@did-btcr2/method 0.48.0 → 0.50.0

package/dist/esm/core/identifier.js

@@ -29,25 +29,30 @@ export class Identifier {
      * @returns {string} The new did:btcr2 identifier.
      */
     static encode(genesisBytes, options) {
-        // Deconstruct the options
-        const { idType, version = 1, network } = options;
-        // If idType is not a valid value per above, raise invalidDid error.
+        // Deconstruct the options, defaulting version to 1 and network to "bitcoin" (matching DidBtcr2.create).
+        const { idType, version = 1, network = 'bitcoin' } = options;
+        // idType MUST be "KEY" or "EXTERNAL".
         if (!(idType in IdentifierTypes)) {
             throw new IdentifierError('Expected "idType" to be "KEY" or "EXTERNAL"', INVALID_DID, { idType });
         }
-        // 2. If version is greater than 1, raise invalidDid error.
-        if (isNaN(version) || version > 1) {
+        // The only valid version_number is 1 (which encodes a btcr2_version of 0). Any other value would
+        // overflow or corrupt the version nibble, so reject everything except exactly 1. This also rejects
+        // NaN and non-number inputs, which are never strictly equal to 1.
+        if (version !== 1) {
             throw new IdentifierError('Expected "version" to be 1', INVALID_DID, { version });
         }
-        // 3. If network is not a valid value (bitcoin|signet|regtest|testnet3|testnet4|number), raise invalidDid error.
-        if (typeof network === 'string' && !(network in BitcoinNetworkNames)) {
-            throw new IdentifierError('Invalid "network" name', INVALID_DID, { network });
+        // network MUST be a known network name. This encoder does not mint custom/numeric networks: the
+        // public surface (DidCreateOptions.network) is a string, and a numeric nibble >= 5 would overflow
+        // the 4-bit network field and corrupt the version nibble. Custom networks remain decode-only.
+        if (typeof network !== 'string') {
+            throw new IdentifierError('Expected "network" to be a known network name', INVALID_DID, { network });
         }
-        // 4. If network is a number and is outside the range of 1-8, raise invalidDid error.
-        if (typeof network === 'number' && (network < 0 || network > 8)) {
-            throw new IdentifierError('Invalid "network" number', INVALID_DID, { network });
+        const networkValue = BitcoinNetworkNames[network];
+        if (networkValue === undefined) {
+            throw new IdentifierError('Invalid "network" name', INVALID_DID, { network });
         }
-        // 5. If idType is “key” and genesisBytes is not a valid compressed secp256k1 public key, raise invalidDid error.
+        // genesisBytes MUST match the identifier type: a valid compressed secp256k1 public key for KEY,
+        // or a 32-byte hash for EXTERNAL. An EXTERNAL DID minted with any other length is unresolvable.
         if (idType === 'KEY') {
             try {
                 new CompressedSecp256k1PublicKey(genesisBytes);
@@ -56,47 +61,15 @@ export class Identifier {
                 throw new IdentifierError('Expected "genesisBytes" to be a valid compressed secp256k1 public key', INVALID_DID, { genesisBytes });
             }
         }
-        // 6. Map idType to hrp from the following:
-        //   6.1 “key” - “k”
-        //   6.2 “external” - “x”
-        const hrp = idType === 'KEY' ? 'k' : 'x';
-        // 7. Create an empty nibbles numeric array.
-        const nibbles = [];
-        // 8. Set fCount equal to (version - 1) / 15, rounded down.
-        const fCount = Math.floor((version - 1) / 15);
-        // 9. Append hexadecimal F (decimal 15) to nibbles fCount times.
-        for (let i = 0; i < fCount; i++) {
-            nibbles.push(15);
-        }
-        // 10. Append (version - 1) mod 15 to nibbles.
-        nibbles.push((version - 1) % 15);
-        // 11. If network is a string, append the numeric value from the following map to nibbles:
-        //     "bitcoin" - 0
-        //     "signet" - 1
-        //     "regtest" - 2
-        //     "testnet3" - 3
-        //     "testnet4" - 4
-        //     "mutinynet" - 5
-        if (typeof network === 'string') {
-            nibbles.push(BitcoinNetworkNames[network]);
-        }
-        else if (typeof network === 'number') {
-            // 12. If network is a number, append network + 11 to nibbles.
-            nibbles.push(network + 11);
+        else if (genesisBytes.length !== 32) {
+            throw new IdentifierError('Expected "genesisBytes" to be a 32-byte hash for EXTERNAL identifiers', INVALID_DID, { genesisBytes });
         }
-        // 13. If the number of entries in nibbles is odd, append 0.
-        if (nibbles.length % 2 !== 0) {
-            nibbles.push(0);
-        }
-        // 14. Create a dataBytes byte array from nibbles, where index is from 0 to nibbles.length / 2 - 1 and
-        //     encodingBytes[index] = (nibbles[2 * index] << 4) | nibbles[2 * index + 1].
-        if (fCount !== 0) {
-            for (const index in Array.from({ length: (nibbles.length / 2) - 1 })) {
-                throw new IdentifierError('Not implemented', 'NOT_IMPLEMENTED', { index });
-            }
-        }
-        const dataBytes = new Uint8Array([(nibbles[2 * 0] << 4) | nibbles[2 * 0 + 1], ...genesisBytes]);
-        // 18. Return identifier.
+        // Map idType to its human-readable part: KEY -> "k", EXTERNAL -> "x".
+        const hrp = idType === 'KEY' ? 'k' : 'x';
+        // Pack btcr2_version (high nibble, = version - 1 = 0) and network_value (low nibble) into the first
+        // byte, then append genesisBytes. Bech32m-encode the result.
+        const firstByte = ((version - 1) << 4) | networkValue;
+        const dataBytes = new Uint8Array([firstByte, ...genesisBytes]);
         return `did:btcr2:${bech32m.encodeFromBytes(hrp, dataBytes)}`;
     }
     /**
@@ -108,104 +81,66 @@ export class Identifier {
      * @throws {DidErrorCode.MethodNotSupported} if the method is not supported
      */
     static decode(identifier) {
-        // 1. Split identifier into an array of components at the colon : character.
+        // 1. Split the identifier into scheme, method, and encoded id at the colon character.
         const components = identifier.split(':');
-        // 2. If the length of the components array is not 3, raise invalidDid error.
+        // 2. There MUST be exactly three colon-separated components.
         if (components.length !== 3) {
             throw new IdentifierError(`Invalid did: ${identifier}`, INVALID_DID, { identifier });
         }
-        // Deconstruct the components of the identifier: scheme, method, encoded
         const [scheme, method, encoded] = components;
-        // 3. If components[0] is not “did”, raise invalidDid error.
+        // 3. The scheme MUST be "did".
         if (scheme !== 'did') {
             throw new IdentifierError(`Invalid did: ${identifier}`, INVALID_DID, { identifier });
         }
-        // 4. If components[1] is not “btcr2”, raise methodNotSupported error.
+        // 4. The method MUST be "btcr2".
         if (method !== 'btcr2') {
             throw new IdentifierError(`Invalid did method: ${method}`, METHOD_NOT_SUPPORTED, { identifier });
         }
-        // 5. Set encodedString to components[2].
+        // 5. The method-specific id MUST be present.
         if (!encoded) {
             throw new IdentifierError(`Invalid method-specific id: ${identifier}`, INVALID_DID, { identifier });
         }
-        // 6. Pass encodedString to the Bech32m Decoding algorithm, retrieving hrp and dataBytes.
+        // 6. Bech32m-decode the id into its hrp and dataBytes.
         const { prefix: hrp, bytes: dataBytes } = bech32m.decodeToBytes(encoded);
-        // 7. If the Bech32m decoding algorithm fails, raise invalidDid error.
+        // 7. The hrp MUST be "k" (KEY) or "x" (EXTERNAL).
         if (!['x', 'k'].includes(hrp)) {
             throw new IdentifierError(`Invalid hrp: ${hrp}`, INVALID_DID, { identifier });
         }
-        if (!dataBytes) {
+        // 8. There MUST be at least one byte to read btcr2_version and network_value from.
+        if (!dataBytes || dataBytes.length < 1) {
             throw new IdentifierError(`Failed to decode id: ${encoded}`, INVALID_DID, { identifier });
         }
-        // 8. Map hrp to idType from the following:
-        //    “k” - “key”
-        //    “x” - “external”
-        //    other - raise invalidDid error
+        // 9. Map hrp to idType.
         const idType = hrp === 'k' ? 'KEY' : 'EXTERNAL';
-        // 9. Set version to 1.
-        let version = 1;
-        let byteIndex = 0;
-        // 10. If at any point in the remaining steps there are not enough nibbles to complete the process,
-        //     raise invalidDid error.
-        let nibblesConsumed = 0;
-        // 11. Start with the first nibble (the higher nibble of the first byte) of dataBytes.
-        let currentByte = dataBytes[byteIndex];
-        let versionNibble = currentByte >>> 4;
-        // 12. Add the value of the current nibble to version.
-        while (versionNibble === 0xF) {
-            // 13. If the value of the nibble is hexadecimal F (decimal 15), advance to the next nibble (the lower nibble of
-            //     the current byte or the higher nibble of the next byte) and return to the previous step.
-            version += 15;
-            if (nibblesConsumed % 2 === 0) {
-                versionNibble = currentByte & 0x0F;
-            }
-            else {
-                currentByte = dataBytes[++byteIndex];
-                versionNibble = currentByte >>> 4;
-            }
-            nibblesConsumed += 1;
-            // 14. If version is greater than 1, raise invalidDid error.
-            if (version > 1) {
-                throw new IdentifierError(`Invalid version: ${version}`, INVALID_DID, { identifier });
-            }
-        }
-        version += versionNibble;
-        nibblesConsumed += 1;
-        // 15. Advance to the next nibble and set networkValue to its value.
-        let networkValue = nibblesConsumed % 2 === 0
-            ? dataBytes[++byteIndex] >>> 4
-            : currentByte & 0x0F;
-        nibblesConsumed += 1;
-        // 16. Map networkValue to network from the following:
-        //     0 - "bitcoin"
-        //     1 - "signet"
-        //     2 - "regtest"
-        //     3 - "testnet3"
-        //     4 - "testnet4"
-        //     5 - "mutinynet"
-        //     6-7 - raise invalidDid error
-        //     8-F - networkValue - 11
-        let network = BitcoinNetworkNames[networkValue];
-        if (!network) {
-            if (networkValue >= 0x8 && networkValue <= 0xF) {
-                network = networkValue - 11;
-            }
-            else {
-                throw new IdentifierError(`Invalid did: ${identifier}`, INVALID_DID, { identifier });
-            }
-        }
-        // 17. If the number of nibbles consumed is odd:
-        if (nibblesConsumed % 2 === 1) {
-            //     17.1 Advance to the next nibble and set fillerNibble to its value.
-            const fillerNibble = currentByte & 0x0F;
-            //     17.2 If fillerNibble is not 0, raise invalidDid error.
-            if (fillerNibble !== 0) {
-                throw new IdentifierError(`Invalid did: ${identifier}`, INVALID_DID, { identifier });
-            }
-        }
-        // 18. Set genesisBytes to the remaining dataBytes.
-        const genesisBytes = dataBytes.slice(byteIndex + 1);
-        // 19. If idType is “key” and genesisBytes is not a valid compressed secp256k1 public key, raise invalidDid error.
+        // 10. btcr2_version is the high nibble of the first byte and MUST be 0, which is version_number 1.
+        //     The version-extension scheme (a leading nibble of 0xF chaining into further bytes) is reserved
+        //     and not valid under v1, so any non-zero high nibble (0x1 through 0xF) is a malformed or forged
+        //     identifier and is rejected here. Reading a single flat nibble (rather than looping on 0xF) is
+        //     what makes this guard actually fire: the previous loop body never ran for a leading nibble of
+        //     0x1 through 0xE, silently accepting forged versions.
+        const btcr2Version = dataBytes[0] >>> 4;
+        if (btcr2Version !== 0) {
+            throw new IdentifierError(`Invalid btcr2_version (expected 0): ${btcr2Version}`, INVALID_DID, { identifier });
+        }
+        const version = 1;
+        // 11. network_value is the low nibble of the first byte. 0-5 map to named networks; 12-14 are custom
+        //     networks (returned as the numeric values 1-3); 6-11 and 15 are reserved/out-of-range and rejected.
+        const networkValue = dataBytes[0] & 0x0F;
+        const networkName = BitcoinNetworkNames[networkValue];
+        let network;
+        if (typeof networkName === 'string') {
+            network = networkName;
+        }
+        else if (networkValue >= 12 && networkValue <= 14) {
+            network = networkValue - 11;
+        }
+        else {
+            throw new IdentifierError(`Invalid network: ${networkValue}`, INVALID_DID, { identifier });
+        }
+        // 12. genesisBytes is everything after the first byte.
+        const genesisBytes = dataBytes.slice(1);
+        // 13. genesisBytes MUST match the identifier type: a valid compressed secp256k1 public key for KEY,
+        //     or a 32-byte hash for EXTERNAL.
         if (idType === 'KEY') {
             try {
                 new CompressedSecp256k1PublicKey(genesisBytes);
@@ -214,7 +149,10 @@ export class Identifier {
                 throw new IdentifierError(`Invalid genesisBytes: ${genesisBytes}`, INVALID_DID, { identifier });
             }
         }
-        // 20. Return idType, version, network, and genesisBytes.
+        else if (genesisBytes.length !== 32) {
+            throw new IdentifierError(`Invalid genesisBytes: ${genesisBytes}`, INVALID_DID, { identifier });
+        }
+        // 14. Return idType, hrp, version, network, and genesisBytes.
         return { idType, hrp, version, network, genesisBytes };
     }
     /**

package/dist/esm/core/identifier.js.map

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package/dist/types/core/beacon/beacon.d.ts

@@ -138,6 +138,50 @@ export interface BeaconTxPlan {
  * non-standard and rejected at broadcast with `RPC error -26: scriptpubkey`.
  */
 export declare function opReturnScript(signalBytes: Uint8Array): Uint8Array;
+/**
+ * Minimum value (sats) a beacon UTXO must exceed for {@link selectSpendableUtxo} to
+ * treat it as spendable. This is a fixed, conservative, script-kind-agnostic floor:
+ * an output at or below it is too small to be worth spending, so selection discards
+ * it in favor of a larger confirmed UTXO. Keeping the floor a constant (rather than
+ * deriving it from a fee estimate) keeps selection pure and fee-estimator-independent.
+ *
+ * The floor is a coarse pre-filter, not the fee-coverage boundary: whether a selected
+ * UTXO actually covers the transaction fee is a separate check, enforced against the
+ * live {@link FeeEstimator} by the builders' `value <= feeSats` guard
+ * ({@link SinglePartyBeacon.buildSinglePartyTx} and {@link buildAggregationBeaconTx}).
+ * At the default 5 sat/vB rate that fee (roughly 775 to 1200 sats across the three
+ * script kinds) sits above this floor, so a UTXO can clear the dust filter and still
+ * be rejected as insufficient; conversely, at a very low fee rate an output near the
+ * floor could cover the fee. The floor's job is only to skip trivially small inputs.
+ *
+ * The value is the standard Bitcoin Core P2PKH dust threshold, the largest of the
+ * three singleton beacon script kinds (P2PKH 546, P2TR 330, P2WPKH 294 per
+ * {@link DUST_LIMIT_SATS}): a UTXO above it is non-dust under any beacon address kind.
+ * Distinct from {@link DUST_LIMIT_SATS}, which sizes the outgoing change output by
+ * kind; this bounds the incoming UTXO chosen to fund the transaction.
+ */
+export declare const SPENDABLE_DUST_LIMIT_SATS = 546;
+/**
+ * Select the beacon UTXO to fund a signal transaction from the set of UTXOs at a
+ * beacon address. Pure and deterministic: the same address state always yields the
+ * same input, across broadcast retries and across independent resolvers.
+ *
+ * Filters to confirmed UTXOs (an unconfirmed input is reorg- and RBF-unsafe: a
+ * signal built on it can be orphaned or double-spent before it confirms), then drops
+ * dust at or below {@link SPENDABLE_DUST_LIMIT_SATS}, then picks the deepest via
+ * {@link byDepthThenId}. The did:btcr2 spec does not mandate a selection rule or a
+ * confirmation depth (only the security considerations favor deeper confirmations),
+ * so this is an implementation policy: prefer safety and reproducibility over
+ * spending the newest or largest output.
+ *
+ * @param utxos UTXOs reported at the beacon address.
+ * @param address Beacon address, used only to annotate thrown errors.
+ * @returns The confirmed, non-dust, deepest UTXO.
+ * @throws {BeaconError} `UNFUNDED_BEACON_ADDRESS` when no UTXOs exist at all;
+ *   `NO_SPENDABLE_BEACON_UTXO` when UTXOs exist but none are both confirmed and above
+ *   the dust limit (the message distinguishes all-unconfirmed from all-dust).
+ */
+export declare function selectSpendableUtxo(utxos: Array<AddressUtxo>, address?: string): AddressUtxo;
 /**
  * Build an aggregation beacon transaction (P2TR key-path spend) ready for MuSig2 signing.
  * Returns the unsigned Transaction + prev-output metadata that an aggregation service's

package/dist/types/core/beacon/beacon.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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package/dist/types/core/identifier.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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+{"version":3,"file":"identifier.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../../../src/core/identifier.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAAA,OAAO,KAAK,EAAE,KAAK,EAAE,aAAa,EAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,oBAAoB,EAAE,MAAM,mBAAmB,CAAC;AAE9F,OAAO,EAAE,4BAA4B,EAAkB,MAAM,oBAAoB,CAAC;AAElF,OAAO,KAAK,EAAE,gBAAgB,EAAE,MAAM,iBAAiB,CAAC;AAExD;;;;;GAKG;AACH,MAAM,WAAW,aAAc,SAAQ,oBAAoB;IACvD,GAAG,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;CACf;AAED;;;;;;;GAOG;AACH,MAAM,WAAW,oBAAoB;IACjC,MAAM,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;IACf,OAAO,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;IAChB,OAAO,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;IAChB,YAAY,EAAE,KAAK,CAAC;CACvB;AACD;;;;;;;;;;GAUG;AACH,qBAAa,UAAU;IACrB;;;;;;;;;;;;;OAaG;IACH,MAAM,CAAC,MAAM,CAAC,YAAY,EAAE,QAAQ,GAAG,aAAa,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,gBAAgB,GAAG,MAAM;IAuDxF;;;;;;;OAOG;IACH,MAAM,CAAC,MAAM,CAAC,UAAU,EAAE,MAAM,GAAG,aAAa;IAsFhD;;;OAGG;IACH,MAAM,CAAC,QAAQ,IAAI;QAAE,OAAO,EAAE,oBAAoB,CAAC;QAAC,GAAG,EAAE,MAAM,CAAA;KAAE;IAYjE;;;;;OAKG;IACH,MAAM,CAAC,YAAY,CAAC,GAAG,EAAE,MAAM,GAAG,4BAA4B;IAW9D;;;;OAIG;IACH,MAAM,CAAC,OAAO,CAAC,UAAU,EAAE,MAAM,GAAG,OAAO;CAQ5C"}

package/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@did-btcr2/method",
-  "version": "0.48.0",
+  "version": "0.50.0",
   "type": "module",
   "description": "Reference implementation for the did:btcr2 DID method written in TypeScript and JavaScript. did:btcr2 is a censorship resistant DID Method using the Bitcoin blockchain as a Verifiable Data Registry to announce changes to the DID document. This is the core method implementation for the did-btcr2-js monorepo.",
   "main": "./dist/cjs/index.js",
@@ -77,11 +77,11 @@
     "canonicalize": "^2.1.0",
     "dotenv": "^16.6.1",
     "nostr-tools": "^2.23.3",
-    "@did-btcr2/bitcoin": "^0.8.0",
-    "@did-btcr2/smt": "^0.3.0",
     "@did-btcr2/common": "^9.1.0",
     "@did-btcr2/keypair": "^0.13.1",
-    "@did-btcr2/cryptosuite": "^9.0.0"
+    "@did-btcr2/smt": "^0.3.0",
+    "@did-btcr2/cryptosuite": "^9.0.0",
+    "@did-btcr2/bitcoin": "^0.8.0"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
     "@eslint/js": "^9.39.4",

package/src/core/beacon/beacon.ts

@@ -229,27 +229,97 @@ export function opReturnScript(signalBytes: Uint8Array): Uint8Array {
 }
 
 /**
- * Fetch the most recent confirmed UTXO at `bitcoinAddress` + the raw bytes of its
- * parent transaction (needed by PSBT inputs). Throws if unfunded.
+ * Minimum value (sats) a beacon UTXO must exceed for {@link selectSpendableUtxo} to
+ * treat it as spendable. This is a fixed, conservative, script-kind-agnostic floor:
+ * an output at or below it is too small to be worth spending, so selection discards
+ * it in favor of a larger confirmed UTXO. Keeping the floor a constant (rather than
+ * deriving it from a fee estimate) keeps selection pure and fee-estimator-independent.
+ *
+ * The floor is a coarse pre-filter, not the fee-coverage boundary: whether a selected
+ * UTXO actually covers the transaction fee is a separate check, enforced against the
+ * live {@link FeeEstimator} by the builders' `value <= feeSats` guard
+ * ({@link SinglePartyBeacon.buildSinglePartyTx} and {@link buildAggregationBeaconTx}).
+ * At the default 5 sat/vB rate that fee (roughly 775 to 1200 sats across the three
+ * script kinds) sits above this floor, so a UTXO can clear the dust filter and still
+ * be rejected as insufficient; conversely, at a very low fee rate an output near the
+ * floor could cover the fee. The floor's job is only to skip trivially small inputs.
+ *
+ * The value is the standard Bitcoin Core P2PKH dust threshold, the largest of the
+ * three singleton beacon script kinds (P2PKH 546, P2TR 330, P2WPKH 294 per
+ * {@link DUST_LIMIT_SATS}): a UTXO above it is non-dust under any beacon address kind.
+ * Distinct from {@link DUST_LIMIT_SATS}, which sizes the outgoing change output by
+ * kind; this bounds the incoming UTXO chosen to fund the transaction.
  */
-async function fetchSpendableUtxo(
-  bitcoinAddress: string,
-  bitcoin: BitcoinConnection,
-): Promise<{ utxo: AddressUtxo; prevTxBytes: Uint8Array }> {
-  const utxos = await bitcoin.rest.address.getUtxos(bitcoinAddress);
+export const SPENDABLE_DUST_LIMIT_SATS = 546;
+
+/**
+ * Deterministic ordering for spendable UTXO selection: deepest first (ascending
+ * block height, so the most-confirmed UTXO sorts first), tie-broken by `txid` then
+ * `vout`. The tie-break makes the winner independent of the order the REST API
+ * returns UTXOs in, so retries and independent resolvers converge on the same input.
+ */
+function byDepthThenId(a: AddressUtxo, b: AddressUtxo): number {
+  if(a.status.block_height !== b.status.block_height) {
+    return a.status.block_height - b.status.block_height;
+  }
+  const txidOrder = a.txid.localeCompare(b.txid);
+  return txidOrder !== 0 ? txidOrder : a.vout - b.vout;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Select the beacon UTXO to fund a signal transaction from the set of UTXOs at a
+ * beacon address. Pure and deterministic: the same address state always yields the
+ * same input, across broadcast retries and across independent resolvers.
+ *
+ * Filters to confirmed UTXOs (an unconfirmed input is reorg- and RBF-unsafe: a
+ * signal built on it can be orphaned or double-spent before it confirms), then drops
+ * dust at or below {@link SPENDABLE_DUST_LIMIT_SATS}, then picks the deepest via
+ * {@link byDepthThenId}. The did:btcr2 spec does not mandate a selection rule or a
+ * confirmation depth (only the security considerations favor deeper confirmations),
+ * so this is an implementation policy: prefer safety and reproducibility over
+ * spending the newest or largest output.
+ *
+ * @param utxos UTXOs reported at the beacon address.
+ * @param address Beacon address, used only to annotate thrown errors.
+ * @returns The confirmed, non-dust, deepest UTXO.
+ * @throws {BeaconError} `UNFUNDED_BEACON_ADDRESS` when no UTXOs exist at all;
+ *   `NO_SPENDABLE_BEACON_UTXO` when UTXOs exist but none are both confirmed and above
+ *   the dust limit (the message distinguishes all-unconfirmed from all-dust).
+ */
+export function selectSpendableUtxo(utxos: Array<AddressUtxo>, address?: string): AddressUtxo {
   if(!utxos.length) {
     throw new BeaconError(
       'No UTXOs found, please fund address!',
-      'UNFUNDED_BEACON_ADDRESS', { address: bitcoinAddress }
+      'UNFUNDED_BEACON_ADDRESS', { address }
     );
   }
-  const utxo = utxos.sort((a, b) => b.status.block_height - a.status.block_height).shift();
-  if(!utxo) {
+  const confirmed = utxos.filter(utxo => utxo.status.confirmed === true);
+  const spendable = confirmed.filter(utxo => utxo.value > SPENDABLE_DUST_LIMIT_SATS);
+  if(!spendable.length) {
+    const reason = confirmed.length === 0
+      ? `all ${utxos.length} UTXO(s) are unconfirmed`
+      : `all ${confirmed.length} confirmed UTXO(s) are at or below the ${SPENDABLE_DUST_LIMIT_SATS}-sat dust limit`;
     throw new BeaconError(
-      'Beacon bitcoin address unfunded or utxos unconfirmed.',
-      'UNFUNDED_BEACON_ADDRESS', { address: bitcoinAddress }
+      `No spendable UTXO at beacon address: ${reason}.`,
+      'NO_SPENDABLE_BEACON_UTXO',
+      { address, total: utxos.length, confirmed: confirmed.length, dustLimit: SPENDABLE_DUST_LIMIT_SATS }
     );
   }
+  return [ ...spendable ].sort(byDepthThenId)[0]!;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Fetch the deepest confirmed, non-dust spendable UTXO at `bitcoinAddress` plus the
+ * raw bytes of its parent transaction (needed by PSBT inputs). Selection is delegated
+ * to {@link selectSpendableUtxo}; throws {@link BeaconError} when the address is
+ * unfunded or has no confirmed, non-dust UTXO.
+ */
+async function fetchSpendableUtxo(
+  bitcoinAddress: string,
+  bitcoin: BitcoinConnection,
+): Promise<{ utxo: AddressUtxo; prevTxBytes: Uint8Array }> {
+  const utxos = await bitcoin.rest.address.getUtxos(bitcoinAddress);
+  const utxo = selectSpendableUtxo(utxos, bitcoinAddress);
   const prevTxHex = await bitcoin.rest.transaction.getHex(utxo.txid);
   return { utxo, prevTxBytes: hexToBytes(prevTxHex) };
 }