [{ species: 'CuO', moles: 2 }],
+        kinetics: { type: 'arrhenius', A: 1e-4, activationEnergy: 45000 },
+        kind: KIND_CORROSION,
+    },
+    {
+        /*
+         * The one metal a fire can actually light. It ignites at 973 K, fifty kelvin above its own
+         * melting point and eight hundred below its boiling one — so it burns as a liquid, which is why
+         * a magnesium fire runs.
+         */
+        id: BURN_MAGNESIUM,
+        reactants: [
+            { species: 'Mg', moles: 2 },
+            { species: 'O2', moles: 1 },
+        ],
+        products: [{ species: 'MgO', moles: 2 }],
+        kinetics: { type: 'arrhenius', A: 1e8, activationEnergy: 100000 },
+        kind: KIND_CORROSION,
+        gates: { minTemperature: 973.15, width: 10 },
+    },
+];
+export const METAL = {
+    id: 'metal',
+    species: [],
+    reactions: REACTIONS,
+    substances: (species) => [
+        {
+            id: 'iron',
+            composition: massFractions(species, { Fe: 1 }),
+            density: 7870,
+            conductivity: { k0: 80.4, k1: -0.03 },
+            shells: 3,
+            shape: SHAPE_CYLINDER,
+            /* Oxidised rather than polished, which is what iron actually is after a week outdoors. */
+            emissivity: 0.65,
+            reactions: [RUST_IRON],
+            appearance: {
+                albedo: [0.28, 0.22, 0.18],
+                charAlbedo: [0.28, 0.22, 0.18],
+                sootYield: 0,
+            },
+        },
+        {
+            /* A little carbon and a little silicon, which is what makes it steel and not iron. */
+            id: 'steel',
+            composition: massFractions(species, { Fe: 0.98, 'C(graphite)': 0.008, SiO2: 0.012 }),
+            density: 7850,
+            conductivity: { k0: 45, k1: -0.02 },
+            shells: 3,
+            shape: SHAPE_SLAB,
+            emissivity: 0.28,
+            reactions: [RUST_IRON],
+            appearance: {
+                albedo: [0.56, 0.57, 0.58],
+                charAlbedo: [0.56, 0.57, 0.58],
+                sootYield: 0,
+            },
+        },
+        {
+            id: 'aluminium',
+            composition: massFractions(species, { Al: 1 }),
+            density: 2700,
+            conductivity: { k0: 237, k1: -0.04 },
+            shells: 3,
+            shape: SHAPE_SLAB,
+            emissivity: 0.09,
+            reactions: [OXIDISE_ALUMINIUM],
+            appearance: {
+                albedo: [0.91, 0.92, 0.92],
+                charAlbedo: [0.91, 0.92, 0.92],
+                sootYield: 0,
+            },
+        },
+        {
+            id: 'copper',
+            composition: massFractions(species, { Cu: 1 }),
+            density: 8960,
+            conductivity: { k0: 401, k1: -0.07 },
+            shells: 3,
+            shape: SHAPE_CYLINDER,
+            emissivity: 0.05,
+            reactions: [OXIDISE_COPPER],
+            appearance: {
+                albedo: [0.95, 0.64, 0.54],
+                charAlbedo: [0.2, 0.34, 0.28],
+                sootYield: 0,
+            },
+        },
+        {
+            id: 'magnesium',
+            composition: massFractions(species, { Mg: 1 }),
+            density: 1740,
+            conductivity: { k0: 156, k1: -0.02 },
+            shells: 3,
+            shape: SHAPE_CYLINDER,
+            emissivity: 0.13,
+            reactions: [BURN_MAGNESIUM],
+            /*
+             * A metal that genuinely catches, and the two temperatures are far apart from everything else
+             * in the library. Its flame is also the one water makes worse, which falls out of the
+             * enthalpy: 24.7 MJ/kg is enough to take the oxygen back out of steam.
+             */
+            ignition: {
+                pilotedSurfaceK: 973,
+                autoSurfaceK: 1023,
+                criticalMassFlux: 0.02,
+                limitingOxygen: 0.05,
+            },
+            appearance: {
+                albedo: [0.78, 0.78, 0.76],
+                charAlbedo: [0.9, 0.9, 0.88],
+                sootYield: 0,
+            },
+        },
+    ],
+};

package/dist/library/mineral.d.ts

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+import type { SubstanceLibrary } from './library.ts';
+export declare const CALCINE_LIMESTONE = "calcine-limestone";
+export declare const DEHYDRATE_GYPSUM = "dehydrate-gypsum";
+export declare const MINERAL: SubstanceLibrary;

package/dist/library/mineral.js

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+/**
+ * `@driftengine/chemistry/library/mineral` — stone, board, sand and glass.
+ *
+ * **Two reactions, and both matter for the same reason: they are endothermic and they release gas.**
+ * Gypsum gives up two waters at 120 °C, which is why plasterboard is a fire barrier. Limestone gives
+ * up carbon dioxide at 825 °C, which is why stone spalls in a fire and why a concrete wall in a
+ * serious one loses its surface explosively.
+ *
+ * Both enthalpies are Hess's law over the standard table and neither is written down: +179.2 kJ/mol
+ * for calcination against a published +178.3, and +104.4 for gypsum against a published +104.
+ */
+import { KIND_CALCINATION } from '../reaction/reaction.js';
+import { SHAPE_SLAB } from '../parcel/shells.js';
+import { massFractions } from '../substance/composition.js';
+import { wetComposition } from '../substance/substance.js';
+import { BOIL_WATER, COMMON_REACTIONS } from './common.js';
+export const CALCINE_LIMESTONE = 'calcine-limestone';
+export const DEHYDRATE_GYPSUM = 'dehydrate-gypsum';
+const REACTIONS = [
+    ...COMMON_REACTIONS,
+    {
+        /* Onset near 825 °C at one atmosphere. Endothermic and gas-releasing, so a limestone block in a
+           fire is both a heat sink and, eventually, a thing that comes apart. */
+        id: CALCINE_LIMESTONE,
+        reactants: [{ species: 'CaCO3', moles: 1 }],
+        products: [
+            { species: 'CaO', moles: 1 },
+            { species: 'CO2', moles: 1 },
+        ],
+        kinetics: { type: 'arrhenius', A: 1e8, activationEnergy: 190000 },
+        kind: KIND_CALCINATION,
+        gates: { minTemperature: 1098.15, width: 20 },
+    },
+    {
+        /*
+         * **The same idea four hundred degrees lower, and it is what a fire-rated wall is.** A kilogram
+         * of board holds 607 kJ of latent heat in two waters of crystallisation, and it will not let the
+         * far side past the boiling point until every one of them has gone.
+         */
+        id: DEHYDRATE_GYPSUM,
+        reactants: [{ species: 'gypsum', moles: 1 }],
+        products: [
+            { species: 'anhydrite', moles: 1 },
+            { species: 'H2O(g)', moles: 2 },
+        ],
+        kinetics: { type: 'arrhenius', A: 1e6, activationEnergy: 80000 },
+        kind: KIND_CALCINATION,
+        gates: { minTemperature: 393.15, width: 20 },
+    },
+];
+export const MINERAL = {
+    id: 'mineral',
+    species: [],
+    reactions: REACTIONS,
+    substances: (species) => [
+        {
+            id: 'limestone',
+            composition: massFractions(species, { CaCO3: 1 }),
+            density: 2700,
+            conductivity: { k0: 2.2, k1: -0.0005 },
+            shells: 4,
+            shape: SHAPE_SLAB,
+            emissivity: 0.93,
+            reactions: [CALCINE_LIMESTONE],
+            appearance: {
+                albedo: [0.68, 0.66, 0.6],
+                charAlbedo: [0.68, 0.66, 0.6],
+                sootYield: 0,
+            },
+        },
+        {
+            /* Light, because it is foamed, and thermally poor — which together with the dehydration is the
+               whole of its fire rating. */
+            id: 'gypsum-board',
+            composition: wetComposition(species, massFractions(species, {
+                gypsum: 0.95,
+                SiO2: 0.05,
+            }), 0.01),
+            density: 700,
+            conductivity: { k0: 0.25, k1: 0.0002 },
+            shells: 4,
+            shape: SHAPE_SLAB,
+            porosity: 0.3,
+            emissivity: 0.9,
+            reactions: [BOIL_WATER, DEHYDRATE_GYPSUM],
+            appearance: {
+                albedo: [0.82, 0.81, 0.78],
+                charAlbedo: [0.82, 0.81, 0.78],
+                sootYield: 0,
+            },
+        },
+        {
+            id: 'sand',
+            composition: massFractions(species, { SiO2: 1 }),
+            density: 1600,
+            conductivity: { k0: 0.3, k1: 0.0003 },
+            shells: 3,
+            shape: SHAPE_SLAB,
+            porosity: 0.4,
+            emissivity: 0.9,
+            /* No reactions, which is why throwing it on a fire works: it is a blanket and a heat sink. */
+            appearance: {
+                albedo: [0.6, 0.52, 0.36],
+                charAlbedo: [0.6, 0.52, 0.36],
+                sootYield: 0,
+            },
+        },
+        {
+            /* Fifteen percent water, and it is the water that makes wet clay near a fire crack. */
+            id: 'clay',
+            composition: wetComposition(species, massFractions(species, {
+                SiO2: 0.55,
+                Al2O3: 0.4,
+                Fe2O3: 0.05,
+            }), 0.15),
+            density: 1700,
+            conductivity: { k0: 1.0, k1: 0.0002 },
+            shells: 4,
+            shape: SHAPE_SLAB,
+            porosity: 0.25,
+            emissivity: 0.91,
+            reactions: [BOIL_WATER],
+            appearance: {
+                albedo: [0.48, 0.34, 0.24],
+                charAlbedo: [0.48, 0.34, 0.24],
+                sootYield: 0,
+            },
+        },
+        {
+            /*
+             * **Spalls for two reasons at once and gets both by being declared.** Free water flashing to
+             * steam inside a matrix that cannot vent it, and then the limestone in the aggregate calcining
+             * and releasing carbon dioxide in the same place.
+             */
+            id: 'concrete',
+            composition: wetComposition(species, massFractions(species, {
+                SiO2: 0.62,
+                CaCO3: 0.2,
+                Al2O3: 0.1,
+                CaO: 0.05,
+                Fe2O3: 0.03,
+            }), 0.04),
+            density: 2300,
+            conductivity: { k0: 1.7, k1: -0.0003 },
+            shells: 4,
+            shape: SHAPE_SLAB,
+            porosity: 0.12,
+            emissivity: 0.92,
+            reactions: [BOIL_WATER, CALCINE_LIMESTONE],
+            appearance: {
+                albedo: [0.52, 0.52, 0.5],
+                charAlbedo: [0.52, 0.52, 0.5],
+                sootYield: 0,
+            },
+        },
+        {
+            /*
+             * **Nothing at all, and that is the point of it.** Glass in a fire gets hot, conducts,
+             * radiates and eventually softens — and softening is mechanical, which `§26` refuses in
+             * writing because this package owns no solver. A chemistry invented so the entry would not
+             * look empty would be worse than the empty entry.
+             */
+            id: 'glass',
+            composition: massFractions(species, { SiO2: 0.8, CaO: 0.13, Al2O3: 0.07 }),
+            density: 2500,
+            conductivity: { k0: 1.0, k1: 0.0005 },
+            shells: 3,
+            shape: SHAPE_SLAB,
+            emissivity: 0.94,
+            appearance: {
+                albedo: [0.1, 0.12, 0.11],
+                charAlbedo: [0.1, 0.12, 0.11],
+                sootYield: 0,
+            },
+        },
+    ],
+};

package/dist/library/organic.d.ts

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+import type { SubstanceLibrary } from './library.ts';
+export declare const BURN_TAR = "burn-tar";
+export declare const SOOT_TAR = "soot-tar";
+export declare const CONDENSE_TAR = "condense-tar";
+export declare const EVAPORATE_TAR = "evaporate-tar";
+/**
+ * The gas-phase steps a wood fire needs: the common five, plus the four this library invents.
+ *
+ * A consumer hands these to `AtmosphereField`, which runs them through the same solver a shell uses.
+ */
+export declare const ORGANIC_GAS_REACTIONS: readonly string[];
+export declare const ORGANIC: SubstanceLibrary;