@depup/bookshelf 1.2.0-depup.0

package/lib/model.js

@@ -0,0 +1,1568 @@
+'use strict';
+
+const _ = require('lodash');
+const createError = require('create-error');
+
+const Sync = require('./sync');
+const Helpers = require('./helpers');
+const EagerRelation = require('./eager');
+const Errors = require('./errors');
+
+const ModelBase = require('./base/model');
+const Promise = require('bluebird');
+
+/**
+ * @class Model
+ * @extends ModelBase
+ * @inheritdoc
+ * @classdesc
+ * Models are simple objects representing individual database rows, specifying
+ * the tableName and any relations to other models. They can be extended with
+ * any domain-specific methods, which can handle components such as validations,
+ * computed properties, and access control.
+ *
+ * @constructor
+ * @description
+ * When defining a model you should use the {@link Bookshelf#model bookshelf.model} method, since it will allow you to
+ * avoid circular dependency problems. However, it's still possible to create models using the regular constructor.
+ *
+ * When creating an instance of a model, you can pass in the initial values of
+ * the attributes, which will be {@link Model#set set} on the
+ * model. If you define an {@link initialize} function, it will be invoked
+ * when the model is created.
+ *
+ *     new Book({
+ *       title: "One Thousand and One Nights",
+ *       author: "Scheherazade"
+ *     });
+ *
+ * In rare cases, if you're looking to get fancy, you may want to override
+ * {@link Model#constructor constructor}, which allows you to replace the
+ * actual constructor function for your model.
+ *
+ *     let Book = bookshelf.model('Book', {
+ *       tableName: 'documents',
+ *       constructor: function() {
+ *         bookshelf.Model.apply(this, arguments);
+ *         this.on('saving', function(model, attrs, options) {
+ *           options.query.where('type', '=', 'book');
+ *         });
+ *       }
+ *     });
+ *
+ * @param {Object}   attributes            Initial values for this model's attributes.
+ * @param {Object=}  options               Hash of options.
+ * @param {string=}  options.tableName     Initial value for {@link Model#tableName tableName}.
+ * @param {Boolean=} [options.hasTimestamps=false]
+ *
+ *   Initial value for {@link Model#hasTimestamps hasTimestamps}.
+ *
+ * @param {Boolean} [options.parse=false]
+ *
+ *   Convert attributes by {@link Model#parse parse} before being {@link
+ *   Model#set set} on the model.
+ *
+ */
+const BookshelfModel = ModelBase.extend(
+  {
+    /**
+     * This relation specifies that this table has exactly one of another type of object, specified by a foreign key in
+     * the other table.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const Record = bookshelf.model('Record', {
+     *   tableName: 'health_records'
+     * })
+     *
+     * const Patient = bookshelf.model('Patient', {
+     *   tableName: 'patients',
+     *   record() {
+     *     return this.hasOne('Record')
+     *   }
+     * })
+     *
+     * // select * from `health_records` where `patient_id` = 1
+     * new Patient({id: 1}).related('record').fetch().then(function(model) {
+     *   // ...
+     * })
+     *
+     * // Alternatively, if you don't need the relation loaded on the patient's relations hash:
+     * new Patient({id: 1}).record().fetch().then(function(model) {
+     *   // ...
+     * })
+     *
+     * @method Model#hasOne
+     * @param {Model|string} Target
+     *   Constructor of {@link Model} targeted by join. Can be a string specifying a previously registered model with
+     *   {@link Bookshelf#model}.
+     * @param {string} [foreignKey]
+     *   Foreign key in the `Target` model. By default the foreign key is assumed to be the singular form of this
+     *   model's {@link Model#tableName tableName} followed by `_id` / `_{{{@link Model#idAttribute idAttribute}}}`.
+     * @param {string} [foreignKeyTarget]
+     *   Column in this model's table which `foreignKey` references, if other than this model's `id` /
+     *   `{@link Model#idAttribute idAttribute}`.
+     * @returns {Model}
+     *   The return value will always be a model, even if the relation doesn't exist, but in that case the relation will
+     *   be `null` when {@link Model#serialize serializing} the model.
+     */
+    hasOne(Target, foreignKey, foreignKeyTarget) {
+      return this._relation('hasOne', Target, {
+        foreignKey,
+        foreignKeyTarget
+      }).init(this);
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * This relation specifies that this model has one or more rows in another table which match on this model's primary
+     * key.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const Author = bookshelf.model('Author', {
+     *   tableName: 'authors',
+     *   books() {
+     *     return this.hasMany('Book')
+     *   }
+     * })
+     *
+     * // select * from `authors` where id = 1
+     * // select * from `books` where author_id = 1
+     * Author.where({id: 1}).fetch({withRelated: ['books']}).then(function(author) {
+     *   console.log(JSON.stringify(author.related('books')))
+     * })
+     *
+     * @method Model#hasMany
+     * @param {Model|string} Target
+     *   Constructor of {@link Model} targeted by join. Can be a string specifying a previously registered model with
+     *   {@link Bookshelf#model}.
+     * @param {string} [foreignKey]
+     *   ForeignKey in the `Target` model. By default, the foreign key is assumed to be the singular form of this
+     *   model's tableName, followed by `_id` / `_{{{@link Model#idAttribute idAttribute}}}`.
+     * @param {string} [foreignKeyTarget]
+     *   Column in this model's table which `foreignKey` references, if other than this model's `id` /
+     *   `{@link Model#idAttribute idAttribute}`.
+     * @returns {Collection} A new empty Collection.
+     */
+    hasMany(Target, foreignKey, foreignKeyTarget) {
+      return this._relation('hasMany', Target, {
+        foreignKey,
+        foreignKeyTarget
+      }).init(this);
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * This relationship is used when a model is a member of another `Target` model.
+     *
+     * It can be used in {@tutorial one-to-one} associations as the inverse of a
+     * {@link Model#hasOne hasOne}. It can also used in {@tutorial one-to-many} associations as the
+     * inverse of {@link Model#hasMany hasMany}, and is the "one" side of that association. In both
+     * cases, the belongsTo relationship is used for a model that is a member of another Target
+     * model, referenced by the `foreignKey` attribute in the current model.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const Book = bookshelf.model('Book', {
+     *   tableName: 'books',
+     *   author() {
+     *     return this.belongsTo('Author')
+     *   }
+     * })
+     *
+     * // select * from `books` where id = 1
+     * // select * from `authors` where id = book.author_id
+     * Book.where({id: 1}).fetch({withRelated: ['author']}).then((book) => {
+     *   console.log(JSON.stringify(book.related('author')))
+     * })
+     *
+     * @method Model#belongsTo
+     * @param {Model|string} Target
+     *   Constructor of {@link Model} targeted by the join. Can be a string specifying a previously registered model
+     *   with {@link Bookshelf#model}.
+     * @param {string} [foreignKey]
+     *   Foreign key in this model. By default, the `foreignKey` is assumed to be the singular form
+     *   of the `Target` model's tableName, followed by `_id`, or
+     *   `_{{{@link Model#idAttribute idAttribute}}}` if the `idAttribute` property is set.
+     * @param {string} [foreignKeyTarget]
+     *   Column in the `Target` model's table which `foreignKey` references. This is only needed in
+     *   case it's other than `Target` model's `id` / `{@link Model#idAttribute idAttribute}`.
+     * @returns {Model}
+     *   The return value will always be a model, even if the relation doesn't exist, but in that
+     *   case the relation will be `null` when {@link Model#serialize serializing} the model.
+     */
+    belongsTo(Target, foreignKey, foreignKeyTarget) {
+      return this._relation('belongsTo', Target, {
+        foreignKey,
+        foreignKeyTarget
+      }).init(this);
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * Defines a many-to-many relation, where the current model is joined to one or more of a
+     * `Target` model through another table. The default name for the joining table is the two
+     * models' table names joined by an underscore, and ordered alphabetically. For example, a
+     * `users` table and an `accounts` table would have a joining table named `accounts_users`.
+     *
+     * The default key names in the joining table are the singular versions of the model table
+     * names, followed by `_id` / `_{{{@link Model#idAttribute idAttribute}}}`. So in the above
+     * example the columns in the joining table would be `user_id`, `account_id`, and `access`,
+     * which is used as an example of how dynamic relations can be formed using different contexts.
+     *
+     * To customize the keys or the {@link Model#tableName tableName} used for the join table, you
+     * may specify them in the arguments to the function call:
+     *
+     *     this.belongsToMany(Account, 'users_accounts', 'userId', 'accountId')
+     *
+     * If you wish to create a belongsToMany association where the joining table has a primary key
+     * and extra attributes in the model, you may create a `belongsToMany`
+     * {@link Relation#through through} relation:
+     *
+     *     const Doctor = bookshelf.model('Doctor', {
+     *       patients() {
+     *         return this.belongsToMany('Patient').through('Appointment')
+     *       }
+     *     })
+     *
+     *     const Appointment = bookshelf.model('Appointment', {
+     *       patient() {
+     *         return this.belongsTo('Patient')
+     *       },
+     *       doctor() {
+     *         return this.belongsTo('Doctor')
+     *       }
+     *     })
+     *
+     *     const Patient = bookshelf.model('Patient', {
+     *       doctors() {
+     *         return this.belongsToMany('Doctor').through('Appointment')
+     *       }
+     *     })
+     *
+     * Collections returned by a `belongsToMany` relation are decorated with several pivot helper
+     * methods. If you need more information about these methods see
+     * {@link Collection#attach attach}, {@link Collection#detach detach},
+     * {@link Collection#updatePivot updatePivot} and {@link Collection#withPivot withPivot}.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const Account = bookshelf.model('Account', {
+     *   tableName: 'accounts'
+     * })
+     *
+     * const User = bookshelf.model('User', {
+     *   tableName: 'users',
+     *   allAccounts() {
+     *     return this.belongsToMany('Account')
+     *   },
+     *   adminAccounts() {
+     *     return this.belongsToMany('Account').query({where: {access: 'admin'}})
+     *   },
+     *   viewAccounts() {
+     *     return this.belongsToMany('Account').query({where: {access: 'readonly'}})
+     *   }
+     * })
+     *
+     * @method  Model#belongsToMany
+     * @param {Model|string} Target
+     *   Constructor of {@link Model} targeted by join. Can be a string specifying a previously registered model with
+     *   {@link Bookshelf#model}.
+     * @param {string} [joinTableName]
+     *   Name of the joining table. Defaults to the two table names ordered alphabetically and
+     *   joined by an underscore.
+     * @param {string} [foreignKey]
+     *   Foreign key in this model. By default, the `foreignKey` is assumed to be the singular form
+     *   of this model's tableName, followed by `_id` / `_{{{@link Model#idAttribute idAttribute}}}`.
+     * @param {string} [otherKey]
+     *   Foreign key in the `Target` model. By default, this is assumed to be the singular form of
+     *   the `Target` model's tableName, followed by `_id` /
+     *   `_{{{@link Model#idAttribute idAttribute}}}`.
+     * @param {string} [foreignKeyTarget]
+     *   Column in this model's table which `foreignKey` references. This is only needed if it's not
+     *   the default `id` / `{@link Model#idAttribute idAttribute}`.
+     * @param {string} [otherKeyTarget]
+     *   Column in the `Target` model's table which `otherKey` references. This is only needed, if
+     *   it's not the expected default of the `Target` model's `id` /
+     *   `{@link Model#idAttribute idAttribute}`.
+     * @returns {Collection}
+     *   A new empty collection that is decorated with extra pivot helper methods. See the
+     *   description below for more info.
+     */
+    belongsToMany(Target, joinTableName, foreignKey, otherKey, foreignKeyTarget, otherKeyTarget) {
+      return this._relation('belongsToMany', Target, {
+        joinTableName,
+        foreignKey,
+        otherKey,
+        foreignKeyTarget,
+        otherKeyTarget
+      }).init(this);
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * The {@link Model#morphOne morphOne} is used to signify a {@link oneToOne
+     * one-to-one} {@link polymorphicRelation polymorphic relation} with
+     * another `Target` model, where the `name` of the model is used to determine
+     * which database table keys are used. The naming convention requires the
+     * `name` prefix an `_id` and `_type` field in the database. So for the case
+     * below the table names would be `imageable_type` and `imageable_id`. The
+     * `morphValue` may be optionally set to store/retrieve a different value in
+     * the `_type` column than the {@link Model#tableName}.
+     *
+     *     let Site = bookshelf.model('Site', {
+     *       tableName: 'sites',
+     *       photo: function() {
+     *         return this.morphOne('Photo', 'imageable');
+     *       }
+     *     });
+     *
+     * And with custom `columnNames`:
+     *
+     *     let Site = bookshelf.model('Site', {
+     *       tableName: 'sites',
+     *       photo: function() {
+     *         return this.morphOne('Photo', 'imageable', ['ImageableType', 'ImageableId']);
+     *       }
+     *     });
+     *
+     * Note that both `columnNames` and `morphValue` are optional arguments. How
+     * your argument is treated when only one is specified, depends on the type.
+     * If your argument is an array, it will be assumed to contain custom
+     * `columnNames`. If it's not, it will be assumed to indicate a `morphValue`.
+     *
+     * @method Model#morphOne
+     * @param {Model|string} Target
+     *   Constructor of {@link Model} targeted by join. Can be a string specifying a previously registered model with
+     *   {@link Bookshelf#model}.
+     * @param {string} [name] Prefix for `_id` and `_type` columns.
+     * @param {(string[])} [columnNames]
+     *   Array containing two column names, the first is the `_type` while the second is the `_id`.
+     * @param {string} [morphValue=Target#{@link Model#tableName tableName}]
+     *   The string value associated with this relationship. Stored in the `_type` column of the polymorphic table.
+     *   Defaults to `Target#{@link Model#tableName tableName}`.
+     * @returns {Model} The related model.
+     */
+    morphOne(Target, name, columnNames, morphValue) {
+      return this._morphOneOrMany(Target, name, columnNames, morphValue, 'morphOne');
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * {@link Model#morphMany morphMany} is essentially the same as a {@link
+     * Model#morphOne morphOne}, but creating a {@link Collection collection}
+     * rather than a {@link Model model} (similar to a {@link Model#hasOne
+     * hasOne} vs. {@link Model#hasMany hasMany} relation).
+     *
+     * {@link Model#morphMany morphMany} is used to signify a {@link oneToMany
+     * one-to-many} or {@link manyToMany many-to-many} {@link polymorphicRelation
+     * polymorphic relation} with another `Target` model, where the `name` of the
+     * model is used to determine which database table keys are used. The naming
+     * convention requires the `name` prefix an `_id` and `_type` field in the
+     * database. So for the case below the table names would be `imageable_type`
+     * and `imageable_id`. The `morphValue` may be optionally set to
+     * store/retrieve a different value in the `_type` column than the `Target`'s
+     * {@link Model#tableName tableName}.
+     *
+     *     let Post = bookshelf.model('Post', {
+     *       tableName: 'posts',
+     *       photos: function() {
+     *         return this.morphMany('Photo', 'imageable');
+     *       }
+     *     });
+     *
+     * And with custom columnNames:
+     *
+     *     let Post = bookshelf.model('Post'{
+     *       tableName: 'posts',
+     *       photos: function() {
+     *         return this.morphMany('Photo', 'imageable', ['ImageableType', 'ImageableId']);
+     *       }
+     *     });
+     *
+     * @method Model#morphMany
+     * @param {Model|string} Target
+     *   Constructor of {@link Model} targeted by join. Can be a string specifying a previously registered model with
+     *   {@link Bookshelf#model}.
+     * @param {string} [name] Prefix for `_id` and `_type` columns.
+     * @param {(string[])} [columnNames]
+     *   Array containing two column names, the first is the `_type` while the second is the `_id`.
+     * @param {string} [morphValue=Target#{@link Model#tableName tablename}]
+     *   The string value associated with this relationship. Stored in the `_type` column of the polymorphic table.
+     *   Defaults to `Target`#{@link Model#tableName tablename}.
+     * @returns {Collection} A collection of related models.
+     */
+    morphMany(Target, name, columnNames, morphValue) {
+      return this._morphOneOrMany(Target, name, columnNames, morphValue, 'morphMany');
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * This relation is used to specify the inverse of the {@link Model#morphOne morphOne} or
+     * {@link Model#morphMany morphMany} relations, where the `targets` must be passed to signify which
+     * {@link Model models} are the potential opposite end of the {@link polymorphicRelation polymorphic relation}:
+     *
+     *     const Photo = bookshelf.model('Photo', {
+     *       tableName: 'photos',
+     *       imageable() {
+     *         return this.morphTo('imageable', 'Site', 'Post')
+     *       }
+     *     })
+     *
+     * And with custom column names:
+     *
+     *     const Photo = bookshelf.model('Photo', {
+     *       tableName: 'photos',
+     *       imageable() {
+     *         return this.morphTo('imageable', ['ImageableType', 'ImageableId'], 'Site', 'Post')
+     *       }
+     *     })
+     *
+     * And with custom morphValues, the inverse of the `morphValue` of {@link Model#morphOne morphOne} and
+     * {@link Model#morphMany morphMany}, where the `morphValues` may be optionally set to check against a different
+     * value in the `_type` column other than the {@link Model#tableName}, for example, a more descriptive name, or a
+     * name that betters adheres to whatever standard you are using for models:
+     *
+     *     const Photo = bookshelf.model('Photo', {
+     *       tableName: 'photos',
+     *       imageable() {
+     *         return this.morphTo('imageable', ['Site', 'favicon'], ['Post', 'cover_photo'])
+     *       }
+     *     })
+     *
+     * @method Model#morphTo
+     * @param {string} name Prefix for `_id` and `_type` columns.
+     * @param {string[]} [columnNames]
+     *   Array containing two column names, where the first is the `_type` and the second is the `_id`.
+     * @param {Model|string} [Target]
+     *   Constructor of {@link Model} targeted by join. Can be a string specifying a previously registered model with
+     *   {@link Bookshelf#model}.
+     * @returns {Model} The related but empty model.
+     */
+    morphTo(morphName) {
+      if (!_.isString(morphName)) throw new Error('The `morphTo` name must be specified.');
+      let columnNames, candidates;
+      if (arguments[1] == null || (Array.isArray(arguments[1]) && _.isString(arguments[1][0]))) {
+        columnNames = arguments[1] || null; // may be `null` or `undefined`
+        candidates = _.drop(arguments, 2);
+      } else {
+        columnNames = null;
+        candidates = _.drop(arguments, 1);
+      }
+
+      candidates = _.map(candidates, (target) => {
+        if (Array.isArray(target)) return target;
+
+        // Set up the morphValue by default as the tableName
+        return [target, _.result(target.prototype, 'tableName')];
+      });
+
+      return this._relation('morphTo', null, {morphName, columnNames, candidates}).init(this);
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * Helps to create dynamic relations between {@link Model models} where a {@link Model#hasOne hasOne} or
+     * {@link Model#belongsTo belongsTo} relation may run through another `Interim` model. This is exactly like the
+     * equivalent {@link Collection#through collection method} except that it applies to the models that the above
+     * mentioned relation methods return instead of collections.
+     *
+     * This method creates a pivot model, which it assigns to {@link Model#pivot model.pivot} after it is created. When
+     * serializing the model with {@link Model#toJSON toJSON}, the pivot model is flattened to values prefixed with
+     * `_pivot_`.
+     *
+     * A good example of where this would be useful is if a paragraph {@link Model#hasMany belongTo} a book *through* a
+     * chapter. See the example above on how this can be expressed.
+     *
+     * @method Model#through
+     * @example
+     * const Chapter = bookshelf.model('Chapter', {
+     *   tableName: 'chapters',
+     *   paragraphs() {
+     *     return this.hasMany('Paragraph')
+     *   }
+     * })
+
+     * const Book = bookshelf.model('Book', {
+     *   tableName: 'books',
+     *   chapters() {
+     *     return this.hasMany('Chapter')
+     *   }
+     * })
+     *
+     const Paragraph = bookshelf.model('Paragraph', {
+     *   tableName: 'paragraphs',
+     *   chapter() {
+     *     return this.belongsTo('Chapter')
+     *   },
+     *
+     *   // Find the book where this paragraph is included, by passing through
+     *   // the "Chapter" model.
+     *   book() {
+     *     return this.belongsTo('Book').through('Chapter')
+     *   }
+     * })
+     *
+     * @param {Model|string} Interim
+     *   Pivot model. Can be a string specifying a previously registered model with {@link Bookshelf#model}.
+     * @param {string} [throughForeignKey]
+     *   Foreign key in this model. By default, the foreign key is assumed to be the singular form of the `Target`
+     *   model's tableName, followed by `_id` or `_{{{@link Model#idAttribute idAttribute}}}`.
+     * @param {string} [otherKey]
+     *   Foreign key in the `Interim` model. By default, the other key is assumed to be the singular form of this
+     *   model's tableName, followed by `_id` / `_{{{@link Model#idAttribute idAttribute}}}`.
+     * @param {string} [throughForeignKeyTarget]
+     *   Column in the `Target` model which `throughForeignKey` references, if other than `Target` model's `id` /
+     *   `{@link Model#idAttribute idAttribute}`.
+     * @param {string} [otherKeyTarget]
+     *   Column in this model which `otherKey` references, if other than `id` / `{@link Model#idAttribute idAttribute}`.
+     * @returns {Model} The related but empty Model.
+     */
+    through(Interim, throughForeignKey, otherKey, throughForeignKeyTarget, otherKeyTarget) {
+      return this.relatedData.through(this, Interim, {
+        throughForeignKey,
+        otherKey,
+        throughForeignKeyTarget,
+        otherKeyTarget
+      });
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * @method Model#refresh
+     * @since 0.8.2
+     * @description
+     *
+     * Update the attributes of a model, fetching it by its primary key. If no
+     * attribute matches its {@link Model#idAttribute idAttribute}, then fetch by
+     * all available fields.
+     *
+     * @param {Object} options
+     *   A hash of options. See {@link Model#fetch} for details.
+     * @returns {Promise<Model>}
+     *   A promise resolving to this model.
+     */
+    refresh(options = {}) {
+      let attributes = {};
+
+      // If this is new, we use all its attributes. Otherwise we just grab the primary key.
+      if (this.isNew()) {
+        attributes = this.attributes;
+      } else {
+        attributes[this.idAttribute] = this.attributes[this.idAttribute] || this.attributes[this.parsedIdAttribute()];
+      }
+
+      return this._doFetch(attributes, options).tap(() => {
+        if (!options.silent) this._previousAttributes = _.cloneDeep(this.attributes);
+      });
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * This method is similar to {@link Model#fetchAll}, but fetches a single page of results as
+     * specified by the limit (page size) and offset (page number).
+     *
+     * Any options that may be passed to {@link Model#fetchAll} may also be passed in the options
+     * to this method. Additionally, to perform pagination, you may include **either** an `offset`
+     * and `limit`, **or** a `page` and `pageSize`.
+     *
+     * By default, with no parameters or some missing parameters, `fetchPage` will use default
+     * values of `{page: 1, pageSize: 10}`.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * new Car()
+     *   .fetchPage({
+     *     pageSize: 15, // Defaults to 10 if not specified
+     *     page: 3, // Defaults to 1 if not specified
+     *     withRelated: ['engine'] // Passed to Model#fetchAll
+     *   })
+     *   .then(function(results) {
+     *     console.log(results) // Paginated results object with metadata example below
+     *   })
+     *
+     * // Pagination results:
+     * {
+     *   models: [
+     *     // Regular bookshelf Collection
+     *   ],
+     *   // other standard Collection attributes
+     *   // ...
+     *   pagination: {
+     *     rowCount: 53, // Total number of rows found for the query before pagination
+     *     pageCount: 4, // Total number of pages of results
+     *     page: 3, // The requested page number
+     *     pageSize: 15 // The requested number of rows per page
+     *    }
+     * }
+     *
+     * @method Model#fetchPage
+     * @param {Object} [options]
+     *   Besides the basic options that can be passed to {@link Model#fetchAll}, there are some additional pagination
+     *   options that can be specified.
+     * @param {number} [options.pageSize]
+     *   How many models to include in each page, defaulting to 10 if not specified. Used only together with the `page`
+     *   option.
+     * @param {number} [options.page]
+     *   Page number to retrieve. If greater than the available rows it will return an empty Collection. The first page
+     *   is number `1`. Used only with the `pageSize` option.
+     * @param {number} [options.limit]
+     *   How many models to include in each page, defaulting to 10 if not specified. Used only together with the
+     *   `offset` option.
+     * @param {number} [options.offset]
+     *   Index to begin fetching results from. The default and initial value is `0`. Used only with the `limit` option.
+     * @param {boolean} [options.disableCount=false]
+     *   Whether to disable the query for counting how many records are in the full result.
+     * @param {boolean} [options.debug=false]
+     *   Whether to enable debugging mode or not. When enabled will show information about the
+     *   queries being run.
+     * @returns {Promise<Collection>}
+     *   Returns a Promise that will resolve to the paginated collection of models.
+     */
+    fetchPage(options = {}) {
+      return Helpers.fetchPage.call(this, options);
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * Fetches a {@link Model model} from the database, using any {@link
+     * Model#attributes attributes} currently set on the model to constrain the
+     * results.
+     *
+     * A {@link Model#event:fetching "fetching"} event will be fired just before the
+     * record is fetched; a good place to hook into for validation. {@link
+     * Model#event:fetched "fetched"} event will be fired when a record is
+     * successfully retrieved.
+     *
+     * If you need to constrain the query performed by fetch, you can call
+     * {@link Model#query query} or {@link Model#where where} before calling
+     * fetch.
+     *
+     *     // select * from `books` where `ISBN-13` = '9780440180296'
+     *     new Book({'ISBN-13': '9780440180296'})
+     *       .fetch()
+     *       .then(function(model) {
+     *         // outputs 'Slaughterhouse Five'
+     *         console.log(model.get('title'));
+     *       });
+     *
+     * If you'd like to only fetch specific columns, you may specify a `columns`
+     * property in the `options` for the fetch call, or use
+     * {@link Model#query query}, tapping into the
+     * {@link https://knexjs.org/#Builder-column|Knex column} method to specify
+     * which columns will be fetched.
+     *
+     * A single property, or an array of properties can be specified as a value for
+     * the `withRelated` property. You can also execute callbacks on relations
+     * queries (eg. for sorting a relation). The results of these relation queries
+     * will be loaded into a {@link Model#relations relations} property on the
+     * model, may be retrieved with the {@link Model#related related} method, and
+     * will be serialized as properties on a {@link Model#toJSON toJSON} call
+     * unless `{shallow: true}` is passed.
+     *
+     *     let Book = bookshelf.model('Book', {
+     *       tableName: 'books',
+     *       editions: function() {
+     *         return this.hasMany('Edition');
+     *       },
+     *       chapters: function() {
+     *         return this.hasMany('Chapter');
+     *       },
+     *       genre: function() {
+     *         return this.belongsTo('Genre');
+     *       }
+     *     })
+     *
+     *     new Book({'ISBN-13': '9780440180296'}).fetch({
+     *       withRelated: [
+     *         'genre', 'editions',
+     *         { chapters: function(query) { query.orderBy('chapter_number'); }}
+     *       ]
+     *     }).then(function(book) {
+     *       console.log(book.related('genre').toJSON());
+     *       console.log(book.related('editions').toJSON());
+     *       console.log(book.toJSON());
+     *     });
+     *
+     * @method Model#fetch
+     * @param {Object=} options Hash of options.
+     * @param {Boolean=} [options.require=true]
+     *   Whether or not to reject the returned response with a
+     *   {@link Model.NotFoundError NotFoundError} if there are no results when
+     *   fetching. If set to `false` it will resolve with `null` instead.
+     * @param {string|string[]} [options.columns='*']
+     *   Specify columns to be retrieved.
+     * @param {Transaction} [options.transacting]
+     *  Optionally run the query in a transaction.
+     * @param {string} [options.lock]
+     *  Type of row-level lock to use. Valid options are `forShare` and
+     *  `forUpdate`. This only works in conjunction with the `transacting`
+     *  option, and requires a database that supports it.
+     * @param {string|Object|mixed[]} [options.withRelated]
+     *  Relations to be retrieved with `Model` instance. Either one or more
+     *  relation names or objects mapping relation names to query callbacks.
+     * @param {boolean} [options.debug=false]
+     *   Whether to enable debugging mode or not. When enabled will show information about the
+     *   queries being run.
+     * @fires Model#fetching
+     * @fires Model#fetched
+     * @throws {Model.NotFoundError}
+     * @returns {Promise<Model|null>}
+     *  A promise resolving to the fetched {@link Model model} or `null` if
+     *  none exists and the `require: false` option is passed.
+     *
+     */
+    fetch(options) {
+      return this._doFetch(this.attributes, options).tap(() => {
+        this._previousAttributes = _.cloneDeep(this.attributes);
+      });
+    },
+
+    _doFetch: Promise.method(function(attributes, options) {
+      options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
+
+      // Run the `first` call on the `sync` object to fetch a single model.
+      return (
+        this.sync(options)
+          .first(attributes)
+          .bind(this)
+
+          // Jump the rest of the chain if the response doesn't exist...
+          .tap(function(response) {
+            if (!response || response.length === 0) {
+              throw new this.constructor.NotFoundError('EmptyResponse');
+            }
+          })
+
+          // Now, load all of the data into the model as necessary.
+          .tap(this._handleResponse)
+
+          // If the "withRelated" is specified, we also need to eager load all of the
+          // data on the model, as a side-effect, before we ultimately jump into the
+          // next step of the model. Since the `columns` are only relevant to the
+          // current level, ensure those are omitted from the options.
+          .tap(function(response) {
+            if (options.withRelated) {
+              return this._handleEager(response, _.omit(options, 'columns'));
+            }
+          })
+
+          .tap(function(response) {
+            /**
+             * Fired after a `fetch` operation. A promise may be returned from the
+             * event handler for async behaviour.
+             *
+             * @event Model#fetched
+             * @tutorial events
+             * @param {Model} model
+             *   The model firing the event.
+             * @param {Object} response
+             *   Knex query response.
+             * @param {Object} options
+             *   Options object passed to {@link Model#fetch fetch}.
+             * @returns {Promise}
+             *   If the handler returns a promise, `fetch` will wait for it to
+             *   be resolved.
+             */
+            if (!options.silent) return this.triggerThen('fetched', this, response, options);
+          })
+          .return(this)
+          .catch(this.constructor.NotFoundError, function(err) {
+            if ((this.requireFetch && options.require !== false) || options.require) throw err;
+            return null;
+          })
+      );
+    }),
+
+    // Private for now.
+    all() {
+      const collection = this.constructor.collection();
+      collection._knex = this.query().clone();
+      this.resetQuery();
+      if (this.relatedData) collection.relatedData = this.relatedData;
+      return collection;
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the number of matching records in the database, respecting any previous calls to
+     * {@link Model#query}. If the `column` argument is provided, records with a `null` value in
+     * that column will be excluded from the count.
+     *
+     * **Note** that in PostgreSQL the result is a string by default. To read more about the
+     * reasons for this see the [pull request](https://github.com/brianc/node-postgres/pull/353)
+     * that implemented it in the `node-postgres` database driver. If you're sure that the
+     * results will always be less than 2<sup>53</sup> (9007199254740991) you can override
+     * the default string parser like this:
+     *
+     *     require('pg').defaults.parseInt8 = true
+     *
+     * Put this snippet before the call to `require('knex')` wherever you are initalizing
+     * `knex`.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * new Duck().where('color', 'blue').count('name').then((count) => {
+     *   console.log('number of blue ducks', count)
+     * })
+     *
+     * @method Model#count
+     * @since 0.8.2
+     * @fires Model#counting
+     * @param {string} [column='*']
+     *   Specify a column to count. Rows with `null` values in this column will be excluded.
+     * @param {Object} [options] Hash of options.
+     * @param {boolean} [options.debug=false]
+     *   Whether to enable debugging mode or not. When enabled will show information about the
+     *   queries being run.
+     * @returns {Promise<number|string>}
+     *   A promise resolving to the number of matching rows. By default this will be a number,
+     *   except with PostgreSQL where it will be a string. Check the description to see how to
+     *   return a number instead in this case.
+     */
+    count(column, options) {
+      return this.all().count(column, options);
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * Fetches a collection of {@link Model models} from the database, using any
+     * query parameters currently set on the model to constrain the results.
+     *
+     * Returns a Promise that will resolve with the fetched collection. If there
+     * are no results it will resolve with an empty collection. If instead you
+     * wish the Promise to be rejected with a {@link Collection.EmptyError},
+     * pass the `require: true` option.
+     *
+     * If you need to constrain the results, you can call the {@link Model#query query}
+     * or {@link Model#where where} methods before calling this method.
+     *
+     * @method Model#fetchAll
+     * @param {Object} [options] Set of options to modify the request.
+     * @param {boolean} [options.require=false]
+     *   Whether or not to reject the returned Promise with a {@link Collection.EmptyError} if no records can be
+     *   fetched from the database.
+     * @param {Transaction} [options.transacting] Optionally run the query in a transaction.
+     * @param {boolean} [options.debug=false]
+     *   Whether to enable debugging mode or not. When enabled will show information about the
+     *   queries being run.
+     * @fires Model#fetching:collection
+     * @fires Model#fetched:collection
+     * @throws {Collection.EmptyError}
+     *   This error is used to reject the Promise in the event of an empty response from the
+     *   database in case the `require: true` fetch option is used.
+     * @returns {Promise} A Promise resolving to the fetched {@link Collection collection}.
+     */
+    fetchAll(options) {
+      const collection = this.all();
+      return collection
+        .once('fetching', (__, columns, opts) => {
+          /**
+           * Fired before a {@link Model#fetchAll fetchAll} operation. A promise
+           * may be returned from the event handler for async behaviour.
+           *
+           * @event Model#fetching:collection
+           * @tutorial events
+           * @param {Collection} collection
+           *  The collection that is going to be fetched. At this point it's still empty since the
+           *  fetch hasn't happened yet.
+           * @param {string[]} columns
+           *  The columns to be retrieved by the query as provided by the underlying query builder.
+           *  If the `columns` option is not specified the value of this will usually be an array
+           *  with a single string `'tableName.*'`.
+           * @param {Object} options Options object passed to {@link Model#fetchAll fetchAll}.
+           * @returns {Promise}
+           */
+          return this.triggerThen('fetching:collection', collection, columns, opts);
+        })
+        .once('fetched', (__, response, opts) => {
+          /**
+           * Fired after a {@link Model#fetchAll fetchAll} operation. A promise
+           * may be returned from the event handler for async behaviour.
+           *
+           * @event Model#fetched:collection
+           * @tutorial events
+           * @param {Collection} collection The collection that has been fetched.
+           * @param {Object} response
+           *  The raw response from the underlying query builder. This will be an array with objects
+           *  representing each row, similar to the output of a
+           *  {@link Model#serialize serialized Model}.
+           * @param {Object} options Options object passed to {@link Model#fetchAll fetchAll}.
+           * @returns {Promise}
+           */
+          return this.triggerThen('fetched:collection', collection, response, opts);
+        })
+        .fetch(options);
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * The load method takes an array of relations to eager load attributes onto a {@link Model}, in a similar way that
+     * the `withRelated` option works on {@link Model#fetch fetch}. Dot separated attributes may be used to specify deep
+     * eager loading.
+     *
+     * It is possible to pass an object with query callbacks to filter the relations to eager load. An example is
+     * presented above.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * // Using an array of strings with relation names
+     * new Posts().fetch().then(function(collection) {
+     *   return collection.at(0).load(['author', 'content', 'comments.tags'])
+     * }).then(function(model) {
+     *   JSON.stringify(model)
+     *
+     *   // {
+     *   //   title: 'post title',
+     *   //   author: {...},
+     *   //   content: {...},
+     *   //   comments: [
+     *   //     {tags: [...]}, {tags: [...]}
+     *   //   ]
+     *   // }
+     * })
+     *
+     * // Using an object with query callbacks to filter the relations
+     * new Posts().fetch().then(function(collection) {
+     *   return collection.at(0).load({comments: function(qb) {
+     *     qb.where('comments.is_approved', '=', true)
+     *   }})
+     * }).then(function(model) {
+     *   JSON.stringify(model)
+     *   // the model now includes all approved comments
+     * })
+     *
+     * @method Model#load
+     * @param {string|Object|mixed[]} relations The relation, or relations, to be loaded.
+     * @param {Object} [options] Hash of options.
+     * @param {Transaction} [options.transacting] Optionally run the query in a transaction.
+     * @param {string} [options.lock]
+     *   Type of row-level lock to use. Valid options are `forShare` and `forUpdate`. This only works in conjunction
+     *   with the `transacting` option, and requires a database that supports it.
+     * @param {boolean} [options.debug=false]
+     *   Whether to enable debugging mode or not. When enabled will show information about the
+     *   queries being run.
+     * @returns {Promise<Model>} A promise resolving to this {@link Model model}.
+     */
+    load: Promise.method(function(relations, options) {
+      const columns = this.format(_.assignIn({}, this.attributes));
+      const withRelated = Array.isArray(relations) ? relations : [relations];
+      return this._handleEager([columns], _.assignIn({}, options, {shallow: true, withRelated})).return(this);
+    }),
+
+    /**
+     * @method Model#save
+     * @description
+     *
+     * This method is used to perform either an insert or update query using the
+     * model's set {@link Model#attributes attributes}.
+     *
+     * If the model {@link Model#isNew isNew}, any {@link Model#defaults defaults}
+     * will be set and an `insert` query will be performed. Otherwise it will
+     * `update` the record with a corresponding ID. It is also possible to
+     * set default attributes on an `update` by passing the `{defaults: true}`
+     * option in the second argument to the `save` call. This will also use the
+     * same {@link Model#defaults defaults} as the `insert` operation.
+     *
+     * The type of operation to perform (either `insert` or `update`) can be
+     * overriden with the `method` option:
+     *
+     *     // This forces an insert with the specified id instead of the expected update
+     *     new Post({name: 'New Article', id: 34})
+     *       .save(null, {method: 'insert'})
+     *       .then((model) => {
+     *         // ...
+     *       })
+     *
+     * If you only wish to update with the params passed to the save, you may pass
+     * a `{patch: true}` option in the second argument to `save`:
+     *
+     *     // UPDATE authors SET "bio" = 'Short user bio' WHERE "id" = 1
+     *     new Author({id: 1, first_name: 'User'})
+     *       .save({bio: 'Short user bio'}, {patch: true})
+     *       .then((model) => {
+     *         // ...
+     *       })
+     *
+     * Several events fire on the model when starting the save process:
+     * - {@link Model#event:creating "creating"} if the model is being inserted.
+     * - {@link Model#event:updating "updating"} event if the model is being updated.
+     * - {@link Model#event:saving "saving"} event in either case.
+     *
+     * To prevent saving the model (for example, with validation), throwing an error
+     * inside one of these event listeners will stop the save process and reject the
+     * Promise.
+     *
+     * If you wish to modify the query when the {@link Model#event:saving "saving"}
+     * event is fired, the `knex` query object is available in `options.query`.
+     *
+     * After the save is complete the following events will fire:
+     * - {@link Model#event:created "created"} if a new model was inserted in the
+     *   database
+     * - {@link Model#event:updated "updated"} if an existing model was updated.
+     * - {@link Model#event:saved "saved"} event either way.
+     *
+     * See the {@tutorial events} guide for further details.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * // Save with no arguments
+     * Model.forge({id: 5, firstName: 'John', lastName: 'Smith'}).save().then((model) => {
+     *   //...
+     * })
+     *
+     * // Or add attributes during save
+     * Model.forge({id: 5}).save({firstName: 'John', lastName: 'Smith'}).then((model) => {
+     *   //...
+     * })
+     *
+     * // Or, if you prefer, for a single attribute
+     * Model.forge({id: 5}).save('name', 'John Smith').then((model) => {
+     *   //...
+     * })
+     *
+     * @param {Object} [attrs]
+     *   Object containing the key: value pairs that you wish to save. If used with the `patch`
+     *   option only these values will be saved and any values already set on the model will be
+     *   ignored.
+     *
+     *   Instead of specifying this argument you can provide both a `key` and `value`
+     *   arguments to save a single value. This is demonstrated in the example.
+     * @param {Object} [options]
+     * @param {Transaction} [options.transacting] Optionally run the query in a transaction.
+     * @param {string} [options.method]
+     *   Explicitly select a save method, either `"update"` or `"insert"`.
+     * @param {Boolean} [options.defaults=false]
+     *   Whether to assign or not {@link Model#defaults default} attribute values
+     *   on a model when performing an update or create operation.
+     * @param {Boolean} [options.patch=false]
+     *   Only save attributes supplied as arguments to the `save` call, ignoring any
+     *   attributes that may be already set on the model.
+     * @param {Boolean} [options.require=true]
+     *   Whether or not to throw a {@link Model.NoRowsUpdatedError} if no records
+     *   are affected by save.
+     * @param {boolean} [options.debug=false]
+     *   Whether to enable debugging mode or not. When enabled will show information about the
+     *   queries being run.
+     * @param {boolean} [options.autoRefresh=true]
+     *   Weather to enable auto refresh such that after a model is saved it will be populated with all
+     *   the attributes that are present in the database, so you don't need to manually call
+     *   {@link Model#refresh refresh} to update it. This will use two queries unless
+     *   the database supports the `RETURNING` statement, in which case the model will
+     *   be saved and its data fetched with a single query.
+     * @fires Model#saving
+     * @fires Model#creating
+     * @fires Model#updating
+     * @fires Model#created
+     * @fires Model#updated
+     * @fires Model#saved
+     * @throws {Model.NoRowsUpdatedError}
+     * @returns {Promise<Model>} A promise resolving to the saved and updated model.
+     */
+    save: Promise.method(function(key, val, options) {
+      let attrs;
+
+      // Handle both `"key", value` and `{key: value}` -style arguments.
+      if (key == null || typeof key === 'object') {
+        attrs = key || {};
+        options = _.clone(val) || {};
+      } else {
+        attrs = {
+          [key]: val
+        };
+        options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
+      }
+
+      return Promise.bind(this)
+        .then(function() {
+          return this.saveMethod(options);
+        })
+        .then(function(method) {
+          // Determine which kind of save we will do: update or insert.
+          options.method = method;
+
+          // If the object is being created, we merge any defaults here rather than
+          // during object creation.
+          if (method === 'insert' || options.defaults) {
+            const defaults = _.result(this, 'defaults');
+            if (defaults) {
+              attrs = _.defaultsDeep({}, attrs, this.attributes, defaults);
+            }
+          }
+
+          // Set the attributes on the model. Note that we do this before adding
+          // timestamps, as `timestamp` calls `set` internally.
+          this.set(attrs, {silent: true});
+
+          // Now set timestamps if appropriate. Extend `attrs` so that the
+          // timestamps will be provided for a patch operation.
+          if (this.hasTimestamps) {
+            Object.assign(attrs, this.timestamp(options));
+          }
+
+          // If there are any save constraints, set them on the model.
+          if (this.relatedData && this.relatedData.type !== 'morphTo') {
+            Helpers.saveConstraints(this, this.relatedData);
+          }
+
+          const getAttributesToSave = function(method, options, model) {
+            return method === 'update' && options.patch ? attrs : model.attributes;
+          };
+
+          // Gives access to the `query` object in the `options`, in case we need it
+          // in any event handlers.
+          const sync = this.sync(options);
+          options.query = sync.query;
+
+          /**
+           * Saving event.
+           *
+           * Fired before an `insert` or `update` query. A Promise may be returned from the event
+           * handler for async behaviour. Throwing an exception from the handler will cancel the
+           * save process.
+           *
+           * @event Model#saving
+           * @tutorial events
+           * @param {Model} model
+           *   The model firing the event. Its attributes are already changed but not commited to
+           *   the database yet.
+           * @param {Object} attrs Attributes that will be inserted or updated.
+           * @param {Object} options Options object passed to {@link Model#save save}.
+           * @param {QueryBuilder} options.query
+           *   Query builder to be used for saving. This can be used to modify or add to the query
+           *   before it is executed.
+           * @returns {Promise}
+           */
+
+          /**
+           * Creating event.
+           *
+           * Fired before an `insert` query. A Promise may be returned from the event handler for
+           * async behaviour. Throwing an exception from the handler will cancel the save process.
+           *
+           * @event Model#creating
+           * @tutorial events
+           * @param {Model} model The model firing the event.
+           * @param {Object} attrs Attributes that will be inserted.
+           * @param {Object} options Options object passed to {@link Model#save save}.
+           * @param {QueryBuilder} options.query
+           *   Query builder to be used for saving. This can be used to modify or add to the query
+           *   before it is executed.
+           * @returns {Promise}
+           */
+
+          /**
+           * Updating event.
+           *
+           * Fired before an `update` query. A Promise may be returned from the event handler for
+           * async behaviour. Throwing an exception from the handler will cancel the save process.
+           *
+           * @event Model#updating
+           * @tutorial events
+           * @param {Model} model
+           *   The model firing the event. Its attributes are already changed but not commited to
+           *   the database yet.
+           * @param {Object} attrs Attributes that will be updated.
+           * @param {Object} options Options object passed to {@link Model#save save}.
+           * @param {QueryBuilder} options.query
+           *   Query builder to be used for saving. This can be used to modify or add to the query
+           *   before it is executed.
+           * @returns {Promise}
+           */
+          return this.triggerThen(
+            method === 'insert' ? 'saving creating' : 'saving updating',
+            this,
+            getAttributesToSave(method, options, this),
+            options
+          )
+            .bind(this)
+            .then(function() {
+              return sync[options.method](getAttributesToSave(method, options, this));
+            })
+            .then(function(resp) {
+              // Only valid for databases that support RETURNING
+              const isObjectResponse = resp && typeof resp[0] === 'object';
+
+              // After a successful database save, the id is updated if the model was created
+              if (method === 'insert' && this.id == null) {
+                let updatedAttrs;
+
+                if (!isObjectResponse) {
+                  const updatedCols = {};
+                  updatedCols[this.idAttribute] = this.id = resp[0];
+                  updatedAttrs = this.parse(updatedCols);
+                } else {
+                  updatedAttrs = this.parse(resp[0]);
+                  this.id = updatedAttrs[this.parsedIdAttribute()];
+                }
+
+                Object.assign(this.attributes, updatedAttrs);
+              } else if (method === 'update' && (resp === 0 || resp.length === 0)) {
+                if (options.require !== false) {
+                  throw new this.constructor.NoRowsUpdatedError('No Rows Updated');
+                }
+              } else if (isObjectResponse) {
+                Object.assign(this.attributes, this.parse(resp[0]));
+              }
+
+              if (resp === 0 || resp.length === 0) return resp;
+              if (isObjectResponse) return this;
+              if (options.autoRefresh === false) return this;
+              return this.refresh({silent: true, transacting: options.transacting});
+            })
+            .then(function() {
+              const eventsToTrigger = method === 'insert' ? 'created saved' : 'updated saved';
+              this._reset();
+
+              /**
+               * Saved event.
+               *
+               * Fired after an `insert` or `update` query.
+               *
+               * @event Model#saved
+               * @tutorial events
+               * @param {Model} model
+               *   The model firing the event with its attributes matching what's in the database.
+               * @param {Object} options Options object passed to {@link Model#save save}.
+               * @returns {Promise}
+               */
+
+              /**
+               * Created event.
+               *
+               * Fired after an `insert` query.
+               *
+               * @event Model#created
+               * @tutorial events
+               * @param {Model} model
+               *   The model firing the event with its attributes matching what's in the database.
+               * @param {Object} options  Options object passed to {@link Model#save save}.
+               * @returns {Promise}
+               */
+
+              /**
+               * Updated event.
+               *
+               * Fired after an `update` query.
+               *
+               * @event Model#updated
+               * @tutorial events
+               * @param {Model} model
+               *   The model firing the event with its attributes matching what's in the database.
+               * @param {Object} options Options object passed to {@link Model#save save}.
+               * @returns {Promise}
+               */
+              return this.triggerThen(eventsToTrigger, this, options);
+            });
+        })
+        .return(this);
+    }),
+
+    /**
+     * `destroy` performs a `delete` on the model, using the model's {@link
+     * Model#idAttribute idAttribute} to constrain the query.
+     *
+     * A {@link Model#event:destroying "destroying"} event is triggered on the model
+     * before being destroyed. To prevent destroying the model, throwing an error
+     * inside one of the event listeners will stop destroying the model and reject the
+     * promise.
+     *
+     * A {@link Model#event:destroyed "destroyed"} event is fired after the model's
+     * removal is completed.
+     *
+     * @method Model#destroy
+     *
+     * @param {Object} [options] Hash of options.
+     * @param {Transaction} [options.transacting] Optionally run the query in a transaction.
+     * @param {Boolean} [options.require=true]
+     *   Throw a {@link Model.NoRowsDeletedError} if no records are affected by destroy. This is
+     *   the default behavior as of version 0.13.0.
+     * @param {boolean} [options.debug=false]
+     *   Whether to enable debugging mode or not. When enabled will show information about the
+     *   queries being run.
+     *
+     * @example
+     *
+     * new User({id: 1})
+     *   .destroy()
+     *   .then(function(model) {
+     *     // ...
+     *   });
+     *
+     * @fires Model#destroying
+     * @fires Model#destroyed
+     *
+     * @throws {Model.NoRowsDeletedError}
+     *
+     * @returns {Promise<Model>} A promise resolving to the destroyed and thus
+     *                           empty model, i.e. all attributes are `undefined`.
+     */
+    destroy: Promise.method(function(options) {
+      options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
+      const sync = this.sync(options);
+      options.query = sync.query;
+      return Promise.bind(this)
+        .then(function() {
+          /**
+           * Destroying event.
+           *
+           * Fired before a `delete` query. A promise may be returned from the event
+           * handler for async behaviour. Throwing an exception from the handler
+           * will reject the promise and cancel the deletion.
+           *
+           * @event Model#destroying
+           * @tutorial events
+           * @param {Model}  model    The model firing the event.
+           * @param {Object} options  Options object passed to {@link Model#destroy destroy}.
+           * @returns {Promise}
+           */
+          return this.triggerThen('destroying', this, options);
+        })
+        .then(function() {
+          return sync.del();
+        })
+        .then(function(affectedRows) {
+          if (options.require !== false && affectedRows === 0) {
+            throw new this.constructor.NoRowsDeletedError('No Rows Deleted');
+          }
+
+          this._previousAttributes = _.clone(this.attributes);
+          this.clear();
+
+          /**
+           * Destroyed event.
+           *
+           * Fired after a `delete` query. A promise may be returned from the event
+           * handler for async behaviour.
+           *
+           * @event Model#destroyed
+           * @tutorial events
+           * @param {Model}  model The model firing the event.
+           * @param {Object} options Options object passed to {@link Model#destroy destroy}.
+           * @returns {Promise}
+           */
+          return this.triggerThen('destroyed', this, options);
+        })
+        .then(this._reset);
+    }),
+
+    /**
+     *  Used to reset the internal state of the current query builder instance.
+     *  This method is called internally each time a database action is completed
+     *  by {@link Sync}
+     *
+     *  @method Model#resetQuery
+     *  @returns {Model}          Self, this method is chainable.
+     */
+    resetQuery() {
+      this._knex = null;
+      return this;
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * The `query` method is used to tap into the underlying Knex query builder
+     * instance for the current model. If called with no arguments, it will
+     * return the query builder directly. Otherwise, it will call the specified
+     * method on the query builder, applying any additional arguments from the
+     * `model.query` call. If the method argument is a function, it will be
+     * called with the Knex query builder as the context and the first argument,
+     * returning the current model.
+     *
+     * @example
+     *
+     * model
+     *   .query('where', 'other_id', '=', '5')
+     *   .fetch()
+     *   .then(function(model) {
+     *     // ...
+     *   });
+     *
+     * model
+     *   .query({where: {other_id: '5'}, orWhere: {key: 'value'}})
+     *   .fetch()
+     *   .then(function(model) {
+     *     // ...
+     *   });
+     *
+     * model.query(function(qb) {
+     *   qb.where('other_person', 'LIKE', '%Demo').orWhere('other_id', '>', 10);
+     * }).fetch()
+     *   .then(function(model) {
+     *     // ...
+     *   });
+     *
+     * let qb = model.query();
+     * qb.where({id: 1}).select().then(function(resp) {
+     *   // ...
+     * });
+     *
+     * @method Model#query
+     * @param {function|Object|...string=} arguments The query method.
+     * @returns {Model|QueryBuilder}
+     *   Will return this model or, if called with no arguments, the underlying query builder.
+     *
+     * @see {@link http://knexjs.org/#Builder Knex `QueryBuilder`}
+     */
+    query() {
+      return Helpers.query(this, Array.from(arguments));
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * The where method is used as convenience for the most common {@link
+     * Model#query query} method, adding a where clause to the builder. Any
+     * additional knex methods may be accessed using {@link Model#query query}.
+     *
+     * Accepts either key, value syntax, or a hash of attributes.
+     *
+     * @example
+     *
+     * model.where('favorite_color', '<>', 'green').fetch().then(function() { //...
+     * // or
+     * model.where('favorite_color', 'red').fetch().then(function() { //...
+     * // or
+     * model.where({favorite_color: 'red', shoe_size: 12}).fetch().then(function() { //...
+     *
+     * @method Model#where
+     * @param {Object|...string} method
+     *
+     *   Either `key, [operator], value` syntax, or a hash of attributes to
+     *   match. Note that these must be formatted as they are in the database,
+     *   not how they are stored after {@link Model#parse}.
+     *
+     * @returns {Model} Self, this method is chainable.
+     *
+     * @see Model#query
+     */
+    where() {
+      return this.query.apply(this, ['where'].concat(Array.from(arguments)));
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * @method Model#orderBy
+     * @since 0.9.3
+     * @description
+     *
+     * Specifies the column to sort on and sort order.
+     *
+     * The order parameter is optional, and defaults to 'ASC'. You may
+     * also specify 'DESC' order by prepending a hyphen to the sort column
+     * name. `orderBy("date", 'DESC')` is the same as `orderBy("-date")`.
+     *
+     * Unless specified using dot notation (i.e., "table.column"), the default
+     * table will be the table name of the model `orderBy` was called on.
+     *
+     * @example
+     *
+     * Car.forge().orderBy('color', 'ASC').fetchAll()
+     *    .then(function (rows) { // ...
+     *
+     * @param sort {string}
+     *   Column to sort on
+     * @param order {string}
+     *   Ascending ('ASC') or descending ('DESC') order
+     */
+    orderBy() {
+      return Helpers.orderBy.apply(null, [this].concat(Array.from(arguments)));
+    },
+
+    /* Ensure that QueryBuilder is copied on clone. */
+    clone() {
+      // This needs to use the direct apply method because the spread operator
+      // incorrectly converts to `clone.apply(ModelBase.prototype, arguments)`
+      // instead of `apply(this, arguments)`
+      const cloned = BookshelfModel.__super__.clone.apply(this, arguments);
+      if (this._knex != null) {
+        cloned._knex = cloned._builder(this._knex.clone());
+      }
+      return cloned;
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * Creates and returns a new Bookshelf.Sync instance.
+     *
+     * @method Model#sync
+     * @private
+     * @returns Sync
+     */
+    sync(options) {
+      return new Sync(this, options);
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * Helper for setting up the `morphOne` or `morphMany` relations.
+     *
+     * @method Model#_morphOneOrMany
+     * @private
+     */
+    _morphOneOrMany(Target, morphName, columnNames, morphValue, type) {
+      if (!Array.isArray(columnNames)) {
+        // Shift by one place
+        morphValue = columnNames;
+        columnNames = null;
+      }
+      if (!morphName || !Target) throw new Error('The polymorphic `name` and `Target` are required.');
+
+      return this._relation(type, Target, {
+        morphName: morphName,
+        morphValue: morphValue,
+        columnNames: columnNames
+      }).init(this);
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * @name Model#_handleResponse
+     * @private
+     * @description
+     *
+     *   Handles the response data for the model, returning from the model's fetch call.
+     *
+     * @param {Object} Response from Knex query.
+     *
+     * @todo: need to check on Backbone's status there, ticket #2636
+     * @todo: {silent: true, parse: true}, for parity with collection#set
+     */
+    _handleResponse(response) {
+      const relatedData = this.relatedData;
+
+      this.set(this.parse(response[0]), {silent: true})
+        .formatTimestamps()
+        ._reset();
+
+      if (relatedData && relatedData.isJoined()) {
+        relatedData.parsePivot([this]);
+      }
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * @name Model#_handleEager
+     * @private
+     * @description
+     *
+     *   Handles the related data loading on the model.
+     *
+     * @param {Object} Response from Knex query.
+     */
+    _handleEager(response, options) {
+      return new EagerRelation([this], response, this).fetch(options);
+    }
+  },
+  {
+    extended(child) {
+      /**
+       * Thrown when no records are found by {@link Model#fetch fetch} or
+       * {@link Model#refresh refresh} unless called with the `{require: false}`
+       * option.
+       *
+       * @class Model.NotFoundError
+       */
+      child.NotFoundError = createError(this.NotFoundError);
+
+      /**
+       * Thrown when no records are saved by {@link Model#save save}
+       * unless called with the `{require: false}` option.
+       *
+       * @class Model.NoRowsUpdatedError
+       */
+      child.NoRowsUpdatedError = createError(this.NoRowsUpdatedError);
+
+      /**
+       * Thrown when no record is deleted by {@link Model#destroy destroy}
+       * unless called with the `{require: false}` option.
+       *
+       * @class Model.NoRowsDeletedError
+       */
+      child.NoRowsDeletedError = createError(this.NoRowsDeletedError);
+    },
+
+    fetchPage() {
+      const model = this.forge();
+      return model.fetchPage.apply(model, arguments);
+    }
+  }
+);
+
+BookshelfModel.NotFoundError = Errors.NotFoundError;
+BookshelfModel.NoRowsUpdatedError = Errors.NoRowsUpdatedError;
+BookshelfModel.NoRowsDeletedError = Errors.NoRowsDeletedError;
+
+module.exports = BookshelfModel;