@ddunigma/node 2.0.0 → 2.0.2

package/dist/mjs/encoders/Ddu64.js

@@ -1,27 +1,103 @@
-import { BaseDdu } from "../base/BaseDdu";
-import { DduSetSymbol, dduDefaultConstructorOptions, } from "../types";
-import { getCharSet } from "../charSets";
+import { deflateSync, inflateSync } from "zlib";
+import { BaseDdu } from "../base/BaseDdu.js";
+import { DduSetSymbol, dduDefaultConstructorOptions, } from "../types/index.js";
+import { getCharSet } from "../charSets/index.js";
+// ============================================================================
+// 상수 정의
+// ============================================================================
+/** 바이트당 비트 수 */
+const BYTE_BITS = 8;
+/** 일반 정수 연산이 가능한 최대 비트 길이 (초과 시 BigInt 사용) */
+const MAX_FAST_BITS = 16;
+/** 바이트 마스크 (0xFF) */
+const BYTE_MASK = 0xff;
+/** 압축 데이터 식별 마커 */
+const COMPRESS_MARKER = "ELYSIA";
+/** 기본 최대 디코딩 바이트 수 (64MB) */
+const DEFAULT_MAX_DECODED_BYTES = 64 * 1024 * 1024;
+/** 기본 최대 압축해제 바이트 수 (64MB) */
+const DEFAULT_MAX_DECOMPRESSED_BYTES = 64 * 1024 * 1024;
+// ============================================================================
+// Ddu64 클래스
+// ============================================================================
+/**
+ * 커스텀 charset을 사용하는 Base64 스타일 인코더
+ *
+ * @description
+ * 바이너리 데이터를 지정된 charset으로 인코딩/디코딩합니다.
+ * 2의 제곱수 charset과 가변 길이 charset 모두 지원하며,
+ * 압축 옵션을 통해 데이터 크기를 줄일 수 있습니다.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // 기본 사용
+ * const encoder = new Ddu64("우따야", "뭐");
+ * const encoded = encoder.encode("Hello");
+ * const decoded = encoder.decode(encoded);
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // 압축 사용
+ * const encoder = new Ddu64(undefined, undefined, { compress: true });
+ * const encoded = encoder.encode(longText);
+ */
 export class Ddu64 extends BaseDdu {
-    // =========================================================================================
-    // Properties
-    // =========================================================================================
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // 멤버 변수
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    /** 인코딩에 사용할 문자 배열 */
     dduChar;
+    /** 패딩 문자 */
     paddingChar;
+    /** 각 charset 문자의 길이 */
     charLength;
+    /** 비트 길이 (log2) */
     bitLength;
+    /** 2의 제곱수 charset 여부 */
     usePowerOfTwo;
+    /** 문자열 인코딩 방식 */
     encoding;
+    /** 기본 압축 사용 여부 */
+    defaultCompress;
+    /** 기본 최대 디코딩 바이트 수 */
+    defaultMaxDecodedBytes;
+    /** 기본 최대 압축해제 바이트 수 */
+    defaultMaxDecompressedBytes;
+    /** 문자 → 인덱스 역방향 룩업 맵 */
     dduBinaryLookup = new Map();
+    /** 미리 정의된 charset 사용 여부 */
     isPredefinedCharSet;
+    /** 실제 사용되는 비트 길이 */
     effectiveBitLength;
+    /** 최대 바이너리 값 */
     maxBinaryValue;
-    // =========================================================================================
-    // Constructor
-    // =========================================================================================
+    /** ASCII 문자 빠른 룩업 테이블 */
+    fastAsciiLookup = null;
+    /** ASCII 룩업 사용 여부 */
+    useAsciiLookup = false;
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // 생성자
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    /**
+     * Ddu64 인코더 인스턴스를 생성합니다.
+     *
+     * @param dduChar - charset 문자열 또는 배열 (미지정 시 옵션의 dduSetSymbol 사용)
+     * @param paddingChar - 패딩 문자 (dduChar 지정 시 필수)
+     * @param dduOptions - 생성자 옵션
+     *
+     * @throws dduChar 지정 시 paddingChar가 없으면 에러
+     * @throws charset 문자 수가 부족하면 에러
+     *
+     * @example
+     * // 커스텀 charset
+     * new Ddu64("우따야", "뭐");
+     *
+     * @example
+     * // 미리 정의된 charset
+     * new Ddu64(undefined, undefined, { dduSetSymbol: DduSetSymbol.ONECHARSET });
+     */
     constructor(dduChar, paddingChar, dduOptions) {
         super();
         const shouldThrow = dduOptions?.useBuildErrorReturn ?? false;
-        // 1. CharSet 초기화 및 검증
+        // charset 초기화
         const initial = this.resolveInitialCharSet(dduChar, paddingChar, dduOptions, shouldThrow);
         const normalized = this.normalizeCharSet(initial, shouldThrow, dduOptions);
         this.dduChar = normalized.charSet;
@@ -29,48 +105,136 @@ export class Ddu64 extends BaseDdu {
         this.charLength = normalized.charLength;
         this.isPredefinedCharSet = normalized.isPredefined;
         this.encoding = dduOptions?.encoding ?? this.defaultEncoding;
-        // 2. 비트 연산 상수 계산
+        this.defaultCompress = dduOptions?.compress ?? false;
+        // 제한값 설정
+        this.defaultMaxDecodedBytes = this.normalizeLimit(dduOptions?.maxDecodedBytes, DEFAULT_MAX_DECODED_BYTES, shouldThrow, "maxDecodedBytes");
+        this.defaultMaxDecompressedBytes = this.normalizeLimit(dduOptions?.maxDecompressedBytes, DEFAULT_MAX_DECOMPRESSED_BYTES, shouldThrow, "maxDecompressedBytes");
+        // 비트 길이 계산
         const dduLength = this.dduChar.length;
-        this.usePowerOfTwo = dduLength > 0 && (dduLength & (dduLength - 1)) === 0;
+        this.usePowerOfTwo =
+            dduLength > 0 && (dduLength & (dduLength - 1)) === 0;
         const computedBitLength = this.getBitLength(dduLength);
-        this.bitLength = this.usePowerOfTwo ? this.getLargestPowerOfTwoExponent(dduLength) : computedBitLength;
-        this.effectiveBitLength = this.usePowerOfTwo ? this.bitLength : computedBitLength;
-        this.maxBinaryValue = 2 ** this.effectiveBitLength;
-        // 3. Lookup Table 생성 (Decoding용)
+        this.bitLength = this.usePowerOfTwo
+            ? this.getLargestPowerOfTwoExponent(dduLength)
+            : computedBitLength;
+        this.effectiveBitLength = this.usePowerOfTwo
+            ? this.bitLength
+            : computedBitLength;
+        this.maxBinaryValue =
+            this.effectiveBitLength < 31
+                ? 1 << this.effectiveBitLength
+                : Math.pow(2, this.effectiveBitLength);
+        // ASCII 룩업 테이블 초기화 (성능 최적화)
+        if (this.charLength === 1) {
+            let allAscii = true;
+            for (let i = 0; i < dduLength; i++) {
+                if (this.dduChar[i].charCodeAt(0) >= 128) {
+                    allAscii = false;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if (allAscii) {
+                this.fastAsciiLookup = new Int16Array(128).fill(-1);
+                for (let i = 0; i < dduLength; i++) {
+                    this.fastAsciiLookup[this.dduChar[i].charCodeAt(0)] = i;
+                }
+                this.useAsciiLookup = true;
+            }
+        }
+        // 역방향 룩업 맵 생성
         for (let i = 0; i < dduLength; i++) {
             this.dduBinaryLookup.set(this.dduChar[i], i);
         }
-        // 4. 안전성 검사
+        // 커스텀 charset 중복 조합 검증
         if (this.charLength === 1 && !this.isPredefinedCharSet) {
             this.validateCombinationDuplicates(this.dduChar, this.paddingChar, dduLength);
         }
     }
-    // =========================================================================================
-    // Public API
-    // =========================================================================================
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // 공개 메서드
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------
     /**
-     * 데이터를 DDU 포맷으로 인코딩합니다.
-     * 성능을 위해 24비트 이하는 Fast Path(number 연산)를 사용합니다.
+     * 입력 데이터를 인코딩합니다.
+     *
+     * @param input - 인코딩할 문자열 또는 Buffer
+     * @param options - 인코딩 옵션
+     * @param options.compress - 압축 사용 여부 (기본값: 생성자 설정)
+     * @returns 인코딩된 문자열
+     *
+     * @example
+     * encoder.encode("Hello World!");
+     * encoder.encode(buffer, { compress: true });
      */
-    encode(input, _options) {
-        const bufferInput = typeof input === "string" ? Buffer.from(input, this.encoding) : input;
-        if (this.effectiveBitLength <= 24) {
-            return this.encodeFast(bufferInput);
+    encode(input, options) {
+        const shouldCompress = options?.compress ?? this.defaultCompress;
+        const originalBuffer = typeof input === "string" ? Buffer.from(input, this.encoding) : input;
+        // 비압축 인코딩
+        if (!shouldCompress) {
+            return this.effectiveBitLength <= MAX_FAST_BITS
+                ? this.encodeFast(originalBuffer, false)
+                : this.encodeBigInt(originalBuffer, false);
+        }
+        // 압축 시도
+        const compressedBuffer = deflateSync(originalBuffer, { level: 9 });
+        // 압축 효과가 없으면 원본 사용
+        if (compressedBuffer.length >= originalBuffer.length) {
+            return this.effectiveBitLength <= MAX_FAST_BITS
+                ? this.encodeFast(originalBuffer, false)
+                : this.encodeBigInt(originalBuffer, false);
         }
-        return this.encodeBigInt(bufferInput);
+        return this.effectiveBitLength <= MAX_FAST_BITS
+            ? this.encodeFast(compressedBuffer, true)
+            : this.encodeBigInt(compressedBuffer, true);
     }
     /**
-     * DDU 포맷 문자열을 버퍼로 디코딩합니다.
+     * 인코딩된 문자열을 Buffer로 디코딩합니다.
+     *
+     * @param input - 디코딩할 인코딩된 문자열
+     * @param options - 디코딩 옵션
+     * @param options.maxDecodedBytes - 최대 디코딩 바이트 수
+     * @param options.maxDecompressedBytes - 최대 압축해제 바이트 수
+     * @returns 디코딩된 Buffer
+     *
+     * @throws 잘못된 문자가 포함된 경우
+     * @throws 패딩 형식이 잘못된 경우
+     * @throws 크기 제한 초과 시
      */
-    decodeToBuffer(input, _options) {
-        if (this.effectiveBitLength <= 24) {
-            return this.decodeFast(input);
+    decodeToBuffer(input, options) {
+        const { cleanedInput, paddingBits, isCompressed } = this.parseFooter(input);
+        this.assertEncodedInputAligned(cleanedInput);
+        // 디코딩 크기 검증
+        const maxDecodedBytes = this.normalizeLimit(options?.maxDecodedBytes, this.defaultMaxDecodedBytes, true, "maxDecodedBytes");
+        const estimatedDecodedBytes = this.estimateDecodedBytes(cleanedInput.length, paddingBits);
+        if (estimatedDecodedBytes > maxDecodedBytes) {
+            throw new Error(`[Ddu64 decode] Decoded output exceeds limit. Estimated: ${estimatedDecodedBytes} bytes, Limit: ${maxDecodedBytes} bytes`);
         }
-        return this.decodeBigInt(input);
+        // 디코딩 수행
+        const decoded = this.effectiveBitLength <= MAX_FAST_BITS
+            ? this.decodeFast(cleanedInput, paddingBits)
+            : this.decodeBigInt(cleanedInput, paddingBits);
+        if (!isCompressed)
+            return decoded;
+        // 압축 해제
+        const maxDecompressedBytes = this.normalizeLimit(options?.maxDecompressedBytes, this.defaultMaxDecompressedBytes, true, "maxDecompressedBytes");
+        return this.inflateWithLimit(decoded, maxDecompressedBytes);
     }
-    decode(input, _options) {
-        return this.decodeToBuffer(input, _options).toString(this.encoding);
+    /**
+     * 인코딩된 문자열을 원본 문자열로 디코딩합니다.
+     *
+     * @param input - 디코딩할 인코딩된 문자열
+     * @param options - 디코딩 옵션
+     * @returns 디코딩된 문자열
+     *
+     * @throws 잘못된 문자나 패딩 형식일 경우 에러
+     */
+    decode(input, options) {
+        return this.decodeToBuffer(input, options).toString(this.encoding);
     }
+    /**
+     * 현재 인코더의 charset 정보를 반환합니다.
+     *
+     * @returns charset 설정 정보 객체
+     */
     getCharSetInfo() {
         return {
             charSet: [...this.dduChar],
@@ -79,266 +243,533 @@ export class Ddu64 extends BaseDdu {
             bitLength: this.bitLength,
             usePowerOfTwo: this.usePowerOfTwo,
             encoding: this.encoding,
+            defaultCompress: this.defaultCompress,
+            defaultMaxDecodedBytes: this.defaultMaxDecodedBytes,
+            defaultMaxDecompressedBytes: this.defaultMaxDecompressedBytes,
+        };
+    }
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // 유틸리티 메서드
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    /**
+     * 옵션 값을 정규화합니다.
+     */
+    normalizeLimit(value, fallback, shouldThrow, name) {
+        if (value === undefined)
+            return fallback;
+        if (value === Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY)
+            return Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+        if (!Number.isFinite(value) || value <= 0) {
+            if (shouldThrow) {
+                throw new Error(`[Ddu64 options] Invalid ${name}. Must be a positive finite number or Infinity.`);
+            }
+            return fallback;
+        }
+        return Math.floor(value);
+    }
+    /**
+     * 디코딩 결과 바이트 수를 추정합니다.
+     */
+    estimateDecodedBytes(cleanedInputLen, paddingBits) {
+        if (cleanedInputLen === 0)
+            return 0;
+        if (paddingBits < 0 || paddingBits >= this.effectiveBitLength) {
+            throw new Error(`[Ddu64 decode] Invalid padding bits: ${paddingBits}`);
+        }
+        const chunkSize = this.usePowerOfTwo ? this.charLength : this.charLength * 2;
+        const numChunks = Math.ceil(cleanedInputLen / chunkSize);
+        const bits = numChunks * this.effectiveBitLength - paddingBits;
+        if (bits < 0)
+            throw new Error(`[Ddu64 decode] Invalid decoded bit length`);
+        return Math.ceil(bits / BYTE_BITS);
+    }
+    /**
+     * 인코딩된 입력의 정렬을 검증합니다.
+     */
+    assertEncodedInputAligned(cleanedInput) {
+        const { charLength } = this;
+        if (charLength <= 0)
+            return;
+        if (cleanedInput.length % charLength !== 0) {
+            throw new Error(`[Ddu64 decode] Invalid encoded length. Expected multiple of ${charLength}, got ${cleanedInput.length}`);
+        }
+        if (!this.usePowerOfTwo) {
+            const chunkSize = charLength * 2;
+            if (cleanedInput.length % chunkSize !== 0) {
+                throw new Error(`[Ddu64 decode] Invalid encoded length for variable charset. Expected multiple of ${chunkSize}, got ${cleanedInput.length}`);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * 크기 제한을 적용하여 압축을 해제합니다.
+     */
+    inflateWithLimit(data, maxBytes) {
+        if (maxBytes === Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY)
+            return inflateSync(data);
+        try {
+            return inflateSync(data, { maxOutputLength: maxBytes });
+        }
+        catch (e) {
+            const msg = String(e?.message ?? "");
+            const code = String(e?.code ?? "");
+            // maxOutputLength 미지원 시 fallback
+            if (msg.toLowerCase().includes("maxoutputlength") ||
+                msg.toLowerCase().includes("unknown option") ||
+                code === "ERR_INVALID_ARG_VALUE") {
+                const inflated = inflateSync(data);
+                if (inflated.length > maxBytes) {
+                    throw new Error(`[Ddu64 decode] Decompressed data exceeds limit. Size: ${inflated.length} bytes, Limit: ${maxBytes} bytes`);
+                }
+                return inflated;
+            }
+            // 출력 제한 초과
+            if (code === "ERR_BUFFER_TOO_LARGE" ||
+                msg.toLowerCase().includes("output length") ||
+                msg.toLowerCase().includes("buffer too large")) {
+                throw new Error(`[Ddu64 decode] Decompressed data exceeds limit. Limit: ${maxBytes} bytes`);
+            }
+            throw e;
+        }
+    }
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // 푸터 파싱
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    /**
+     * 인코딩된 문자열의 푸터(패딩 정보)를 파싱합니다.
+     */
+    parseFooter(input) {
+        const inputLen = input.length;
+        const pad = this.paddingChar;
+        const padLen = pad.length;
+        if (inputLen < padLen)
+            return { cleanedInput: input, paddingBits: 0, isCompressed: false };
+        const markerLen = COMPRESS_MARKER.length;
+        const maxPaddingBits = Math.max(0, this.effectiveBitLength - 1);
+        const maxDigits = maxPaddingBits.toString().length;
+        // 인덱스 기반 문자열 비교
+        const matchesAt = (str, pattern, start) => {
+            const pLen = pattern.length;
+            if (start < 0 || start + pLen > str.length)
+                return false;
+            for (let i = 0; i < pLen; i++) {
+                if (str.charCodeAt(start + i) !== pattern.charCodeAt(i))
+                    return false;
+            }
+            return true;
         };
+        const isDigitCode = (code) => code >= 48 && code <= 57;
+        // 푸터 패턴 탐색
+        for (let digitCount = Math.min(maxDigits, inputLen); digitCount >= 1; digitCount--) {
+            const digitsStart = inputLen - digitCount;
+            const firstCode = input.charCodeAt(digitsStart);
+            if (!isDigitCode(firstCode))
+                continue;
+            let allDigits = true;
+            for (let i = digitsStart + 1; i < inputLen; i++) {
+                if (!isDigitCode(input.charCodeAt(i))) {
+                    allDigits = false;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if (!allDigits)
+                continue;
+            const digitSuffix = input.substring(digitsStart);
+            const paddingBits = parseInt(digitSuffix, 10);
+            if (Number.isNaN(paddingBits) ||
+                paddingBits < 0 ||
+                paddingBits >= this.effectiveBitLength ||
+                digitSuffix !== paddingBits.toString())
+                continue;
+            // 압축 푸터: pad + marker + digits
+            if (digitsStart >= padLen + markerLen) {
+                const markerStart = digitsStart - markerLen;
+                const padStart = markerStart - padLen;
+                if (matchesAt(input, COMPRESS_MARKER, markerStart) &&
+                    matchesAt(input, pad, padStart)) {
+                    if (padStart % this.charLength !== 0) {
+                        throw new Error(`[Ddu64 decode] Invalid padding format. Misaligned padding marker`);
+                    }
+                    return {
+                        cleanedInput: input.substring(0, padStart),
+                        paddingBits,
+                        isCompressed: true,
+                    };
+                }
+            }
+            // 일반 푸터: pad + digits
+            const padStart = digitsStart - padLen;
+            if (padStart >= 0 && matchesAt(input, pad, padStart)) {
+                if (padStart % this.charLength !== 0) {
+                    throw new Error(`[Ddu64 decode] Invalid padding format. Misaligned padding marker`);
+                }
+                return {
+                    cleanedInput: input.substring(0, padStart),
+                    paddingBits,
+                    isCompressed: false,
+                };
+            }
+        }
+        // Fallback: lastIndexOf 기반
+        const lastPadIdx = input.lastIndexOf(pad);
+        if (lastPadIdx >= 0 && lastPadIdx % this.charLength === 0) {
+            const tailStart = lastPadIdx + padLen;
+            if (tailStart >= inputLen) {
+                throw new Error(`[Ddu64 decode] Invalid padding format. Missing padding length`);
+            }
+            let tail = input.substring(tailStart);
+            const hasMarker = tail.length >= markerLen && matchesAt(tail, COMPRESS_MARKER, 0);
+            if (hasMarker) {
+                tail = tail.substring(markerLen);
+                if (!tail) {
+                    throw new Error(`[Ddu64 decode] Invalid padding format. Missing padding length`);
+                }
+            }
+            const paddingBits = parseInt(tail, 10);
+            if (Number.isNaN(paddingBits) ||
+                tail !== paddingBits.toString() ||
+                paddingBits < 0 ||
+                paddingBits >= this.effectiveBitLength) {
+                throw new Error(`[Ddu64 decode] Invalid padding format. Got: "${tail}"`);
+            }
+            const isCompressed = input
+                .slice(lastPadIdx + padLen)
+                .startsWith(COMPRESS_MARKER);
+            return {
+                cleanedInput: input.substring(0, lastPadIdx),
+                paddingBits,
+                isCompressed,
+            };
+        }
+        return { cleanedInput: input, paddingBits: 0, isCompressed: false };
     }
-    // =========================================================================================
-    // Fast Engine (Optimized for Speed)
-    // Uses standard JS numbers (safe up to ~24 bits per chunk) to avoid BigInt GC overhead.
-    // =========================================================================================
-    encodeFast(bufferInput) {
-        const resultParts = [];
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // 인코딩 (Fast 모드 - 16비트 이하)
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    /**
+     * 일반 정수 연산을 사용한 빠른 인코딩
+     */
+    encodeFast(bufferInput, compress) {
+        const inputLen = bufferInput.length;
+        if (inputLen === 0)
+            return "";
         const { dduChar, effectiveBitLength: bitLength, paddingChar } = this;
         const dduLength = dduChar.length;
+        const totalBits = inputLen * BYTE_BITS;
+        const estimatedChunks = Math.ceil(totalBits / bitLength);
+        const estimatedSymbols = this.usePowerOfTwo
+            ? estimatedChunks
+            : estimatedChunks * 2;
+        const resultParts = new Array(estimatedSymbols + 3);
+        let resultIdx = 0;
         let accumulator = 0;
         let accumulatorBits = 0;
-        // Loop Unswitching: 조건문을 루프 밖으로 빼서 CPU 분기 예측 효율 향상
         if (this.usePowerOfTwo) {
-            for (const byte of bufferInput) {
-                accumulator = (accumulator << 8) | byte;
-                accumulatorBits += 8;
+            const mask = (1 << bitLength) - 1;
+            for (let i = 0; i < inputLen; i++) {
+                accumulator = (accumulator << BYTE_BITS) | bufferInput[i];
+                accumulatorBits += BYTE_BITS;
                 while (accumulatorBits >= bitLength) {
-                    const shift = accumulatorBits - bitLength;
-                    const index = accumulator >> shift;
-                    resultParts.push(dduChar[index]);
                     accumulatorBits -= bitLength;
+                    resultParts[resultIdx++] =
+                        dduChar[(accumulator >> accumulatorBits) & mask];
                     accumulator &= (1 << accumulatorBits) - 1;
                 }
             }
         }
         else {
-            for (const byte of bufferInput) {
-                accumulator = (accumulator << 8) | byte;
-                accumulatorBits += 8;
+            for (let i = 0; i < inputLen; i++) {
+                accumulator = (accumulator << BYTE_BITS) | bufferInput[i];
+                accumulatorBits += BYTE_BITS;
                 while (accumulatorBits >= bitLength) {
-                    const shift = accumulatorBits - bitLength;
-                    const index = accumulator >> shift;
-                    // 비 2의 제곱수는 나눗셈으로 인덱스 계산
-                    const div = (index / dduLength) | 0;
-                    const mod = index % dduLength;
-                    resultParts.push(dduChar[div] + dduChar[mod]);
                     accumulatorBits -= bitLength;
+                    const index = accumulator >> accumulatorBits;
+                    const div = (index / dduLength) | 0;
+                    resultParts[resultIdx++] = dduChar[div];
+                    resultParts[resultIdx++] = dduChar[index - div * dduLength];
                     accumulator &= (1 << accumulatorBits) - 1;
                 }
             }
         }
-        // 남은 비트 패딩 처리
+        // 남은 비트 처리 (패딩)
         if (accumulatorBits > 0) {
             const paddingBits = bitLength - accumulatorBits;
             const index = accumulator << paddingBits;
             if (this.usePowerOfTwo) {
-                resultParts.push(dduChar[index]);
+                resultParts[resultIdx++] = dduChar[index];
             }
             else {
                 const div = (index / dduLength) | 0;
-                const mod = index % dduLength;
-                resultParts.push(dduChar[div] + dduChar[mod]);
+                resultParts[resultIdx++] = dduChar[div];
+                resultParts[resultIdx++] = dduChar[index - div * dduLength];
             }
-            return resultParts.join("") + paddingChar + paddingBits.toString();
+            resultParts[resultIdx++] = paddingChar;
+            resultParts[resultIdx++] = compress
+                ? COMPRESS_MARKER + paddingBits.toString()
+                : paddingBits.toString();
+        }
+        else if (compress) {
+            resultParts[resultIdx++] = paddingChar;
+            resultParts[resultIdx++] = COMPRESS_MARKER + "0";
         }
+        resultParts.length = resultIdx;
         return resultParts.join("");
     }
-    decodeFast(input) {
-        const { cleanedInput, paddingBits } = this.parsePaddingAndGetInput(input);
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // 디코딩 (Fast 모드 - 16비트 이하)
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    /**
+     * 일반 정수 연산을 사용한 빠른 디코딩
+     */
+    decodeFast(cleanedInput, paddingBits) {
         const inputLen = cleanedInput.length;
-        const buffer = [];
+        if (inputLen === 0)
+            return Buffer.alloc(0);
+        const { effectiveBitLength: bitLength, charLength } = this;
+        const dduLength = this.dduChar.length;
+        const chunkSize = this.usePowerOfTwo ? charLength : charLength * 2;
+        const numChunks = Math.ceil(inputLen / chunkSize);
+        const estimatedBytes = Math.ceil((numChunks * bitLength - paddingBits) / BYTE_BITS);
+        const buffer = new Uint8Array(estimatedBytes + 1);
+        let bufIdx = 0;
         let accumulator = 0;
         let accumulatorBits = 0;
-        const { effectiveBitLength: bitLength, dduBinaryLookup: lookup, charLength, maxBinaryValue } = this;
-        const dduLength = this.dduChar.length;
         if (this.usePowerOfTwo) {
-            const chunkSize = charLength;
-            for (let i = 0; i < inputLen; i += chunkSize) {
-                const chunk = cleanedInput.slice(i, i + charLength);
-                const val = lookup.get(chunk);
-                if (val === undefined)
-                    throw new Error(`[Ddu64 decode] Invalid character "${chunk}" at ${i}`);
-                if (val >= maxBinaryValue)
-                    throw new Error(`[Ddu64 decode] Value ${val} exceeds range`);
-                accumulator = (accumulator << bitLength) | val;
-                accumulatorBits += bitLength;
-                // 마지막 청크 패딩 비트 제거
-                if (i + chunkSize >= inputLen && paddingBits > 0) {
-                    accumulator >>= paddingBits;
-                    accumulatorBits -= paddingBits;
+            if (this.useAsciiLookup && this.fastAsciiLookup) {
+                // ASCII 최적화 경로
+                const lookup = this.fastAsciiLookup;
+                for (let i = 0; i < inputLen; i += chunkSize) {
+                    const code = cleanedInput.charCodeAt(i);
+                    const val = code < 128 ? lookup[code] : -1;
+                    if (val < 0) {
+                        throw new Error(`[Ddu64 decode] Invalid character "${cleanedInput[i]}" at ${i}`);
+                    }
+                    accumulator = (accumulator << bitLength) | val;
+                    accumulatorBits += bitLength;
+                    if (i + chunkSize >= inputLen && paddingBits > 0) {
+                        accumulator >>= paddingBits;
+                        accumulatorBits -= paddingBits;
+                    }
+                    while (accumulatorBits >= BYTE_BITS) {
+                        accumulatorBits -= BYTE_BITS;
+                        buffer[bufIdx++] = (accumulator >> accumulatorBits) & BYTE_MASK;
+                        accumulator &= (1 << accumulatorBits) - 1;
+                    }
                 }
-                while (accumulatorBits >= 8) {
-                    const shift = accumulatorBits - 8;
-                    buffer.push((accumulator >> shift) & 0xFF);
-                    accumulatorBits -= 8;
-                    accumulator &= (1 << accumulatorBits) - 1;
+            }
+            else {
+                // 일반 룩업 경로
+                const lookup = this.dduBinaryLookup;
+                for (let i = 0; i < inputLen; i += chunkSize) {
+                    const chunk = cleanedInput.slice(i, i + charLength);
+                    const val = lookup.get(chunk);
+                    if (val === undefined) {
+                        throw new Error(`[Ddu64 decode] Invalid character "${chunk}" at ${i}`);
+                    }
+                    accumulator = (accumulator << bitLength) | val;
+                    accumulatorBits += bitLength;
+                    if (i + chunkSize >= inputLen && paddingBits > 0) {
+                        accumulator >>= paddingBits;
+                        accumulatorBits -= paddingBits;
+                    }
+                    while (accumulatorBits >= BYTE_BITS) {
+                        accumulatorBits -= BYTE_BITS;
+                        buffer[bufIdx++] = (accumulator >> accumulatorBits) & BYTE_MASK;
+                        accumulator &= (1 << accumulatorBits) - 1;
+                    }
                 }
             }
         }
         else {
-            const chunkSize = charLength * 2;
+            // 가변 길이 charset
+            const lookup = this.dduBinaryLookup;
             for (let i = 0; i < inputLen; i += chunkSize) {
                 const c1 = cleanedInput.slice(i, i + charLength);
                 const c2 = cleanedInput.slice(i + charLength, i + chunkSize);
                 const v1 = lookup.get(c1);
                 const v2 = lookup.get(c2);
-                if (v1 === undefined)
+                if (v1 === undefined) {
                     throw new Error(`[Ddu64 decode] Invalid character "${c1}" at ${i}`);
-                if (v2 === undefined)
+                }
+                if (v2 === undefined) {
                     throw new Error(`[Ddu64 decode] Invalid character "${c2}" at ${i + charLength}`);
+                }
                 const value = v1 * dduLength + v2;
-                if (value >= maxBinaryValue)
+                if (value >= this.maxBinaryValue) {
                     throw new Error(`[Ddu64 decode] Value ${value} exceeds range`);
+                }
                 accumulator = (accumulator << bitLength) | value;
                 accumulatorBits += bitLength;
                 if (i + chunkSize >= inputLen && paddingBits > 0) {
                     accumulator >>= paddingBits;
                     accumulatorBits -= paddingBits;
                 }
-                while (accumulatorBits >= 8) {
-                    const shift = accumulatorBits - 8;
-                    buffer.push((accumulator >> shift) & 0xFF);
-                    accumulatorBits -= 8;
+                while (accumulatorBits >= BYTE_BITS) {
+                    accumulatorBits -= BYTE_BITS;
+                    buffer[bufIdx++] = (accumulator >> accumulatorBits) & BYTE_MASK;
                     accumulator &= (1 << accumulatorBits) - 1;
                 }
             }
         }
-        return Buffer.from(buffer);
+        return Buffer.from(buffer.subarray(0, bufIdx));
     }
-    // =========================================================================================
-    // Safe Engine (BigInt)
-    // Fallback for huge charsets (> 24 bits per chunk) where 32-bit integers overflow.
-    // =========================================================================================
-    encodeBigInt(bufferInput) {
-        const resultParts = [];
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // 인코딩 (BigInt 모드 - 17비트 이상)
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    /**
+     * BigInt를 사용한 대형 비트 인코딩
+     */
+    encodeBigInt(bufferInput, compress) {
+        const inputLen = bufferInput.length;
+        if (inputLen === 0)
+            return "";
         const { dduChar, effectiveBitLength: bitLength } = this;
         const dduLength = dduChar.length;
-        const bigBitLength = BigInt(bitLength);
+        const estimatedChunks = Math.ceil((inputLen * BYTE_BITS) / bitLength);
+        const estimatedSymbols = this.usePowerOfTwo
+            ? estimatedChunks
+            : estimatedChunks * 2;
+        const resultParts = new Array(estimatedSymbols + 3);
+        let resultIdx = 0;
         let accumulator = 0n;
         let accumulatorBits = 0;
         if (this.usePowerOfTwo) {
-            for (const byte of bufferInput) {
-                accumulator = (accumulator << 8n) | BigInt(byte);
-                accumulatorBits += 8;
+            for (let i = 0; i < inputLen; i++) {
+                accumulator = (accumulator << 8n) | BigInt(bufferInput[i]);
+                accumulatorBits += BYTE_BITS;
                 while (accumulatorBits >= bitLength) {
                     const shift = accumulatorBits - bitLength;
-                    const value = accumulator >> BigInt(shift);
-                    resultParts.push(dduChar[Number(value)]);
-                    accumulator &= ((1n << BigInt(shift)) - 1n);
+                    resultParts[resultIdx++] =
+                        dduChar[Number(accumulator >> BigInt(shift))];
+                    accumulator &= (1n << BigInt(shift)) - 1n;
                     accumulatorBits -= bitLength;
                 }
             }
         }
         else {
-            for (const byte of bufferInput) {
-                accumulator = (accumulator << 8n) | BigInt(byte);
-                accumulatorBits += 8;
+            for (let i = 0; i < inputLen; i++) {
+                accumulator = (accumulator << 8n) | BigInt(bufferInput[i]);
+                accumulatorBits += BYTE_BITS;
                 while (accumulatorBits >= bitLength) {
                     const shift = accumulatorBits - bitLength;
-                    const value = accumulator >> BigInt(shift);
-                    const idx = Number(value);
-                    resultParts.push(dduChar[Math.floor(idx / dduLength)] + dduChar[idx % dduLength]);
-                    accumulator &= ((1n << BigInt(shift)) - 1n);
+                    const idx = Number(accumulator >> BigInt(shift));
+                    const div = Math.floor(idx / dduLength);
+                    resultParts[resultIdx++] = dduChar[div];
+                    resultParts[resultIdx++] = dduChar[idx - div * dduLength];
+                    accumulator &= (1n << BigInt(shift)) - 1n;
                     accumulatorBits -= bitLength;
                 }
             }
         }
+        // 남은 비트 처리 (패딩)
         if (accumulatorBits > 0) {
             const paddingBits = bitLength - accumulatorBits;
             const index = Number(accumulator << BigInt(paddingBits));
             if (this.usePowerOfTwo) {
-                resultParts.push(dduChar[index]);
+                resultParts[resultIdx++] = dduChar[index];
             }
             else {
-                resultParts.push(dduChar[Math.floor(index / dduLength)] + dduChar[index % dduLength]);
+                const div = Math.floor(index / dduLength);
+                resultParts[resultIdx++] = dduChar[div];
+                resultParts[resultIdx++] = dduChar[index - div * dduLength];
             }
-            return resultParts.join("") + this.paddingChar + paddingBits.toString();
+            resultParts[resultIdx++] = this.paddingChar;
+            resultParts[resultIdx++] = compress
+                ? COMPRESS_MARKER + paddingBits.toString()
+                : paddingBits.toString();
+        }
+        else if (compress) {
+            resultParts[resultIdx++] = this.paddingChar;
+            resultParts[resultIdx++] = COMPRESS_MARKER + "0";
         }
+        resultParts.length = resultIdx;
         return resultParts.join("");
     }
-    decodeBigInt(input) {
-        const { cleanedInput, paddingBits } = this.parsePaddingAndGetInput(input);
-        const buffer = [];
-        let accumulator = 0n;
-        let accumulatorBits = 0;
-        const { effectiveBitLength: bitLength, dduBinaryLookup: lookup } = this;
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // 디코딩 (BigInt 모드 - 17비트 이상)
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    /**
+     * BigInt를 사용한 대형 비트 디코딩
+     */
+    decodeBigInt(cleanedInput, paddingBits) {
+        const inputLen = cleanedInput.length;
+        if (inputLen === 0)
+            return Buffer.alloc(0);
+        const { effectiveBitLength: bitLength, dduBinaryLookup: lookup, charLength, } = this;
         const bigBitLength = BigInt(bitLength);
         const dduLength = this.dduChar.length;
-        const chunkSize = this.usePowerOfTwo ? this.charLength : this.charLength * 2;
+        const chunkSize = this.usePowerOfTwo ? charLength : charLength * 2;
+        const numChunks = Math.ceil(inputLen / chunkSize);
+        const estimatedBytes = Math.ceil((numChunks * bitLength - paddingBits) / BYTE_BITS);
+        const buffer = new Uint8Array(estimatedBytes + 1);
+        let bufIdx = 0;
+        let accumulator = 0n;
+        let accumulatorBits = 0;
         if (this.usePowerOfTwo) {
-            for (let i = 0; i < cleanedInput.length; i += chunkSize) {
-                const chunk = cleanedInput.slice(i, i + this.charLength);
+            for (let i = 0; i < inputLen; i += chunkSize) {
+                const chunk = cleanedInput.slice(i, i + charLength);
                 const val = lookup.get(chunk);
-                if (val === undefined)
+                if (val === undefined) {
                     throw new Error(`[Ddu64 decode] Invalid character "${chunk}" at ${i}`);
+                }
                 accumulator = (accumulator << bigBitLength) | BigInt(val);
                 accumulatorBits += bitLength;
-                if (i + chunkSize >= cleanedInput.length && paddingBits > 0) {
+                if (i + chunkSize >= inputLen && paddingBits > 0) {
                     accumulator >>= BigInt(paddingBits);
                     accumulatorBits -= paddingBits;
                 }
-                while (accumulatorBits >= 8) {
-                    const shift = accumulatorBits - 8;
-                    buffer.push(Number((accumulator >> BigInt(shift)) & 0xffn));
-                    accumulator &= ((1n << BigInt(shift)) - 1n);
-                    accumulatorBits -= 8;
+                while (accumulatorBits >= BYTE_BITS) {
+                    const shift = accumulatorBits - BYTE_BITS;
+                    buffer[bufIdx++] = Number((accumulator >> BigInt(shift)) & 0xffn);
+                    accumulator &= (1n << BigInt(shift)) - 1n;
+                    accumulatorBits -= BYTE_BITS;
                 }
             }
         }
         else {
-            for (let i = 0; i < cleanedInput.length; i += chunkSize) {
-                const c1 = cleanedInput.slice(i, i + this.charLength);
-                const c2 = cleanedInput.slice(i + this.charLength, i + chunkSize);
+            for (let i = 0; i < inputLen; i += chunkSize) {
+                const c1 = cleanedInput.slice(i, i + charLength);
+                const c2 = cleanedInput.slice(i + charLength, i + chunkSize);
                 const v1 = lookup.get(c1);
                 const v2 = lookup.get(c2);
-                if (v1 === undefined)
+                if (v1 === undefined) {
                     throw new Error(`[Ddu64 decode] Invalid character "${c1}" at ${i}`);
-                if (v2 === undefined)
-                    throw new Error(`[Ddu64 decode] Invalid character "${c2}" at ${i + this.charLength}`);
+                }
+                if (v2 === undefined) {
+                    throw new Error(`[Ddu64 decode] Invalid character "${c2}" at ${i + charLength}`);
+                }
                 const value = v1 * dduLength + v2;
-                if (value >= this.maxBinaryValue)
+                if (value >= this.maxBinaryValue) {
                     throw new Error(`[Ddu64 decode] Value ${value} exceeds range`);
+                }
                 accumulator = (accumulator << bigBitLength) | BigInt(value);
                 accumulatorBits += bitLength;
-                if (i + chunkSize >= cleanedInput.length && paddingBits > 0) {
+                if (i + chunkSize >= inputLen && paddingBits > 0) {
                     accumulator >>= BigInt(paddingBits);
                     accumulatorBits -= paddingBits;
                 }
-                while (accumulatorBits >= 8) {
-                    const shift = accumulatorBits - 8;
-                    buffer.push(Number((accumulator >> BigInt(shift)) & 0xffn));
-                    accumulator &= ((1n << BigInt(shift)) - 1n);
-                    accumulatorBits -= 8;
+                while (accumulatorBits >= BYTE_BITS) {
+                    const shift = accumulatorBits - BYTE_BITS;
+                    buffer[bufIdx++] = Number((accumulator >> BigInt(shift)) & 0xffn);
+                    accumulator &= (1n << BigInt(shift)) - 1n;
+                    accumulatorBits -= BYTE_BITS;
                 }
             }
         }
-        return Buffer.from(buffer);
-    }
-    // =========================================================================================
-    // Internal Helpers (Normalization & Validation)
-    // =========================================================================================
-    parsePaddingAndGetInput(input) {
-        const padLen = this.paddingChar.length;
-        if (input.length < padLen)
-            return { cleanedInput: input, paddingBits: 0 };
-        const padIdx = input.lastIndexOf(this.paddingChar);
-        // 패딩 문자가 존재하고, 위치가 올바른지(chunk 단위) 확인
-        if (padIdx >= 0 && padIdx % this.charLength === 0 && padIdx + padLen <= input.length) {
-            const paddingSection = input.slice(padIdx + padLen);
-            if (!paddingSection)
-                throw new Error(`[Ddu64 decode] Invalid padding format. Missing padding length`);
-            const paddingBits = parseInt(paddingSection, 10);
-            if (isNaN(paddingBits) || paddingSection !== paddingBits.toString() || paddingBits < 0 || paddingBits >= this.effectiveBitLength) {
-                throw new Error(`[Ddu64 decode] Invalid padding format. Got: "${paddingSection}"`);
-            }
-            return { cleanedInput: input.substring(0, padIdx), paddingBits };
-        }
-        return { cleanedInput: input, paddingBits: 0 };
+        return Buffer.from(buffer.subarray(0, bufIdx));
     }
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Charset 초기화 메서드
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------
     /**
-     * 입력된 CharSet을 검증하고 정리(Normalization)합니다.
-     * 문제가 발생하면 옵션에 따라 Error를 던지거나 Fallback CharSet을 반환합니다.
+     * Charset을 정규화합니다.
      */
     normalizeCharSet(current, shouldThrow, dduOptions) {
         let state = { ...current };
-        // 재시도 루프 (Fallback 로직 포함)
-        while (true) {
+        let retryCount = 0;
+        const maxRetries = 3;
+        while (retryCount < maxRetries) {
             try {
-                // 1. 중복 제거
+                // 중복 문자 제거
                 const uniqueChars = Array.from(new Set(state.charSet));
                 if (uniqueChars.length !== state.charSet.length) {
                     if (shouldThrow) {
@@ -349,65 +780,99 @@ export class Ddu64 extends BaseDdu {
                     if (!state.isPredefined)
                         state.requiredLength = state.charSet.length;
                 }
-                // 2. 기본 조건 검사
-                if (state.charSet.length < state.requiredLength)
+                // 문자 수 검증
+                if (state.charSet.length < state.requiredLength) {
                     throw new Error(`[Ddu64 normalizeCharSet] Insufficient characters. Required: ${state.requiredLength}, Has: ${state.charSet.length}`);
-                if (state.requiredLength < 2)
+                }
+                if (state.requiredLength < 2) {
                     throw new Error(`[Ddu64 normalizeCharSet] At least 2 unique characters required.`);
-                if (state.charSet.length === 0)
+                }
+                if (state.charSet.length === 0) {
                     throw new Error(`[Ddu64 normalizeCharSet] Empty charset.`);
-                // 3. 문자 길이 일관성 검사
+                }
+                // 문자 길이 일관성 검증
                 const charLength = state.charSet[0].length;
-                const invalidChar = state.charSet.find(c => c.length !== charLength);
+                const invalidChar = state.charSet.find((c) => c.length !== charLength);
                 if (invalidChar) {
-                    if (shouldThrow)
+                    if (shouldThrow) {
                         throw new Error(`[Ddu64 normalizeCharSet] Inconsistent char length. Expected ${charLength}, found "${invalidChar}" (${invalidChar.length})`);
-                    // 필터링 후 재검증을 위해 예외 발생시켜 Fallback 또는 재시도 유도
-                    throw new Error("Filtered inconsistent chars (internal retry)");
+                    }
+                    throw new Error("internal retry");
                 }
-                // 4. 패딩 충돌 검사
-                if (state.padding.length !== charLength)
+                // 패딩 검증
+                if (state.padding.length !== charLength) {
                     throw new Error(`[Ddu64 normalizeCharSet] Padding length mismatch. Expected ${charLength}, got ${state.padding.length}`);
+                }
                 if (state.charSet.includes(state.padding)) {
-                    if (shouldThrow)
+                    if (shouldThrow) {
                         throw new Error(`[Ddu64 normalizeCharSet] Padding character "${state.padding}" conflicts with charset.`);
-                    state.charSet = state.charSet.filter(c => c !== state.padding);
+                    }
+                    state.charSet = state.charSet.filter((c) => c !== state.padding);
                 }
+                // 불필요한 배열 복사 방지
+                const finalSet = state.charSet.length === state.requiredLength
+                    ? state.charSet
+                    : state.charSet.slice(0, state.requiredLength);
                 return {
-                    charSet: state.charSet.slice(0, state.requiredLength),
+                    charSet: finalSet,
                     padding: state.padding,
                     charLength,
                     isPredefined: state.isPredefined,
                 };
             }
             catch (e) {
-                // 사용자가 명시적으로 에러를 요청했거나, 복구 불가능한 에러인 경우
                 if (shouldThrow && !e.message.includes("internal retry"))
                     throw e;
-                // 그 외에는 Fallback CharSet 사용
                 state = this.getFallbackCharSet(dduOptions);
+                retryCount++;
             }
         }
+        // 최종 fallback
+        const fallback = this.getFallbackCharSet(dduOptions);
+        return {
+            charSet: fallback.charSet.slice(0, fallback.requiredLength),
+            padding: fallback.padding,
+            charLength: fallback.charSet[0]?.length ?? 1,
+            isPredefined: true,
+        };
     }
+    /**
+     * 초기 charset을 결정합니다.
+     */
     resolveInitialCharSet(dduChar, paddingChar, dduOptions, shouldThrow) {
-        // 내부 헬퍼: 길이와 옵션에 따라 최종 메타데이터 생성
         const buildMeta = (set, padding, length, isPredefined) => {
             const usePow2 = this.shouldUsePowerOfTwo(length, dduOptions?.usePowerOfTwo);
             if (usePow2 && length > 0) {
                 const exponent = this.getLargestPowerOfTwoExponent(length);
                 const pow2Length = 1 << exponent;
-                return { charSet: set.slice(0, pow2Length), padding, requiredLength: pow2Length, bitLength: exponent, isPredefined };
+                const selected = set.length === pow2Length ? set : set.slice(0, pow2Length);
+                return {
+                    charSet: selected,
+                    padding,
+                    requiredLength: pow2Length,
+                    bitLength: exponent,
+                    isPredefined,
+                };
             }
-            return { charSet: set.slice(0, length), padding, requiredLength: length, bitLength: length > 0 ? this.getBitLength(length) : 0, isPredefined };
+            const selected = set.length === length ? set : set.slice(0, length);
+            return {
+                charSet: selected,
+                padding,
+                requiredLength: length,
+                bitLength: length > 0 ? this.getBitLength(length) : 0,
+                isPredefined,
+            };
         };
         try {
             const finalDduChar = dduChar ?? dduOptions?.dduChar;
             const finalPadding = paddingChar ?? dduOptions?.paddingChar;
-            // Case A: 사용자 제공 CharSet
             if (finalDduChar) {
-                if (!finalPadding)
+                if (!finalPadding) {
                     throw new Error(`[Ddu64 Constructor] paddingChar is required when dduChar is provided.`);
-                const arr = typeof finalDduChar === "string" ? [...finalDduChar.trim()] : [...finalDduChar];
+                }
+                const arr = typeof finalDduChar === "string"
+                    ? [...finalDduChar.trim()]
+                    : [...finalDduChar];
                 if (shouldThrow) {
                     const uniqueSize = new Set(arr).size;
                     if (uniqueSize !== arr.length) {
@@ -416,12 +881,14 @@ export class Ddu64 extends BaseDdu {
                     }
                 }
                 const reqLen = dduOptions?.requiredLength ?? arr.length;
-                if (arr.length < reqLen)
+                if (arr.length < reqLen) {
                     throw new Error(`[Ddu64 Constructor] Insufficient characters.`);
+                }
                 return buildMeta(arr, finalPadding, reqLen, false);
             }
-            // Case B: 심볼(Enum)로 지정된 CharSet
-            const symbol = dduOptions?.dduSetSymbol ?? dduDefaultConstructorOptions.dduSetSymbol ?? DduSetSymbol.DDU;
+            const symbol = dduOptions?.dduSetSymbol ??
+                dduDefaultConstructorOptions.dduSetSymbol ??
+                DduSetSymbol.DDU;
             const cs = this.getCharSetOrThrow(symbol);
             return buildMeta(cs.charSet, cs.paddingChar, cs.maxRequiredLength, true);
         }
@@ -431,26 +898,45 @@ export class Ddu64 extends BaseDdu {
             return this.getFallbackCharSet(dduOptions);
         }
     }
+    /**
+     * Fallback charset을 반환합니다.
+     */
     getFallbackCharSet(dduOptions) {
-        const symbol = dduOptions?.dduSetSymbol ?? dduDefaultConstructorOptions.dduSetSymbol ?? DduSetSymbol.ONECHARSET;
+        const symbol = dduOptions?.dduSetSymbol ??
+            dduDefaultConstructorOptions.dduSetSymbol ??
+            DduSetSymbol.ONECHARSET;
         const cs = getCharSet(symbol) ?? getCharSet(DduSetSymbol.ONECHARSET);
         if (!cs)
             throw new Error(`Critical: No fallback CharSet available`);
-        return { charSet: cs.charSet, padding: cs.paddingChar, requiredLength: cs.maxRequiredLength, bitLength: cs.bitLength, isPredefined: true };
+        return {
+            charSet: cs.charSet,
+            padding: cs.paddingChar,
+            requiredLength: cs.maxRequiredLength,
+            bitLength: cs.bitLength,
+            isPredefined: true,
+        };
     }
+    /**
+     * 2의 제곱수 사용 여부를 결정합니다.
+     */
     shouldUsePowerOfTwo(length, preference) {
         if (preference !== undefined)
             return preference ? length > 0 : false;
         return length > 0 && (length & (length - 1)) === 0;
     }
+    /**
+     * charset을 가져오거나 에러를 발생시킵니다.
+     */
     getCharSetOrThrow(symbol) {
         const cs = getCharSet(symbol);
         if (!cs)
             throw new Error(`CharSet with symbol ${symbol} not found`);
         return cs;
     }
+    /**
+     * 커스텀 charset의 조합 중복을 검증합니다.
+     */
     validateCombinationDuplicates(charSet, paddingChar, requiredLength) {
-        // 작은 크기의 단일 문자 집합에 대해서만 '조합 충돌' 검사를 수행 (안전장치)
         if (charSet[0].length !== 1 || requiredLength > 256)
             return;
         const limit = Math.min(charSet.length, requiredLength);
@@ -461,11 +947,15 @@ export class Ddu64 extends BaseDdu {
                 throw new Error(`Combination conflict: ${context}`);
             combinations.add(s);
         };
-        targetChars.forEach(c => combinations.add(c));
+        for (let i = 0; i < targetChars.length; i++) {
+            combinations.add(targetChars[i]);
+        }
         combinations.add(paddingChar);
-        for (const c1 of targetChars) {
-            for (const c2 of targetChars)
-                add(c1 + c2, `"${c1}" + "${c2}"`);
+        for (let i = 0; i < targetChars.length; i++) {
+            const c1 = targetChars[i];
+            for (let j = 0; j < targetChars.length; j++) {
+                add(c1 + targetChars[j], `"${c1}" + "${targetChars[j]}"`);
+            }
             add(c1 + paddingChar, `"${c1}" + padding`);
             add(paddingChar + c1, `padding + "${c1}"`);
         }